CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Q: Define chemotherapy. Ans: The treatment of diseases by chemical compounds is known as chemotherapy. Q: Describe the two ways in which drugs prevent the attachment of natural substrate on active site of an enzyme. Ans: The drug attachment of natural substrate on active site on an enzyme can be prevented in two ways: (i) Catalytic action of enzymes (ii) Drug enzyme interaction Therapeutic action of Different Classes of Drugs Q : What are antacids? Give some examples. Ans : Over production of HCl in the stomach causes irritation and pain. Substances which neutralise the excess acid and raise the pH to an appropriate level in stomach are called antacids. e.g. sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide Q : What is the disadvantage of using antacids? Ans : Excessive use of bicarbonate can make the stomach alkaline and can trigger the production of even more acid. Metal hydroxides are better alternatives because of being insoluble, these dont increase the pH above neutrality. But these drugs cure only symptoms not the cause. Q : What is Histamine? Ans : Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It has various functions. It contracts the smooth muscles of blood vessels, etc. Histamine is responsible for nasal congestion associated with common cold and allergic response for pollen. Q : How are anti-histamines useful in controlling acidity? Ans: Histamine stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

These drugs prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach. As a result less hydrochloric acid is released. E.g. cimetidine(Tegamet), ranitidine (Zantac), Q : What are anti-histamines? Give some examples. Ans : The drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exerts its effects are called antihistamines or anti-allergic drugs. E.g. brompheniramine(Dimetapp), terphenadine(Seldane). Q : Why do above mentioned anhistamines does not effect the secretion of acid in stomach? Ans: Anti-allergic and antacid drugs work on different receptors. Q : What are neurologically active drugs? Ans : They affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. Tranquilizers and analgesics are neurologically active drugs. Q : What are tranquilizers? Ans : Drugs which are used for the treatment of stress, fatigue, mild and severe mental diseases. e.g., Chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate Note: Equanil is used for controlling depression and hypertension. Note: Noredrinalin is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a role in mood changes. If the level of noradrenalin is low for some reason then the signal sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from depression. In such situations anti-depressent drugs are required. These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noredrinaline. e.g. Iproniazid, phenelzine Q : What are analgesics? Classify them. Ans: Drugs which reduce pain without causing reduction of consciousness, mental confusion, paralysis, or any other disturbance of nervous system are called analgesics. These are classified as: 1. Non-narcotic drugs 2. Narcotic drugs

Q : What are non-narcotic (non-addictive) analgesics? Ans: They dont cause addiction, these are effective in relieving skeletal pain due to arthritis etc. These drugs show Anti-pyretic properties i.e. reduce fever and prevent blood coagulation. e.g. aspirin, paracetamol, novalgin, butazolidine Note : Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain. Aspirin finds use in prevention of heart attacks because of its anti-blood clotting action. Q : What are narcotic analgesics? Give some examples. Ans : Drugs which when administered in small doses relieve pain and cause sleep are called narcotics. These are chiefly used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and pains of terminal cancer, and in child birth. In large doses, they produce stupor(laziness), coma, convulsions, and may ultimately cause death. e.g. morphine, heroin, codeine etc. Q : What are antimicrobials? Classify them. Ans : Drugs which are used to cure diseases caused by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi etc are called antimicrobials. Antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs. Q : What are Antibiotics? Give some examples. Ans : Antibiotics are the chemical substances ( produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis), which in low concentration, either kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms by intervening in their metabolic process. e.g. salvarsan, protonsil, sulphanilamide etc. Q : Differentiate between broad spectrum, narrow spectrum and limited spectrum antibiotics. Ans : Antibiotics which kill or inhibit a wide range of Gram positive or Gram negative Bacteria are said to be broad spectrum antibiotics. E.g. chloramphenicol , ampicillin , amoxicillin etc Those antibiotics effective mainly against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria are narrow spectrum antibiotics. E.g. Penicillin G

