2.

0 OBJECTIVES
1he sLudy Lo be done ln Lhe hosplLal ln kollam dlsLrlcL should
1 ldenLlfy all Lhe hosplLal and cllnlcs ln Lhe ulsLrlcL lncludlng labs denLal cllnlcs eLc
2 1o deLermlne Lhe dally wasLe generaLlon raLe ln each faclllLy
3 SLudy and evaluaLe Lhe physlcal and elemenLal composlLlon of Lhe wasLes
1 1o sLudy Lhe performance of unlL operaLlons of Lhe exlsLlng common blomedlcal wasLe
LreaLmenL
faclllLy
2 1o ldenLlfy lLs problems
3 1o deLermlne Lhe awareness level among Lhe blomedlcal wasLe producers and blomedlcal
wasLe handlers

Method of Study
1he flrsL requlremenL was Lo do a survey of Lhe kollam dlsLrlcL and flnd ouL all Lhe healLh care
faclllLles We had sLarLed wlLh collecLlng ln formaLlons from varlous assoclaLlons such as
Medlcal and uenLal AssoclaLlons uaLa from whaLever sources posslble were collecLed
lncludlng Medlcal 8epresenLaLlves and suppllers of drugs
We recrulLed Lhree persons who compleLed PosplLal ManagemenL Courses and who had done
sLudles ln wasLe managemenL ln hosplLals durlng Lhelr sLudles 1hey Lraveled Lo each 1aluk ln
kollam ulsLrlcL and ldenLlfled Lhe cllnlcs hosplLals denLal cllnlcs and laboraLorles where
lnfecLlous wasLe ls generaLed PealLh care faclllLles wlLh lnpaLlenL faclllLles and wlLh beds
were separaLely noLed
3 PealLh care faclllLles were selecLed Lwo ln urban area one rural area one governmenL
hosplLal and one denLal cllnlc 1he wasLe generaLlons ln each of Lhese healLh care faclllLles
were sLudles and daLa collecLed 1hls was done concurrenLly ln separaLe days ln a monLh
SeparaLe colored conLalners and bags requlred as per Lhe blomedlcal wasLe managemenL 8ules
were provlded Lo each hosplLal
8ed 8ags lor plasLlc 1ubes lv 8ags Syrlnges 8lood
and urlne 8ags CaLheLers and gloves
?ellow 8ags CoLLon Swabs aLhologlcal 1lssues 8ody
arLs Mlcroblology WasLe Surglcal masks
uncLure roof wlres Sharps needles SculpLs 8lade lv
CaLheLers Ampoules ConLalners vlals
Culde
8lack 8ags apers lasLlc acklng lood WasLe
ulsposable Cups laLes
1he healLhcare workers lncludlng uocLors nurses and Cleaners eLc were Lralned how Lo
segregaLed Lhe wasLes
hyslcal verlflcaLlon was made ln each hosplLal






roceedlngs of Lhe lnLernaLlonal Conference on SusLalnable Solld WasLe ManagemenL
3 7 SepLember 2007 Chennal lndla pp182188
182
erformance SLudy on Common 8lomedlcal WasLe 1reaLmenL
laclllLy CheLLlpalayam ColmbaLore L Saro[lnl1 S !ayanLhl2 S !oLhl venkaLraman
3 and k rashanLhlnl
ueparLmenL of Clvll Lnglneerlng Srl 8amakrlshna Lnglneerlng College ColmbaLore
2 ueparLmenL of Clvll Lnglneerlng
3 C Scholars of LnvlronmenLal Lnglneerlng
CovernmenL College of 1echnology ColmbaLore
A8S18AC1
PealLh care esLabllshmenLs generaLe a huge quanLlLy of boLh hazardous and nonhazardous
wasLes 1hese wasLes are generaLed as a resulL of dlagnosls LreaLmenL and prevenLlon of
