Zero Extension Line Theory of Static and Dynamic Bearing Capacity

L. BEHPOOR A. GHAHRAMANI
SYNOPSIS

Lecturer of Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Professor of Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

A simple zero e x t e n s i o n l i n e f i e l d i s used t o c a l c u l a t e s t a t i c and dynamic b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r

sandy s o i l s . Equations and c h a r t s f o r computing t h e s e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d . The c o e f f i c i e n t s depend on t h e a n g l e o f f r i c t i o n of f o o t i n g and a n g l e o f f r i c t i o n o f sand. The c h a r t s a l s o e n a b l e e v a l u a t i o n of s t a t i c and dynamic b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a c t o r s , given a n g l e of d i l a t i o n of sand and roughness c o e f f i c i e n t of t h e f o o t i n g . The p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s compare f a v o r a b l y w i t h s o k o l o v s k i , except f o r s u r c h a r g e c o e f f i c i e n t .

INTRODUCTION The simple zero e x t e n s i o n l i n e f i e l d f i r s t proposed by Roscoe (70) has been used by s e v e r a l a u t h o r s t o e x p l a i n p a t t e r n o f s t r a i n and p a t t e r n of s t r e s s e s beh i n d r e t a i n i n g w a l l s f o r s t a t i c and dynamic problems (Bransby, 75; James, 70; Wroth, 7 6 ) . I n t h i s work t h e s t a t i c and dynamic b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f o r sandy s o i l s h a s been e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h i s simple z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e f i e l d . A b r i e f review of z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e and induced t r a c t i o n on t h i s l i n e a s w e l l a s c o n s t i t u t i v e r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e sand i s f i r s t presented.

REVIEW When an element o f sand undergoes incremental d e f o r mation, t h e r e a r e two d i r e c t i o n s along which l i n e a r s t r a i n i s zero. These two d i r e c t i o n s a r e c a l l e d zero e x t e n s i o n s l i n e d i r e c t i o n s ; t h e y make an a n g l e equal to
4

Fig. (1) cosv t a n 6 tanBd = 1 + s i n v t a n 6 sin@ = sinv tan6 + sinv tan6

w i t h t h e d i r e c t i o n o f major p r i n c i p a l com-

p r e s s i v e s t r e s s e s , where v i s t h e a n g l e of d i l a t i o n o f sand and i s d e f i n e d a s dv/v sinv = 'max i n which dv/v i s t h e v o l u m e t r i c s t r a i n and ymax i s t h e maximum a n g u l a r s h e a r i n g s t r a i n . Fig. (1) shows a q u a d r i l a t e r a l o f z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e ; v i s p o s i t i v e f o r dense sand and n e g a t i v e f o r loose sand. Angle 6d, t h e developed a n g l e of t r a c t i o n t with t h e other zero extension l i n e direction, i s e v a l u a t e d f o r dense sand u s i n g Row's Theory and f o r l o o s e sand u s i n g t h e o r y proposed by GHAHRAMANI (79). Thus f o r dense sand

and f o r l o o s e sand

s i n 6 = cosv t a n 6 + s i n v

(5)

where 6 is t h e a n g l e o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n and 6, which i s t h e 6d a t v = 0 , i s assumed t o b e 30 d e g r e e s . I t should b e noted t h a t because sin(dd sin@=

+

V)

codd

any r e l a t i o n between I$ and v can g i v e u s 6d and t h e a n g l e t h a t t r a c t i o n makes on t h e z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e can b e e v a l u a t e d .

The simple z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e f i e l d i s shown on Fig. ( 2 ) . I t i s composed of a Rankine zone OAB, a Goursat l o g a r i t h m i c s p i r a l zone OAC and a mixed zone OCD. I f it i s assumed t h a t t h e extereme z e r o e x t e n s i o n l i n e DCAB i s m o t i o n l e s s , t h e n on any l i n e , t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n i f s t a r t s from zero v e l o c i t y i s d i s t r i b u t e d a s shown i n Fig. (3)

smooth f o o t i n g 0

=4 + 2 and r 2

ficient

can

6 = 0. A roughness coefW tang, be defined as 'r = tan(cSd+v) which

i s one f o r completely rough f o o t i n g and z e r o f o r smooth f o o t i n g .

