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INTRODUCTION
Quality control is one aspect of production planning and control. It is basically concerned with quality production. Quality is a combination of characteristics pertaining to the manufacture of the product and control is the quality of the product, when the deviations in the product are more than expected. To most people quality is variable. It is subjectively judged because it deals with the relative goodness of a product. When a buyer boasts that his house or car is the best, it implies high quality. The ultimate aims of quality system should be to enable companies to share the benefits sensibly and fairly among consumers, employees, and share holders to raise countries standard of living and to make life better for the world as a whole. Quality control uses statistical methods, so it is referred to as statistical quality control (SQC). The effective implementation of quality control requires the participation and cooperation of all the employees at every stage of the companys activities. They are such as market research, product planning, designing, purchasing and subcontracting production. QUALITY requires developing, designing, producing, marketing and servicing products and/or service with optimum cost effectiveness and usefulness, which customer will purchase with satisfaction. To achieve these goals all the parts of a company top management must work together. Introducing total quality enables the realization of benefits for everyone i.e. Management, consumers, employees and shareholders. Total quality control is applicable to all the functions: Quality at work, service, information, process, divisional units, people, system and company has to be maintained at minimum cost. In order to implement an effective QC program, an enterprise must first decide which specific standards the product or service must meet. Then the extent of QC actions must be determined (for example, the percentage of units to be tested from each lot). Next, real-world data must be collected .
In simple words, Quality Control can be defined as: The operational techniques and the activities that sustain the quality of a product or service in order to satisfy given requirements. It consists of quality planning, data collection, data analysis, and implementation.
3] Evaluation of methods and processes of production: By evaluating the methods of processes of production, quality control helps to take corrective measures to maintain the quality of the product during the manufacture. And these corrective measures are indeed very important for the firm so as they can maintain the quality and let it not fall below the standard 4] Quick sales of quality goods: In todays world, consumers are looking for quality goods and services, so to live up to the consumers expectation the firm needs to maintain quality. Quality control accelerates the sale of the goods by supplying only the quality goods in the market. Consumers also support quality goods. 5] Production of standard quality goods: Quality control aims at manufacturing standard quality goods. Such standard
quality goods give satisfaction to consumers and also create goodwill in the market. As explained in the earlier point, that the quality goods makes quick sales, so while taking this in mind the firm go for production of standard quality goods.
contractor as well as the purchaser or final user. Quality Control is concerned with actual measurement or testing or supervision of manufacturers own final product control, either by inspection of each unit or by sample testing. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL It is extension of inspection quality control. Statistical Quality Control provides the statistical techniques necessary to assure and improve the quality of products. Most of the Statistical Quality Control techniques used now have been developed during the last century. One of the most commonly used statistical tools; Control Charts was introduced by Dr. Walter Shewart in 1924. The end of World War II saw increased interest in quality; primarily among the industries in Japan. Inspectors were aided by special quality control tools like control charts. So it can be said that in this evolution of quality control, the responsibility of the inspector increases and also the quality of the product also increases at the same rate.
TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL When step 4 was found to add inspection cost, firms began to develop a specificdecision-making and operating framework for the product quality which was effective enough to take suitable action on the quality control findings, to obtain better quality and lower costs. System for optimizing production based on ideas developed by Japanese industries from the 1950s on. The system, which blends Western and Eastern ideas, began with the concept of quality circles, in which groups of 10-20 workers were given responsibility for the quality of the products they produced. It gradually evolved into various techniques involving both workers and managers to maximize productivity and quality, including close monitoring of staff and excellent customer service. The concept of Kaizen, the notion that improvement must involve all members of a company, is central to TQC (Total Quality Control).
The importance of quality control is, now, accepted at a global level. It is an essential pre-condition for promoting exports. Quality control is important as it gives benefits to producers, consumers and the society at large. Consumers are now extremely quality conscious and they support quality products. They even insist for superior quality goods for their safety and protection. This suggests the importance of quality control. Even the survival of a manufacturing unit depends on its ability to supply high quality goods to consumers. It gets capacity to compete with rival producers through effective quality control. The advantages of quality control to consumers and manufacturers are:
1] LOWER COSTS:
Improvement in the designs of products and process to enable production at lower costs. Since the cost is low, it is both beneficial to manufacturer and consumer. First, when the manufacturer will produce goods and incur low cost, then he will sell to consumers also at comparatively low cost. So, at the end of the day, both the parties enjoy the benefit. 2] UNIFORMITY: Improvement in the quality level and uniformity of the finished goods and incoming materials. If there is uniformity in the finished goods, it would be advantageous to both manufacturers and consumers. And from the point of view from the firm, its obligatory to maintain standard or homogeneity in their product, so as to show consistency. 3] RELATIONSHIP: When there is uniformity in the finished goods and also high quality level, then the bond between the manufacturer and consumers has to be strengthened. In this scenario, both the parties enjoy the benefits they receive, and so the relationship improves between firm and their loyal customers. 4] ENHANCING TECHNOLOGY: Improvement in technical knowledge and engineering data and manufacturing
design. When all the above points go in right path, then we see enhancement in technology. And when the technology improves, it will again promote the firm first and later to the consumers. So, this point is again common to both in terms of advantage. 5] REDUCTION: If the quality is improved with the enhanced technology, and if we see reduction in rejections, scrap, re-work, and inspection costs, it wouldnt be surprising. Once the firm sets it standard and work on it efficiently, then there could be reduction in re-doing the work again and other costs. 6] EFFECTIVE COMPETITION: Sales promotion and ability to face market competition effectively is another advantage to the manufacturer. If all the firm produces quality goods, then they can compete effectively. That competition will not only be beneficial to manufacturers alone, but the consumers will be a part of it. Because at the end of the day, their competition is for the consumers only. 7] PROMOTION: Export promotion is possible through systematic quality control as consumers, particularly from the developed and rich countries prefer quality goods. So the firm would be getting extra profit because they can sell or they can export at a rate higher than they sell in domestic market. So, they are expanding their business and as well as they are making a good profit margin from foreigners.
