United States Africa Command Public Affairs Office 22 November 2011 USAFRICOM - related news stories

Good morning. Please find attached news clips related to U.S. Africa Command and Africa, along with upcoming events of interest for November 22, 2011. Of interest in todays clips: According to UNAids the number of newly infected HIV/AIDS cases has dropped by 21 percent globally. In Somalia: The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) says Ethiopian troops are not authorized in Somalia. In Egypt: Pre-election clashes continue to erupt in Egyptian capital of Tahir Square as parliamentary elections are scheduled to begin next week. In Zimbabwe: The World Food Program says that more than a million people will require food between now and March 2012. Zimbabwe is currently facing a $42 Million dollar shortfall for food. U.S. Africa Command Public Affairs Please send questions or comments to: africom-pao@africom.mil 421-2687 (+49-711-729-2687) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Top News related to U.S. Africa Command and Africa Aids-related deaths 'down 21% from peak', says UNAids (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15816813 21 November 2011 By A Non attributed Author Aids-related deaths are at the lowest level since their 2005 peak, down 21%, figures from UNAids suggest. HIV numbers hit new high as AIDS drugs save lives (Alert.net) http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/hiv-numbers-hit-new-high-as-aids-drugs-save-lives/ 21 November 2011 By Kate Kelland LONDON, Nov 21 (Reuters) - More people than ever are living with the AIDS virus but this is largely due to better access to drugs that keep HIV patients alive and well for many

years, the United Nations AIDS programme (UNAIDS) said on Monday. Somali government says Ethiopian troops are not authorized to cross into Somalia (The Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/somali-government-says-ethiopian-troopsare-not-authorized-to-cross-into-somalia/2011/11/21/gIQAecD1hN_story.html 21 November 2011 By Associated Press NAIROBI, Kenya A Somali government spokesman on Monday denied that Ethiopian troops have entered Somalia to help fight insurgents despite several witnesses reporting the movement of troops. Years of detective work led to al-Qaida target http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2011/11/army-years-of-work-led-to-al-qaida-target112111w/ 21 November 2011 By Sean D. Naylor His tour over, John Bennett was preparing to fly home. The CIAs station chief in Nairobi, Kenya, Bennett had been running the United States secret war in East Africa, negotiating with Somali warlords while hunting al-Qaida members across the region. On his watch, the United States and its proxies had managed to capture or kill at least 10 or so al-Qaida militants. New clashes in Cairo's Tahrir Square (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15814035 21 November 2011 By Lyse Doucet Clashes have again erupted in the Egyptian capital as security forces continue their efforts to clear Cairo's Tahrir Square of protesters. OPINION U.S. African Command: the return of colonialism to Black Africa? (AJ30 Word Press Site) http://www.aj30.com/?p=1853 21 November 2011 By A Non Attributed Author November 20, 2011 Eight months ago, just before the outbreak of hostilities in Libya, and with little fanfare or coverage by European or American press, the Obama administration quietly announced General Carter Hams appointment as supreme commander for the U.S. African Command, to deal with the increased presence of terrorists in the middle part of Black Africa. Polio in Nigeria 'shows big increase' (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15819797 21 November 2011 By A Non Attributed Author A four-fold increase in polio has been reported in Nigeria, with the disease spreading to other countries, a World Health Organisation official says.

Al Shabaab vows to defeat Ethiopian troops in Somalia (France 24) http://www.france24.com/en/20111120-al-shebaab-vows-defeat-ethiopian-troopssomalia-ethiopia-kenya-offensive-al-qaeda 21 November 2011 By A non attributed Author Al Shabaab militants vowed to defeat Ethiopian forces Sunday after unconfirmed reports emerged that Ethiopian troops had entered the Somali town of Guriel in a possible attempt to open a third front against the al Qaeda-linked insurgents. WFP says more than 1 mln Zimbabweans need food aid (alert.net) http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/wfp-says-more-than-1-mln-zimbabweans-need-foodaid/ 21 November 2011 By Nelson Banya HARARE, Nov 21 (Reuters) - More than a million people in Zimbabwe will require food aid between now and March 2012, a United Nations agency said on Monday, despite recent improvements in the country's grain production. ### -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UN News Service Africa Briefs http://www.un.org/apps/news/region.asp?Region=AFRICA (Full Articles on UN Website) Arrest of Qadhafis son vital for the future of justice in Libya UN human rights chief 21 November The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights today welcomed the capture of one of the sons of deposed Libyan leader Muammar al-Qadhafi as well as the regimes former chief of intelligence. Sustainable development key to Africas socio-economic challenges Migiro 21 November Deputy Secretary-General Asha-Rose Migiro today stressed that sustainable development is key to addressing Africas economic, social and environmental challenges, noting that the continent has the capacity to transition to a green economy without the adverse effects that have accompanied growth in other regions. Senegal: UN rights expert urges more spending on sanitation and clean water 21 November A United Nations human rights expert warned today that millions of Senegalese remain condemned to very unhealthy living conditions until the West African countrys Government significantly increases spending on ensuring major improvements to water and sanitation facilities.

Egypt: UN human rights experts voice alarm at deadly crackdown 21 November Four United Nations human rights experts today voiced alarm at the violent crackdown against protesters in Egypt that has led to the deaths of at least 20 people, urging the countrys interim authorities to engage in dialogue ahead of next weeks parliamentary elections. ### -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------UPCOMING EVENTS OF INTEREST Nothing for the week of 21 NOV has yet been posted as of 0800 (CET) 22 NOV 2011 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FULL TEXT Aids-related deaths 'down 21% from peak', says UNAids (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-15816813 21 November 2011 By A Non attributed Author Aids-related deaths are at the lowest level since their 2005 peak, down 21%, figures from UNAids suggest. Globally, the number of new HIV infections in 2010 was 21% down on that peak, seen in 1997, according to UNAids 2011 report. The organisation says both falls have been fuelled by a major expansion in access to treatment. Its executive director, Michel Sidibe, said: "We are on the verge of a significant breakthrough." He added: "Even in a very difficult financial crisis, countries are delivering results in the Aids response. "We have seen a massive scale up in access to HIV treatment which has had a dramatic effect on the lives of people everywhere." This latest analysis says the number of people living with HIV has reached a record 34 million. Sub-Saharan Africa has seen the most dramatic improvement, with a 20% rise in people undergoing treatment between 2009 and 2010.

