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Microbe Distinguishing Lab.

Disease S’s & Sx’s of disease Virulence


Features Tests Factors
Candida  Dimorphic fungi but  Microscopy: tissue Vulvovaginitis- an Vulvovaginitis Because it is an
albicans only presents as hyphae scrapings treated with opportunistic infection  Erythema opportunistic
in the body 10% KOH, allows to  Common female disease  Inflammation of the vagina infection there
 Normal part of flora in see budding yeast  Due to a change in and vulva are no specific
the oral cavity, GIT, cells, septate hyphae vaginal flora or an STD  Thick white or curd like virulence factors
rectum and vagina  Culture: ex. Stool, to  Much less common in discharge (Often described for causing
 It helps to keep confirm positive men as cottage cheese like) disease. Usually
balanced flora ecology microscopy and  Intense pruritis the fungus lives
and only disease only grown on a sobourad Oral Candida Infection  Vaginal irritation commensally in
occurs when the body agar to show opaque  Opportunistic infection  There may be vaginal
more common in our body and it is
immune system is and cream coloured burning
compromised ex. immunocompromised only when the
colonies  Dysuria
HIV/AIDS, traumas, individuals, diabetics, immune state is
 Germ Tube Test: this  Dyspaerunia
broad spectrum Abs, overuse of antibiotics. compromised and
test is unique to the
dietary imbalances This infection is a RED Oral Candida Infection there is a change
Candida spp. And
(simple carbohydrates, FLAG for AIDS if the  Focal white patches on oral in the vaginal
they will form
vitamin deficiencies), patient is not on mucosa, palate and tongue flora does this
blastospores when
endocrine changes and corticosteroids or broad- organism over
suspended in serum  Bleed when scraped off
pH changes because spectrum antibiotic use. grow and cause
and incubated at 37C  Can spread to esophagus
these can disrupt the for 2-3 hrs. disease.
normal bacterial Chronic mucocuntaneous
 Serology: a high titre candidiasis (CMC) Chronic mucocuntaneous
ecology in the body
of fungal candidiasis (CMC)
 Also associated with  Heterogenous group of
glycoprotein Abs in treatment resistant  Symptoms are similar to
defective T cell
recent or active superficial Candida oral candidiasis and
immunity
infection or Candida infection of the skin, nails candidal onychomycosis.
 Not contagious
specific mannas and oropharynx  Hyperkeratosis and
 Organs are not cuntaneous horn formation
involvement that usually affects both
hands.
 Underlying T cell
impairment may play a  Endocrine dysfunctions can
role manifest any time during the
Disseminated candidiasis: life
(Doctor Fungus. (2007). Chronic
 Fairly rare
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.
 Candida that has spread to Retrieved on February 14th, 2007
many other organs, such from the World Wide Web:
as the eye, heart www.doctorfungus.org)
(endocarditis), and
kidney. Disseminated candidiasis:
 Must be  Severe neutropenia
immunocompromised
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 Lots of conjuctivitis

VULVOVAGINITIS
Naturopathic Intervention Support for/Mechanism of Action Reference
modality

2
Nutrition Supplements Supplements Hilton, E., Isenberg, H.D., Alperstein,
1. Digestive Enzymes 1. Digestive Enzymes P., France, K., Borenstein, M.T. (1992).
2. Origanum vulgare (Oregano oil) Increasing digestive secretions such as gastric Ingestion of yogurt containing
hydrochloric acid, bile and pancreatic enzymes may Lactobacillus acidophilus as
Dietary Modifications help to stop the overgrowth of candida, and stop its prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis.
1. Candida Diet passage into the small intestine. Therefore, Annual of Internal Medicine, 116(5):
2. Labtobacillus acidophilus supplementation with digestive enzymes may help to pp. 353-357.
prevent the overgrowth of candida, by decreasing
candida growth in the body. This helps prevent chronic Hudson, T. (1999). Women’s
systemic candidiasis and also local overgrowth, such as Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine.
in the vagina and mouth (Murray & Pizzorno, 1998). Keats Publishing: Los Angeles, CA.

