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odd/anti-symmetric function
Fourier Series
A Fourier series is a series of sine and cosine terms whose frequencies are integer multiples of a common fundamental angular frequency ,
a
n =1
cos(nt) +
b
n =1
sin(nt)
The numbers an and bn are called the Fourier coefficients of the series.
Revision of Fourier Series 3
Fourier Series
The Fourier coefficients are given by
a0 =
an =
2 T
2 T
0 T
f(t) dt
f(t)cos ( nt ) dt
bn =
2 T
1 2
Main Formulae
The following standard integrals are useful when evaluating Fourier components. Integration by Parts:
f(t) dg dt = [ f(t)g(t)] dt
df dt
g(t)dt
1 sin t dt = cos t
1 cos t dt = sin t
t sin t dt =
1 2
Main Formulae
t 2 cos t dt =
t 2 sin t dt =
1 3
1 3
( t
2 2
)
)
( 2t sin t + 2cos t t
1 2 + a2
cos t
eat cos t dt =
eat sin t dt =
1 2 + a2
)
6
Main Formulae
1 sin(t)sin(t)dt = 2
1 cos(t)sin(t)dt = 2
1 sin
1 ( ) t + sin ( + ) t )
(
1 2
1 cos
1 1 ( ) t 2 + cos ( + ) t )
1 +
cos(t)cos(t)dt =
sin ( ) t +
sin ( + ) t
Discontinuous Functions
When integrating discontinuous functions, split the integral into sections;
Example 1
Determine the Fourier series of the periodic, rectangular pulse function defined by
A, f(t) = 0,
0 t 1 , 1< t < 2
f(t + 2) = f(t)
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
10
Example 1
The function f(t) has period T = 2, so The Fourier series will have the form
1 2
2 = = T
sin( nt)
a0 +
a
n =1
cos( nt) +
b
n =1
Since the function is neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric we have to work out both an and bn coefficients;
11
Example 1
a0 =
2 T
f(t) dt = f(t) dt = A dt + 0 dt = [ At ]
0 0 0 1
1 0
=A
So a0 = A
an =
2 T 1
= A cos(nt)dt + 0dt
0 1
A n
So an = 0 for n > 0
Revision of Fourier Series 12
Example 1
bn =
2 T 1
= A sin(nt)dt + 0dt =
0 1
A n
cos(nt)
A n
1 0
A n
cos(n)
2A
A n
cos(0) =
0, n even ( ( 1) + 1) = 2A n , n odd
n
So b1 =
,b2 = 0,b3 =
2A 3
,b 4 = 0,b5 =
2A 5
,b6 = 0,b7 =
2A 7
Example 1
Fundamental only
1 1
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
14
Example 2
Determine the Fourier series of the symmetric periodic function defined by
t f(t) = 2 t
3
0t < t < 2
f(t + 2) = f(t)
10
12
15
Example 2
and
1 2
a
n =1
cos(nt) +
b
n =1
sin(nt)
The coefficients an and bn can be deduced from the general formula; but since the function is symmetric all sine terms vanish, i.e. all bn = 0.
16
Example 2
Then
2 1 1 a0 = f(t) dt = t dt + (2 t) dt 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 2 = 2 t + 2t 2 t 0 2
(( )
1 2
1 2 ( 0 ) + 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) (
)) =
so a0 =
Revision of Fourier Series 17
Example 2
Also
an =
1 2
1 cos(nt) + 1 t sin(nt) + 2 sin(nt) 1 cos(nt) 1 t sin(nt) 2 = n2 n n n2 0 n 12 cos(n) + 1 sin(n) 12 cos(0) + 1 0 sin(0) n n n n 1 1 = + 2n sin(2n) n12 cos(2n) n 2 sin(2n) 2 1 1 n sin(n) 2 cos(n) n sin(n) n
1
12 ( 1)n 12 + 12 ( 1)2 n n n
4 n2
1 n2
) (
1
2 n2
( 1)n 1
if n is odd
18
Example 2
Hence
f(t) =
3
4 cos(t)
4 9
cos(3t)
3
4 25
cos(5t)
4 49
cos(7t) L
Fundamental only
10
12
10
12
2 2
0 0 2
10
12
10
12
1 - 15 harmonics
st
th
19
Example 3
Determine the Fourier series of the anti-symmetric periodic function defined by
f(t) = t
1 2t
1 2
f(t + 1) = f(t)
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
20
Example 3
Hence
a
n =1
cos(2nt) +
b
n =1
sin(2nt)
The coefficients and can be deduced from the general formula but since the function is anti-symmetric the constant part and all the cosine terms vanish, i.e. a0 = 0 and all an = 0.
