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Revision of Fourier Series

Odd and Even Functions


An even function is a function that is symmetric about the value t = 0, i.e. f(t) = f(-t) An odd function is a function that is antisymmetric about the value t = 0, i.e. -f(t) = f(-t)
even/symmetric function

odd/anti-symmetric function

Revision of Fourier Series

Fourier Series
A Fourier series is a series of sine and cosine terms whose frequencies are integer multiples of a common fundamental angular frequency ,

2 where = and T is the fundamental period. T


1 f(t) = 2 a0 +

a
n =1

cos(nt) +

b
n =1

sin(nt)

The numbers an and bn are called the Fourier coefficients of the series.
Revision of Fourier Series 3

Fourier Series
The Fourier coefficients are given by

a0 =
an =

2 T

2 T

0 T

f(t) dt
f(t)cos ( nt ) dt

bn =

2 T

f(t) sin (nt ) dt


0

The constant term, function.

1 2

a0 , is the average or mean value of the

Revision of Fourier Series

Main Formulae
The following standard integrals are useful when evaluating Fourier components. Integration by Parts:

f(t) dg dt = [ f(t)g(t)] dt

df dt

g(t)dt

1 sin t dt = cos t

1 cos t dt = sin t

t sin t dt =

1 2

( sin t t cos t ) t cos t dt = 1 ( cos t + t sin t )


2

Revision of Fourier Series

Main Formulae

t 2 cos t dt =
t 2 sin t dt =
1 3
1 3

( t

2 2

sin t + 2t cos t 2 sin t


2 2

)
)

( 2t sin t + 2cos t t
1 2 + a2

cos t

eat cos t dt =

aeat cos t + eat sin t

eat sin t dt =

1 2 + a2

aeat sin t eat cos t

)
6

Revision of Fourier Series

Main Formulae

1 sin(t)sin(t)dt = 2
1 cos(t)sin(t)dt = 2

1 sin

1 ( ) t + sin ( + ) t )

(
1 2

1 cos

1 1 ( ) t 2 + cos ( + ) t )
1 +

cos(t)cos(t)dt =

sin ( ) t +

sin ( + ) t

Revision of Fourier Series

Odd and Even Functions


Before doing any examples it is wise to note some timesaving results If a function f(t) is periodic and symmetric/even then it will have a Fourier series containing only cosine terms, i.e. bn = 0 if f(t) = f(-t). If a function f(t) is periodic and antisymmetric/odd then it will have a Fourier series containing only sine terms, i.e. an = 0 if f(t) = -f(-t).

Revision of Fourier Series

Discontinuous Functions
When integrating discontinuous functions, split the integral into sections;

f1(t), 0 t a e.g. if f(t) = f2 (t), a < t < T


then

f(t) dt = f (t) dt + f (t) dt


1 2 0 0 a

Revision of Fourier Series

Example 1
Determine the Fourier series of the periodic, rectangular pulse function defined by

A, f(t) = 0,

0 t 1 , 1< t < 2

f(t + 2) = f(t)

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Revision of Fourier Series

10

Example 1
The function f(t) has period T = 2, so The Fourier series will have the form
1 2

2 = = T
sin( nt)

a0 +

a
n =1

cos( nt) +

b
n =1

Since the function is neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric we have to work out both an and bn coefficients;

Revision of Fourier Series

11

Example 1
a0 =
2 T

f(t) dt = f(t) dt = A dt + 0 dt = [ At ]
0 0 0 1

1 0

=A

So a0 = A

an =

2 T 1

f(t)cos (nt ) dt = f(t)cos(nt)dt


0 0

= A cos(nt)dt + 0dt
0 1

A n

A A sin(nt) = n sin(n) n sin(0) = 0 0

So an = 0 for n > 0
Revision of Fourier Series 12

Example 1
bn =
2 T 1

f(t) sin (nt ) dt = f(t) sin(nt)dt


0 0

= A sin(nt)dt + 0dt =
0 1

A n

cos(nt)
A n

1 0

A n

cos(n)
2A

A n

cos(0) =

0, n even ( ( 1) + 1) = 2A n , n odd
n

So b1 =

,b2 = 0,b3 =

2A 3

,b 4 = 0,b5 =

2A 5

,b6 = 0,b7 =

2A 7

and the Fourier Series is:


1 f(t) = A ( 2 + 2 sin(t) + 32 sin(3t) + 52 sin(5t) + 72 sin(7t) +L)
Revision of Fourier Series 13

