Important Formulas

Train Problems

1. km/hr to m/s conversion: 5 a km/hr = a x m/s. 18 2. m/s to km/hr conversion: 18 a m/s = a x km/hr. 5 3. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length bmetres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres. 5. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at um/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s. 6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at um/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions atu m/s and v m/s, then: (a + b) The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec. (u + v) 8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction atu m/s and v m/s, then: (a + b) The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = sec. (u - v) 9. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: (A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

Speed, Time and Distance

1. Speed, Time and Distance: Speed = Distance Time , Time = Distance Speed , Distance = (Speed x Time).

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion: x km/hr = xx 5 18 m/sec.

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion: x m/sec = xx 18 5 km/hr.

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the the times taken by then to cover the same distance is 1 a : 1 b or b : a.

5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is 2xy x+y km/hr.

Time and Work 1. Work from Days: 1 If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = . n 2. Days from Work: 1 If A's 1 day's work = , then A can finish the work in n days. n 3. Ratio: If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then: Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

Profit and Loss

Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. 2. 3. 4. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) Gain % = Gain x 100 C.P.

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss % = Loss x 100 C.P.

6. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 + Gain %) 100 x C.P

7. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 - Loss %) 100 x C.P.

8. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 (100 + Gain %) x S.P.

9. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 (100 - Loss %) x S.P.

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. 11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. 12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss % = Common Loss and Gain % 2 10 = x 2 10 .

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % = Error (True Value) - (Error) x 100

%.

Problems on Ages

1. Odd Days: We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are calledodd days. 2. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year. iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year. 3. Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. 4. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days: No. of days: 0 Day: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

Average
1. Average: Average = Sum of observations Number of observations

2. Average Speed: Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at ykmph. Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is 2xy x+y kmph.

Permutation and Combination

1. Factorial Notation: Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as: n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1. Examples: i. We define 0! = 1. ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24. iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120. 2. Permutations: The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called permutations. Examples: All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb). ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are: ( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba) 3. Number of Permutations:Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
n

i.

Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =

n! (n - r)!

Examples: i. 6P2 = (6 x 5) = 30. ii. 7P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210. iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!. 4. An Important Result: If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind, such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n. hen, number of permutations of these n objects is = n! (p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

5. Combinations: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is called a combination. Examples: 1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and CA. Note: AB and BA represent the same selection. 2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca. 3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc. 4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD. 5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination. Number of Combinations: The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
n

Cr =

n! (r!)(n - r!)

n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors r!

Note: . i.
n

Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1. n Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples: i. ii.
11

C4 =

(11 x 10 x 9 x 8) (4 x 3 x 2 x 1)

= 330. 16 x 15 x 14 3! = 16 x 15 x 14 3x2x1 = 560.

16

C13 = 16C(16 - 13) = 16C3 =

Area
I. 1. Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth). Length = II. III. IV. V. Area Breadth and Breadth = Area Length .

2. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth). Area of a square = (side)2 = (diagonal)2. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) x Height. 1. Area of a triangle = x Base x Height.

2. Area of a triangle = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s = (a + b + c). 3. Area of an equilateral triangle = 3 4 x (side)2. a 23 .

4. Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =

a 5. Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = . 3 6. Radius of incircle of a triangle of area VI. 1. Area of parallelogram = (Base x Height). 2. Area of a rhombus = 3. Area of a trapezium = VII. x (Product of diagonals). x (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them. and semi-perimeter s = s

1. Area of a circle = R2, where R is the radius. 2. Circumference of a circle = 2 R. 3. Length of an arc = , where is the central angle. 360 1 R2 4. Area of a sector = (arc x R) = . 2 360 2 R

VIII.

1. Circumference of a semi-circle = R.

Numbers
Some Basic Formulae: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab) (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2) (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2) (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac) When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Surds and Indices

1. Laws of Indices: am x an = a m + n am a
n

= am - n

(am)n = amn (ab)n = anbn a n b a0 = 1 2. Surds: Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such that a(1/n) = a Then, a is called a surd of order n. 3. Laws of Surds: i. a = a(1/n) ii. ab = a x b iii. = iv. v. vi. (a)n = a (a)m = am a b = an bn

Pipes and Cistern

1. Inlet: A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as an inlet. Outlet: A pipe connected with a tank or cistern or reservoir, emptying it, is known as an outlet. 2. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then: 1 part filled in 1 hour = . x 3. If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then: 1 part emptied in 1 hour = . y 4. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then on opening both the pipes, then the net part filled in 1 hour = 1 x 1 y .

5. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then on opening both the pipes, then the net part emptied in 1 hour = 1 y 1 x .

Logarithm
1. Logarithm: If a is a positive real number, other than 1 and am = x, then we write: m = logax and we say that the value of log x to the base a is m. Examples: (i). 103 1000 (ii). 34 = 81 (iii). 2-3 = 1 8 log10 1000 = 3. log3 81 = 4. log2 1 8 = -3.

(iv). (.1)2 = .01

log(.1) .01 = 2.

2. Properties of Logarithms: 1. loga (xy) = loga x + loga y 2. loga x y = loga x - loga y

3. logx x = 1 4. loga 1 = 0 5. loga (xn) = n(loga x) 6. loga x = 7. loga x = 1 logx a logb x logb a log x log a

3. Common Logarithms: Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms. 4. The logarithm of a number contains two parts, namely 'characteristic' and 'mantissa'.

