Contents

1.0 TITTLE ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 4.0 APPARATUS ............................................................................................................................................ 7 5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES................................................................................................................. 8 6.0 RESULT .................................................................................................................................................... 9 7.0 DISCUSSION........................................................................................................................................... 15 8.0 CONCLUSION. ........................................................................................................................................ 17 9.0 RECCOMENDATION............................................................................................................................... 17 10.0 REFERENCES. ....................................................................................................................................... 18

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1.0 TITTLE In this experiment, we are studying the behaviour of incompressible flow over a circular cylinder. 2.0 OBJECTIVE

We are trying to study the characteristics of incompressible flow over a circular cylinder in this experiment which compromises of the velocity field as well as pressure field. Specifically, when we are doing the experiment, the objectives are as follow;

I.

To gain a better understanding of the characteristics of incompressible flow over a circular cylinder.

II.

To study the pressure profile and flow characteristics for flow around a circular cylinder

III.

To measure the pressure distribution around the circular cylinder when subjected to an incompressible flow.

IV.

To estimate the pressure drag of the cylinder and determine its drag coefficient based on the pressure profile for flow around the cylinder.

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3.0 INTRODUCTION

3.1 Background

The objective of this lab is to investigate the interactions between a flowing fluid (air) and a solid object (cylinder). External flows past objects have been studied extensively because of their many practical applications. For example, airfoils are made into streamline shapes in order to increase the lifts, and at the same time, reducing the aerodynamic drags exerted on the wings. On the other hand, flow past a blunt body, such as a circular cylinder, usually experiences boundary layer separation and very strong flow oscillations in the wake region behind the body.

Figure 3.1.1 viscous flow around a stationary cylinder,

As a fluid stream such as air flows around a blunt object like a cylinder, it tends to adhere to the surface or a portion of the length of the body due to the fluid viscosity. As a result, the friction drag will be generated on the interface between air and cylinder. In order to calculate the friction drag and the drag coefficient, the pressure along the cylinder surface will be measured using the pressure tap (a hole in the cylinder) and an inclined manometer. Due to the dramatic change in the cylinder curvature, the flow cannot follow the change and thus separates from the surface at a certain point. This causes a turbulent wake to be formed behind the cylinder.

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3.2 Theory

Figure 3.2.1 Boundary layer separation

At the front stagnation point A (figure 3.2.1) , the static pressure given by the equation 3.2.1 below;

is

Recognize that the appropriate nondimensional pressure is the pressure coefficient defined as shown in equation 3.2.2 below;

Therefore, at the front stagnation point A, the pressure coefficient;

For any point on the cylinder surface, ( ) ( )

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Since Thus,

and

Whereby height and

is the pressure coefficient while

is the differential manometer

is the free-stream velocity of the flow.

Figure 3.2.2 Definition of symbols used in the calculation of pressure drag

When a body is subjected to a certain amount of force over a concentrated area as shown in the figure 3.2.2., it experiences pressure as P=F/A and for the case of a cylinder, the force exerted on the specific area of its surface is as follow;

Since the drag force of the cylinder is defined as the total force exerted on the specific area of its surface, therefore;

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From the equation 3.2.2, cylinder, ( ) .

.Therefore, the drag force of the

Since

) thus

.Therefore, the equation for the drag

force of the cylinder is as follow; ( )

Then the coefficient of drag for the cylinder can be defined as;

The measurements obtained in the lab will be analyzed using the Bernoulli equation. The following conditions must be satisfied for the equation to be valid: 1) The equation is applied along a streamline. 2) The flow is steady. 3) The flow is incompressible; = constant 4) The flow is inviscid (frictionless).

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4.0 APPARATUS The apparatus needed to conduct the experiment are ; Wind tunnel to provide air flow over the circular cylinder 2-inch diameter circular cylinder Multi-tube manometer to measure the pressure at each location on the cylinder surface. IV. V. Rheostat to adjust the velocity of the air flow in the wind tunnel. Inclined gage to indicate the velocity of the air flow in the wind tunnel.

