INTRODUCTION

Day One

Piping Systems

Friction Losses

Flow Rate limitation

Ashrae & Carrier Guide Line

Acceptable Practices

Pipe Sizing

Head Losses Calculation

Case Practice
 Day 2

 Pumps  NPSHR & NPSHA

 Performance Curves  Pump Selection
 Power consumption &  Pumps Arrangements
Efficiency Curve & their performance
 Pump Laws Curve
 Pumps & System  Case Studies
Curve
 WATER PIPING SYSTEM
Open System

In this system, the water flows thru heat exchanger
and then exposed to atmosphere.

such as in Cooling tower and air washer.
Closed system

In this system, the water flow is not exposed to the
atmosphere at any point.

But some times contains an expansion tank that is
open to the atmosphere but water area exposed is
insignificant. Such as Chilled water system
Closed Water Piping System

Parallel Piping System

 Reverse return piping
 Reverse return header with direct
return risers
 Direct return piping

Compound Piping system

(Primary & Secondary System)
Reverse Return Piping
Reverse Return Headers with
Direct Return Risers
Direct Return Water Piping
Primary & Secondary Piping
 FRICTION LOSSES

When water flows in a pipe, friction is

produced by the rubbing of water particles
against each other and against the wall of
the pipe. This friction produced by the
flowing water causes a loss in pressure,
which is called Friction Loss.
The Friction losses depends upon:
Water velocity
Interior surface roughness
Pipe length
Pipe diameter
 Flow Rate Limitation

Services
Erosion
Noise
Installation Cost
Operating Cost
All above limit Maximum and
minimum velocities in piping
system.
 Recommended Water
Velocities Based on Services
Pump Discharge 8-12 FPS
Pump Suction 4-7 FPS
Header 4-15 FPS
Riser 3-10 FPS
Drain Line 4-7 FPS
General Service 5-10 FPS
City Water 3-7 FPS
 Erosion

Erosion in water piping system is

the impingement on inside surface
of pipe of rapidly moving water
containing air bubbles, sand and
other solid matter.

Due to this impingement, pipes
gets eroded over a period of time if
Recommended velocity not
maintained in piping systems.
MAXIMUM WATER VELOCITY TO
MINIMIZE EROSION
Normal Operation Velocity Range
1500 Hrs/Year 15 FPS
2000 “ 14 FPS
3000 “ 13 FPS
4000 “ 12 FPS
6000 “ 10 FPS
8000 “ 8 FPS
 Noise Generation

Velocity-dependent noise in piping systems

results from any or all of four sources:
Turbulence
Cavitation
Release of entrained air
Water hammer
In investigations of flow-related Noise, Marseille,
Ball and Webster and Rogers reported that
velocities on the order of 10 to 17 fps lie within the
range of allowable noise levels for residential and
commercial buildings.
 Ashrae Recommendations For
Hydronic System
Friction Loss Rate should be taken as 1 to
4 Feet/100 feet of Pipe Eq.Length.
A Value of 2.5 Feet/100 Feet is the mean
to which most systems are designed.
For 2 Inch and below pipes, Velocity limit
is 4 FPS.
For above pipes, FLR limit is 4 Feet/100
Feet.
And
As per Carrier Guide Line FLR is 8-10 feet /100
feet and velocity limit 10 FPS.
 PIPE SIZING CRITERIA

Water Flow
Based on Cooling load on respective AHU
/FCU/BCU
Can be calculated as:
Tonnage X 24
Flow In GPM= ---------------------------------
Temperature difference

Friction Loss Rate / Velocity Limitation

specified by consultant or ASHRAE.
 Pipe Sizing Method

Step -1
Make a layout sketch showing individual
AHU,FCU and BCU on Master layout plan.
Step - 2
Mark selected /design flow on individual AHU,
FCU and BCU.
Step - 3
Review layout sketch w.r.t. space available ,
other services,economy and consultant
concurrence.
Conclude layout.
 Pipe Sizing Method……..

Step -4
Starting from most remote terminal working
towards the pump, Mark the Cumulative flow in
mains and branch circuits.
Step -6
Select pipe size for required Flow and as per
selected Friction Loss Rate from Friction chart for
respective application.
Re-check Chart water velocity with recommended
velocity. If within limit.Selection is ok.
 Repeat for other flow requirements.
Friction Loss Rate Vs Flow Charts -
Sch. 40 pipes
 Head Loss & Calculation

It is the total loss of pressure energy due to

friction/resistance offered by Pipes & Fittings
in the piping system
The Head Loss is equal to the Total
Frictional Losses in highest resistant
circuit of piping system.
To Calculate Head Loss, Calculate the Total
Frictional Losses
of pipes
of fittings
of equipments
 Valve & Fitting Losses

Valves & Fitting cause pressure losses greater

than those caused by the pipe alone.
Fitting Losses are frequently expressed in
Equivalent length of pipe,
It can be expressed as per following equation

h = K x V2/2g

h- Head/Pressure loss in Feet
K - Geometry & Size dependent loss coefficient
V - Average velocity of water
g - Gravitational force as 32.20
K Factors-Screwed Fittings
K Factors-Flanged Fittings
Fitting Losses in Equivalent Length of
Pipe
Valves Losses in Eq. Length of
Pipes
 System Friction Losses

Relation between
Flow & Head Losses
for a system:
1.85 -1.9
H2/H1 = (Q2/Q1)
Q1& Q2 = Flows
H1 & H2=Head Losses
 Water Piping Diversity

When the air conditioning load is determined
for each exposure of a building, it is assumed that
the exposure is at peak load.

Since the sun load is at a maximum on one
exposure at a time, not all of the units on all the
exposures require maximum water flow at the same
time to handle the cooling load.

Units on the same exposure normally require
maximum flow at the same time; units on the
adjoining or opposite exposures do not.

Therefore, if the individual units are
automatically controlled to vary the water quantity,
the system water quantity actually required during
normal operation is less than the total water
quantity required for the peak design conditions for
all the exposures.
 Diversity Application

 The principle of diversity allows the

engineer to evaluate and calculate the
reduced water quantity.
 For applying diversity two conditions
must be satisfied:
 The water flow to the units must he
automatically controlled to compensate for
varying loads.
 Diversity may only be applied to piping that
supplies units on more than one exposure.
Diversity Application

•Calculate Accumulated Flow in

exposure.
•Find Out Ratio of Accumulated flow
to Total Pump Flow.
•Apply this ratio to diversity Charts
and obtain diversity factor for the
particular section.
Diversity Application
 A Sample Project

A schematic chilled water piping layout

is enclosed for a G+4 Building.
Please size the pipes for individual
branch and headers.
Calculate the total friction losses.
Select the Pumps:
Option 1- With single pumps operation
Option 2- With two pumps in operation