21
Example 3
1 Since the function is defined over the period 2 t the Fourier integrals can be done over that interval; 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 t sin(2nt)dt = 2 (2n)2 sin(2nt) 2n t cos(2nt) 12
bn = 2
1 2
(
(
=2
2 (2n)2
(1)n
So
bn =
1 ( n)2
( 1)n+1
We could evaluate similar integrals for a0 and an, but the fact that f(t) is odd guarantees that a0 = an = 0.
Revision of Fourier Series 22
Example 3
The Fourier series for this function is therefore:
f(t) =
1 2
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
Fundamental only
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
23
Half-Range Series
A non-periodic function f(t) may be associated with three different Fourier series. Each of these will match the function over the region , but will also repeat the same function profile periodically. The first is the normal Full-Range Fourier Series already discussed. The second is formed by making an even extension of the function the Half-Range Cosine Series. The third is formed by making an odd extension of the function the Half-Range Sine Series.
24
( ))
where and
C(t) = f(t) over 0 < t < L (symmetry) C( t) = C(t), C(t + 2L) = C(t), (periodicity)
a0 =
2 L
f(t) dt and an =
Revision of Fourier Series
2 L
nt f(t)cos ( L ) dt
25
f(t)
C(t)
t t 0 L L 0 L 2L 3L 4L
26
S(t) =
(
n =1
nt bn sin ( L )
where
S(t) = f(t) over 0 < t < L S( t) = S(t), (symmetry) S(t + 2L) = S(t), (periodicity)
and
bn =
2 L
nt f(t) sin ( L ) dt
Revision of Fourier Series 27
t 0 L L 0 L 2L 3L 4L t
28
Example 4
Obtain the half-range cosine and half-range sine series for
f(t) = 1 t 2
defined over 0 < t < 1. The half-range cosine series will have period T = 2, (since L = 1) and has the form
1 C(t) = 2 a0 +
(a
n =1
cos ( nt ) )
29
Example 4
Using the general formula
a0 =
2 1
(1 t ) dt = 2 t
2
1 1 3 t 3 0
1 = 2 1 3 [0 ] =
4 3
and
an = 2 (1 t2 )cos ( nt ) dt 1
= 2 1 sin ( nt ) n = 2 1 sin ( n) n
( 1n ) t2 sin(nt ) + 2( 1n ) (
1 n 1 n 2
(( ) sin(n) + 2( )
t cos ( nt ) 2 ( 1 ) sin ( nt ) n 0
3 1 n
cos ( n) 2 (
sin ( n) [0]
30
Example 4
So
1 1 cos ( t ) 4 cos ( 2t ) + 9 cos ( 3t ) + 42 1 16 cos ( 4t ) + ...
C(t) =
2 3
31
Example 4
The half-range sine series will also have period T = 2, and takes the form
S(t) =
(b
n =1
sin ( nt ) )
32
Example 4
bn =
2 1
(1 t 2 ) sin ( nt ) dt
= 2 1n
( cos ( n ) ( (
1 n
4 ( n)3
(1 cos (n ) ) + n2
So
2n , n even bn = 2 + ( 8 3 , n odd n n)
Revision of Fourier Series 33
Example 4
S(t) =
+ +
( +(
8 3
1 sin( t) + sin(2t)
2 3 2 5
8 27 3
8 + 125 3
34
Example 4
Cosine series, (up to 32nd harmonics)
1
f(t) 1 t
1
0< t< 1
2
2 1 0 1 2 3 4
35
Example 5
Obtain the half-range sine series for a function
1 f(t) = 1 2
0<t< 2 <t< 2
defined on the interval 0 < t < . The half-range sine series will have period T = 2, and is given by
S(t) =
(b
n =1
sin ( nt ) )
36
Example 5
bn = = = =
2
f(t) sin(nt) dt
0
sin(nt) dt +
1 n
1 2
sin(nt) dt
1 2n
2 2
cos(nt) 2 + 0
1 n cos( n2 ) 2
cos(nt)
2
2 2
= n1 cos( n2 ) + ( n2 n3 = n2 0
1 n + 1 n
cos(n ) )
1 2n
cos(n )
1 2n
cos( n2 )