About half of those eligible for treatment are now receiving it. UNAids estimates 700,000 deaths were averted last year because of better access to treatment. That has also helped cut new HIV infections, as people undergoing care are less likely to infect others. In 2010 there were an estimated 2.7m new HIV infections, down from 3.2m in 1997, and 1.8m people died from Aids-related illnesses, down from 2.2m in 2005. The figures continue the downward trend reported in previous UNAids reports. The UN agency said: "The number of new HIV infections is 30-50% lower now than it would have been in the absence of universal access to treatment for eligible people living with HIV." Some countries have seen particularly striking improvements. In Namibia, treatment access has reached 90% and condom use rose to 75%, resulting in a 60% drop in new infections by 2010. UNAids says the full preventive impact of treatment is likely to be seen in the next five years, as more countries improve treatment. Its report added that even if the Aids epidemic was not over: "The end may be in sight if countries invest smartly." The charity Medecins Sans Frontieres urged governments to keep up their funding. MSF's Tido von Schoen-Angerer, said: "Never, in more than a decade of treating people living with HIV/Aids, have we been at such a promising moment to really turn this epidemic around. "Governments in some of the hardest hit countries want to act on the science, seize this moment and reverse the Aids epidemic. But this means nothing if there's no money to make it happen." The International HIV/Aids Alliance said: "We welcome the ongoing commitment of UNAids to changing behaviours, changing social norms and changing laws, alongside efforts to improve access to HIV treatment. "For bigger and better impact though, we must not be complacent. There is still much more to do."

### HIV numbers hit new high as AIDS drugs save lives (Alert.net) http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/hiv-numbers-hit-new-high-as-aids-drugs-save-lives/ 21 November 2011 By Kate Kelland LONDON, Nov 21 (Reuters) - More people than ever are living with the AIDS virus but this is largely due to better access to drugs that keep HIV patients alive and well for many years, the United Nations AIDS programme (UNAIDS) said on Monday. In its annual report on the pandemic, UNAIDS said the number of people dying of the disease fell to 1.8 million in 2010, down from a peak of 2.2 million in the mid-2000s. UNAIDS director Michel Sidibe said the past 12 months had been a "game-changing year" in the global AIDS fight. About 2.5 million deaths have been averted in poor and middle-income countries since 1995 due to AIDS drugs being introduced and access to them improving, according to UNAIDS. Much of that success has come in the past two years as the numbers of people getting treatment has increased rapidly. "We've never had a year when there has been so much science, so much leadership and such results in one year," Sidibe said in a telephone interview from UNAIDS in Geneva. "Even in this time of public finance crises and uncertainty about funding, we're seeing results. We are seeing more countries than ever before (achieving) significant reductions in new infections and stabilising their epidemics." Since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic in the 1980s, more than 60 million people have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. HIV can be controlled for many years with cocktails of drugs, but there is as yet no cure. The UNAIDS report said 34 million people around the world had HIV in 2010, up from 33.3 million in 2009. Among the most dramatic changes was the leap in the number of people getting treatment with AIDS drugs when they need it. Of the 14.2 million people eligible for treatment in low- and middle-income countries, around 6.6 million, or 47 percent, are now receiving it, UNAIDS said, and 11 poor- and mid-income countries now have universal access to HIV treatment, with coverage of 80 percent or more.

This compares with 36 percent of the 15 million people needing treatment in 2009 who got AIDS drugs. "In just one year we have added 1.4 million people to treatment," said Adrian Lovett of the anti-poverty campaign group ONE. He said the figures showed "huge progress" but also underlined "the major push needed now in order to turn the corner in this epidemic". Major producers of HIV drugs include Gilead, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline. Improved access to drugs from these and other manufacturers means not only that fewer people are dying of AIDS each year, UNAIDS said, but also that the risk of new HIV infections is reduced. A series of scientific studies have shown that getting timely treatment to those with HIV can substantially cut the number of people who become newly infected with the virus. Sidibe said this was starting to show in new case numbers. There were 2.7 million new HIV infections worldwide in 2010, 15 percent fewer than in 2001, and 21 percent below the number of new infections at the peak of the epidemic in 1997. "The big point for us is the number of new infections --that's where you win against the epidemic," Sidibe said. Medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) said the growing number of averted AIDS deaths was important progress. However, it added that the number of people on treatment needed to increase dramatically to reap the benefits of science. "Never, in more than a decade of treating people living with HIV/AIDS, have we been at such a promising moment to really turn this epidemic around," said MSF's Tido von Schoen-Angerer. "Governments in some of the hardest hit countries want to act on the science, seize this moment and reverse the AIDS epidemic. But this means nothing if there is no money to make it happen." Despite progress on HIV treatment and prevention, sub-Saharan Africa is still by far the worst hit area, accounting for 68 percent of all those living with HIV in 2010 despite its population accounting for only 12 percent of the global total. Around 70 percent of new HIV infections in 2010, and almost half of all AIDS-related deaths, were in sub-Saharan Africa. Sidibe said that with many international donor countries struggling with slow economic growth and high debt, the global AIDS fight had to become even more focused on high impact interventions to deliver progress in the places worst hit.

