,

1.
( )

.
N , N = const,
(), N const.

...................................................................................................................................

,
N = N (z), A = A (z).
,
, :
N 0, T x = T y = M x = M y = M t = 0.
B

(1)

:
1. :

z 0.

zx = zy = 0.

2. (
):

. ,
.
:
z (x, y, z) = z (z)
z (x, y) = const,
zx = zy = 0
27
B


:
z = z ,
z (x, y, z) = z (z) = z (z)
z (x, y) = const .
B

= const , ,
.
U

z dA = N (z ) ,

3.

y z dA = M x = 0 ,

4.

5.

x z dA = M y = 0 ,
A

. :

z = z (z ) ,
:

z ( z ) dA = N ( z ) ,

(3)

z (z ) =

N (z )
.
A

(4)

y z dA = z y dA = z S x = 0
A

Sx = 0

x z dA = z x dA = z S y = 0
A

Sy = 0.

(5)

x y
, N
.
= (z) :
U

28

 dz (dz).

z (z ) =

N (z )
A( z )

z (z ) =

z (z )
E

N (z )
.
E A( z )

(6)

z (z ) =

dz
dz = z ( z ) dz , z
dz

:
z

N (z )
dz ,
E

A
(
z
)
0

z = dz = z dz =
0

(7)

l,:
l

N (z )
dz
E

A
(
z
)
0

l = dz = z dz =
0

(8)

N = const, A = const, :

N
,
A
N
,
=
EA

N
z,
EA
N
(9)
l = l =
l .
EA
() / l () .
z = z =

l,

l =

N i li
.
Ei Ai

(10)

...................................................................................................................................

29

N (z )

z max =

d,
A( z ) max

(11)

N (z )

z max =

d ,
E A( z ) max

(12)

N ( z ) A( z ) d ,

(13)

A( z )

N (z )

N max

, ( = const)

(14)

SAINTVENANT
z
.
B

: ,
.
,
.
.
30

z (z ) = T .

(15)

:
1. 0, N = 0,
2. T 0 N 0.
0, N = 0

:
z

z = z dz = T dz = z T ( ),
0
l

l = T dz = l T ( ).

(16)

[ -1 ]
= 12 10 -6 K -1 , = 21000 kN/cm 2 .

(
), (t).
P

..
T
0 N
0

:
U

A (z), N (z), const

N (z )
,
A( z )

z =

z (z ) =

z (z )
E

N
,
A
N
=
+ T ,
EA

=
+ T =

N (z )
+ T ,
EA( z )

z
z
N (z )

z = z dz =
+ T dz
EA( z )

0
0
l

N = const, A = const, =const

z =

N
z + z T ,
EA

l =

N
l + l T .
EA

N (z )

l = z dz =
+ T dz .(17)
EA( z )

0
0

(18)

,
:
-

( )
.

.
31


(
), ,
.
,

() . , :

n - ( , )
s - ,
k = n s ,
k - () , k
.

, ,
, k ,
,
.

,
,
n.

.

( ).

32

Ni = 0 :
Ti = 0 :

n dAn z dAz cos = 0 ,

n dAn z dAz sin = 0 .

(1)

1
2

n = z cos 2 = z (1 + cos 2 ) ,
1
2

n = z sin cos = z sin 2 .

(2)

n max = n ( = 0) = z ; n max = n =

,
=
4
2

(3)

n = z ; n (0 ) = 0 .
4

(4)

, zy,

n1 , n 2 , n3 n 4 n1, n2, n3, n4

n1, n2, n3, n4 .

: 1 = , 2 = + 2, 3 = + , 4 = + 3 2, :

n1 = n3 n 2 = n 4 ,
n1 = n 2 = n3 = n 4 = .

(5)

n1 = n 2 = n3 = n 4 =
.

33

( ),
( ).

,
.

y
E

, :

1
x y ,
E
1
y = x + y ,
E
xy = 0.

x =

(6)

:
1.
2.

Ni = 0 :
Ti = 0 :

n dA + ( dA cos ) sin + ( dA sin ) cos = 0,

n dA ( dA cos ) cos + ( dA sin ) sin = 0.
34

(7)

n = 2 sin cos = sin 2 ,

n = cos 2 sin 2 = cos 2 ,

(8)

n = 0 : = 0 =
n = 0 : =

n max = : = m

n max = : = 0 =

= 4,
,
. ,
. ,
. .
(6), x , y ,
:

x = y = ,
x = y =

(1 + ),

(9)

xy = 0.

d
d d = d 1
= d (1 ) ,
d

d ' ' 2 d ' ' d (1 ) 1

tg =
=
=
=
.
4 2 d ' 2 d ' d (1 + ) 1 +

(10)

,
, tg
35

. :

tg

tg

1 tg

4
2 =
2 2 ,
tg =
4 2 1 + tg tg 1 + tg 2 +
4
2
2

(11)

1 2
=
,
1+ 2 +

(12)

= 2 .

