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Abstract In this lab, input analog voltage was converted to digital data.

The purpose of this lab was to learn about Data Acquisition systems and concepts associated with them such as sampling rate, sampling size, and resolution. The software uses a virtual instrument panel that allows the user to easily document and analyze data. The first part of the lab was to learn basic sampling concepts. The setup of the equipment was done by connecting a DC Power Supply machine to an Input/Output Adaptor. Then, the adaptor was connected to a computer. Setting the voltage signal to 2.4V and the Full Scale Range between 5V a sample was taken using a frequency of 10Hz for a total of 1 second. This sample resulted in a mean value of 2.4006 0.012712V. After that a second sample was taken using a frequency of 2000 cycles per second. This sample resulted in a mean value of 2.3950 0.025484V. Comparing these two samples it was concluded a higher frequency is better, because more data will be obtained for further study or examination. The second part of the lab was to learn about signal resolution. Using LabVIEW, a signal was saved with a frequency of 2000Hz. Here the Full Scale Range was set to 5V and the power supply source was set to a voltage of 0.1V. This sample gave a resolution of 1.5259E-04 0.000076V. Then, a second signal was saved changing the Full Scale Range to 1V. This sample gave a resolution of 0.000031 0.000015V. Comparing the two signals taken, a larger Full-Scale range will result in a larger resolution and vice versa. The third part of the lab was to learn about sampling a periodic signal. The setup of the equipment was done by connecting a Synthesized Function Generator to an Input/Output Adaptor. Then, the adaptor was connected to a computer. The function generator signal was set to a sinusoidal signal with an amplitude of 1V and a frequency of 50Hz. On LabVIEW the sampling rate was set to 500Hz to adequately capture the signal. The curve looked sinusoidal since a large sampling rate was used. Subsequently, a second signal was saved changing the frequency on LabVIEW to 80Hz. In this case the graph looked choppy because a smaller sampling rate was used. Finally a last reading was taken using a sample rate of 500Hz and changing the Full-Scale range to 0.1V. In this last case the graph was clipped since the amplitude of the graph was larger than the Full-Scale range. Overall this lab was performed so that the student can become familiar with the DAQ system. Also, be able to analyze data from graphs, to find peak-to-peak variation, resolution, and uncertainty. Discussion Objectives: Become familiar with a computer data acquisition system for engineering measurements. Demonstrate fundamental concepts of digital data acquisition, including sampling rate, sample size, and resolution. Understand the limitations involved in sampling a periodic signal. Lab Setup Part (Basic Sampling Concepts and Signal Resolution):

The setup of the equipment for this part is as follows: A DC Power Supply (HY3003) is connected to an Input/Output Adaptor (BNC 2090) which is then connected to the Data Acquisition Board (PCI-MIO-16XE-50) located inside the CPU of a computer. The software used to read the signal is called LabVIEW.

Figure 1. Power supply connected to I/O adaptor and DAQ board.

Part 1 - Basic Sampling Concepts: On the DC Power Supply the voltage was set to 2.4V. On LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and a frequency of 10 Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 2). (Please, see Table 1 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Time vs. Voltage


2.40085 2.4008 2.40075 Voltage(V) 2.4007 2.40065 2.4006 2.40055 2.4005 2.40045 0.00 0.20 0.40 Time(s)
Figure 2: Power supply voltage set to 2.4V, for 1 sec with FSR = 5V and frequency at 10 Hz

0.60

0.80

1.00

A second signal was recorded setting the DC Power Supply machine to 2.4V. On LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and the frequency to 2000Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 3). (Please, see Table 2 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Figure 3: Power supply voltage set to 2.4V, for 1 sec with FSR = 5volts and frequency at 2000 Hz

The two previous trials were conducted at the same voltage, amount of time and at the same Full-Scale range. The difference between the previous graphs is the frequency used. On figure 2, a frequency of 10Hz and on figure 2 a frequency of 2000Hz. The first set of data resulted in a mean of 2.4006 0.012712V, and a peak-to-peak variation of 0.012712%. The second signal gave a mean of 2.3950 0.025484V and a peak-to-peak variation of 0.025484%. A larger amount of data can be obtained from a larger sampling frequency. A larger amount of data offers a more accurate interpretation of the experiment. Since the second set of data has a larger peak-to-peak variation, then it this data is more accurate.

Part 2 Signal Resolution On the DC Power Supply the voltage was set to 0.1V. On LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and the frequency to 2000 Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 4). (Please, see Table 3 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Time vs. Voltage


0.1304 0.1303 0.1302 0.1301 Voltage(V) 0.13 0.1299 0.1298 0.1297 0.1296 0.1295 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Time (s)
Figure 4: Power supply voltage set to 0.1V, for 1 sec with FSR = 5volts and sampling frequency at 2000 Hz

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

A second signal was recorded setting the DC Power Supply to 2.4V. On LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and the sampling frequency to 2000Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 5). (Please, see Table 4 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Time vs. Voltage


0.07835 0.0783 0.07825 Voltage(V) 0.0782 0.07815 0.0781 0.07805 0.078 0.07795 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Time(s) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Figure 5: Power supply voltage set to 0.1V, for 1 sec with FSR = 1V and frequency at 2000 Hz

The two previous trials were conducted at the same voltage, amount of time and sampling frequency. The difference between the previous graphs is the Full Scale Range used; for figure 4, a Full Scale Range of 5V and for figure 5 a Full Scale Range of 1V. The first set of data gave a resolution of 0.000153 0.000076, while the second resulted in 0.000031 0.000015. In comparison, figure 5 is more accurate than figure 4 due to smaller resolution.

