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SIhPLE SENTENCE

A sImple sentence, also called an Independent clause, contaIns a subject and a


verb, and It expresses a complete thought. n the followIng sImple sentences,
subjects are In yellow, and verbs are In green.

A. Some students lIke to study In the mornIngs.
8. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
C. AlIcIa goes to the lIbrary and studIes every day.
The three examples above are all sImple sentences. Note that sentence 8 contaIns
a compound subject, and sentence C contaIns a compound verb. SImple
sentences, therefore, contaIn a subject and verb and express a complete thought,
but they can also contaIn a compound subjects or verbs.
CDhPDUN0 SENTENCE
A compound sentence contaIns two Independent clauses joIned by a coordInator.
The coordInators are as follows: ]or, cnd, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hInt: The
fIrst letter of each of the coordInators spells FAN8DYS.) Except for very short
sentences, coordInators are always preceded by a comma. n the followIng
compound sentences, subjects are In yellow, verbs are In green, and the
coordInators and the commas that precede them are In red.

A. trIed to speak SpanIsh, and my frIend trIed to speak
EnglIsh.
8. Alejandro played football, so |arIa went shoppIng.
C. Alejandro played football, for |arIa went shoppIng.
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contaIns two
Independent clauses, and they are joIned by a coordInator wIth a comma
precedIng It. Note how the conscIous use of coordInators can change the
relatIonshIp between the clauses. Sentences 8 and C, for example, are IdentIcal
except for the coordInators. n sentence 8, whIch actIon occurred fIrst:
DbvIously, Alejandro played football fIrst, and as a consequence, |arIa went
shoppIng. n sentence C, |arIa went shoppIng fIrst. n sentence C, Alejandro
played football because, possIbly, he dIdn't have anythIng else to do, ]or or
beccuse |arIa went shoppIng. How can the use of other coordInators change the
relatIonshIp between the two clauses: What ImplIcatIons would the use of yet or
but have on the meanIng of the sentence:
CDhPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an Independent clause joIned by one or more dependent
clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordInator such as beccuse, snce,
c]ter, clthouyh, or when or a relatIve pronoun such as thct, who, or whch. n the
followIng complex sentences, subjects are In yellow, verbs are In green, and the
subordInators and theIr commas (when requIred) are In red.

A. When he handed In hIs homework, he forgot to gIve the
teacher the last page.
8. The teacher returned the homework after she notIced the
error.
C. The students are studyIng because they have a test
tomorrow.
0. After they fInIshed studyIng, Juan and |arIa went to the
movIes.
E. Juan and |arIa went to the movIes after they fInIshed
studyIng.
When a complex sentence begIns wIth a subordInator such as sentences A and 0, a
comma Is requIred at the end of the dependent clause. When the Independent
clause begIns the sentence wIth subordInators In the mIddle as In sentences 8, C,
and E, no comma Is requIred. f a comma Is placed before the subordInators In
sentences 8, C, and E, It Is wrong.
Note that sentences 0 and E are the same except sentence 0 begIns wIth the
dependent clause whIch Is followed by a comma, and sentence E begIns wIth the
Independent clause whIch contaIns no comma. The comma after the dependent
clause In sentence 0 Is requIred, and experIenced lsteners of EnglIsh wIll often
hecr a slIght pause there. n sentence E, however, there wIll be no pause when
the Independent clause begIns the sentence.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / AD1ECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex
because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and
subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the
independent clauses are also underlined.

A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetIcs.
8. The book that Jonathan read Is on the shelf.
C. The house whIch AbrahA| LIncoln was born In Is stIll
standIng.
0. The town where grew up Is In the UnIted States.
Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but Ior now it is important to know that
sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