I. II. III.

Inclined gage

Rheostat Figure 4.1 Wind tunnel

Figure 4.2 Circular cylinder

Figure 4.3 Multi-tube manometer

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5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In order to fulfil the objectives of the experiment, we are required to follow the proper experimental procedures in order to obtain an adequate result. Before proceeding with the experimental procedures, we are first adequately supervised and briefed by the lecturer and technician about the theory and the experimental procedures that we have to follow. After shortly briefed by the lecturer and technician, we noticed that the apparatus has been setup at the wind tunnel as shown in figure 4.1 and the test apparatus consist of 2-inch diameter circular cylinder as shown in figure 4.2.

Twenty pressure tapping holes are drilled at equidistance over half of the circumference of the cylinder in order to measure the pressure distribution around the cylinder. Then, these holes are connected to the multi-tube manometer to measure the pressure at each holes location and the circular cylinder is placed at across test section of the wind tunnel.

Next, the wind tunnel is closed and the blower fan that provided air flow in the wind tunnel is switched on. Then, the velocity of air flow in the wind tunnel is adjusted to by using a rheostat and indicated by the inclined gage. After that, the pressure measurements corresponding to each pressure tapping location were taken by reading the multi tube manometer.

Last but not least, the velocity of air flow in the wind tunnel is adjusted once again to by using a rheostat and the pressure measurements corresponding to each

pressure tapping location were taken once again by reading the multi tube manometer. Then, all the data collected from both tests were tabulated in the table 6.1 and table 6.2 in the result section.

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6.0 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 6.1 Data tabulated from the experiments

Test 1

Manometer height (tube 20),

Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Angle, ( ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

( 230 230 232 234 238 242 244 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 246

( 0 0 2 4 8 12 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

) 1 1 0.74017 0.48034 -0.0393 -0.559 -0.8188 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 -1.0787 1 0.984808 0.695532 0.415987 -0.03011 -0.35932 -0.4094 -0.36894 -0.18731 0 0.187314 0.368937 0.53935 0.693375 0.826332 0.934182 1.013646 1.062312 1.0787 8.4454

Table 6.1 Data collected from test 1

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Test 2

Manometer height (tube 20),

Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Angle, ( ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

( 194 194 200 212 226 242 256 264 262 258 258 258 260 262 262 260 260 260 258

( 0 0 6 18 32 48 62 70 68 64 64 64 66 68 68 66 66 66 64

) 1 1 0.805125676 0.415377027 -0.03932973 -0.55899459 -1.01370135 -1.27353378 -1.20857568 -1.07865946 -1.07865946 -1.07865946 -1.14361757 -1.20857568 -1.20857568 -1.14361757 -1.14361757 -1.14361757 -1.07865946 1 0.984808 0.756571 0.359727 -0.03013 -0.35931 -0.50685 -0.43557 -0.20987 0 0.187307 0.368923 0.571809 0.776857 0.925823 0.990402 1.074649 1.126243 1.078659 8.660044

Table 6.2 Data collected from test 2

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6.2 Graph of Coefficient of Pressure, Cp vs. Angle,

Coefficient of Pressure, Cp vs. Angle,

1.5

1 Coefficient of Pressure , Cp

0.5

0 0 -0.5 50 100 150 200

Poly. (v=10 m/s) Poly. (v=20 m/s)

-1

-1.5

Angle , ()

Graph 6.1 Graph of Coefficient of Pressure, Cp vs. Angle,

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6.3 Sample Calculation Given that ;

TEST 1 The calculation done is based on result for test 1, where At , and Differential manometer height, ( )

Coefficient of Pressure, Cp

Pressure drag on the cylinder, ( Whereby, ) ( )

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Thus, (

( )

Drag Coefficient,

TEST 2 The calculation done is based on result for test 2, where At , and Differential manometer height, ( )

Coefficient of Pressure, Cp

0.756571 Page | 13

Pressure drag on the cylinder, ( Whereby, ) ( )

And Thus, ( ( ) )

