Sea Water Properties

WORLDS WATER SOURCES:

Ocean water

States of Matter (e.g. water)

Atomic Structure

http://www.dayah.com/periodic/Other/Periodic%20Table.pdf

Salinity

Hydrogen bonds cohesion - surface tension!

The formation of ice in freshwater:

Density of freshwater:

Seawater density depends on temperature, salinity and pressure! Therefore, it increases with > salt content at const. temp; high density in cold, salty waters!

Why does ice float on water?

Water is a powerful solvent: (the universal solvent) Sodium Chloride Rock SALT

NaCl

Cation

Na

Ions

Anion

Cl

Cycling of dissolved components in seawater:

Did oceans salinity increase over time?

Major Dissolved Components in Seawater:

35 g of salt in 1000 g of seawater

Residence Time
How long do the various dissolved ions stay in the ocean? Depends on how reactive they are. Residence Time: The average time spent by a substance in the Ocean =

Amount in Sea Rate entering or exiting

The layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth; 3001000 meters; Same as pycnocline (density) and thermocline;

Salinity map showing areas of high salinity (36 %o) in green, medium salinity in blue (35 %o), and low salinity (34 %o) in purple. Salinity is rather stable but areas in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea tend to be a little high (green). Areas near Antarctica, the Arctic Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the West Coast of North and Central America tend to be a little low (purple). http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/02ocean/swcomposition.htm

Why is surface Atlantic more salty than Pacific?

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/saltyatlantic.html

pH = potential/power of hydrogen

Carbonate buffering system keeps the pH of seawater constant = 8.1

Carbonate Buffering System

Evaporation from lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. occurs for temperatures lower than 100 oC But it requires more energy to do so

Atmospheric transport of surplus heat from low latitudes into heat deficient high latitudes areas:

Summary
Water is a polar molecule -- unique properties (melting pt, heat capacity, dissolving power, water denser than ice) Salinity is the total dissolved solids Salinity in the surface ocean varies by Evaporation - Precipitation Principle of Constant Proportions Residence Time in the Oceans

What is temperature?

using Kinetic temperature definition

What is temperature?
It is a direct measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules that make up substance. Temp. changes when heat energy is added to or removed from a substance.

It is measured in (Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit).

Heat Transfer

Net Heat Transfer has Ceased

HEAT
(the energy of moving molecules = kinetic energy)

1) Represents the transfer of energy from high to low temperature. Therefore, heat has units of Energy (1 calorie, calor = heat; the amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water by 1 C); 2) An object does not possess "heat"; the appropriate term for the microscopic energy in an object is internal energy.

Temperature vs Heat
Temperature is a measure of how fast the molecules in a substance are moving Heat is a measure of how much energy has to be put into (or gotten out of) a substance to change its temperature, or state (solid, liquid, gas)

First Law of Thermodynamics

The change in internal energy of system is equal to the heat added to the system Minus the work done by the system.

U = Q - W
Change in internal Energy Heat added to the system Work done by the system

Heat Capacity the amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 g of any substance by 1 C; Water has one of the highest heat capacities known, which makes water excellent heat transfer material; and therefore, allows ocean currents to moderate global climate!