Lecture5 :General Anatomy of Joints 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

What details of structure differ interrupted joints from uninterrupted joints What are the functions of joints? What are the peculiarities of symphysis? Name types of sutures. Give examples What are the functions of articular disks and meniscs? Name permanent and non-permanent elements in the structure of synovial joints What zones may be designated in articular cartilage? Name the peculiarities of these zones. What are the directions of orientation of fibres and cartilage cells in the articular cartilage? Name the functions of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments. What factors support enforcement of joints? What details of structure differ interrupted joints from uninterrupted joints

1.

The junctions of the bones can be subdivided into 3 main groups : a) Interrupted/discontinuous junctions b) Uninterrupted joints/continuous/synovial joints c) Sympheses/hemiarthroses A. Interrupted/discontinuous junctions fibrous tissue & cartilage between bones no fissure/cavity between connective bones B. Synovial joints Synovial joints/artilculations are characterized with cavity or synovial membrane between the bones. This membrane covers the synovial capsule inside the joints One way to classify joints is by their structure Based on presence/absence of joint cavity (according to structure) 3 classes : 1. fibrous joints 2. cartilaginous joints 3. synovial joints Bones have ossified in membrane where they have preceded by cartilaginous water & the primitive mesenchymators connection differentiate into fiber tissue 3 types : sutures syndesmoses gomphoses Suture : serrated union in adult, found only in the skull Because sutures are found only in the skull they are sometimes called the skull type joint Types of sutures : plane, squamous, serrated

Extra : Movements atr these joints can occur at fetuses and young children because the joints havent yet grown together In fact, the flexibility of the skull is necessary for a newborn baby to be able to pass through the mothers narrow birth canal The flexibility of cranial sutures in fetuses and children are also important for the growth of the brain In adults, the fibers of connective tissue are replaced by bone. And the bones begin permanently fused This fusion provides complete protection for the brain from external factors.

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What are the functions of joints? Integrative functions : bones are united to form a whole skeleton Motion movement of articulation Growth of skeleton and human body in length growth of bone occurs by a position method Spring/amortization function junction between bones decrease shaking of bones What are the peculiarities of symphysis?

In symphesis, the 2 body surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Between them are discs of fiber cartilage that serves as shock absorbers. There is a narrow articulate cavity in this cartilage There are no typical articular capsula There are ligaments or they can be absent in symphysis. E.g : pubic symphysis, manubrium sternal joints, intervertebral discs, if it has a cavity/cleft it is called a symphysis 4. Name types of sutures. Give examples.

Different variety of sutures are named according to form/shape of the articulated surfaces and how they are fitted to each other I. Plane sutures : sutures between horizontal plate & 2 palatine bones . e. g: btwn nasal bones (bones of the facial skull) II. Serrate sutures : The sagittal suture btwn the 2 parietal bones III. Squamous sutures : The joints of the squamous temporal bones represents the example of this variety. 2 cartilaginous joints : i. Synchondrosis (almost immovable primary cartilaginous joints) ii. Symphysis (completely fused secondary cartilaginous joints) Symphysis Greek word growing together 5. What are the functions of articular disks and meniscs?

Zones of the cartilage : 1) Central 2) peripheral In the central part the heads of articulating bones are covered by thin layers of cartilage In the peripheral part of the head of the articulating bone, the layer of hyaline cartilage is thinner The surfaces of cartilages correspond to each other, namely if one bone has convex shape, the other will be concave Functions of discs : May act as shock absorbers Adjust the unequal articular surfaces of the bones so that the surfaces fit together evenly Fibrous cartilaginous discs divides the cavity of the joint into 2 compartments. This joint is called a complex joint

Functions of the meniscs(incomplete discs) Absorption Improvement of fitting between bones Facilitation of combined movements Checking of translation of joint (knee joint) Deployment of weight over a large surface Protection of articular margins Facilitation of rolling movements Spread of lubricant (fluid) 6. Name permanent and non-permanent elements in the structure of synovial joints

The features of synovial joints : - have the following obligatory/permanent structures articular surfaces articular cavity (synovial cavity) an articular hyaline cartilage an articular capsule synovial fluid - provisional /subsidiary structures (non-permanent) ligaments articular discs articular meniscs articular lips synovial bursae 7. 8. i. ii. What zones may be designated in articular cartilage? Name the peculiarities of these zones. Articular cartilage covers articular surfaces and smoothes roughnbess of an articular surface Most of the joints have hyaline caritlages Temporomandibular joint and sternoclavicular joint have fibrular cartilage not hyaline Thickness of artilcular cartilage is from 0.2 5-6 mm What are the directions of orientation of fibres and cartilage cells in the articular cartilage? The articular cartilage architecture :

Main substances Cell component : - consists of cartilage chondrocytes & chondroblasts - Unity of this 2 cartilaginous cells chondrons / cartilaginous globe - Chondrons are grouped within cartilage in columns which are perpendicular to artilcular surfaces iii. Connective tissue fibers : - Directed in arches in such a way that their peaks are situated at their surface of cartilage & they end it at bones - Resist the forces of longitudinal tense of cartilage - Chondrons resist pressure forces

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Name the functions of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments. What factors support enforcement of joints?

Ligaments : Can be subdivided into 3 groups : a) ligaments situated outside the articular capsule (extracapsula) b) articular capsula ligaments connected to fibrous membrane of capsula (intra articular ligaments) c) intracapsula ligaments they are situated within articular cavity and are covered by synovial membrane Functions : Ligaments and muscles strengthen the joints Ligaments stop and limit the movement of joints Ligaments effect movement of joints Ligaments play a main role for providing body position in the space Ligaments relieve contact of articular surfaces The joint approximation forces : Forces of cohesion Atmospheric pressure Interlocking of the connected bones The strenght of joint ligaments Tension of muscles There can be another classification of joints : All joints can be classified according to their biomechanical classification Joints can be subdivided into 3 groups : Monoaxial Biaxial Multiaxial/uniaxial Monoaxial : Included 2 classes Pivot joints / Trochoid joints: Axis Longitudinal axis Movement Rotation E.g :Articulatio ulnaris proximalis et distalis, Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana Hinge joint : Axis Transverse Movement Flexion extension E.g : Interphalangeal joint , ankle joint, articulatio humeroulnaris Biaxial Saddle / sellar joints : carpal/metacarpal of thumb joints Ellipsoidal joints : articulatio radiocarpeae Condyloid joitns : knee joint Multiaxial

Ball & socket joint/sphenoid joint : shoulder joint Plane joint : sternoclavicular joint Cotylica joint : a kind of ball and socket joint, hip joint