research on human and anlmal dlseases ln many lnsLances wasLe handllng ls lefL Lo lower
level workers who operaLe wlLhouL any Lralnlng guldance and supervlslon lmproper dlsposal
of healLh care wasLes aesLheLlcally damages Lo envlronmenL and LransmlL Plv PepaLlLls 8
vlrus AluS and oLher agenLs assoclaLed wlLh blood borne dlseases Awareness program abouL
proper handllng and managemenL Lechnlques of healLhcare wasLes Lo workers can prevenL Lhe
spread of epldemlcs of lnfecLlous dlseases
1he paper concerns wlLh Lhe assessmenL of wasLes handllng and LreaLmenL sysLems of a
Common 8lomedlcal faclllLy aL CheLLlpalayam AbouL 293 hosplLals from ColmbaLore karur
1lrupur and SaLhyamangalam dlspose Lhelr blomedlcal wasLes ln Lhls common faclllLy
erformance and challenges of Lhe exlsLlng common faclllLy (lnclneraLlon AuLoclave Shredder
eLc) aL CheLLlpalayam have been sLudled
keywords 8lomedlcal wasLe lnfecLlous AuLoclave Shredder lnclneraLlon Landflll
10 ln18CuuC1lCn
8lomedlcal wasLe ls deflned as Any solld and fluld lncludlng lLs conLalner and any lnLermedlaLe
producL whlch ls generaLed durlng Lhe dlagnosls LreaLmenL or lmmunlzaLlon of human belng
or anlmals ln research perLalnlng Lhere or ln Lhe producLlon or LesLlng of blologlcal and
lncludlng varlous caLegorles of blomedlcal wasLes" (MCLl 1998) lL ls esLlmaLed LhaL annually
abouL 033 mllllon Lonesof blomedlcal wasLes are generaLed ln lndla 1he solld wasLe from Lhe
hosplLals conslsLs of bandages llnen and oLher lnfecLlous wasLe (3033) plasLlcs (710)
dlsposable syrlnges (0303) glass (33) and oLher general wasLes lncludlng food (4043)
(Au aLll and AvShekdar eL al 2001) 1o reduce Lhe burden of dlsease healLh care wasLe
needs sound managemenL lncludlng alLernaLlves Lo lnclneraLlon (WPC facL sheeL no 281
2004) Low cosL lnLervenLlons do exlsLs for qulck lmprovemenLs ln healLh care wasLe for low Lo
mlddle lncome counLrles Culck empowermenL of healLhcare sLaff and provlslon of effecLlve
Lralnlng maLerlals wlll allow Lhe swlfL lmprovemenL of Lhe slLuaLlon (Surah CayLon eL al 2002)
unconLrolled burnlng of medlcal wasLes may polluLe Lhe alr wlLh acldlc gases dloxlns furans
and heavy meLals (WPC 2000) A clear relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe burnlng SusLalnable Solld
WasLe ManagemenL 183 of chlorlnaLed organlc chemlcal producLs and wasLes especlally vC
and dloxln emlsslons from combusLlon faclllLles was reporLed by a hosL of sLudles conducLed aL
Lhe unlverslLy of llorlda
(ChrlsLmann 1989 uanlsh LA 1993 kanLer 1993 kopponen 1992 Mahle 1980 1hlesen
1991)
A number of common lnlLlaLlves Lo manage heaLh care wasLe are reporLed from developed
counLrles MosL of Lhe wesLern naLlons had common lnclneraLors whlch are now banned ln
some of Lhe developed counLrles 1he shlfLlng from burnlng Lo nonburnlng Lechnology ls belng
underLaken ln a phased manner (?uMlnCPAnC 1993) aul CarneL reporLed LhaL a number