"We need to maintain our investment, but ... in a smarter way. "Then we'll see a serious decline in the epidemic," he said. ### Somali government says Ethiopian troops are not authorized to cross into Somalia (The Washington Post) http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/somali-government-says-ethiopian-troopsare-not-authorized-to-cross-into-somalia/2011/11/21/gIQAecD1hN_story.html 21 November 2011 By Associated Press NAIROBI, Kenya A Somali government spokesman on Monday denied that Ethiopian troops have entered Somalia to help fight insurgents despite several witnesses reporting the movement of troops. Abdirahman Omar Osman said Ethiopian troops would only be welcome if they had an international mandate or a bilateral agreement with the Somali government, but there is currently no such agreement. We believe that they are not in the country, he said We deny it. But residents of the Somali town of Guriel, about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from the border, said Ethiopians entered their town on Sunday in a convoy of vehicles. The presence of Ethiopia is a delicate matter for the Somali government, which needs all the help it can get to defeat the al-Qaida-linked al-Shabab militia. The Ethiopians could open a third front, stretching the insurgency still further. But the government fears that the incursion by Ethiopia a Christian-led nation may hand the insurgents a propaganda victory. Many Somalis were angered by Ethiopias previous occupation of Somalia. We dont want anyone that could give propaganda for al-Shabab, said Osman. We dont want any backlash. The government currently only holds the capital with the help of more than 9,000 African Union peacekeepers. Kenyan troops in the south are slowly pushing the insurgents north with the help of government-allied Somali militias but are considered less battlehardened than the Ethiopian military, which occupied much of Somalia for two years. Ethiopia, which shares a long and porous border with Somalia, entered Somalia in 2006 to chase the Islamic Courts Union from power. The Ethiopians were concerned that the Islamists wanted to expand into Ethiopian territory that is ethnically Somali and the U.S., a strong ally of Ethiopia, was concerned the Islamists were harboring terrorists.

The Ethiopian invasion turned into a two-year occupation during which civilians accused the Ethiopian forces of shelling residential neighborhoods and shooting uncontrollably when attacked. The current Somali president, President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed, made his name as an insurgent leader fighting the Ethiopians before they withdrew. The Ethiopians left in 2009 as part of a peace deal that saw Ahmed inaugurated. Somalia has not had a functioning government for more than 20 years. ### Years of detective work led to al-Qaida target http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2011/11/army-years-of-work-led-to-al-qaida-target112111w/ 21 November 2011 By Sean D. Naylor His tour over, John Bennett was preparing to fly home. The CIAs station chief in Nairobi, Kenya, Bennett had been running the United States secret war in East Africa, negotiating with Somali warlords while hunting al-Qaida members across the region. On his watch, the United States and its proxies had managed to capture or kill at least 10 or so al-Qaida militants. However, the most wanted al-Qaida figure in East Africa, who went by a variety of aliases but whom U.S. officials called Harun Fazul, was still on the loose. A native of the Comoros Islands wanted in connection with al-Qaidas 1998 attacks on the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam as well as the November 2002 attacks on Israeli targets in Kenya, Fazul had proved a very savvy enemy, according to an intelligence source with long experience in the Horn of Africa. As Bennett made final preparations for his flight out of Kenya the evening of Aug. 1, 2003, his officers and Kenyan authorities were keeping tabs on an Internet caf 274 miles to the southeast, in the city of Mombasa, where someone using an email address the CIA associated with al-Qaida in East Africa had been logging on. There was a pattern of communications, so they were kind of on standby, the intelligence source said. The pattern was the date, time and location at which somebody was accessing the Internet. Clearly, it was a favorite spot of somebodys, the source said. Bennett had a case officer in Mombasa coordinating with the local police, the source said. That case officer was present when the Kenyan authorities arrived at the caf to arrest the suspected al-Qaida emailer, only to find two suspects both male, one larger than the other instead of one. With the case officer on the phone with the Nairobi station reporting events in real time, the police placed both under arrest and were about to put them into a paddy wagon when the larger suspect, later identified as a young Kenyan

named Faisal Ali Nassor, suddenly gave his companion a sharp shove and then pulled a grenade from his clothes. One guy pushes the smaller guy away from him, said a special operations source with firsthand knowledge of operations in the Horn. The [larger] guy blows himself up and takes the police out. The explosion killed Nassor and a policeman. In the ensuing chaos, the other suspect made a run for it. To the surprise of the CIA and the Kenyan authorities, that man turned out to be Harun Fazul, East Africas most wanted man with a $5 million bounty on his head. Clearly we didnt expect to get Fazul himself, the intelligence source said. We figured wed get just his courier. But rather than just being a courier, Nassor was a suicide bodyguard, said the special ops source. Security forces converged on the scene, but Fazul was too smart for them. He ran into a mosque and emerged disguised as a woman, wearing a hijab or some other form of Islamic facial covering. He walked right out as a woman and nobody touched him, the intelligence source said. Fazul had moved in with Nassor that July. Using an ID seized from one of them, the security forces went straight to their apartment. There they found Fazuls passport, a machine for making visas, bits and pieces of other passports, as well as a light anti-tank rocket hidden in a couch, said the special ops source. But of Fazul himself, there was no sign. The wily operative had again given the authorities the slip. It would be another eight years before Fazuls tradecraft and his luck would fail him. The search for Fazul typified much of the U.S. man-hunting campaign in the Horn: It combined CIA and special operations personnel (often working through local forces), high-tech gear alongside low-tech human intelligence skills and raw courage. And yet it was often characterized by frustration and near-misses. For sheer drama, Fazuls escape with the help of his suicide bodyguard was rivaled by a similar disappearing act he pulled off a year earlier. On July 12, 2002, Kenyan police picked Fazul up in a Mombasa shop for purchasing jewelry with a credit card stolen during an armed robbery. But, according to a June 2004 Associated Press story, the cops had no idea of his true identity. The next day, seven armed police officers took Fazul to what they thought was his apartment, hoping to find stolen goods. Instead, they discovered three women and a mentally handicapped man yelling at them. Fazul, who was not handcuffed, took advantage of the chaos to sprint out. The man was well-trained, I tell you, one of the police said. He dashed to the door like a monkey, then, like a flash, he slides down the stair rail like lightning. Fazul ran out and lost his pursuers in Mombasas narrow streets. Four months later, Fazul allegedly was a key participant in al-Qaida in East Africas Nov. 28, 2002, twin attacks in Mombasa: the truck bombing of the Israeli-owned Paradise

