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SImple sentences contaIn a subject and a verb, and It expresses a complete thought. A compound sentence contaIns two Independent clauses joIned by a coordInator. Sentences 8 and C, for example, are IdentIcIcItIc.
SImple sentences contaIn a subject and a verb, and It expresses a complete thought. A compound sentence contaIns two Independent clauses joIned by a coordInator. Sentences 8 and C, for example, are IdentIcIcItIc.
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SImple sentences contaIn a subject and a verb, and It expresses a complete thought. A compound sentence contaIns two Independent clauses joIned by a coordInator. Sentences 8 and C, for example, are IdentIcIcItIc.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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A sImple sentence, also called an Independent clause, contaIns a subject and a
verb, and It expresses a complete thought. n the followIng sImple sentences, subjects are In yellow, and verbs are In green.
A. Some students lIke to study In the mornIngs. 8. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. AlIcIa goes to the lIbrary and studIes every day. The three examples above are all sImple sentences. Note that sentence 8 contaIns a compound subject, and sentence C contaIns a compound verb. SImple sentences, therefore, contaIn a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contaIn a compound subjects or verbs. CDhPDUN0 SENTENCE A compound sentence contaIns two Independent clauses joIned by a coordInator. The coordInators are as follows: ]or, cnd, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hInt: The fIrst letter of each of the coordInators spells FAN8DYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordInators are always preceded by a comma. n the followIng compound sentences, subjects are In yellow, verbs are In green, and the coordInators and the commas that precede them are In red.
A. trIed to speak SpanIsh, and my frIend trIed to speak EnglIsh. 8. Alejandro played football, so |arIa went shoppIng. C. Alejandro played football, for |arIa went shoppIng. The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contaIns two Independent clauses, and they are joIned by a coordInator wIth a comma precedIng It. Note how the conscIous use of coordInators can change the relatIonshIp between the clauses. Sentences 8 and C, for example, are IdentIcal except for the coordInators. n sentence 8, whIch actIon occurred fIrst: DbvIously, Alejandro played football fIrst, and as a consequence, |arIa went shoppIng. n sentence C, |arIa went shoppIng fIrst. n sentence C, Alejandro played football because, possIbly, he dIdn't have anythIng else to do, ]or or beccuse |arIa went shoppIng. How can the use of other coordInators change the relatIonshIp between the two clauses: What ImplIcatIons would the use of yet or but have on the meanIng of the sentence: CDhPLEX SENTENCE A complex sentence has an Independent clause joIned by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordInator such as beccuse, snce, c]ter, clthouyh, or when or a relatIve pronoun such as thct, who, or whch. n the followIng complex sentences, subjects are In yellow, verbs are In green, and the subordInators and theIr commas (when requIred) are In red.
A. When he handed In hIs homework, he forgot to gIve the teacher the last page. 8. The teacher returned the homework after she notIced the error. C. The students are studyIng because they have a test tomorrow. 0. After they fInIshed studyIng, Juan and |arIa went to the movIes. E. Juan and |arIa went to the movIes after they fInIshed studyIng. When a complex sentence begIns wIth a subordInator such as sentences A and 0, a comma Is requIred at the end of the dependent clause. When the Independent clause begIns the sentence wIth subordInators In the mIddle as In sentences 8, C, and E, no comma Is requIred. f a comma Is placed before the subordInators In sentences 8, C, and E, It Is wrong. Note that sentences 0 and E are the same except sentence 0 begIns wIth the dependent clause whIch Is followed by a comma, and sentence E begIns wIth the Independent clause whIch contaIns no comma. The comma after the dependent clause In sentence 0 Is requIred, and experIenced lsteners of EnglIsh wIll often hecr a slIght pause there. n sentence E, however, there wIll be no pause when the Independent clause begIns the sentence. COMPLEX SENTENCES / AD1ECTIVE CLAUSES Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetIcs. 8. The book that Jonathan read Is on the shelf. C. The house whIch AbrahA| LIncoln was born In Is stIll standIng. 0. The town where grew up Is In the UnIted States. Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but Ior now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.