2. Origanum vulgare (Oregano oil) Murray, M., & Pizzorno, J. (1998).


500 mg bid of oregano oil has potent antifungal effects Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, 2nd
and is a very important part of treatment for women ed. Prima Publishing: Rocklin, CA.
with chronic vaginitis due to candida (Stengler &
Balch, 2004). Rollins, Gray. (2007). The Candida
Yeast Diet. Retrieved on February 18,
Dietary Modifications 2007 from the World Wide Web:
1. Candida Diet http://www.changingshape.com/resourc
This diet involves the complete elimination of sugar es/articles/candida-diet.as
from the diet, because yeast thrives on sugar, and sugar
also depresses the immune system. Therefore, by Stengler, M, & Balch, J. (2001). The
eliminating sugar, the yeast cannot grow and the Natural Physicians Healing Therapies.
immune system is strengthened. This includes all Prentice Hall Press: Paramus, NJ.
forms of sugar from the highly processed granular and
brown sugars to more natural sugars such a pure honey Stengler, M, & Balch, J. (2004).
or maple syrup. In addition, foods that contain Prescription for Natural Cures. John
naturally high amounts of sugar should also be Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ.
excluded (ex. Fruit, all alcohol, products containing
fermented yeast). Moreover, mold and yeast
containing foods should also be avoided. Some of these
include: vinegar made from yeast culture, mushrooms,
peanuts, cheese, pickled or smoked meats, and
fermented drinks such as cider, root beer, coffee, and
black tea (including decaffeinated drinks) (Rollins,
2007; Stengler & Balch, 2004; Murray & Pizzorno,
1998). Milk may also be a food sensitivity that leads to
candida overgrowth, has a high lactose content and
should be removed from the diet to determine its role
in the development of vulvovaginitis (Stengler &
Balch, 2001). Also, milk contains trace amount of
antibiotics, which disrupt the vaginal flora further and

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allow for the overgrowth of yeast (Murray & Pizzorno,
1998).

1. Lactobacillus acidophilus
There are many strains of Lactobacillus that help to
slow the development of Candida albicans, a major
cause of vulvovaginitis. Research has shown that
ingestion of yogurt containing active Lactobacillus
helps clear up current vulvovaginitis and helps prevent
future infections from occurring. The normal
urogenital microflora is mainly dominated by
Lactobacillus. It helps to prevent the development of
pathogenic bacteria, by maintaining an acidic
environment and by releasing hydrogen peroxide.
Furthermore, L. acidophilus has been shown to help
prevent bacterial adherence in the vagina. A yearlong
crossover trial compared yogurt eating to non-yogurt
eating patients and found a threefold decrease in
vulvovaginitis in patients who consumed yogurt
containing active L. acidophilus (Hilton et al., 1992;
Hudson, 1999). It plays an important role in
maintaining a strong local immune system in the
vagina, by preventing the growth of opportunistic
pathogens and yeast. Women should eat a cup (8
ounces) of unsweetened live yogurt containing L.
acidophilus and other beneficial bacteria (Stengler &
Balch, 2004).