Hotel, which killed about 15 civilians, and the firing of two SA-7 man-portable antiaircraft missiles at an Arkia Airlines Boeing 757 as it took off carrying 261 passengers bound for Israel. (Published reports said both missiles missed the plane, but the special ops source said a missile went through the tail without exploding.) No one was hurt. Another near-miss in the hunt for the cunning al-Qaida operative occurred in the first half of 2003 during an operation in northeastern Kenya by Joint Special Operations Task Force Horn of Africa, which fell under Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, based in Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti. JSOTF-HOAs search for Fazul, Operation Bowhunt, was a mission to develop intelligence and was completely separate from Operation Black Hawk, the CIA hunt for the members of al-Qaida in East Africa, according to the special ops source. The other fellows [the CIA] were only going up north [i.e., into Somalia]. They werent spending a great deal of effort down south [i.e., in Kenya] at all. Key to Bowhunt was the high-speed vessel Joint Venture, an Australian-built catamaran designed for shallow-water access and leased by the U.S. military. JSOTF-HOA used it to probe the islands near the Kenya-Somalia border, looking for the number-one HVT [high-value target], as the source described Fazul. They actually met [Fazuls] wife down on one of the islands, but her husband slipped the net again, said the source. They missed him by 24 or 48 hours. Throughout the rest of the decade and into the next, as his colleagues in al-Qaida in East Africa and their local allies died in U.S. air and missile strikes or in combat with Somali Transitional National Government security forces or Ethiopian invaders, Fazuls status and his legend only grew. He escaped another dragnet Aug. 2, 2008, when dozens of Kenyan police raided a house in which he was believed to be staying in the coastal town of Malindi. The cops found two non-Kenyan passports bearing Fazuls photograph and a computer that had not been turned off, but the al-Qaida man was nowhere to be seen, according to the Kenyan newspaper The Daily Nation. The following year, Fazul took command of al-Qaida in East Africa. In a speech in the Somali city of Kismayo marking his appointment, he vowed to spread jihad to Somalias neighbors. Praise be to Allah, after Somalia we will proceed to Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia, he said, according to a translation posted on the Long War Journal website. When it came for Fazul earlier this year, the end was sudden, violent and completely unexpected. Late on the night of June 7, troops loyal to the Somali government (which controls little territory outside Mogadishu) stopped a black Toyota SUV carrying Fazul and driven by another militant, Musa Hussein, at a checkpoint on the outskirts of the Somali capital. When Hussein produced a pistol and reportedly fired a round, the government troops shot back, killing both militants. The Somali authorities did not initially realize they had killed Fazul, who was reportedly carrying a forged South African passport, $40,000, laptops and telephones, and buried the two militants quickly, before exhuming the bodies and comparing them to photos of Fazul.

Most published reports described the incident as simply the result of Fazul and Hussein getting lost, but a detailed account on somaliareport.com said Fazul was set up by Ahmed Abdi Godane, the leader of al-Shabaab, a Somali Islamist militia allied with al-Qaida. Godane had learned that senior al-Qaida figures had lost faith with al-Shabaabs Somali leaders, who they blamed for recent defeats by Somali government and African Union forces. Fazuls mission was to effect this change, replacing Godane and other Somalis with foreign leaders, according to somalia-report.com, which attributed the information to al-Shabaab intelligence officials and other sources. Godane directed Fazul and Hussein to an al-Shabaab checkpoint. He then ordered the fighters manning the checkpoint to break it down and abandon the position, meaning that when Fazul and Hussein, neither of whom knew the area well, arrived, they continued down the road, running into the government checkpoint as Godane had planned. This account would explain why, when first stopped at the checkpoint, Hussein told the soldiers the car was carrying the elders, an honorific term for al-Shabaab leaders, according to an AP interview with the soldier who stopped the vehicle. That comment, indicating at least two passengers, along with the fact that, in the aftermath of the incident, one of the SUVs rear doors was found open, also suggests that there might have been a third militant who escaped. The United States has been monitoring cellphone conversations in Mogadishu since at least the 2003-2004 time frame but had no role in Fazuls death, according to a senior U.S. intelligence official. It would have been a much better ambush had it been planned, the official said. Had it been set up, nobody would have gotten away, they might even have captured him. When the Kenyan police arrested Fazul in the Mombasa store in July 2002, they also took a man pretending to be his taxi driver into custody. That man was a 23-year-old Kenyan named Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, a senior al-Qaida in East Africa figure. Not realizing his value, the police allowed him to post bail, after which he promptly disappeared. The United States had been tracking Nabhan since early 2002, according to the intelligence source with long experience in the Horn. But after Nabhan reunited with Fazul four months after skipping bail and conducted the Mombasa attacks, finding him and the others connected to the incidents became a U.S. priority. To crack the Mombasa case, U.S. investigators proceeded from an assumption that the militants had used cellphones, based on the attacks being two near-simultaneous events relatively close together, geographically probably no more than 20 miles apart, the intelligence source said. The next step was to get the records of all the cellphone calls made during the period just before the attacks and determine all the numbers that never made a call again, the source said. In addition, investigators went back and looked at where they bought the scratch cards and where they bought the phones, he added. It took a few months for U.S. intelligence agents to figure out which cellphone

numbers were associated with the attackers, the source said. The key to the breakthrough was the militants sloppy tradecraft: One of them was apparently given money to buy two sets of phones and SIM cards, but figured he could keep some cash for himself by just buying one set of phones, mistakenly thinking that switching out the SIM cards provided enough operational security. They used the same phones but different SIM cards, the source said. They didnt understand you could track the phone too. Israeli intelligence agents also gave the Americans a lot of information and asked the U.S. agents to work with them, the source said. The Israelis were key initially, the source said. Clearly, they had their own sources in the region. The Kenyans also conducted some very good investigative work, the source said. They were brought in and made to feel like they were valuable. The Kenyan authorities used information provided by U.S. intelligence to get the lower-level al-Qaida operatives involved in the attacks. They made some arrests, the intelligence source said. That was all U.S., the source said of the intelligence that resulted in the arrests. Col. Mike Garrison, then the U.S. Defense and Army attach to Kenya, ended up with the expended SA-7 launcher tube from the airport attack, the source added. (Garrison declined to be interviewed for this story.) But Nabhan got away. He was very clever; he understood how to communicate under the radar, the source said. One way Nabhan evaded his enemies for so long was by rarely communicating himself. Hed send a message with somebody [and] theyd go to an email or hotmail account and send that message, the source said. Al-Qaida in East Africa used a very basic 10 code when passing on numerical information, the source said. The code involves replacing each digit with the number that would be required to bring the replaced number up to 10 for instance, theyd write 539 instead of 571. Its really simple, but it took people a while to figure out they were doing it, he said. Perhaps aware of the growing U.S. ability to monitor their cellphone conversations, alQaida cell members switched much of their conversation to the Internet, the source said. But they didnt change their email addresses often enough, allowing U.S. intelligence to track them, the source said. Eventually, we were able to find ways to break into Nabhans communications, the source said. Pushing particularly hard for the authority to go after Nabhan was Joint Special Operations Command, the organization that conducts the militarys most sensitive special operations. (Units that fight under JSOC include the Armys 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment- Delta, also known as Delta Force; the Naval Special Warfare Development Group, also known as DevGru and SEAL Team 6; and a special mission unit based at Fort Belvoir, Va., often known as Task Force Orange, which specializes in gathering human and close-in signals intelligence.) Between 2001 and 2004, JSOC never had more than three people at a time in Somalia,