And those effective against a single organism or disease are called limited spectrum antibiotics. Note : Chloramphenicol is given in case of typhoid, dysentery, acute fever, meningitis and pneumonia etc. Q : Classify the antibiotics. Ans: The antibiotics are broadly classified into: (i) Bacteriocidal: Bacteriocidal antibiotics kill the micro-organisms in the body. e.g. Penicillin, Ofloxacin, Aminoglycosides etc. (ii) Bacteriostatic antibiotics: They inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the body. e.g. Erythromycin, Tetracylin, Chloramphenicol Q : What are antiseptics and disinfectants? Ans : These are chemicals which either kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms. Q : Differentiate between antiseptics and disinfectants. Ans : Antiseptics are applied to living tissues such as wounds, cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces e.g. soframicine, furacine Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors, drainage system, instruments etc. e.g. Chlorine( 0.2-0.4 ppm in aq. solution ), sulphur dioxide (in very low concentration) Note : 1. Dettol (antiseptic) is a mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol 2. 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture is called tincture of iodine 3. 0.2 % solution of phenol is antiseptic and 1 % solution is disinfectant Q : What are anti-fertility drugs? Ans : Chemical substances which are used to check the pregnancy of woman are called anti-fertility drugs. e.g. Norethindrone, ethynylestradiol (novestrol)

Q: What are antipyretic drugs? Name one of them. Can it play other role also? Ans: Antipyretics are the medicines used to lower the temperature of the body in high fever. E.g. Paracetamol, crocin, aspirin The antipyretic can also play the role of analgesic i.e. it can relieve body pains. Q: Describe how allergic response is produced in the body. Write the role of an antihistamine. Ans: Allergy is a state of hypersensitivity characterised by difficult respiration and skin rashes. The substance that cause allergy is called allergin . When these come in contact with the cell to which a particular type of antibody is attached, antibody-antigen is formed. The formation of the later leads to the release of allergy mediators which are responsible for various allergy symptoms . Antihistamine: These are the drugs used to treat allergy. These drugs act by blocking one specific type of allergy mediator called histamine.

Chemicals in Food
Chemicals are added to food for : Their preservation Enhancing their appeal Adding nutritive value Main categories of food additives: Food colours Flavours and sweeteners Fat emulsifiers and stabilising agents Flavour improvers- anti-staling agents and bleaches Antioxidants Preservatives Nutritive supplements: vitamins, minerals, amino acids Etc

Q: What are artificial sweetening agents? Ans: The chemical substances which give sweetening effect to food but do not add any calorie to our body. Q: Why the diabetic patients are advised to take artificial sweetener instead of natural sweeteners? Ans: It is excreted from the body in urine unchanged. It appears to be entirely inert and harmless when taken. So its use is of great value to diabetic persons. Q: Give some examples of artificial sweetening agents. Ans : 1. Ortho-sulphobenzimide: (Saccharin): First popular artificial sweetening agent 550 times sweet as cane sugar Entirely inert and harmless when taken Excreted from the body unchanged USE: Extremely useful for diabetic patients who need to control calorie intake. 2. Aspartame : Most successful and widely used 100 times sweet as cane sugar Unstable at cooking temperature USE: Its use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks 3. Alitame: High potency sweetener ( 2000 times sweeter than cane sugar) More stable than aspartame Limitation: the sweetness of food cant be controlled

4. Sucrolose: Trichloro derivative of sucrose 600 times sweet as cane sugar Appearance and taste like sugar Stable at cooking temperature

 Does not provides calories Q: Define preservatives. Classify them. Ans: Chemical substances which are used to protect food against bacteria, yeasts and moulds are called preservatives. Preservatives are classified as class-I and class-II Q : Give names of some food preservatives. Ans : Table salt Sugar Vegetable oils Sodium benzoate ( used in limited quantities, metabolised in body) Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid

Cleansing Agents Q: Name the two types of detergents. Ans : Soaps and artificial detergents, these remove the fats which bind the other materials to the fabric or skin. Q : What are soaps? Ans : Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g. , stearic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acids Q : How are soaps prepared? Ans : Soaps are prepared by heating fat ( glyceryl ester of fatty acid ) with aq. Sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as Saponification.

