ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success accomplished in this project would not have been possible, by timely help and guidance rendered by many people. I wish to express my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to all those who have helped and guided me for the completion of the project. I profoundly thank my Project Guide, Project Coordinator Mr.M. Sushanth

Babu, Associate Professor of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

for his valuable guidance through provoking discussions, vital suggestions and sharing his valuable expertise through out the project work. I extend my heartfelt thanks to Prof. D.V. Krishna Reddy, Head of the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for his constant guidance and mentoring imbibed zeal all through my project work. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Ch.Sathaiah, Principal, Vaagdevi College of Engineering for providing the required facilities in the college campus. I would also thank all the staff of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering & Project Review Committee (PRC), who has helped me directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the project. I earnestly thank my Parents, Family and Friends for their constant encouragement and moral support, which made the project work successful.

DECLARATION

I, B.Ragini student of M.Tech with Wireless & Mobile Communications specialization, Vaagdevi College Of Engineering ,bearing HT.No 09641D6507 here by declare that the dissertation entitled New Companding Technique for Reduction of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM is the original work carried out by me. To the best of my knowledge and belief I here by declare that this project bears no resemblance to any other project submitted at Vaagdevi College of Engineering or any other colleges affiliated to JNTUH for the award of the degree.

Date:

B.Ragini

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ABSTRACT

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very attractive technique in wireless communications which provides robustness to channel fading and immunity to impulse interference. Despite of its advantages, one of the major drawbacks of OFDM system is very high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). However large envelope fluctuation, likely resulting in large peak-to average power ratio (PAPR), which distorts the signal if the transmitter contains the non-linear components such as power amplifiers and causes deficiencies such as intermodulation, spectral spreading and change in signal constellation. Minimizing PAPR allows higher average power to be transmitted for a fixed peak power and improving the overall signal to noise ratio at the receiver. Among the various PAPR reduction techniques, amplitude clipping, Tone reservation (TR), Active Constellation Extension (ACE), coding, selective mapping, partial transmitting, Companding appears attractive for its simplicity and effectiveness. In this paper New Companding Technique is proposed which offers improved bit error rate, minimizes out-of-band interference and reduce PAPR effectively. Simulation results illustrates the performance of the system under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and further evaluation is done for comparing the proposed companding technique with previous techniques.

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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT DECLARATION ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVATIONS CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview 1.2 Theory & Research 1.3 Objective of Thesis 1.4 Paper Organization CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO OFDM 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Multiple Access Techniques 2.2.1 FDMA 2.2.2 TDMA 2.2.3 CDMA 2.3 OFDM principles 2.3.1 Fourier Transform 2.3.2 Orthogonality 13 2.4 Block Diagram of OFDM 16 2.5 Modulation Techniques 2.5.1 QAM 2.5.2 QPSK 2.5.3 FFT & IFFT 2.6 Channel Characteristics 2.6.1 Multipath Effects 18 18 19 21 23 26 i ii iii iv vi vii viii 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 8 8 9 10 11 11

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2.6.2 Frequency Selective Fading 2.6.3 ISI 2.6.4 Channels Used CHAPTER 3: PAPR IN OFDM 3.1 Introduction to PAPR 3.2 PAPR Reduction Methods 36 3.3 Companding Basics 3.3.1 Applications 37 3.4 Proposed Technique CHAPTER 4: NEW COMPANDING TECHNIQUE 4.1 Proposed Technique 4.2 Exponential Companding Technique 4.3 -law Companding Technique 4.4 Comparison of Exponential & -law Techniques 46 CHAPTER 5: SIMULATION RESULTS 5.1 Simulation Parameters 5.2 Introduction to MATLAB 5.3 Functions used in Matlab code 5.4 Simulation Results 5.5 55

27 30 32 33 34

37

38 39 40 43 45

47 48 49 50 51 Applications

CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE BIBLIOGRAPHY

56 57 58

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1.1 Fig. 2.2.1 Fig. 2.2.2 Fig.2.2.3 10 Fig. 2.2.4 Fig. 2.3.1 Fig.2.4.1 Fig. 2.5.1 Fig.2.5.2 Fig.2.5.3 Fig. 2.5.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) OFDM sub carriers in the frequency domain OFDM Block Diagram QAM System Generation of QPSK FFT & IFFT diagram Section of an OFDM signal showing 5 symbols, using a guard period which is half a cyclic extension of the symbol, and half a zero amplitude signal Fig.2.6.1 Fig.2.6.2 Fig.2.6.3 26 Fig.2.6.4 Fig.2.6.5 Fig.4.2.1 Fig.4.2.2 Multi delay spread Combating ISI using a guard interval Shows the block diagram of a typical OFDM system using the Non-linear companding Shows the exponential companding function h(x) 43 45 29 31 Some channel characteristics Multipath Signals 23 24 26 11 14 17 18 20 21 Evolution of current networks to the next generation of wireless Networks FDMA Scheme TDMA scheme, where each user is allocated a small time slot TDMA/FDMA hybrid, showing that the bandwidth is split into frequency channels and time slots 7 9 9

Typical Rayleigh fading while the mobile unit is moving

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Fig.5.4.1. companding Fig.5.4.2. Fig.5.4.3 Fig.5.4.4 54

Companding profile for proposed and exponential 51 52 53 channel Power spectral density of original and companded signals

Complementary cumulative distribution function of original and companded signals Bit error rate vs. SNR for original and companded signals in AWGN

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 5.1.1 Table 5.3.1 Typical attenuation in a radio channel. Cumulative distributions for Rayleigh distribution Simulation Parameters List of Functions used in Matlab Code 25 27 48 50

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

AWGN AMPS ACE BER CDF CCDF COFDM CDMA DFT DAB DVB FFT GSM HDTV IDFT IFFT ISI MCM NCT OFDM PAPR PTS

Additive White Gaussian Noise Advanced Mobile Phone Service Active Constellation Extension Bit Error Rate Cumulative Distribution Function Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access Discrete Fourier Transform Digital Audio Broadcasting Digital Video Broadcasting Fast Fourier Transform Global System for Mobile Telecommunications High Definition Digital Television Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Inter Symbol Interference Multi Carrier Modulation Non-Linear Companding Transform Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Peak to Average Power Ratio Partial Transmit sequence

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PSD QPSK SNR SLM SSPA TR TDMA TI UHF

Power Spectral Density Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Signal to Noise Ratio Selective Mapping Solid State Power Amplifier Tone Reservation Time Division Multiple Access Tone Injection Ultra High Frequency

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