Botanical 1. Allium sativum (Garlic) 1. Allicin Adetumbi et al. (1986) Allium sativum
Medicine Allicin, a disulfide-containing constituent present in (Garlic) Inhibits Lipid Synthesis by
Allium sativum, exhibits antimycotic properties by Candida albicans.
oxidizing thiol groups of essential enzymes such as: Antimicrobial Agents and
alcohol dehydrogenase (nutrient digestion), cysteine Chemotherapy 30(3):499-501.
proteinase (tissue invasion), thioredoxin reductase, and
RNA polymerase. Specifically, Allicin inhibits Ghannoum, M.A. (1988) Studies on the
succinate dehydrogenase activity in Candida albicans, anticandidal mode of action of Allium
thereby reducing the microorganism’s oxygen uptake sativum (Garlic). J Gen Microbiol.
by 70%, resulting in subsequent inhibition of microbial 134(11): 2917-2924.
growth and respiration. Allium sativum impairs
biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, and Koch, H.P. and Lawson, L.D. (1996)
completely inhibits lipid biosynthesis by chemically Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic
reacting with sulfhydryl compounds, such as Application of Allium sativum L. and
glutathione. Thus, depleted stores of glutathione Related Species. Williams & Wilkins:
promote peroxidation of cellular lipids. This affects the Baltimore, USA. p. 168-172.
4
permeability and adherence of the membrane and
consequently undermines the viability of the cell. Lemar et al. (2005) Allyl alcohol and
garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce
2. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) 2. Melaleuca alternifolia oxidative stress in Candida albicans.
Specific constituents of Melaleuca alternifolia, Microbiology 151:3257-3265.
terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, and terpinolene
induce alterations in the cell permeability of Candida Hammer et al. (2004) Antifungal
albicans by inserting between the fatty acyl chains that effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea
make up the membrane lipid bilayer, disrupting lipid tree) oil and its components on Candida
packaging, and impairing ATPase functioning. Such albicans, Candida glabrata and
alterations increase membrane permeability and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of
fluidity, and impair cell homeostasis. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
53:1081-1085.
Homeopathy Borax Rubrics Lockie, Andrew. Natural Health:
 Leukorrhea that looks like the white of 1. Female Genitalia/Sex – Leukorrhea – cream-like. Encyclopedia of Homeopathy (2000).
eggs and has the sensation of warm 2. Female Genitalia/Sex – Leukorrhea – itching. Dorling Kindersley Limited, New York,
water flowing down. 3. Mouth – thrush (Borx). NY. (P.85, 200, 260-261.)
 Used specifically for oral thrush – this 4. Skin – Eruptions – discharging (=moist) – white.
is apparently one of the biggest 5. Female – Genitalia/sex – Leukorrhea – white. Murphy, Robin. (2000). Homeopathic
remedies used for thrush in children. 6. Generals – Food and drinks – sugar – desires. Remedy Guide. H.A.N.A. Press,
 Used for white fungus like growth. 7. Female Genitalia/Sex – Leukorrhea – offensive – Virginia.
(Murphy, 2000) yeast-like.
(von Fimmelsberg & Kunzli, 1987; Schroyens, 2004) Von Fimmelsberg, Jost Kunzli (1987).
Calcarea carbonica (Calc carb) Kent’s Repertorium General. B Jain
 Burning vaginal itching with a thick There are not any rubrics that are specific for a vaginal Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India.
yellow or white discharge due to a yeast infection, and oral thrush is the closet thing in the
yeast infection. repertory specific to a candida albicans infection. Schroyens, Frederik (ed.). (2004).
 Symptoms better in the morning and Synthesis: Repertorium
when slightly constipated. Other remedies that have been indicated for vaginal Homeopathicum Syntheticum Edition
discharge that resembles a vaginal yeast infection: 9.1. Homeopathic Book Publishers.
 Symptoms worse before and after
Sepia, Mercurius solubilis, Pulsatilla (Lockie, 2000 & London, England.
menstruation, from applying heat to the
Murphy, 2000).
vulva, during pregnancy, in cold damp
and windy weather, and from physical
or mental exertion.
(Lockie, 2000)
 Indicated in itching and burning of the
genitals.
 Used for thick, milky and gushing or
yellow leukorrhea that is worse during
urination.
 Leukorrhea with itching and burning.
(Murphy, 2000)
Sulfur
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 Itching in the rectum and around the
anus.
 Offensive-smelling yellow or white
vaginal discharge caused by candida.
 Symptoms better in fresh air, with dry
warmth, from walking.
 Symptoms worse from prolonged
standing, from wearing too much
clothing, in cold and damp, from
washing, from being too warm in bed.
(Lockie, 2000)
 Indicated for leukorrhea that is yellow
and mucous like with burning and
excoriating.
(Murphy, 2000)
TAM To eliminate damp and strengthen Spleen Damp heat in the lower burner. AcuXO. Liver, Spleen, Conception
Liver 8 Vessel. Retrieved from the world wide
 Resolves Damp Heat from the Lower Spleen Qi deficiency web on February 17, 2007 from
Burner White discharge, large amount, and thick, sticky, no http://www.acuxo.com/index.asp
 Benefits the genitals odor.
 Nourishes blood and Yin Dai Xia Bing – Vaginal Discharge
Treatment for: vaginitis, dysuria, genital Kidney yin deficiency (leukorrhea). Retrieved from the world
itching, genital pain Vagina may be pink-red with white and thick wide web on February 17, 2007 from
discharge, and dry burning around vagina. http://tcm.health-
Spleen 6 info.org/gynecology/gynecology-
 Regulates the Spleen and Stomach leukorrhea.htm
 Drains Damp
Ross. Jeremy. (1995) Acupuncture
 Regulates the Lower Burner
point combinations: the key to clinical
 Benefits the Genitals success. New York. Pg. 406.
 Tonifies the Kidneys
Treatment for: dysuria, genital pain,
leukorrhea, reproductive system disorders,
and urinary dysfunction.