cenLrallzed LreaLmenL and dlsposal faclllLles for hosplLal wasLes exlsLlng ln uSA ln Canada 1he
Lechnology used ln comblnaLlon of lnclneraLlon and landflll ?uMlnCPAnC has reporLed LhaL
slx common lnclneraLlon faclllLles were propose Lo be seL up ln 1989 ln 1alwan by Lhe
ueparLmenL of PealLh of Lhe LxecuLlve ?ank Cne plloL planL pro[ecL was commlssloned ln 1990
and ls funcLlonal ln order Lo assess and evaluaLe Lhe exLenL of lmplemenLaLlon of 8lomedlcal
wasLe (ManagemenL and Pandllng) 8ules 1998 ln hosplLals a case sLudy was conducLed ln
CheLLlpalayam ColmbaLore dlsLrlcL wlLh Lhe followlng ob[ecLlves
20 C8!LC1lvLS
1 1o sLudy Lhe performance of unlL operaLlons of Lhe exlsLlng common blomedlcal wasLe
LreaLmenL faclllLy
2 1o ldenLlfy lLs problems
3 1o deLermlne Lhe awareness level among Lhe blomedlcal wasLe producers and blomedlcal
wasLe handlers
30 LCCA1lCn
ColmbaLore dlsLrlcL ls locaLed aL Lhe wesLern parL of 1amllnadu lL lles beLween laLlLudes 10
o12 and 11o37 and longlLudes 76o39 and 77o36 1he general slope of Lhe dlsLrlcL ls Lowards
wesL 1he LoLal geographlcal area of ColmbaLore dlsLrlcL ls 7 46900 hecLares 1he LoLal solld
wasLe generaLed per day ls 800 Lonnes of whlch 13 2 ls conLrlbuLed by 8MW
40 CCMMCn 8lCMLulCAL WAS1L 18LA1MLn1 lAClLl1? (C8W1l) A1 CPL11lALA?AM
C8W1l was esLabllshed aL CheLLlpalayam ln Lhe year 2000 whlch ls reasonably far away from
resldenLlal and senslLlve area nearly 20kms from clLy 1hls ls Lhe flrsL communlLy hosplLal wasLe
lnclneraLor wlLh Lhe burnlng capaclLy of 300kg/hr and Lhe combusLlon efflclency of abouL 90
1he bullLup area ls 3000 sqfL wlLh Lhe land area of 1 acre
llgure 1 CollecLlon of 8lomedlcal WasLe erformance SLudy on Common 8lomedlcal WasLe
1reaLmenL laclllLy CheLLlpalayam ColmbaLore 184 lL collecLs 32 Lo 33 Lonnes of 8lomedlcal
WasLe (8MW) from 293 hosplLals from ColmbaLore 1lrupur Lrode and SaLhyamangalam as
shown ln llgure 1 lL charges 8s 23 /bed/day Lo 8MW generaLors lor collecLlon 3 Lrucks are
used lL sLarLs around 600 am and reLurns around 300 pm dally Ma[orlLy of 8MW generaLors
are yeL Lo geL enrolled ln lMA ColmbaLore Lo uLlllze Lhls offslLe faclllLy SegregaLlon ls Lhe key
Lo success for any wasLe managemenL scheme lL has Lo be conducLed aL polnL of
generaLlon Lo keep nonlnfecLlous wasLe from becomlng lnfecLlous (lCu2) SegregaLlon of
wasLe before dlsposal excepL for syrlnges and needles was noL pracLlced by ma[orlLy of
hosplLals Cnly ln few hosplLals wasLes were segregaLed ln a proper manner as per Lhe 8MW
rules lrom Lhe samples recelved aL Lhe faclllLy lL ls observed LhaL Lhe wasLes are noL collecLed
separaLely ln coloured conLalners/ bags as prescrlbed ln rules lL ls observed LhaL all Lhe
segregaLed wasLes are puL lnLo a slngle conLalner LhaL had no label or symbol on lL
30 unl1 CL8A1lCn Cl CCMMCn 8lCMLulCAL WAS1L 18LA1MLn1 lAClLl1?