(13)

(9)

E
= G ,
2 (1 + )
E
G =
2 (1 + )

= G

(14)

[F / L ] .
2

( )

. , ,
,
, .

.

,
:
, , , .

36

2. ()

.

,
, .
:

: M t = const [FL]], M t const [FL]]

, :

() : m = dM / dz

[FL / L]]

m t =
const. , m t = m t (z).

,
,
.
, , o
, .
37


M z = M t 0 , N = Tx = T y = 0 , M x = M y = 0 .

1.
- z 0 , zx 0 zy 0 , z = 0 ,
- z

2.
-
,
,
-
.

3. -

r = G r , R = G R .

(1)

A= A (z).
. ,

,
:
38

 zx dA = Tx = 0 ,

1.

zy dA = T y = 0 ,

2.

(x zy y zx )dA = z dA = M t .

6.

(2)

AA = d = ( ) dz

( ) =

d
= ,
dz

(3)

d
- ( ).
dz

z ( z , ) = G ( ) = G ( z ) .

(4)

(z)

z (z, )dA = M t (z ) ,

(5)

(4) (5),
:

( z ) =

M t (z )
,
G I 0 (z )

(6)

M (z )

=
max
.
G I 0 ( z ) max

M t (z) = M t = const,
G I0 (z) = G I0 = const,

( z ) = =
=
max

Mt

Mt
= const ,
G I0
max

G I0

.
39

 (z))

( z ) =

M t (z )
d ( z )
=
G I 0 (z )
dz

:
z

M t (z )
dz ,
(
)
G

I
z
0
0

( z ) = ( z ) dz =
0

:
l

M t (z )
dz .
(
)
G

I
z
0
0

(z = l ) = ( z ) dz =
0

(7)

M t (z) = M t = const G I0 (z) = G I0 = const, :

Mt
= const ,
G I0
Mt
(z ) = z =
z,
G I0
Mt
(z = l ) = l =
l [rad],
G I0

( z ) = =

(8)

(G I0) / l () .
z
(3)

z (z, ) =

M t (z )
. (: 0 R ( r) )
I 0 (z )

(9)

5.8

( z )max =

M t (z )
max ,
I 0 (z )

(10)

40

I 0 (z )

max

I 0 (z )
= W0 ( z ) [cm3] - .
r

(11)

( z )max =

M t (z )
,
W0 ( z )

(12)

M (z )

max = t .
W0 ( z ) max
:

I0 (z) = I0 = const,
W0 (z) = const,

max =

Mt

max

W0

..................................................................................................................................

M t (z )

d , A = A( z ) ,
W
(
z
)
0 max

max ( z ) =

Mt

max

W0

d ,

A = const .

M t (z )

d .
G

I
(
z
)
0

max

( z ) =
max

(13)

(14)

( )

M t ( z ) W0 ( z ) d - ,

(15)

M t ( z ) G I 0 ( z ) d - .

W0 ( z )

I 0 (z )

M t (z )

, W0

Mt

max

- ,

M t max
M t (z )
, I0
- .
G d
G d

(16)

(17)

...................................................................................................................................

41

max ( z ) =

M t (z )
d .
W0 ( z )

I 0 (z ) d 3 (z ) M t (z )
W0 ( z ) =
=

,
d (z ) 2
d
16
:

d ( z ) 3

16 M t ( z )

5M t ( z )

[cm].

(18)

W0 =

I0
d3
=
1 4 ,
d 2 16

= d0 d ,

d ( z ) 3

16 M t ( z )

d 1 4

5 M t (z )

d 1 4

) [cm].

(19)

( z )max =

M t (z )
d
G I 0 (z )

I 0 (z ) =

d 4 (z )
32

M t (z )
,
G d

d ( z ) 4

32 M t ( z )
[cm].
G d [rad cm]

(20)

42

 / m .
rad / cm, / m
rad / cm :

rad
o
=

cm
m 180 100

d ( z ) 4

32 M t ( z )

G d [rad cm] 1 4

) [cm].

(21)

.

-

,
,
.

:
-
,
- ,
.

43