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Solid State Electricity Metrology

AD775x FAE 98

1.0 - Power 101

What is Electrical Energy ? Kinetic Energy of the generator or Chemical Energy of the cell is converted into Electrical Energy which flows through the circuit and is converted back into Light, Heat, and kinetic Energy. Energy flows from source to load

1.0 - Power 101

What is Electrical Energy ?

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Energy in a dc circuit

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

Total Energy (E) is equal to integral of p(t) over time

E =

p(t)dt
0

= v i t = joules = watts - sec

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Energy in a dc circuit Total Energy Vs Time

The slope of this graph is the product of v and i. E increases over time. The slope represents the rate of Energy flow.

1.0 - Power 101

What is Electrical Power? Electrical Power is the rate of flow of Electrical Energy in a circuit. The unit of power is the watt and is defined as joules per second. Therefore we can see that power is a rate expression

P =

dE = v.i dt

Power is equal to the rate of flow of Electrical Energy

1.0 - Power 101

Energy - Power Relationship

E =

dt

dE P = dt

1.0 - Power 101

What is Electrical Power? Power can also be defined as the time average of the instantaneous power p(t).

P =

1 t

p(t)dt
0

= v i = joules / sec = watts

dE dt

This is equivalent to

P =

P =

1 t

P dt =

1 t

dE dt = dt

1 t

dE =

E = v.i t

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Energy in an ac circuit

v(t) =
i(t) =

2.V sin( t)
2 .I sin( t)

where: V = rms voltage I = rms current

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

p(t) = V.I - V.I cos2 t

1.0 - Power 101

Total Electrical Energy in an ac circuit

E =

p(t)dt
0

= joules = watts - sec

E = V.I.t -

V.I sin 2t 2

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Energy in an ac circuit Energy increases with time The rate of energy flow is not constant as in the dc case For a pure resistive load the rate of energy flow is > = 0

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Power in an ac circuit
kT

P =

1 kT

p(t)dt = joules = watts - sec

time average over an integral number of line cycles (kT)

where: k = integer T = period of v(t)

P = V .I

P is often referred to as Active or Real Power in ac systems

NOTE: The Real Power (P) calculated over an integral number of line cycles is equal to the steady state component (dc) of the instantaneous power signal p(t)

p(t) = V.I - V.I cos2 t

1.0 - Power 101

Electrical Energy in an ac circuit Energy flow in an ac circuit over an integral number of line cycles:

E = V.I.t -

V.I sin 2t 2

averages to zero

E = V.I.t = P.t

Energy = Power x time

1.0 - Power 101

Watts, VARS and VA Unfortunately practical loads are not purely resistive...

E.g., the windings of an electrical motor contain a significant amount of Inductive Reactance as well as resistance

1.0 - Power 101

v(t) =
i(t) =

2.V sin( t)
2.I sin( t - )

p(t) = v(t) i(t)

p(t) = v(t) ( ia(t) + iq(t))

p(t) =

2.V sin( t) 2.I cossin( t) + 2.I sincos( t)

p(t) = V.I cos (1- cos2 t) - V.I sin sin2 t

Pp(t)

Pq(t)

1.0 - Power 101

P = VI cos active powerwatts Q = VI sin reactive powerVARS S = VI apparent power VA

p(t) = P(1- cos2 t) - Q sin2 t

1.0 - Power 101

Why do we need to measure VARS & VA ? Cost to distribute Energy is higher when the load is reactive.

If V is constant and the load is reactive (current leads or lags V), then more current (I) must be transmitted in order to deliver a fixed amount of Electrical Energy (Watts). More current means more losses and higher transmission costs!

2.0 - AD775x Theory of Operation

See page 1 of AN-545

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1 - Theory of Operation

See page 1 of AN-545

Analog Signals on Channel 1 and Channel 2 are digitized by the two ADCs These signals (Current and Voltage) are multiplied in a digital multiplier Multiplication generates an INSTANTANEOUS POWER SIGNAL The REAL POWER is extracted from the INSTANTANEOUS POWER by an LPF REAL POWER is converted to a FREQUENCY by the DIGITAL-TOFREQUENCY Converters

2.1 - Theory of Operation

Non unity Power Factor Active Energy Calculation
p(t) = Vcos( t) Icos( t 60o )

See page 2 of AN-545

p(t)=

V Icos(60o ) + cos(2 t - 60o )

REAL POWER is still equal to the dc component of the INSTANTANEOUS POWER when PF <> 1

2.1 - Theory of Operation

Nonsinusoidal / Harmonic Active Energy Calculation
v(t) = V0 + 2. Vh.sin(ht + h)
h 0

See page 2 of AN-545

i(t) = I0 + 2. Ih.sin(ht + h)
h 0

P = P1 + PH

Where:
P1 = V1 I1cos1 1 = 1 1
PH =
h=1

Vh Ihcosh

h = h h

Total Harmonic Power is equal to the sum of the Real Power for each harmonic component !

2.1 - Theory of Operation

Digital-to-Frequency Conversion

See page 3 of AN-545

FOUT - High frequency output for meter calibration F1, F2 - Low frequency outputs for direct drive of counter

FOUT has frequency ripple due to 2 instantaneous power signal. The ripple is removed by averaging the output frequency!

2.1 - Theory of Operation

AD7755 typical watt-hour implementation