CPL11lALA?AM
1here are Lwo ma[or unlLs ln C8W1l Lhey are
1 AuLoclavlng SegregaLlon Shreddlng
2 lnclneraLlon
31 AuLoclavlng SegregaLlon Shreddlng
llgure 2 Shows Lhe flow dlagram for auLoclavlng segregaLlon and shreddlng
llgure 2 llow ulagram for AuLoclavlng SegregaLlon and Shreddlng
311 AuLoclave
1he prlmary purpose of auLoclave ls Lo sLerlllze/ dlslnfecL Lhe wasLes Mlcroorganlsm whlch
conLrlbuLe Lo lnfecLlon do noL survlve beyond 80 o
C Powever MCLl has sLlpulaLed a LemperaLure of 133oC and 33 psl pressure 1o ensure
dlslnfecLlon 3033 mlnuLes sLerlllzaLlon Llme ls requlredC8W1l has an auLoclave of 230
kg/cycle capaclLy exlsLs ln Lhe C8W1l as shown ln llgure 3(a) and 3(b) and lL ls operaLed aL Lhe
worklng LemperaLure of 123 oC and Lhe pressure of abouL 33 psl wlLh Lhe reLenLlon Llme of 30
mlnuLes AL Lhls LemperaLure and pressure mlcroorganlsms are compleLely desLroyed and Lhus
render Lhe wasLes lnfecLlon free lL has a LemperaLure probe locaLor ln exlL draln Lo ensure
accuraLe LemperaLure readlng 1he arrangemenL of unlque condenser removes excess molsLure
for less welghL aL Lhe Llme of dlsposal 1he auLoclavlng sysLem ls operaLed and malnLalned as er
MCLl An auLoclave label ls used as an lndlcaLor for Lhe compleLlon of auLoclavlng AuLoclave
SegregaLlo Shredde1ransporLaLlon Lo recyclable planLs
uumplng plL needles (sharps) Syrlnges plasLlcs AuLoclavable wasLes Shredded wasLes
SusLalnable Solld WasLe ManagemenL 183
312 SegregaLlon
1he dlslnfecLed wasLe from Lhe auLoclave ls led for Lhe segregaLlon of rubber glass plasLlcs and
meLals as shown ln llgure 4 AbouL 8 labours are lnvolved ln Lhe segregaLlon and Lhey are
worklng 6 hours a day As per regulaLlon 11 ln[ecLlon ls glven every monLh and medlcal check
up also conducLed once ln a monLh by Lhe agency 1he sharps are segregaLed by Lhe magneLlc
hub separaLor and Lhe segregaLed sharps are dumped ln Lhe dumplng plL 1he segregaLed
plasLlcs are senL Lo Lhe shredder
313 Shredder
(a) (b)llgure 3 AuLoclave LxlsLs ln C8W1lllgure 4 SegregaLlon of AuLoclaved WasLe
llgure 3 Shredder 1he segregaLed plasLlcs llke syrlnges eLc are shredded by means of Lhe
shredder as shown ln llgure 3 Shredded wasLes are sLored ln bags A secLlon ouLslde Lhe bullL
up area ls meanL for sLorage of Lhese shredded wasLes walLlng for Lhe LransporLaLlon Lo Lhe
recycllng planLs
32 lnclneraLlon
llgure 6 unlL CperaLlons of Lhe lnclneraLor LxlsLlng ln C8W1l
321 lnclneraLor
1he C8W1l has Lhe lnclneraLor of capaclLy 2000kg as shown ln llgure 7 lL has Lwo chambers
one ls lnclneraLlon Cuench column WeL scrubber uropleL separaLor SLack Landflll SLorage
Lank SeLLllng Lank Sludge drylng bed lllLer bed uoslng of llme Slurry/ slag Smoke Ash 8ecycle
WaLer
8MW erformance SLudy on Common 8lomedlcal WasLe 1reaLmenL laclllLy CheLLlpalayam
ColmbaLore
Lhe prlmary chamber (3l7mx122mx19m) wlLh Lhe worklng LemperaLure of 830oC and anoLher
ls Lhe secondary chamber (317mx114mx19m) wlLh Lhe worklng LemperaLure of 1030oC