Conception Vessel 3
 Resolves damp heat
 Regulates the lower burner
 Stops leukorrhea
 Transforms stagnation
 Tonifies the kidneys
Treatment for: vaginal pain, vaginitis,
genital itching, leukorrhea, dysuria

6
Hydrotherapy or Douching Douches Christina’s Body and Fitness. (2007).
Counseling or Keep the bag below the pelvis and exert 1. H2O2 is a natural product produced by the bacteria Health Journal: Fighting Yeast
Physical only slight pressure because strong pressure in vagina and kills yeast, and can be therefore be Infections. Retrieved from the world
Medicine can drive to solution through the cervix and used as a douche. Mix 1tsp of ordinary 3% H2O2 wide web on February 16, 2007 from
into the uterus and this can extend the with once cup of water. Douche once a day until http://www.bodyandfitness.com/Inform
infection. the symptoms have cleared (Do-it-yourself ation/Womenhealth/yeast.htm.
(Do-it-yourself remedies, 2004; Christina’s remedies, 2004).
Body and Fitness, 2007). 2. To restore the natural pH of the vagina use an Feminist Women’s Health Center.
acidic douche. Use 2 tbsp of cider vinegar or juice (2007). Infections and Insurrections:
Suppositories from ½ a lemon and 1 tsp vitamin C in a quart of Women Treating Yeast Infections.
This is the insertion of something up the water. This will acidify the vaginal environment Retreived from the world wide web on
vaginal wall, which can help to kill any and yeast cannot be sustained (Do-it-yourself February 16, 2007 from
pathogenic organisms found there. remedies, 2004; Christina’s Body and Fitness, http://www.fwhc.org/health/yeast.htm
2007).

Suppositories Home Remedies (2007). Yeast


1. Garlic has many anti-microbial effects and can be Infections. Retrieved from the world
used as a suppository. Carefully peel a clove of wide web on February 16, 2007 from
garlic, wrap it in gauze and insert it into the vagina http://www.home-remedies-for-
where it can be left of up to 12hrs. This can be you.com/remedy/Yeast-Infection.html.
repeated as necessary (Feminist Women’s Health
Center, 2007) Do-it-yourself remedies. (2004). The
2. Yogurt suppository. Dip a tampon in Yeast Infection Homepage. Retrieved
unpasteurized plain yogurt and insert it into the from the world wide wed on February
vagina 1-2x a day until the symptoms are cleared. 16. 2007 from
A moist tampon can also be covered with http://www.msu.edu/~eisthen/yeast/you
acidophilus and inserted into the vagina (Home rself.html
remedies, 2007; Feminist Women’s Health Center,
2007).

References for the Candida Chart.

Doctor Fungus. (2007). Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis. Retrieved on February 14th, 2007 from the World Wide Web: www.doctorfungus.org)

Lescheid, D. (2007). Candida Albicans. CCNM Microbiology Class. Toronto, Ontario.

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