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CHAPTER
10
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Deep beam is a beam having large depth/thickness ratio and shear span depth ratio less than 2.5 for concentrated load and less than 5.0 for distributed load. Because the geometry of deep beams, they behavior is different with slender beam or intermediate beam.
The structural element that might be classified as deep beam are : Transfer Girder, is a girder that carry all the vertical load without any vertical element below the girder. Pile Cap, is a structural element that connect the vertical element with the deep foundation such as bored pile. Vertical Wall, wall slab under vertical load can be designed as deep beam.
The followings are the major behavior of deep beam element, as follows : Cracking of deep beam will occur at
1 f' 3 c
or
2 f 'c
The distribution of tensile stress at bottom fiber is constant over the span. In other word the value of tensile stress at bottom fiber at support and at mid span is only little different, for this reason in deep beam the tension reinforcement must be extend to the end of support although that region is small bending moment region (in ordinary beam we can cut off the tension reinforcement and not all of the tension reinforcement in mid span is extended to the end of support, practically only two for anchor the stirrups. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fiber is far exceed the magnitude of compressive stress.
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SUPPORT STRESS
FIGURE 10.1
The cracks is vertical follows the direction of compression trajectory, in deep beam we must provide both vertical stirrups and horizontal stirrups.
FIGURE 10.2
The flexural design for deep beam is not described in the ACI code, the method explained in this section is from Euro International Concrete Committee (CEB).
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10.3.2
The flexural design procedure is for simply supported beams and for continuous beams.
TABLE 10.1 TYPE Moment Strength Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement As Minimum FLEXURAL DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Mn = A sfy (jd)
A s+ = Mu + fy ( jd)
Mn = A sfy (jd)
A s+ =
A s =
Mu + fy ( jd)
Mu fy ( jd)
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d
1 .4 bw d fy
L <2 h
A s min =
f 'c 1 .4 bw d bw d fy 4 fy
L 2 .5 h
Lever Arm
L <1 h
L <1 h
where : jd Mu Mu As As h fc fy
+ -
= lever arm = positive ultimate flexure moment = negative ultimate flexure moment = positive reinforcements area = negative reinforcements area = beam depth = concrete cylinder strength = yield strength of reinforcements (MPa) (MPa)
+ -
Where L is taken the minimum of effective span measured center to center of supports or 1.15 Ln. In simply supported beams, the positive tension reinforcement is distributed in the lower of beam section along the distance : y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h
[10.1]
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS
Ln L
FIGURE 9.9 DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
In continuous beams the distribution of positive reinforcements is similar as in the simply supported beam, the difference is the distribution of negative reinforcements.
0.2h
As1 As2
FIGURE 9.10
As1 is distributed along height h1=0.2h and As2 is distributed along h2=0.6h.
Reinforcements in zone h3 are come from the tension reinforcements that continued from the mid
span to the support section.
10.3.3
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the flexural design for deep beam, as follows : Classified the structure as simply supported beam or continuous beam. Calculate the approximate lever arm jd.
TYPE
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Lever Arm
L <2 h
h3
0.6h h
L 2 .5 h
L <1 h
L <1 h
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CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s+ =
Mu + fy ( jd)
A s+ = A s =
Check the required steel bars area with minimum steel bars area Asmin.
TYPE As Minimum
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d
1. 4 bw d fy
A s min =
f 'c 1 .4 bw d bw d fy 4 fy
Negative Reinforcement
The shear design of deep beam is similar as shear design of ordinary beam, the difference is only at the concrete shear strength, limitation of ultimate shear force and horizontal and vertical
stirrups distribution.