WasLes are burnL parLly by elecLrlc burners and parLly by addlLlon of dlesel LlecLrlc burners are
used for heaLlng up Lhe chambers Lvery day lL consumes 3080 llLres of dlesel and whenever
power shuLdown exlsLs lL consumes 130 llLres of dlesel 1he arrangemenLs of programmable
dlglLal LemperaLure conLrols and charL recorder are avallable ln Lhe C8W1l 1able 1 shows Lhe
operaLlng and emlsslon deLalls of Lhe lnclneraLor
1able 1 CperaLlng and Lmlsslon ueLalls of Lhe lnclneraLlon ln C8W1l
arameLers LxlsLlng ln C8W1l ermlsslble llmlLs lnclneraLlon sLandards CombusLlon efflclency
90 990 1emperaLure of Lhe prlmary chamber 830oC 800 + 30oC
1emperaLure of Lhe secondary chamber 130oC 1030 + 30oC
Lmlsslon sLandards
1 arLlculaLe maLLer
2 nlLrogen Cxldes
3 PCL ConcenLraLlon mg/nm
3[(12 CC2 correcLlon)130 430 30
Mlnlmum sLack helghL 30m 30m above ground
322 Cuench Column
1he smoke from Lhe lnclneraLor ls allowed Lo enLer lnLo Lhe quench column where Lhe waLer ls
sprayed from Lhe Lop so LhaL Lhe LemperaLure geLs reduced and Lhe parLlculaLes from Lhe
smoke geLs seLLles down 1he slze of Lhe quench column ls 4m helghL and 80 cm dlameLer
(llgure 8)
323 WeL Scrubber
1he resulLanL smoke from Lhe quench column ls allowed Lo enLer lnLo Lhe weL scrubber (shown
ln llgure 9) for furLher reducLlon of LemperaLure 1he slze of Lhe weL scrubber ls abouL 4m
helghL and 80 cm dlameLer 1he LemperaLure ls reduced up Lo Lhe range of 33oC 33oC 1he
wash waLer and slurry formed ls LreaLed separaLely
llgure 7 lnclneraLor LxlsLs ln C8W1l
llgure 8 Cuench Column llgure 9 WeL Scrubber SusLalnable Solld WasLe ManagemenL 187
324 uropleL SeparaLor
1he mlxed form of waLer ash and smoke are led lnLo Lhe dropleL separaLor (llgure 10(a)) lL has
four lncllned racks Pere Lhe mlxLure ls poured up wlLh pressure from Lhe scrubber Whlle dolng
Lhls Lhe mlxLure wlll hlL Lhe racks As a resulL Lhe ash geLs fllLered ouL by Lhe racks Lhe waLer
lefL ouL ls senL
for Lhe LreaLmenL And Lhe smoke remalnlng ls leL lnLo Lhe aLmosphere by means of a sLack
(llgure 10(b)) 1he faclllLy has an LffluenL LreaLmenL lanL (L1) wlLh Lhe lncluslon of an
equallzaLlon Lank (llgure 10(c)) a fllLer bed (llgure 10(d)) and a sludge drylng bed A Lank of
slze 4m x 2m ls meanL for sLorlng Lhe effluenL 1he effluenL from Lhe scrubber and Lhe dropleL
separaLor ls senL Lo Lhe sLorage Lank where Lhe waLer ls neuLrallzed by addlng llme 1hen Lhe
waLer ls senL lnLo Lhe fllLer bed from where Lhe effluenL ls reclrculaLed lnLo Lhe scrubber afLer
cleanlng of Lhelr parLlculaLes 1he fllLer bed conslsLs of sand fllLer and acLlvaLed carbon fllLer
1able 2 shows Lhe analysls deLalls of Lhe effluenL from Lhe C8W1l wlLh Lhe permlsslble values
(a) (b) (c) (d) llgure 10 (a) uropleL SeparaLor (b) SLack (c) LquallzaLlon 1ank (d) lllLer 8ed
1able 2 Analysls ueLalls of Lhe LffluenL lrom Lhe C8W1l
arameLers unLreaLed effluenL 1reaLed effluenL ermlsslble llmlLs pP 612 68 6390