Example 1
Fundamental only
1 1

1st - 7th harmonics

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

1st - 3rd harmonics


1 1

1st - 15th harmonics

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Revision of Fourier Series

14

Example 2
Determine the Fourier series of the symmetric periodic function defined by

t f(t) = 2 t
3

0t < t < 2

f(t + 2) = f(t)

10

12

Revision of Fourier Series

15

Example 2
and
1 2

2 2 The function f(t) has period T = 2, so = = =1 T 2


a0 +

a
n =1

cos(nt) +

b
n =1

sin(nt)

The coefficients an and bn can be deduced from the general formula; but since the function is symmetric all sine terms vanish, i.e. all bn = 0.

Revision of Fourier Series

16

Example 2
Then
2 1 1 a0 = f(t) dt = t dt + (2 t) dt 0 0 2 1 1 2 1 2 = 2 t + 2t 2 t 0 2

(( )
1 2

1 2 ( 0 ) + 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

) (

)) =

so a0 =
Revision of Fourier Series 17

Example 2
Also
an =
1 2

2 1 f(t)cos(nt)dt = t cos(nt)dt + (2 t)cos(nt)dt 0

1 cos(nt) + 1 t sin(nt) + 2 sin(nt) 1 cos(nt) 1 t sin(nt) 2 = n2 n n n2 0 n 12 cos(n) + 1 sin(n) 12 cos(0) + 1 0 sin(0) n n n n 1 1 = + 2n sin(2n) n12 cos(2n) n 2 sin(2n) 2 1 1 n sin(n) 2 cos(n) n sin(n) n
1

12 ( 1)n 12 + 12 ( 1)2 n n n
4 n2

1 n2

) (
1

2 n2

( 1)n 1

i.e. an = 0 if n is even, and an =

if n is odd
18

Revision of Fourier Series

Example 2
Hence
f(t) =
3

4 cos(t)

4 9

cos(3t)
3

4 25

cos(5t)

4 49

cos(7t) L

Fundamental only

10

12

1st - 7th harmonics

10

12

2 2

0 0 2

10

12

1st - 3rd harmonics

10

12

1 - 15 harmonics

st

th

Revision of Fourier Series

19

Example 3
Determine the Fourier series of the anti-symmetric periodic function defined by

f(t) = t

1 2t

1 2

f(t + 1) = f(t)

0.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

Revision of Fourier Series

20

Example 3
Hence

2 2 The function f(t) has period T = 1, so = = = 2 T 1


1 f(t) = 2 a0 +

a
n =1

cos(2nt) +

b
n =1

sin(2nt)

The coefficients and can be deduced from the general formula but since the function is anti-symmetric the constant part and all the cosine terms vanish, i.e. a0 = 0 and all an = 0.

Revision of Fourier Series

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Example 3
1 Since the function is defined over the period 2 t the Fourier integrals can be done over that interval; 1 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 t sin(2nt)dt = 2 (2n)2 sin(2nt) 2n t cos(2nt) 12

bn = 2

1 2

1 1 = 2 (2n)2 sin(n) 41n cos(n) (2n)2 sin(n) + 41n cos(n)

(
(

=2

2 (2n)2

(1)n

So

bn =

1 ( n)2

( 1)n+1

We could evaluate similar integrals for a0 and an, but the fact that f(t) is odd guarantees that a0 = an = 0.
Revision of Fourier Series 22

Example 3
The Fourier series for this function is therefore:

f(t) =

1 2

1 1 1 ( sin(2t) 4 sin(4t) + 9 sin(6t) 16 sin(8t) + L)

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

Fundamental only
0.5

1st - 4th harmonics


0.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1st and 2nd harmonics

1st - 16th harmonics

Revision of Fourier Series

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Half-Range Series
A non-periodic function f(t) may be associated with three different Fourier series. Each of these will match the function over the region , but will also repeat the same function profile periodically. The first is the normal Full-Range Fourier Series already discussed. The second is formed by making an even extension of the function the Half-Range Cosine Series. The third is formed by making an odd extension of the function the Half-Range Sine Series.