according to the intelligence source. During the latter part of that period, those operators were supporting CIA missions in Mogadishu to liaise with Somali warlords and install cellphone monitoring equipment, the source said. JSOC was the junior partner on the first Mogadishu missions, but its strength in the Horn was slowly expanding. During those early years, Orange provided the core of JSOCs presence in the region, including personnel assigned to the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi as well as a few in Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, who functioned as liaisons to CJTF-HOA. In mid-2003, an interagency node staffed with intelligence and law enforcement personnel was established in the Nairobi embassy under JSOC auspices, said a special operations officer. Manned at first by maybe six people, it quickly grew and now has about 20 people, the intelligence source said. This reflected the growth of JSOCs wider presence in Kenya. The command started out with three people in Nairobi, a number that grew to five or six and now is reputed to be in the scores, the source said. The writing was on the wall that eventually this was going to become a DoD-centric effort, he added. JSOCs effectiveness in the Horn really ramped up in the 2004-2005 time frame, when it doubled its resources in Kenya and focused more tightly on intelligence collection and target development, the senior intelligence official said. As a result of JSOCs efforts, we gained a lot of understanding of what was going on, the official said. The elite command continued to thicken its network in the Horn, a process that included placing a small team in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, according to the intelligence official. JSOC commander Maj. Gen. Stanley McChrystal also began conducting Horn of Africa-specific video-teleconferences that connected U.S. ambassadors and CIA chiefs of station in the region with officials in Washington, the official said. In 2006, JSOC began to run its own operations in Somalia, a senior military official said. At the time, the JSOC task force in the Horn was called Task Force 88, but that has since changed, sources said. The task force was headquartered in Nairobi, but also operated out of a small base at Manda Bay in northeastern Kenya, about 50 miles from the Somali border. Some in the intelligence community wondered whether JSOC and, by extension, its Defense Department bosses, were too focused on Nabhan. I think there was a fixation certainly at DoD, said the intelligence source, adding that while some intelligence personnel thought that a movement doesnt really center on one person, JSOC saw the Nabhan hunt as a way to validate the mission it was trying to carve out in non-combat theaters. JSOC saw Nabhan as a way to shore up that third leg of the stool, the source said. The United States and its regional allies hunted Nabhan for the rest of the decade. There were several times weve gotten close to him, said the special operations officer, adding

that he meant close in terms of surveillance, not missions to kill or capture the al-Qaida figure. Meanwhile the JSOC operators chafed under what they viewed as political restrictions that prevented them from going after Nabhan. But on Sept. 14, 2009, they were given the green light. Wed been tracking him for years, the senior military official said. Finally, according to the official, JSOC had both human and signals intelligence leads on Nabhans location as he joined several other militants in two vehicles to make the 300-mile trek from Merka to Kismayo in southern Somalia. We knew his travel route, we knew the vehicles he was using, the official said. When the convoy was near the coastal town of Barawe, JSOC struck. Multiple 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment AH-6 Little Bird helicopters flew ashore from a Navy ship and attacked the militants as they were breakfasting, killing six, including Nabhan, according to news reports. One helicopter landed and operators jumped out and loaded the bodies of Nabhan and three others into the aircraft. ### New clashes in Cairo's Tahrir Square (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15814035 21 November 2011 By Lyse Doucet Clashes have again erupted in the Egyptian capital as security forces continue their efforts to clear Cairo's Tahrir Square of protesters. Protesters fear the interim military government is trying to retain its grip on power ahead of parliamentary elections planned to begin next week. One minister has resigned in protest at the handling of the latest unrest. At least 20 people are reported to have died since the violence began on Saturday with Earlier reports said 33 people had died, but mortuary officials later corrected the figure, saying some of the deaths had not been related to the protests. Some 1,750 people have also been reported injured in clashes across the country. Culture Minister Emad Abu Ghazi has resigned and 25 Egyptian political parties also called for the ministers of information and the interior to be sacked over the violence. A group of senior Egyptian diplomats have also issued a statement condemning the way the protests have been handled, reports the BBC's Jon Leyne in Cairo. This is an enormous challenge for those who rule Egypt. Can they let the protesters stay

in Tahrir Square indefinitely, can they really keep control of the situation, or do they risk even more damage to their reputation with the violence in the square? I think deaths of the protesters this weekend, above all, is what is going to antagonise the people. A lot of people were frustrated by the slow pace of change and the way the military were trying to entrench their powers, as the opposition certainly saw it. But, as happened at the beginning of the protests against Hosni Mubarak's rule earlier this year, it was the deaths above all that really brought the people out on the streets. The statement, signed by more than 109 ambassadors and other diplomats, calls for violence and aggression by the security forces against protesters to be halted immediately, and for those responsible to be brought to justice. The statement says a full hand-over of power to a civilian government should be completed by the middle of next year. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Tantawi, is charged with overseeing the country's transition to democracy after three decades of autocratic rule under ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Calls for Field Marshal Tantawi's resignation could be heard during the weekend's protests. It is the longest continuous protest since President Mubarak stepped down in February and casts a shadow over elections due to start next week. Large crowds again streamed into Tahrir Square on Monday - defying the military's attempts to keep them away from the place that was the symbolic heart of demonstrations against Mr Mubarak. TV footage showed tear gas being fired into the protesters, while fire bombs and chunks of concrete were reportedly being lobbed back at the police. The BBC's Lyse Doucet in Cairo tweeted that medical students joined the protest on Monday with a banner calling for power to be handed over by April 2012. As daylight faded, even more people were filling Tahrir Square, she added. The clashes followed fierce fighting on Sunday. Violence also took place in other cities over the weekend, including Alexandria, Suez and Aswan. Amr Moussa, former secretary-general of the Arab League and now a presidential candidate in Egypt, told the BBC World Service that the use of force against the