1oLal suspended sollds (mg/l) 43330 20330 100
1oLal dlssolved sollds (mg/l) 190010300 13003300 300
Chlorldes (mg/l) 7303300 7001700 230
SulphaLes (mg/l) 200600 130300 230
8Cu (mg/l) 2373 1333 30
CCu (mg/l) 200300 120300 230
Cll and grease 14 12 10
323 Landflll
llgure 11 Secure Landfllllng erformance SLudy on Common 8lomedlcal WasLe 1reaLmenL
laclllLy CheLLlpalayam ColmbaLore
188
1he ashes from Lhe lnclneraLor are dlsposed by means of secured landfllllng 1he slze of Lhe
landflll ls abouL 43m x 9m and Lhe depLh of abouL 36m 1he landflll ls fllled up wlLh Lhe
alLernaLe layers of blue meLals and garvels Lach layer ls covered wlLh clay sheeLs and flnally Lhe
whole layer ls covered wlLh Lhe sand layer ln C8W1l one landflll has been compleLed and Lhe
new one ls ln progress ln beLween Lhe sand layer and Lhe meLal layer leachaLe plpes are flxed
whlch ls led lnLo Lhe seLLllng Lank where Lhe sedlmenLs geL separaLed and Lhe waLer ls recycled
Lo Lhe quench column
60 CCnCLuSlCn
1he sLudy presenLs Lhe sLaLus of Lhe exlsLlng C8W1l aL CheLLlpalayam An approprlaLe sLraLegy
for safe managemenL of 8MW has been Laken up lnLegraLlng Lechnlcal flnanclal lnsLlLuLlonal
managerlal soclal and envlronmenLal lssues 1he Lechnology used ln C8W1l ls a comblnaLlon of
lnclneraLlon and secured landflll 1he unlL sLarLed operaLlon ln 2007 even Lhough lL was
esLabllshed ln 2001 All Lhe 8MW generaLors are yeL Lo geL enrolled Lo uLlllze Lhls off slLe
faclllLy 1he faclllLy has Lo face problems whlle burnlng 8MW as many 8MW generaLors do noL
adhere Lo Lhe rules of segregaLlon ln Lo Lhe conLalner bags aL Lhe polnL of generaLlon and are
noL labeled accordlng Lo schedule lll of 8MW
(ManagemenL and Pandllng) rules 1998 Powever Lhe C8W1l handles 8MW properly LreaLs
Lhem and safely dlsposes ln a secured land flll 1he performance of C8W1l can be enhanced
wlLh cooperaLlve efforLs of 8MW generaLors 1hls can be posslble only lf a healLhy co
ordlnaLlon exlsLs beLween C8W1l and 8MW generaLors
8LlL8LnCLS
MlnlsLry of LnvlronmenL and loresLs noLlflcaLlon 1he 8lomedlcal WasLe (Pandllng and
ManagemenL) rules (1998)
Commlssloner llchLner 8efuse lnclneraLlon planLs for hosplLals lndusLrles and munlclpal refuse
aL Lhe uLu AnuAn SLnCkC 8lomedlcal managemenL proceedlngs (1973)
aul CarneL Medlcal wasLe lnclneraLlon a mlsmaLch beLween problems and soluLlon a
publlcaLlon of work on waLer uSA lnc !udson CanLon n? 13167 (1996)
?uMlnChang CenLrallsed lnclneraLlon LreaLmenL of lnfecLlous wasLe for reglonal hosplLals ln
1alwan 8lomedlcal managemenL proceedlngs (1993)
CC8 Manual on PosplLal wasLe managemenL cenLral olluLlon conLrol board new uelhl
(2000)
AkLern nMkazl and AM8Chowdhury Medlcal wasLe dlsposal ln uhaka clLy An
envlronmenLal evoluLlon publlsher lnLernaLlonal cenLre for ularrhoeal dlsease research
8angladesh (1999)




BiomedicaI soIid waste management in an Indian hospitaI: a case study.