The Parts of a Sentence $entence: a group oI words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence contains a subject and a predicate. 1. $ubject: the noun or noun phrase that tells whom or what the sentence addresses. Roger decided to save more money. Almost all cats dislike water. 4 Full or complete subject: the subject and all the words that modiIy it. !atrick Henrys dream of freedom for all citi:ens compelled him to make his Iamous declaration. 4 $imple subject: the main noun oI the complete subject. Patrick Henry`s dream oI Ireedom Ior all citizens compelled him to make his Iamous declaration. 4 Compound subject: a complete subject with multiple simple subjects. iguel and the young boy became Iriends. 2. Predicate: a verb or verb phrase telling what the subject does or is. 4 Full or complete predicate: the verb oI the sentence and all the words that modiIy it. The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs. 4 $imple predicate: the main verb in the Iull predicate that indicates the action or state oI being oI the simple subject. The old dog climbs slowly up the stairs. 4 Compound predicate: a complete predicate with multiple verbs. He thought of his lover and missed her dearly. The goose was looking straight ahead and running for the pond. 3. Clause: a part oI a sentence that contains its own subject and predicate. 4 ndependent clause: a clause that could Iunction as its own sentence. When the Mets are playing, the stadium is full. 4 ependent clause: a clause that cannot Iunction as its own sentence. A dependent clause relies on an independent clause to complete its meaning. A dependent clause can Iunction as a noun, realized that I owed !atrick fifty dollars. as an adverb, hen the ets are playing, the stadium is Iull. or as an adjective. The beeI that I ate for dinner made me queasy. 4 Elliptical clause: a type oI dependent clause with a subject and verb that are implied rather than expressed. %hough unhappy, she still smiled. n the clause %hough unhappy, the subject and verb she was are implied: Although (she was) unhappy. 4. Phrase: a group oI related words without a subject or predicate. 4 oun phrase: a phrase that acts as a noun. A noun phrase can Iunction as a subject, %he snarling dog strained against its chain. object, He gave her the book of poems. prepositional object, The acrobat Iell into the safety net. gerund phrase, Dancing the tango is a popular activity in Argentina. or inIinitive phrase. %o dream is to be human. 4 Adjective phrase: a phrase that modiIies nouns or pronouns. Participial phrases and many prepositional phrases are adjective phrases. The actor playing !uck leIt much to be desired. 4 Adverb phrase: a phrase that begins with a preposition, and that Iunctions as an adverb. The theater was crowded with the actors fans. 4 Prepositional phrase: a phrase made up oI a preposition, its object, and its modiIiers. The rooI of the old theater was leaking badly. 5. ModiIier: a word or phrase that modiIies or adds inIormation to other parts oI a sentence. Adjectives, adverbs, and many phrases and clauses are modiIiers. 4 imiting modiIier: a word or phrase that limits the scope or degree oI an idea. Words like almost, only, or barely are modiIiers. t was almost time Ior dinner. 4 #estricting modiIier: a phrase or clause that restricts the meaning oI what it modiIies and is necessary to the idea oI its sentence. Any dog that has not had its shots should be taken to a veterinarian immediately. 4 onrestricting modiIier: a modiIier that adds inIormation but is not necessary to the sentence. Commas, dashes, or parentheses set apart nonrestricting modiIiers. $eventeenth-century poets, many of whom were also devout Christians, wrote excellent poetry. We could hear the singing birda wren, perhaps, or a robin throughout the Iorest.
Suljocl Tho suljocl of a sonlonco is lho noun---oi ucrd grcup acling as a noun---lhal poifoins lho aclion oxpiossod in lho piodicalo of a sonlonco oi cIauso. Tho suljocl nay lo ono void: Sa||q Iovos chocoIalo. Tho suljocl nay lo in a noun phiaso: O Sccing |nc paradc vas oxciling. O %nc o|ac| and uni|c dcg vas laiking fioicoIy al lho sliangoi. Iiodicalo Tho prcdIcatc is lho pail of lho cIauso oi sonlonco lhal says snmcthIng abnut thc subjcct. In olhoi voids, lho pail of lho sonloncos lhal is nnt lho suljocl and ils nodifiois is lho piodicalo. A piodicalo can lo ono void oi sovoiaI voids, nol aII of vhich aio voils. Tho piincipaI pail of lho piodicalo is |nc tcro. O Tho dog 8niffcd. O Tho dog na8 occn 8niffing. O Tho dog 8niffcd, |cc|cd aiound, and grcu|cd.