The Parts of a Sentence
$entence: a group oI words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence contains a
subject and a predicate.
1. $ubject: the noun or noun phrase that tells whom or what the sentence addresses.
Roger decided to save more money.
Almost all cats dislike water.
4 Full or complete subject: the subject and all the words that modiIy it.
!atrick Henrys dream of freedom for all citi:ens compelled him to
make his Iamous declaration.
4 $imple subject: the main noun oI the complete subject.
Patrick Henry`s dream oI Ireedom Ior all citizens compelled him to
make his Iamous declaration.
4 Compound subject: a complete subject with multiple simple subjects.
iguel and the young boy became Iriends.
2. Predicate: a verb or verb phrase telling what the subject does or is.
4 Full or complete predicate: the verb oI the sentence and all the words that
modiIy it.
The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs.
4 $imple predicate: the main verb in the Iull predicate that indicates the action
or state oI being oI the simple subject.
The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs.
4 Compound predicate: a complete predicate with multiple verbs.
He thought of his lover and missed her dearly.
The goose was looking straight ahead and running for the pond.
3. Clause: a part oI a sentence that contains its own subject and predicate.
4 ndependent clause: a clause that could Iunction as its own sentence.
When the Mets are playing, the stadium is full.
4 ependent clause: a clause that cannot Iunction as its own sentence. A
dependent clause relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning.
A dependent clause can Iunction as a noun,
realized that I owed !atrick fifty dollars.
as an adverb,
hen the ets are playing, the stadium is Iull.
or as an adjective.
The beeI that I ate for dinner made me queasy.
4 Elliptical clause: a type oI dependent clause with a subject and verb that are
implied rather than expressed.
%hough unhappy, she still smiled.
n the clause %hough unhappy, the subject and verb she was are implied:
Although (she was) unhappy.
4. Phrase: a group oI related words without a subject or predicate.
4 oun phrase: a phrase that acts as a noun. A noun phrase can Iunction as a
subject,
%he snarling dog strained against its chain.
object,
He gave her the book of poems.
prepositional object,
The acrobat Iell into the safety net.
gerund phrase,
Dancing the tango is a popular activity in Argentina.
or inIinitive phrase.
%o dream is to be human.
4 Adjective phrase: a phrase that modiIies nouns or pronouns. Participial
phrases and many prepositional phrases are adjective phrases.
The actor playing !uck leIt much to be desired.
4 Adverb phrase: a phrase that begins with a preposition, and that Iunctions as
an adverb.
The theater was crowded with the actors fans.
4 Prepositional phrase: a phrase made up oI a preposition, its object, and its
modiIiers.
The rooI of the old theater was leaking badly.
5. ModiIier: a word or phrase that modiIies or adds inIormation to other parts oI a
sentence. Adjectives, adverbs, and many phrases and clauses are modiIiers.
4 imiting modiIier: a word or phrase that limits the scope or degree oI an idea.
Words like almost, only, or barely are modiIiers.
t was almost time Ior dinner.
4 #estricting modiIier: a phrase or clause that restricts the meaning oI what it
modiIies and is necessary to the idea oI its sentence.
Any dog that has not had its shots should be taken to a veterinarian
immediately.
4 onrestricting modiIier: a modiIier that adds inIormation but is not necessary
to the sentence. Commas, dashes, or parentheses set apart nonrestricting
modiIiers.
$eventeenth-century poets, many of whom were also devout
Christians, wrote excellent poetry.
We could hear the singing birda wren, perhaps, or a robin
throughout the Iorest.

Suljocl
Tho suljocl of a sonlonco is lho noun---oi ucrd grcup acling as a noun---lhal poifoins
lho aclion oxpiossod in lho piodicalo of a sonlonco oi cIauso. Tho suljocl nay lo ono
void: Sa||q Iovos chocoIalo. Tho suljocl nay lo in a noun phiaso:
O Sccing |nc paradc vas oxciling.
O %nc o|ac| and uni|c dcg vas laiking fioicoIy al lho sliangoi.
Iiodicalo
Tho prcdIcatc is lho pail of lho cIauso oi sonlonco lhal says snmcthIng abnut thc
subjcct. In olhoi voids, lho pail of lho sonloncos lhal is nnt lho suljocl and ils
nodifiois is lho piodicalo. A piodicalo can lo ono void oi sovoiaI voids, nol aII of
vhich aio voils.
Tho piincipaI pail of lho piodicalo is |nc tcro.
O Tho dog 8niffcd.
O Tho dog na8 occn 8niffing.
O Tho dog 8niffcd, |cc|cd aiound, and grcu|cd.

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