Patil GV, Pokhrel K.
$ource
nstitute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284 128, ndia. patilgayathripatil@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The objectives of this study were: (i) to assess the waste handling and treatment system of hospital bio-medical solid
waste and its mandatory compliance with Regulatory Notifications for Bio-medical Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 1998, under the Environment (Protection Act 1986), Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Govt. of
ndia, at the chosen KLE Society's J. N. Hospital and Medical Research Center, Belgaum, ndia and (ii) to
quantitatively estimate the amount of non-infectious and infectious waste generated in different wards/sections.
During the study, it was observed that: (i) the personnel working under the occupier (who has control over the
institution to take all steps to ensure biomedical waste is handled without any adverse effects to human health and
the environment) were trained to take adequate precautionary measures in handling these bio-hazardous waste
materials, (ii) the process of segregation, collection, transport, storage and final disposal of infectious waste was done
in compliance with the Standard Procedures, (iii) the final disposal was by incineration in accordance to EPA Rules
1998, (iv) the non-infectious waste was collected separately in different containers and treated as general waste, and
(v) on an average about 520 kg of non-infectious and 101 kg of infectious waste is generated per day (about 2.31 kg
per day per bed, gross weight comprising both infectious and non-infectious waste). This hospital also extends its
facility to the neighboring clinics and hospitals by treating their produced waste for incineration.
PMD:

15993343

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLNE]
Me$ Terms, $ubstances
LinkOut - more resources

ma1L8lALS Anu ML1PCuS
1he presenL sLudy was carrled ouL ln varlous hosplLals llke krlshnara[endra (CovernmenL
PosplLal) Mlsslon !SS 8asappa Memorlal l Apollo l and vlkram PosplLal Mysore
respecLlvely
Average number of LoLal wasLe bags generaLed was sLudled for a perlod of slx monLhs LhaL ls
!uly AugusL SepLember CcLober and uecember of Lhe year 2009 1he average generaLlon of
varlous lnfecLlous and non lnfecLlous wasLe lLems per hosplLal unlL area was recorded
observaLlons were also made on Lhe separaLlon of wasLes collecLlon of varlous recyclable
plasLlc and glass wares by sweepers durlng sweeplng 1he average number of paLlenLs per day
(A) average wasLe percaplLa per day (C) and average solld wasLe generaLed per day aL each
source (S) aL each hosplLal was calculaLed uslng Lhe sLandard formula 1hen Lhe average
collecLlon of recyclable wasLes LhaL lsplasLlc ware () and glass wares (C) aL each hosplLal was
also calculaLed by uslng Lhe prescrlbed formula (8ampal eL al 2002) 8esldes Lhe neL solld
wasLe generaLed aL dusL bln (S 8) Solld wasLe lnclneraLed per day and neL solld wasLe
generaLlon aL each sLudy slLe was also calculaLed LasLly varlous managemenL approaches and
guldellnes were also glven for Lhe proper dlsposal of wasLes generaLed from Lhe dlfferenL
hosplLals
ll Lhe obLalned daLa were analyzed uslng one way analysls of varlance (Anova) and Lhe overall
means were compared uslng uM81 (uuncan MulLlple 8ange 1esL) and performed afLer Lhe
slgnlflcanL lLesL 1he dlfferenL alphabeLs lndlcaLed as superscrlpLsunder each column/rows
were found Lo be slgnlflcanL under Lhe uuncan MulLlple 8ange 1esL