Characteristic: The internal part of the logarithm of a number is called itscharacteristic. Case I: When the number is greater than 1. In this case, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits in the left of the decimal point in the given number. Case II: When the number is less than 1. In this case, the characteristic is one more than the number of zeros between the decimal point and the first significant digit of the number and it is negative. Instead of -1, -2 etc. we write 1 (one bar), 2 (two bar), etc. Examples:Number Characteristic Number Characteristic 654.24 26.649 8.3547 2 1 0 0.6453 1

0.06134 2 0.00123 3

Mantissa: The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is known is its mantissa. For mantissa, we look through log table.

Height and Distance

1. Trigonometry: In a right angled OAB, where BOA = ,

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

sin

; OB OA cos = = ; Hypotenuse OB Perpendicular AB tan = = ; Base OA 1 OB cosec = = ; sin AB 1 OB sec = = ; cos OA 1 OA cot = = ; tan AB Hypotenuse Base

Perpendicular

AB

2. Trigonometrical Identities: i. sin2 + cos2 = 1. ii. 1 + tan2 = sec2 . iii. 1 + cot2 = cosec2 . 3. Values of T-ratios:

( /6) 0 30 sin 0
3 2 1 3

( /4) 45
1 2 1 2

( /3) 60
3 2

( /2) 90 1

cos

tan

not defined

4. Angle of Elevation:

Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye. Then, the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the anlge of elevation of P as seen from O. Angle of elevation of P from O = 5. Angle of Depression: AOP.

Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his eye, then the angle which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the angle of depression of P as seen from O.

Compound Interest
1. Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years. 2. When interest is compound Annually: Amount = P 1+ R 100 n

3. When interest is compounded Half-yearly: Amount = P 1+ (R/2) 2n 100

4. When interest is compounded Quarterly: Amount = P 1+ (R/4) 4n 100

5. When interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, say 3 years. Amount = P 1+ R 100 3 x 1+ R 100

6. When Rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2%, R3% for 1st, 2ndand 3rd year respectively. Then, Amount = P 1+ R1 100 1+ R2 100 1+ R3 100 .

7. Present worth of Rs. x due n years hence is given by: x Present Worth = 1+ R 100 .

Percentage
1. Concept of Percentage: By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%. To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = Thus, 20% = To express Thus, 1 4 a b = 1 = . 100 5 a b = a b x 100 %. 20 x 100 .

as a percent: We have, 1 4 x 100 % = 25%.

2. Percentage Increase/Decrease: If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: R (100 + R) x 100

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is: R (100 - R) 3. Results on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then: 1. Population after n years = P 1+ P 2. Population n years ago = 1+ R 100 n R 100 n x 100

4. Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then: 1. Value of the machine after n years = P 1P 2. Value of the machine n years ago = 1R 100 R (100 + R) R (100 - R) x 100 x 100 %. %. n R 100 n

3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by 4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by

Clock

1. Minute Spaces: The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, called minute spaces. Hour Hand and Minute Hand: A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is called minute hand or long hand. 2. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand. In every hour, both the hands coincide once. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360 Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast. On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.

Ratio and Proportion

1. Ratio: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction write it as a : b. and we

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent. Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents 5 9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same nonzero number does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3. 2. Proportion: The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms. Product of means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).

3. Fourth Proportional: If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c. Third Proportional: a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b. Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is ab. 4. Comparison of Ratios:

We say that (a : b) > (c : d)

c > . b d

5. Compounded Ratio: 6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf). 7. Duplicate Ratios: Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2). Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b). Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3). Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3). If a b = c d , then a+b a-b = c+d c-d . [componendo and dividendo]

8. Variations: We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x y. We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and we write, x 1 y .

Boats and Streams

1. Downstream/Upstream: In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is called upstream. 2. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is vkm/hr, then: Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr. Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr. 3. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then: 1 Speed in still water = (a + b) km/hr. 2 1 Rate of stream = (a - b) km/hr. 2

Races and Games

1. Races: A contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing or rowing is called a race. 2. Race Course: The ground or path on which contests are made is called a race course. 3. Starting Point: The point from which a race begins is known as a starting point. 4. Winning Point or Goal: The point set to bound a race is called a winning point or a goal. 5. Winner: The person who first reaches the winning point is called a winner. 6. Dead Heat Race: If all the persons contesting a race reach the goal exactly at the same time, the race is said to be dead heat race. 7. Start: Suppose A and B are two contestants in a race. If before the start of the race, A is at the starting point and B is ahead of A by 12 metres, then we say that 'A gives B, a start of 12 metres'. To cover a race of 100 metres in this case, A will have to cover 100 metres while B will have to cover only (100 - 12) = 88 metres. In a 100 race, 'A can give B 12 m' or 'A can give B a start of 12 m' or 'A beats B by 12 m' means that while A runs 100 m, B runs (100 - 12) = 88 m. 8. Games: 'A game of 100, means that the person among the contestants who scores 100 points first is the winner'. If A scores 100 points while B scores only 80 points, then we say that 'A can give B 20 points'.

True Discount

Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum. Clearly, Rs. 100 at 14% will amount to R. 156 in 4 years. So, the payment of Rs. now will clear off the debt of Rs. 156 due 4 years hence. We say that: Sum due = Rs. 156 due 4 years hence; Present Worth (P.W.) = Rs. 100; True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.) We define: T.D. = Interest on P.W.; Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.)

Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned on the amount. IMPORTANT FORMULAE Let rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then, 1. P.W. = 2. T.D. = 3. Sum = 100 x Amount 100 + (R x T) (P.W.) x R x T 100 (S.I.) x (T.D.) (S.I.) - (T.D.) = 100 x T.D.

RxT Amount x R x T 100 + (R x T)

4. (S.I.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. Amount 5. When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. = 1+ R 100 T