Drag Coefficient,

6.4 Result Summary Free-Stream velocity (m/s) 10 20 Pressure drag, (N) Drag Coefficient,

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7.0 DISCUSSION

From the experimental result, it can be seen that at the front stagnation point (at =0),the pressure coefficient is unity and this point also have the highest pressure in the entire flow field. In physical variables, static pressure is equal to .In other

words, the full dynamic pressure of the oncoming fluid is felt as a static pressure on the nose of the body as the fluid is decelerated to zero speed at the stagnation point. The experimental data for the flow over the surface of a circular cylinder is plotted in the Graph of Coefficient of Pressure, Cp vs. Angle, as shown in the graph 6.1 in the result section. The graph shows that the flow separation started to occur slightly before 90 and for air flows at 20m/s, the flow separation occur slightly farther downstream than the air flows at 10m/s. Separation occurs because the boundary layer anticipates the deceleration of the flow (and therefore positive pressure gradient) that would otherwise occur on the rearward face of the cylinder. Downstream of separation the flow quickly becomes turbulent and a broad wake is formed. For inviscid (Ideal) flow around a stationary cylinder as shown in the figure 7.1 below, the impingement of flow on the cylinder creates a stagnation point on the approaching surface. The departure of the flow away from the cylinder creates another stagnation point on the trailing surface .In the idealized situation where viscosity is neglected, the no-slip condition at the surface of the cylinder does not apply. Also in the absence of vorticity (inviscid flow) flow separation cannot occur.

Figure 7.1 inviscid flow around a stationary cylinder

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On the other hand, for viscous flow around a stationary cylinder, one stagnation point is created in front of the cylinder. Because of the viscosity, a no-slip condition exists everywhere on the surface of the cylinder, i.e., the velocity must vanish everywhere on the surface. Consequently a boundary layer is created where the velocity transitions from a value of zero at the surface to the free stream value some distance away from the cylinder surface. The inertia of the fluid as it rounds the top and bottom of the trailing surface causes the flow to separate at these locations. This creates a disturbed wake (Von-Karman vortex street) downstream from the cylinder. As for the pressure drag, of the cylinder, there are not much different between the

air flows at 10m/s and air flows at 20m/s. For the air flows at 10m/s, it has pressure drag of which is slightly smaller than the air flow at 20m/s which has pressure drag of .Consequently, the drag coefficient, for the air flow at 10m/s also not much for the air flow at 10m/s

different than the air flow at 20m/s whereas the drag coefficient, and 20m/s are and respectively.

A body moving through a fluid experiences a drag force, which is usually divided into two components: frictional drag, and pressure drag. Frictional drag comes from friction between the fluid and the surfaces over which it is flowing. On the other hand, Pressure drag comes from the eddying motions that are set up in the fluid by the passage of the body. The boundary layer and its interaction with the local pressure gradient plays a major role in affecting the flow over a cylinder. In particular, near the shoulder, the pressure gradient changes from being negative (decreasing pressure) to positive (increasing pressure). The force due to pressure differences changes sign from being an accelerating force to being a retarding force. In response, the flow slows down. However, the fluid in the boundary layer has already given up some momentum because of viscous losses and viscous friction, and it does not have enough momentum to overcome the retarding force. Some fluid near the wall actually reverses direction, and the flow separates.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

From the experimental result, it can be said that the objectives of the experiment was not successfully achieved. The drag coefficient, of the cylinder obtained from the

experiment is quite different from the theoretical value. As for the experimental value, the drag coefficient, of the cylinder obtained are and for air flow at 10m/s of the cylinder is

and 20m/s respectively while the theoretical value of drag coefficient,

between 1.0 to 1.1 depending on the ratio of the cylinders length and diameter (L/D).As for the cylinder used in this experiment;

Therefore, the theoretical value of drag coefficient,

of the cylinder is 0.9475 which

make the experimental value obtained have large discrepancies than the theoretical value which are due to errors that have occurred during the experiment.

9.0 RECCOMENDATION

In order to achieve more accurate result, some precaution measurement should me implied for reducing the possibility for errors to occur while conducting the experiment. One of the way to reduce the errors is by ensuring that the test section of the wind tunnel is fully sealed to ensure that the air in the wind tunnel flowing consistently.

Besides that, the error which occur while taking the pressure reading can be reduced by replacing the multi-tube manometer with a digital manometer which capable of giving more accurate reading than the conventional manometer.

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10.0

REFERENCES 1. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 1ST Edition in SI units; Yunus A. engel and John M. Cimbala, Mc Graw Hill International Edition 2006 2. Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young, Theodore H. Okiishi, Fundementals of Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Asia,2006.

3. Subsonic Wind Tunnel Test By Katelyn Pierson,Aaron Klapheck,Bryan Mark;sacramento State; Nov. 07, 2008

4. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~shih/succeed/cylinder/cylinder.htm#Flow Separation/Wake

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