protesters could not be justified. "The way the police deals with the protesters... we're all against this kind of violence and this treatment of the people," he said. He said the military council needed to end the uncertainty surrounding parliamentary and presidential elections. Earlier, Culture Minister Emad Abu Ghazi resigned in protest at the government's handling of events in Tahrir Square, Egypt's official Mena news agency said. The BBC's Yolande Knell in Cairo says the demands of the protesters have changed over the course of the weekend. Crowds initially urged the military to set a date for the handover of power, but now they want the military leaders to resign immediately. "The military promised that they would hand over power within six months," one protester said. "Now 10 months have gone by and they still haven't done it. We feel deceived." In recent weeks, protesters - mostly Islamists and young activists - have been demonstrating against a draft constitution they say would allow the military to retain too much power after a civilian government is elected. Earlier this month the military council produced a draft document setting out principles for a new constitution, under which the military and its budget could be exempted from civilian oversight. A proposal by the military to delay the presidential election until late 2012 or early 2013 has further angered the opposition. Protesters want the presidential vote to take place after parliamentary elections, which begin on 28 November and will be staggered over the next three months. A statement from the cabinet on Sunday said the elections would go ahead as planned, and praised the "restraint" of interior ministry forces against protesters. The military council, in a statement read out on state television, said it "regretted" what was happening, AFP news agency reports. ### OPINION U.S. African Command: the return of colonialism to Black Africa? (AJ30 Word Press Site) http://www.aj30.com/?p=1853 21 November 2011 By A Non Attributed Author

November 20, 2011 Eight months ago, just before the outbreak of hostilities in Libya, and with little fanfare or coverage by European or American press, the Obama administration quietly announced General Carter Hams appointment as supreme commander for the U.S. African Command, to deal with the increased presence of terrorists in the middle part of Black Africa. The command isHeart of the Ocean now making its presence and authority known in Black Africa from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean Items by Job, through the heart of Black Africa, as American military recon teams stake out territories of involvement. This includes pursuing and destroying the chief rebel band in Central Africa, the Lords Resistance Army. Its leader, Joseph Kony, is wanted by the International Criminal Court for acts of terror and murder in Uganda, in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in the Central African Republic. He has been killing and raping fellow Black Africans for 10 years. News reports indicate American Special Forces are providing a broad neck of military presence across Black Africa, including in Chad, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal, while keeping an eye on the soon-to-be-oil-rich Liberia. Does this mean lucrative opportunities for White companies or Black companies? When you think about the riches of middle Africa, do you think in terms of helping African economies and African companies to set up their own pan-African OPEC-like union of producers? Or do you think of helping European and American economies get back on their feet through American and European companies with African branches, colonial style? Or will African companies with African branches prevail? I applaud Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade, buy gold world of warcraft who, at a 2010 mining conference in Senegal, said to 500 delegates from foreign mining firms, I never said, enrichissez-vous [enrich yourselves]. I said enrichissons-nous [lets enrich one another]. We see listed as needs in Africa what is also needed in North Minneapolis: Hire more locals, adhere to stricter environmental rules, [and] build more roads and schools for local communities. Will the projected oil revenues in the offshore oil fields of Liberia be for Big Western White Oil or for the Black people of Liberia? Is oil production revenue to help develop Liberia or to help stabilize economically paralyzed Europe at Africas expense? Is this administration saying Europe is more important than Africa? African riches spans the five major mineral categories: precious metals and minerals; energy minerals; non-ferrous metals and minerals; ferrous minerals; and industrial minerals. Besides oil and coal, the riches of Africa include some of the earths largest deposits of phosphates, iron ore, bauxite, copper,Avnar the Ra. platinum, gold Wanted Board, silver, diamonds, uranium, chrome, manganese, zirconium, vanadium and titanium.

The U.S. Africa Command has already stated it expects to utilize military resources and assets from Britain, France, Belgium runescape gold for sale , Spain Comments RSS, Portugal, Italy,November 2011. and, for the first time since 1916, Germany, all in Black Africa again. Is this to stabilize Africa or Europe? Now, one has to assume that there are some military leaders and heads of intelligent agencies in Black African countries raising this question amongst themselves: If the United States doesnt have respect for the color of the skin of its own leader, how can it care about people of color 8,000 miles away? Happily, the more progressive intelligence agencies,Barbarian Mi. such as in Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania, are already asking such questions among themselves. With its recollection of conflict between Blacks and Whites during and after Apartheid, how will South Africas experience help answer these tense questions? The question I ask in this column is: Will this be Americas commitment and program for the next 10 years for Africa or Europe? But before White House, State Department, Pentagon, and corporate and think tank experts act to answer that question, it first needs a serious and open discussion among Black Americans, now and through the lead-up to the 2012 election. We want to know. We still remember the significant number of Black Panamanians and Black Granadians laying dead, buying runescape money lining their countries highways when we entered them in the 1980s. We well remember how easy it was for American politicians and American media to dismiss the staggering number of Black nationals slain, executed, and killed, often under very questionable circumstances, including the execution of Granadas Prime Minister Bishop. Whether in America or Africa, it is too easy to look at persons of color as if they are terrorists. Keep an eye on the U.S. African Command. Ron Edwards hosts Black Focus on Channel 17, MTN-TV, Sundays, 5-6 pm; hosts Black Focus on Blog Talk radio Sundays at 3 pm; and co-hosts Blog Talk Radios ON POINT! Saturdays at 4 pm Do i NEED the Aggregator to have wings?, providing coverage about Black Minnesota. Order his books at Hear his readings and read his solution papers for community planning and development and web log at The Twin Cities Daily Planet is an edited news source produced by professional journalists working in collaboration with citizen journalists from the local community. We publish original reported news articles, articles republished from media partners, and some content (Free Speech Zone articles, reader-submitted blog entries, comments) that is moderated but not edited. Clickhere for a complete description of our editorial policies. Support people-powered non-profit journalism!Volunteer,contribute news, orbecome a member to keep the Daily Planet in orbit.