In this reaction, esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained remains in colloidal form which is precipitated from the solution by adding sodium chloride. Note: The solution left after removing the soap contains glycerol, which can be recovered by fractional distillation. Note : Only sodium and potassium salts are soluble in water and are used for cleansing purposes. Note : Potassium soaps are soft to the skin, these can be obtained by using potassium hydroxide in place of sodium hydroxide. Q : Explain the various types of soaps. Ans : 1. Toilet soaps : are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils and care is taken to remove the extra alkali. Colour and perfumes are added to make these more attractive. 2. Floating soaps: Soaps that float on water are made by beating tiny air bubbles before their hardening. 3. Transparent soaps: are made by dissolving the soap in ethanol and then evaporating the extra solvent. 4. Medicated soaps: Substances of medicinal value are added. 5. Shaving soaps: contain glycerol to prevent drying. A gum, rosin is added while making them which forms sodium rosinate which lathers well. 6. Laundry soaps: contains filters like sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, borax and sodium carbonate. 7. Soap chips : are made by running a thin sheet of melted soap onto a cool cylinder and scrapping off the soaps in small broken pieces 8. Soap granules: are dried miniature soap bubbles.

9.

Soap powders and scouring soaps contain some soap, a scouring agent (abrasive) , such as powdered pumice or finely divided sand and builders like sodium carbonate and tri sodium phosphate. Builders make the soap act more rapidly.

Q : Why soaps not work on hard water? Ans : Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions

These ions form calcium and magnesium soaps respectively when sodium or potassium soaps are dissolved in hard water.

These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and cause hindrance to good washing because the precipitate adheres onto the fibre of the cloth as gummy mass Hence soaps do not work on hard water.

Q : What are synthetic detergents? Ans : Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents which contain all the properties of soaps but dont contain any soap. Detergents can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Some of the detergents give foam even in ice cold water. Q : Classify the artificial detergents. Ans : The artificial detergents can be classified as: 1. Anionic Detergents 2. Cationic Detergents 3. Non- Ionic Detergents

Q : What are anionic detergents? Ans : Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Alkyl hydrogen sulphates formed by treating long chain alcohols with conc. Sulphuric acid are neutralised with alkali to form anionic detergents. Similarly, alkyl benzene sulphonates are formed by neutralising alkyl benzene sulphonic acids with alkali.

In anionic detergents anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action. Note : Sodium salts of alkyl benzene sulphonates are an important class of anionic detergents. Use : household work and toothpastes. Q : What are cationic detergents? Ans : Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides, or bromides as anions. Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. Hence, these are called cationic detergents. e.g., Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (used in hair conditioners)

Q : What are non- ionic detergents? Ans : Non ionic detergents dont contain any ion in their constitution. e.g., when stearic acid reacts with polyethyleneglycol a non- ionic detergent is formed.

Note: Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type Q : What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? Give one example of each class. Ans: Detergents which have straight hydrocarbon chains are easily decomposed by micro-organisms are called biodegradable detergents. E.g. Sodium lauryl sulphate Detergents which have branched hydrocarbon chains are not easily degraded by the micro-organisms and are called nonbiodegradable detergents. e.g. Sodium 4- (1,3,5,7-tetramethyllocyl) benzene sulphonate Q : What is the advantage of soaps over detergents? Ans : If the hydrocarbon chain of detergent is highly branched, then bacteria cant degrade this easily. Slow degradation of detergents leads to accumulation. Effluents containing such detergents reach the rivers , ponds etc.

 These persist in water after sewage treatment and cause foaming in rivers, ponds and streams and their water gets polluted. Q : What is the advantage of detergents over soaps? Ans : Detergents can be used for cleaning cloths effectively with hard water but soaps cant be. Detergents can be used even in acidic solution but soap cant be. Q: Give one important use of the following: (i) Bithional : Added to soap to impart antiseptic properties (ii) Chloramphenicol : Broad spectrum antibiotic used to cure typhoid, dysentery, pneumonia etc. (iii) Streptomycin : is used for the treatment of tuberculosis. (iv) Paracetamol : Used to bring down high fever. (v) Formalin : AS an antiseptic and preservative. Q: What are antibodies? How do they fight against bacteria and virus? Ans: Whenever an infectious species (bacterium or virus) enters our body (blood), releases foreign substances called antigens. In response to antigens, the body produces specialised proteins called antibodies which defend the body against foreign infectious organisms.