Revision of Fourier Series

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Half-Range Cosine Series


The Half-range Cosine series of a function defined over a region is an even or symmetric extension with period 2L For f(t) defined over 0 < t < L, the half-range cosine series has period 2L and is given by a0 nt C(t) = an cos L + 2 n=1

( ))

where and

C(t) = f(t) over 0 < t < L (symmetry) C( t) = C(t), C(t + 2L) = C(t), (periodicity)

a0 =

2 L

f(t) dt and an =
Revision of Fourier Series

2 L

nt f(t)cos ( L ) dt
25

Half-Range Cosine Series

f(t)

C(t)

Half-range cosine series of f(t)

t t 0 L L 0 L 2L 3L 4L

Revision of Fourier Series

26

Half-Range Sine Series


The Half-range Sine series of a function defined over a region is an odd or antisymmetric extension with period 2L For f(t) defined over 0 < t < L, the half-range sine series has period 2L and is given by

S(t) =

(
n =1

nt bn sin ( L )

where

S(t) = f(t) over 0 < t < L S( t) = S(t), (symmetry) S(t + 2L) = S(t), (periodicity)

and

bn =

2 L

nt f(t) sin ( L ) dt
Revision of Fourier Series 27

Half-Range Sine Series


f(t) S(t) Half-range sine series of f(t)

t 0 L L 0 L 2L 3L 4L t

Revision of Fourier Series

28

Example 4
Obtain the half-range cosine and half-range sine series for

f(t) = 1 t 2
defined over 0 < t < 1. The half-range cosine series will have period T = 2, (since L = 1) and has the form
1 C(t) = 2 a0 +

(a
n =1

cos ( nt ) )

Revision of Fourier Series

29

Example 4
Using the general formula
a0 =
2 1

(1 t ) dt = 2 t
2

1 1 3 t 3 0

1 = 2 1 3 [0 ] =

4 3

and

an = 2 (1 t2 )cos ( nt ) dt 1

= 2 1 sin ( nt ) n = 2 1 sin ( n) n

( 1n ) t2 sin(nt ) + 2( 1n ) (
1 n 1 n 2

(( ) sin(n) + 2( )

t cos ( nt ) 2 ( 1 ) sin ( nt ) n 0
3 1 n

cos ( n) 2 (

sin ( n) [0]

4 4 = ( n)2 cos ( n) = ( n)2 (1)n

Revision of Fourier Series

30

Example 4
So
1 1 cos ( t ) 4 cos ( 2t ) + 9 cos ( 3t ) + 42 1 16 cos ( 4t ) + ...

C(t) =

2 3

Revision of Fourier Series

31

Example 4
The half-range sine series will also have period T = 2, and takes the form

S(t) =

(b
n =1

sin ( nt ) )

Revision of Fourier Series

32

Example 4
bn =
2 1

(1 t 2 ) sin ( nt ) dt

= 2 1n cos ( nt ) ( 1n ) t 2 cos ( nt ) + 2 ( 1n ) t sin ( nt ) + 2 ( 1n ) cos ( nt ) 0


2 3

= 2 1n

( cos ( n ) ( (

1 n

4 ( n)3

(1 cos (n ) ) + n2

2 3 cos ( n ) + 2 ( 1n ) sin ( n ) + 2 ( 1n ) cos ( n ) ) 1 0 + 0 + 2 1 3 2 n ( n )

So

2n , n even bn = 2 + ( 8 3 , n odd n n)
Revision of Fourier Series 33

Example 4
S(t) =

+ +

( +(

8 3

1 sin( t) + sin(2t)

2 3 2 5

8 27 3

8 + 125 3

sin(4t) ) ) sin(5t) + ... sin(3t) +


1 4

Revision of Fourier Series

34

Example 4
Cosine series, (up to 32nd harmonics)
1

f(t) 1 t
1

0< t< 1

Sine series, (up to 32nd harmonics)

2
2 1 0 1 2 3 4

Revision of Fourier Series

35

Example 5
Obtain the half-range sine series for a function

1 f(t) = 1 2

0<t< 2 <t< 2

defined on the interval 0 < t < . The half-range sine series will have period T = 2, and is given by

S(t) =

(b
n =1

sin ( nt ) )

Revision of Fourier Series

36

Example 5
bn = = = =
2

f(t) sin(nt) dt
0

sin(nt) dt +
1 n

1 2

sin(nt) dt
1 2n

2 2

cos(nt) 2 + 0
1 n cos( n2 ) 2

cos(nt)
2

2 2

= n1 cos( n2 ) + ( n2 n3 = n2 0

1 n + 1 n

cos(n ) )

1 2n

cos(n )

1 2n

cos( n2 )

if n is odd n = 2, 6,10,... n = 4, 8,12,...


Revision of Fourier Series 37

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