### Polio in Nigeria 'shows big increase' (BBC) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15819797 21 November 2011 By A Non Attributed Author A four-fold increase in polio has been reported in Nigeria, with the disease spreading to other countries, a World Health Organisation official says. Forty-three cases were reported in Nigeria this year, compared to 11 last year, the official, Thomas Moran, said. Curbing the polio virus in Nigeria is key to eradicating the crippling disease in Africa, he said. In 2003, northern Nigeria's Muslim leaders leaders opposed vaccinations, claiming they could cause infertility. Nigeria is one of four countries in the world - along with Pakistan, India and Afghanistan - where polio is still a major health risk. Mr Moran told the BBC the disease had also spread to neighbouring Niger, Mali and Ivory Coast. "The success of polio eradication in Africa rests on Nigeria interrupting the virus," he said. Polio was affecting eight northern Nigerian states - two more than a few months ago, the head of Nigeria's National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (NPHDA), Dr Ado Muhammad, told the BBC. Mr Moran said the Nigerian government had shown "strong leadership" in the campaign to eradicate polio and the WHO had been carrying out large scale vaccination programmes to prevent the disease from spreading. "The immunity profile of Nigerian children is far better [now], which limits the risk of international spread of the virus," Mr Moran said. He also stressed that the number of children affected remained low. "You can call it a four-fold increase but it is still very low transmission in a country as large as Nigeria with almost 50m children under five," he said.

At the Commonwealth summit last month, the leaders of Nigeria, Canada, the UK and Australia pledged millions of dollars towards the global effort to eradicate polio. In 2003, the northern Nigerian state of Kano backed Muslim religious leaders in opposing an immunisation programme, claiming it was a Western plot to make people infertile. Health experts say this led to many people becoming infected by polio. The clerics and the state government later dropped their opposition to the immunisation programme. In 2007, there was a rare outbreak of a vaccine-derived form of polio in northern Nigeria. It affected 69 children who had been vaccinated. ### Al Shabaab vows to defeat Ethiopian troops in Somalia (France 24) http://www.france24.com/en/20111120-al-shebaab-vows-defeat-ethiopian-troopssomalia-ethiopia-kenya-offensive-al-qaeda 21 November 2011 By A non attributed Author REUTERS - Al Shabaab militants on Sunday welcomed a reported incursion by hundreds of troops from neighbouring Ethiopia as a sign that Kenyas offensive against the Islamist rebels was failing. The Kenyan military said warplanes backed by salvoes from warships off Somalias coast destroyed an al Shabaab training camp in the Hola Wajerer/Lacta area of the Babade district. An al Shabaab spokesman told Reuters the air strikes had landed in empty bush where they now had no bases. The Kenyan assault on al Shabaab appeared to have slowed this week before the move by Ethiopia with Kenya blaming heavy rains and mud. Al Shabaab says guerrilla-style attacks have halted the advance. Scores of Ethiopian military vehicles, ferrying troops and weapons, pushed at least 80 km (50 miles) into Somalia on Saturday, according to local residents and elders, crossing into the centre of the near-lawless country from Ethiopia and travelling through Kenya to reach its south. Ethiopia on Sunday continued to publicly deny that any of its forces had entered its Horn of Africa neighbour.

Residents and elders witnessed the convoys and identified them to Reuters as Ethiopian. Al Shabaab also reported the presence of Ethiopian forces in several towns. An Ethiopian Foreign Ministry spokesman said no decision had yet been made on whether to support the Kenyan army, which entered Somalia five weeks ago vowing to wipe out al Shabaab, who it blames for kidnapping and attacking tourists on its soil. We are glad to say Ethiopian troops are in the Guriel area. They have come because AMISOM and Kenya have failed in the fight against al Shabaab, Sheikh Abdiasis Abu Musab, an al Shabaab spokesman, told Reuters. AMISOM is an African Union force of Ugandan and Burundian troops that has been largely responsible for keeping al Shabaab from ousting Somalias internationally-backed but weak government. It was unclear what the intentions of the Ethiopians were. Some local elders said they would fight al Shabaab and others that they will arm and train militias loyal to the government. The last time Ethiopia entered Somalia was in December 2006, with tacit U.S. backing and at the invitation of a government that had lost control of the capital Mogadishu and large swathes of the country to another Islamist group. The Ethiopians left Somalia in early 2009 after ousting that group but dogged by accusations that their presence, hugely unpopular with Somalis, was inspiring support for militias such as al Shabaab who were not as powerful at that time. Al Shabaab and the Ethiopians know each other. We made them pull out with their dead bodies two years ago. They plan to ease the burden on Kenya and AMISOM but we are really determined to fight them, Abu Musab said. Somalia is not a cool place to come and enjoy. Sundays air strike was the first of any note since the early days of Kenyas intervention In a day of skirmishes and counter-claims, Kenya denied a statement from al Shabaab that it had set a Kenyan navy vessel ablaze by firing rocket-propelled grenades from speed boats. Somali government officials confirmed the sea engagement to Reuters and said the Kenyan military had hit one al Shabaab boat, which tallied with the rebel statement. On land, Somali military officials said al Shabaab had ambushed a joint Kenyan-Somali patrol near Dhobley in the Lower Juba region. During the clashes we killed four al Shabaab militants and captured one of them alive, Abdikarim Ali Yusuf, a senior Somali military officer, told Reuters.