selected and fully linked. An inspector must remain fully acquainted with his duties possessing keen insight for inspection jobs. He must be carefully instructed about his responsibilities pertaining to the end produce. The principal steps in quality control are as noted below: 1] Devising control over raw materials: The quality of the finished product is determined mostly by the quality of raw materials. It calls for close connection between the Raw Material Purchase Department of the company and the vendors. As and when necessary, a resident inspector may be deputed by the quality control department in the vendors place to see that only goods in accordance with specifications are supplied. It is advisable to inspect again the raw materials before putting them to actual use. 2] Fixing standards and specifications: In order to make any scheme of quality control successful, It is essential to predetermine standards and specifications. The practice should be to provide quality instructions in the form of drawings, showing shapes, dimensions and specifications describing color, strength, thickness, chemical composition and similar other characteristics. 3] Exercising control over production operations: In order to execute efficient practices, the technical expert of the Quality control department must investigate, from time to time, the operating methods. When such an investigation is carried out, it helps to eliminate all possible variables. 4] Locating inspection points: When the points at which defects occur are wrongly located or located with delay, it hinders quality control. Therefore, there should first be the inspection of the raw materials at the vendors places, then at the companys plant, then at the various points during the process of production and finally at the time of packing. The defects are likely to occur at these points. The finished goods can be cleared after obtaining O.K. or All Correct from the quality control department.
5] Maintaining quality of equipments: The final quality of the products is conditioned by the quality of the equipments and other devices used. Therefore, the quality control department is responsible for testing the equipment used in inspection such as gauges, which measure dimensions, electronic devices, magnetic devices, industrial radio graphical instruments and so on. 6] Maintaining records: The quality control department is responsible for maintaining all records relating to quality inspection and control and the number rejected. On the part of the firm, this is essential because a time may arrive where they will have to take a decision on the basis on these reports of records.
2] Quality of conformance: It means producing a product to meet the specifications. When a product conforms to specification, the product is considered to be a quality product e.g., two machines are to produce an item with nominal size 60mm and tolerance +- 0.1mm.
Machine 1 produces a rage of +- 0.06mm and machine 2 produces a range of +0.03mm, thus it can be said that machine 2 has a higher quality of conformance. 3] Quality of performance: It refers to the ability of the product to perform its function most economically. Quality of performance has three components: [a] availability [b] reliability and [c] maintainability. [a] Availability: Availability of a product is measured as the ratio of total uptime of a product and the combined time of total uptime and total downtime. [b] Reliability: Reliability relates to the length of time that the product will perform its technical function satisfactorily. Reliability of a product is mostly explained in terms of meantime between failure [MRBF] which is the average time that the product functions from one failure to the next. If the MTBF is longer, the product is said to be highly reliable. [c] Maintainability: Maintainability relates to correction of a product to bring it to service when it has failed. Maintainability is measured by mean time to repair [MTTR]. If a product is promptly brought to correction and maintenance is carried out, then the MTTR equals to downtime of the product.
of the customer who remains satisfied. Quality Control guides coordinated action of people, machines and information to achieve this goal. Thus the Scope of Quality Control:
1) Marketing evaluates the level of quality which customers want and for which the are willing to pay. 2) Engineering reduces this marketing evaluation to exact specifications.
3) Purchasing chooses contracts with. And retains vendors for parts and materials.
5) Manufacturing supervision and shop operates exert a major quality during parts making, subassembly, and final assembly.
6) Mechanical inspection and functional test check performance of products by comparing conformance to specifications
7) Employees report regularly on the duty because their work is not rejected.
CONCLUSION
The purpose of quality control is to reduce this variability to an economical minimum. It is possible to attain this objective through control of purchasing and receiving by ensuring uniformity in incoming materials and parts. Control is generally grouped under quality assurance activities. The significance of quality control is, now, acknowledged at a large-scale level. It is a critical prerequisite for promoting exports. Quality control is vital as it gives benefits to producers, consumers and the society at huge. Consumers are now tremendously quality conscious and they support quality products. They even insist for superior quality goods for their safety and protection. This suggests the importance of quality control. Even the survival of a manufacturing unit depends on its ability to supply high quality goods to consumers. It gets capacity to compete with rival producers through effective quality control. Quality control aims at preventing the defects rather than detecting the defects.