STRESSES IN RANKINE STRIP

Fig. (2)

Fig. (4) The f o r c e s on a Rankine s t r i p a r e shown i n Fig. (4) to i s t h e t r a c t i o n a c t i n g a t ro. TB2, TB a r e f o r c e s 1 a t t o p and bottom and q i s s u r c h a r g e a t t h e s u r f a c e o f f o o t i n g ; it i s seen t h a t because TB2 and TB a r e

p a r a l l e l , r e s o l u t i o n o f f o r c e s normal t o t h i s d i r e c t i o n e n a b l e s e v a l u a t i o n f o r to i n term of q and t h e body f o r c e s dFb which can be e i t h e r i n e r t i a l term f o r dynamic c a s e o r weight f o r s t a t i c c a s e . r a i c manipulation one o b t a i n s , Fig. (3) I n Mixed zone we have where
TI v C = 2q cos(- - ) 4 2

A f t e r algeb-

sin(5 + 2 + 6 ) 4 2 d

(12)

and I n Goursat zone where dF and i n Rankine zone i s t h e p r o j e c t i o n o f i n e r t i a l f o r c e dF on t b t h e d i r e c t i o n normal t o TB1 o r TB2.

STRESSES I N MIXED Z N OE where ab i s v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n o f f o o t i n g a t d i s t a n c e b ; and a acceleration I f tw i s t h e t r a c t i o n under t h e f o o t i n g making 6w w i t h v e r t i c a l and i f t 1 i s t h e t r a c t i o n a t rl a t t h e edge of mixed zone,

m i s a c c e l e r a t i o n i n mixed zone, a g' i n Goursat zone, and a R i s a c c e l e r a -

t i o n i n Rankine zone; a n g l e 0 i s r e l a t e d t o t h e roughness o f f o o t i n g

land

TB2 a r e f o r c e s on t h e s i d e s of

t h e Rankine s t r i p and dFb body f o r c e element on t h i s s t r i p , t h e n p r o j e c t i n g on d i r e c t i o n normal t o TB1-TBZ

m e gets

i s the footing f r i c t i o n angle with s o i l : f o r a

=0

tw c o s ( 8

6w + Bd) = t l c o ~ ( 2 + ~ 6 V

complete rough f o o t i n g 0

and 6,=

sd + v

and f o r

c o s (0-v) cosv ) + f 2 (14)

t, A r ,

1 1 .
Fig. (5) Fig. (6) cos(6 -v) ~ 0 . ~ 6 ~
= B cosv cos(6 +

where

tiw

tid) [fl + Afo + ACql

where dFt is the projection ofdFb on direction normal to TB1 or TB2. The above relation enables evaluation of traction under the footing in terms of traction at the edge of mixed zone tl and body forces. Thus pressure can be evaluated in terms of surcharge and body forces.

STRESSES IN GOURSAT ZONE Algebraic manipulation similar to GHAHRAMANI and C lemence (80) gives us the following relation

STATIC CASE For the static case the body force dFb
=

ydA

(23)

where dA is element of area; evaluating fo, fl and f2 where to and tl are traction stresses at both sides r and r of Goursat zone. 1 [tan(v A = e [tan(v + 26d) B = e
+ +

and substiting in p we get tanv(B1 fo = ybcos (6 - v) e

= yb

26d)

tanv] B1 tanv] 6

(17)

- 6)
sin($ +
+

gd) (24)
BltanX

(18)

1 cosv

cos (B-v) e-Btanv [-sin(X+B1+Gd)e

where tanX where dFt is the projection normal to TB1 and TB2 of body forces dFb and 0 is the angle the element line r makes with footing. See Fig. (6) P = N q q + N 'static where PRESSURE UNDER THE FOOTING
7

tan(v + 26d) + 2tanv

f 2 and

*
cosv

cos (6 - V) cos (bd + 6)

(271

Y b
+

Recognizing that the p pressure under the footing is related to traction t by the following relation,
W

Itan(v cos (6-v)cos6w Nq = c o s ~ c o s ( ~ + 6 ~ + ~ ~ )

26d3 + tanvl (B1-B)

"

and using the stress relation in Rankine, Goursat and Mixed zones we get:

and N 'dynamic 'static

N
'static

sinEcos (B+6 ) cosv 6 ~ d 2 I+- B ) c o s (8-v) cos ~ c o s ( G ~ + & ~

cosL(0-V) ~

I t should b e noted t h a t t h e diagrams a r e s o presented t h a t i f i n s t e a d o f $, angle v i s given and i f i n s t e a d o f Gw, roughness c o e f f i c i e n t C i s g i v e n , t h e N

9'

N
(B1-B) tanh
+e

and N

can be e a s i l y p r e d i c t e d .from The r a t i o of N 'dynamic

[cosv s i n ( c 4

2 2

6 )
d

'dynamic 'static t h e F i g u r e s ( 7 ) , (8) and ( 9 ) . to N 'static

i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . (10).