Lab Setup (Sampling a Periodic Signal): The setup of the equipment for this part is as follows: A Synthesized Function Generator (SFG-2110 GW Instek) is connected to an I/O Adaptor (BNC 2090) which is then connected to the Data Acquisition Board (PCI-MIO-16XE-50) localized inside the CPU of a computer. The software used to read the signal is called LabVIEW.

Figure 6. Function Generator connected to I/O adaptor and DAQ board

Part 3 Sampling a Periodic Signal Part 3 Sampling a Periodic Signal

A signal was obtained by setting the Synthesized Function Generator to a frequency of 50Hz and amplitude of 1V. Then, on LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and the frequency to 500 Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 7). (Please, see Table 5 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Time vs. Voltage


1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Time (s)
Figure 7. On Function Generator, voltage set to 0.1V and f = 50Hz; for 1 sec with FSR = 5V and frequency at 500Hz

Voltage(V)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

A second signal was obtained by setting the Synthesized Function Generator to a frequency of 50Hz and amplitude of 1V. Then, on LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 5V, and the frequency of 80Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 8). (Please, see Table 6 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal)

Time vs. Voltage


1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.2 0.4 Time(s)
Figure 8. On Function Generator, voltage set to 0.1V and f = 50Hz; for 1 sec with FSR = 5V and frequency at 80Hz

Voltage(V)

0.6

0.8

The difference between the last two sets of data is the sampling frequency. On figure 7 a frequency of 500Hz and on figure 8 a frequency of 80Hz. In comparison, the figure 7 is a better representation of the signal since more data is being captured. Figure 8 is showing aliasing, because the sample rate is insufficient to capture the complete signal.

The graph is then clipped and is not giving an accurate representation of the data. A third signal was obtained by setting the Synthesized Function Generator to a frequency of 50Hz and amplitude of 1V. On LabVIEW the Full Scale Range was set to 0.1V, and the frequency to 500Hz. The graph below shows the results (Figure 9). (Please, see Table 7 of the appendix for data obtained from this signal).

Time vs. Voltage


0.15 0.1 0.05 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Time(s)
Figure 9. On Function Generator, voltage set to 0.1V and f = 50Hz; for 1 sec with FSR = 0.1V and frequency at 500Hz

Voltage(V)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Comparing figure 7 and figure 9 it can be seen that the wave in figure 9 has been clipped. If the Full Scale Range is larger than the amplitude the resolution is considered good. Whereas if the Full Scale Range is smaller than the amplitude the resolution is considered bad and the graph will be clipped because of that. In conclusion, the purpose of this lab was to learn about the relationship between an analog system such as the oscilloscope and the DAQ system. In addition, it was important to understand about the different ways a graph can be drawn erroneously, such as aliasing and clipping.

Appendix
Table 1. Part 1-voltage=2.4V, T=1s FSR=5V, f=10Hz Time 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Voltage 2.400665283 2.400512695 2.400665283 2.400817871 2.400512695 2.400665283 2.400817871 2.400665283 2.400512695 2.400512695 Table 2. Part 1-voltage=2.4V, T=1s, FSR=5V, f=2000Hz Sample 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Time 0.9950 0.9955 0.9960 0.9965 0.9970 0.9975 0.9980 0.9985 0.9990 0.9995 1.0000 Voltage 2.39502 2.395172 2.394867 2.394867 2.39502 2.39502 2.394867 2.39502 2.39502 2.39502 2.39502

Table 3. Part 2-Voltage=0.1V, T=1s FSR=5V, f=2000Hz

Table 4. Part 2-Voltage=0.1V, T=1s FSR=1, f=2000Hz

Sample 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Time 0.9955 0.996 0.9965 0.997 0.9975 0.998 0.9985 0.999 0.9995 1

Voltage 0.129852 0.129852 0.129852 0.130005 0.129852 0.130005 0.130005 0.130157 0.130005 0.130157

Sample 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Time 0.9955 0.996 0.9965 0.997 0.9975 0.998 0.9985 0.999 0.9995 1

Voltage 0.078033 0.078033 0.078064 0.078186 0.078247 0.078247 0.078217 0.078217 0.078125 0.078156

Table 5. Voltage=0.1V, f=50Hz (Function generator); T=1s , FSR=5V, f=500Hz Time 0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1 Voltage 0.669861 0.803833 0.62912 0.21225 -0.28671 -0.67642 -0.81039 -0.63614 -0.21759 0.279999

Table 6. Voltage=0.1V, f=50Hz (Function generator), T=1s, FSR=5V, f=80Hz Time 0.8875 0.9 0.9125 0.925 0.9375 0.95 0.9625 0.975 0.9875 1 Voltage 0.758209 -0.3389 -0.2803 0.733185 -0.75851 0.338898 0.278015 -0.73441 0.758209 -0.33875

Table 7. Voltage=0.1V, f=50Hz, (Function generator), T=1s, FSR=0.1V F=500Hz Time 0.982 0.984 0.986 0.988 0.99 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.998 1 Voltage -0.1 0.099997 0.099997 0.099997 0.099997 0.099997 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

Formulas Used

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