Al Shabaab said it killed eight Kenyans in the fight. Police in the Dadaab refugee camp, a target of previous attacks by al Shabaab, said they had found an unexploded improvised explosive device on Sunday that had been hidden at the side of a road regularly used by United Nations aid workers. Kenyan government ministers have shuttled around east Africa this week and gone to the Gulf to drum up political and financial support for a more coordinated campaign to rout the rebels in a country notoriously tough for foreign armies. Some analysts say Ethiopia may want to take advantage of al Shabaabs withdrawal from Mogadishu in August to wipe out a group it sees as a threat to its stability. The Ethiopian Foreign Ministry spokesman said a final decision on whether to join the assault against al Shabaab in some form would be taken next Friday. East African heads of state will meet on Friday to discuss ways of stabilising Somalia and one plan is to boost the number of AMISOM troops from both neighbouring countries and other African nations, Dina Mufti told Reuters. When asked if Addis Ababa would agree to a request for troops he said: "Ethiopia supports Kenya's efforts and is very much part of the total initiative." ### Kenya: Boats to Abolish Sex-for-Fish Trade (allAfrica.com) http://allafrica.com/stories/201111210118.html 19 November 2011 By Justus Ochieng Women groups in Kano, Kisumu County have benefitted from boats under the 'No Sex for Fish' initiative. The boats will provide them with an opportunity to generate income without engaging in risky relationships. The six boats delivered by an NGO, US Peace Corps Kenya in Collaboration with VIRED International will help the women to expedite fishing activities in the Lake Victoria. Delivering the boats at Nyamware beach on Wednesday, the Director of VIRED International Prof Okeyo Owuor who was accompanied by Peace Corp volunteer in Kenya Michael Guelfe and Kisumu East DC Mabeya Mogaka said the boats will help stop the sex-for-fish trade. Owuor noted that this has led to an increase in HIV infections especially among the women living in the Lake region. "In a bid to help empower the women in the Lake region, my organization in collaboration with the US Peace Corps Kenya resolved to

provide the vessels to the women to help reduce chances of female along the Lake region attracting HIV infections," he added. Often, women may have relationships with random fishermen to acquire fish commodities for sale and profit in a risky affair, he added. He lamented that the women have no choice because very few of them own boats, which he noted is a key resource of the fishing trade, he said. He said VIRED will provide logistical arrangements to ensure sustainability of the process. ### Eritrea wants UN action on Kenya over Somalia claim (Alert.net) http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/eritrea-wants-un-action-on-kenya-over-somalia-claim/ 21 November 2011 By Aaron Maasho ADDIS ABABA, Nov 21 (Reuters) - Eritrea has complained to the U.N. Security Council about Kenyan allegations that it sent weapons to Islamist rebels in Somalia, calling for an independent investigation to judge the dispute. Foreign Minister Osman Saleh said in a letter to the Council that Eritrea was confident an investigation would find Nairobi's "defamatory" accusations to be baseless, and urged the United Nations to take action against Kenya in the dispute. Nairobi has accused Eritrea of flying in weapons for al Shabaab, an insurgent group liked to al Qaeda which has been fighting the Western-backed Somali government since 2007, and which is now also battling Kenyan forces. "If, as Eritrea confidently believes, the investigation determines that there is no basis whatsoever to the very serious and harmful accusations by the government of Kenya, Eritrea calls on the Security Council to take action that would redress the injustice suffered by the people and government of Eritrea," Saleh wrote in the letter, seen by Reuters. "Defamation of a member state of the United Nations should not be indulged in with impunity and must not be tolerated, given its negative implications for regional peace and security," he said in the letter, dated Nov. 16. Kenya sent troops into Somalia, its anarchic neighbour, last month to rout the insurgents which it blames for kidnappings of Western aid workers and tourists on Kenyan soil, and frequent cross-border incursions. Nairobi says it has credible information that consignments of arms were flown to the Somali town of Baidoa from Eritrea. Kenyan officials have said that Eritrean denials are not enough, and that it should go further and denounce al Shabaab.

Saleh's letter to Jose Filipe Cabral, the Security Council's rotating president for November, gave no details on who might conduct the investigation, nor did it say what action Eritrea wanted. However, Eritrea's envoy to the African Union said the Kenyan allegations should be publicly dismissed as a first step. "It is up to the U.N. Security Council to take whatever action it feels appropriate and necessary to rectify such baseless allegations and defamation of a member state," envoy Girma Asmerom told Reuters. "However, as a starter, I strongly feel that the U.N. Security Council should urge the government of Kenya to publicly rescind its baseless accusation against Eritrea," he said. Kenyan officials have said the weapons consisted of shoulder-fired rockets, grenades and small arms munitions, and that they have been moved to areas in southern and central Somalia. Slapped with an arms embargo, assets freeze and a travel ban for some of its officials in 2009, Eritrea faces another round of measures over charges it was aiding militants fighting to overthrow the internationally-backed Mogadishu government. Asmara accuses Ethiopia of being behind the claims through a "frenzied campaign" to isolate and weaken its government. The neighbours fought a two-year war over disputed territory a decade ago but the frontier spat has yet to be resolved. Scores of Ethiopian military vehicles carrying soldiers have been spotted by residents in Somalia's frontier towns in what could be a joint attempt to flush out al Shabaab. Ethiopian officials, however, say they have yet to decide on deploying troops, though they are committed to a regional initiative to stabilise the lawless Horn of Africa country. ### WFP says more than 1 mln Zimbabweans need food aid (alert.net) http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/wfp-says-more-than-1-mln-zimbabweans-need-foodaid/ 21 November 2011 By Nelson Banya HARARE, Nov 21 (Reuters) - More than a million people in Zimbabwe will require food aid between now and March 2012, a United Nations agency said on Monday, despite recent improvements in the country's grain production.

The southern African country has struggled to feed itself since 2000, when President Robert Mugabe began a drive to seize white-owned farms to resettle landless blacks, leading to a sharp fall in agricultural output. Production of the staple maize started to recover after Mugabe formed a unity government with his rival, Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai, and rose from less than 500,000 tonnes in 2007-8 to 1.45 million tonnes in the 2010/11 season. Production is still below the 2 million tonnes a year the country needs to be selfsufficient. The UN World Food Programme (WFP) said it was facing a $42 million funding shortfall for food aid it planned to provide to vulnerable households in Zimbabwe's hardest-hit areas until the start of the harvest season in March. A recent study by the Zimbabwean government, UN agencies and other donor organisations had shown that 12 percent of the rural population would not be able to feed itself adequately through the lean season, the WFP said in a statement. "Most at risk are low-income families hit by failed harvests, and households with orphans and vulnerable children," WFP said. "Although food is generally available in many rural areas, it is too expensive for those with limited resources." ### END REPORT