DYNAMIC CASE
When t h e f o o t i n g i s a c c e l e r a t e d i n sand with v e r t i c a l s c a l e r a t i o n % a t d i s t a n c e b from t h e edge o f t h e f o o t i n g , t h e i n e r t i a l term

where a i s geometrical l i e r and dA N w t h e fo, o

a c c e l e r a t i o n which can be obtained by t h e and a c c e l e r a t i o n r e l a t i o n developed e a r i s a r e a element and p is s o i l d e n s i t y . f l , and f i s evaluated g i v i n g 2

[ 3 t a n v + t a n ( v + 2Ad)] 0
x Ie
f

[3tanv+tan(~+26~)18 l - e (33)

3
(34)

ab b cosd

d cosv

cos (8-v) cosB

s u b s t i t u t i o n i n p r e s s u r e term y i e l d s

where

3tanv

1 tan(2dd

v)

[(cosv

STATIC PLUS DYNAMIC CASE

The l i n e a r i t y twwith f o , f l , f 2 y i e l d s t h e general p r e s s u r e developed under t h e f o o t i n g p a c c e l e r a t i n g a t d i s t a n c e b w i t h acceleration % i n t o sand:

p = q N q + y b N 'static

p b

'

N'dynamic

(38)

Thus i f f r i c t i o n a n g l e @, and f o o t i n g f r i c t i o n a n g l e 6 i s given,N N and N can be e v a l u a t q' 'dynamic 'static ed. Fig. 7 , 8 and 9 g i v e t h e r e s u l t s f o r Nq,

Fig.

(7)

345

theoreis than the simple extension line theory.

CONCLUSIONS Based on the theoretical development and analysis presented in this paper the following conclusions can be made: 1. The simple zero extension line field is capable of predicting static and dynamic bearing capacity factors for sandy soils, for footings having variable roughness.

2. Analogous to the static case, a dynamic bearing capacity factor is evaluated. When this coefficient is multiplied by soil density and the distance from the edge of the footing, the dynamic pressure can be evaluated. The total pressure felt by the accelerating footing is the sum of static and this dynamic pressure.
3.

The Nystatic values compare favorably with

Sokolovski, however N values are generally higner. 4

REFERENCES Bransby, P.L., and Milligan, G.W.E (1975): Soil deformations near cantilever sheet piled walls. Geotechnique, vo1.25, No. 2, June pp. 175-195, London. Ghahramani, A., and Clemence, S.P. (1980). Zero extension line theory of dynamic passive pressure Journal of the Geotechnic Engineering Division, ASCE, vol. 106, No. GT6, June, pp. 631-644. Habibagahi, K . , and Ghahramani, A. (1979). Zero extension line theory of earth pressure. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, NO. GT7, July pp. 881-896. Fig. (10) DISCUSSION It is seen that if the footing is accelerated into sand, an added pressure is felt by the footing due to this acceleration. This added dynamic pressure It is analogous to an is equal to Nydynamic x pb%. inertial force. It should be mentioned that if vertical acceleration ab is uniform then this pressure also varies linearly, however different modes of acceleration of footing yields non linear pressure variation. It is interesting tonote that strips of zero extension line field act independent of the condition of neighbouring strips and each resist dynamic motion like an inertial mass. In comparison with Sokolovski, the Nystatic values are almost indentical, however the Na values are larger and sometime even 50% more than the Sokolovski values. The chart showing the ratio of Nydynamic to N ystatic James, R. G. and Bransby, P.L. (1970) . Experimental and theoretical investigation of a passive earth pressure problem. Geotechnique, vol. 20, No. 1. pp. 17-37, England. James, R.G. and Bransby, P.L. (1971). A velocity field for some passive earth pressure problem. Geotechnique, vol. 21, pp. 61-83, England. Roscoe, K.H. (1970). The influence of strains in soil mechanics. Geotechnique, vol. 20, No. 2. England. Wroth, C.P., (1967). Review of earth pressure theory and earth behavior, Geotechnical Lecture series, ASCE Boston Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 1-51 Boston, Mass.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers wish to thank Mrs. M. Shaterpouri for her fine effort in typing the manuscript and Mr. Bodnam for drawing the figures.