10.4.2
According to ACI code the design of deep beam due to shear force must follows the following condition :
Vn Vu
[10.2]
where : Vn
Vn
= nominal shear strength = design shear strength = strength reduction factor (0.85) = ultimate shear force, factored shear force
Vu
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As shear design of ordinary beam, the shear force is resisted by the concrete component and by the
shear reinforcement component, as follows :
Vn = Vc + Vs where : Vn Vc Vs
10.4.3
[10.3]
= nominal shear strength = concrete shear strength without shear reinforcement = shear reinforcement (stirrup) shear strength
[10.4]
where : Vc Mu Vu fc d bw
w
= concrete shear strength = ultimate flexure moment = ultimate shear force = concrete cylinder strength = effective depth = width of beam web = longitudinal reinforcement ratio
Vc =
1 f 'c b w d 6
[10.5]
Vc max =
1 f 'c b w d 2
[10.6]
The section must be enlarged if the ultimate shear force is not follows the condition below :
[10.7]
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[10.8]
10.4.4
The shear reinforcements must be provided in the deep beams follows the condition below : Vu Vc The strength of horizontal and vertical shear reinforcements is :
[10.9]
L L 1+ n 11 n d A vh A v d f d Vs = + y sv 12 sh 12
[10.10]
where : Vs Av sv Ln d Avh sv fy
10.4.5
= horizontal and vertical stirrups shear strength = area of vertical stirrups = spacing of vertical stirrups = clear distance of beam = effective depth = area of horizontal stirrups = spacing of horizontal stirrups = yield strength of stirrups
(N)
[10.11]
where : Av-min Avh-min b sv sh = minimum vertical stirrups = minimum horizontal stirrups = width of beam = spacing of vertical stirrups = spacing of horizontal stirrups
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TABLE 10.2
VERTICAL STIRRUPS
sv
d 5
sh
d 3
sv 500mm
sh 500mm
10.4.6
The critical section to determines the ultimate shear force in the deep beam is :
TABLE 10.3 CRITICAL SECTION OF DEEP BEAM DUE TO SHEAR CONCENTRATED LOAD
UNIFORM LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
10.4.7
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the shear design for deep beam, as follows : Determine the critical section to calculate the ultimate shear force Vu.
UNIFORM LOAD CONCENTRATED LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
Check the ultimate shear force, enlarge the section if the condition is not achieved. 2 Vu f 'c b w d 3 1 L Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d 18 d
for
Ln < 2 .0 d Ln 5. 0 d
for 2.0
Calculate the concrete shear strength Vc M 1 V d Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d 7 Vud Mu M 1.0 3.5 2.5 u 2.50 Vud
If Vu < 0.5Vc then no shear reinforcements needed, but for practical reason provide minimum shear reinforcement. A vh min = 0.0025(bsh ) A v min = 0.0015(bsv )
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Choose the vertical and horizontal stirrups until the condition achieved. L L 1+ n 11 n A d + A vh d f d Vs = v y sv 12 sh 12 Check the spacing of shear reinforcement sv and sh.
VERTICAL STIRRUPS
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
sv
d 5
sh
d 3
sv 500mm
sh 500mm
If necessary check the chosen shear reinforcements for the basic design equation for shear
design.
Vn = Vc + Vs L L 1+ n 11 n d A vh A v d f d Vs = + y sv 12 sh 12
The design procedure above is repeats until the basic design equation for shear design is achieved.
10.5 APPLICATIONS
10.5.1 APPLICATION 01 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
470 500
50
PROBLEM
275
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MATERIAL
DIMENSION
b h Concrete cover d
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm = 50 mm
= 2700 mm
DESIGN FORCE
LEVER ARM
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) = 0.2(5000 + 2(2750 )) = 2100 mm
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d =
A s min =
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5D25
43.75
50
y = 0.25h 0.05L = 0.25(2750 ) 0.05(5000 ) = 437.5 < 0.20h = 0.20(2750 ) = 550
y = 437.5 mm
The longitudinal positive reinforcement must be distributed at the lower base of the beam with a distance 437.5 mm from the bottom fiber. We place 5D25 at each face of the section.
10.5.2
50
d=70.5
10770
15000
PROBLEM
MATERIAL
10770
275
275
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DIMENSION
b h Concrete cover d
DESIGN FORCE
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm = 50 mm
= 2700 mm
2 2 Vu = 150780 f 'c b w d = 0.85 24.9 500 2700 = 3817342 N 3 3 The section is not enlarged.
V d M 1 Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d Mu Vud 7 1 150780 2700 Vc = 1.88 24.9 + (120 0.0036 ) 500 2700 = 2052143N 262500000 7 Vc = 0.85 2052143 = 1744322 N 0.5Vc = 0.5 1744322 = 872161 N
DESIGN OF STIRRUPS
For horizontal and vertical stirrups we choose 2 legs 10. 1 1 A v = 2 2 = 2 102 = 157 mm2 4 4
A vh = 156
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10-200 10-125
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