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Lecture 1
AER 403: Aircraft Engines Design and Construction
Dr. Farouk Owis Dr. Associate Professor Cairo University Faculty of Engineering Aerospace Dept.

Aircraft Engines Design and Construction


Instructor: Dr. Farouk Mohamed Owis fowis@yahoo.com Lectures: 3 Hours Weekly on Thursday [8:30-10 bi-weekly] & [10:15-11:45 weekly] Section: 2 Hour Weekly Text Book: S. Dixon, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachines, 1998 (Available in the library)

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References
1. N. Cumpsty, Compressor Aerodynamics, 1989 (Available in the library) 2. R. I. Lewis, Turbomachinery Performance Analysis", 1996 (Available in the library) 3. J.L.Kerrbrock, Aircraft Gas Turbines and Engines, 1992 4. P.G.Hill, G.R.Peterson, of Mechanics Propulsion, and 1992 Thermodynamics

(Available in the library)

References Continued
5. J.D.Mattingly, Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, 2006. 6. H. Cohen, G.C.Rogers, H. Saravanamuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory, 1996

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Course Documents
Lectures, Assignments, Important Announcements, or other course documents will be posted on the following web site www.egypteducation.org Course key:4304 Everyone is recommended to sign up on this web site with his real name in order to have access to the course materials, his grades and receive e-mails about any possible news.

Course Objectives
To distinguish between the capabilities of different types of Turbomachines. To be able to conduct design analysis of axial flow compressors and turbines. To be able to predict compressor or turbine off design performance.

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Course Description
Intended Learning Outcomes of Course
Knowledge and Understanding

1- Basic knowledge of compressor and turbine cascade characteristics. 2- Stage analysis and effects of its parameters on compressor and turbine design point performance. 3- Analysis of multistage compressors and turbines. 4- Techniques to Estimate off design performance of compressors and turbines.

Course Contents
Introduction to Gas Turbine Engines (2- lectures) Types of turbomachiones and non-dimensional analysis (1- lect.) Basic equations (2-lect.) Introduction to turbomachines (Velocity triangles, 2-D cascades) 4-lect. Axial flow compressor stage analysis Axial flow compressor Performance Axial flow turbine analysis Axial flow turbine performance 3-D flow analysis in turbomachines

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Typical Fighter aircraft Jet Engine


Can you start the design process from here? Of course no. We start from broad consideration (concepts) and increase the level of detail layer after layer.

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Introduction to Gas Turbine Engines


Part 1: Classification of gas turbine engines Part 2: Overall GTE Performance

INTRODUCTION TO GTE
Jet engines are classified into two main categories:
1- Rocket Engines Fuel and Oxidizer are carried on the vehicle to reach higher altitudes with better efficiency. There are different categories for the rocket engines depending on the type of the propellants such as chemical rockets, nuclear rockets and electrical propulsion rockets

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INTRODUCTION TO GTE
2- Gas Turbine Engines Fuel only is carried on the vehicle that is why they are called air breathing engines. Thus GTE can travel much greater distances before refueling. It has also better efficiency than rocket engines but it has more complicated configurations.

Part 1: Classification of gas turbine engines


Turboprop GTE: main propulsive power is obtained by a propeller High and Low Bypass Turbofan GTE: Air stream into the engine is divided into several streams to enhance the engine efficiency at lower flight speeds. Propulsive power is obtained by a single (mixed turbofan engine) or multi jets. Turbojet GTE: propulsive power is obtained by the jet

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Schematic diagram of gas generator

Schematic diagram of a turbojet (dual axial compressor and turbine)

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Types of Gas Turbine Engines (GTE)


2 Spool Turbojet Engine with Afterburner (AB)

Turbofan Engines
In the turbofan, a portion of the turbine work is used to supply power to the fan. Generally the turbofan engine is more economical and efficient than the turbojet engine in the subsonic flight. The thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC, or fuel mass flow rate per unit thrust) is lower for turbofans and indicates a more economical

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2 Stream Turbofan Engine

1 Stream Turbofan Engine with AB

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1 Stream Turbofan Engine Reversed Flow Combustor

Turbofan Engines

Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines


A gas generator that drives a propeller is a turboprop engine. The expansion of gas through the turbine supplies the energy required to turn the propeller. The turboshaft engine is similar to the turboprop except that power is supplied to a shaft rather than a propeller. The turboshaft engine is used quite extensively for supplying power for helicopters.

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Direct Drive Turboprop Engine

Free Turbine Turboprop Engine

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Ramjet Engine
The ramjet engine consists of an inlet, a combustion zone, and a nozzle. The ramjet does not have the compressor and turbine as the turbojet does. Air enters the inlet where it is compressed and then enters the combustion zone where it is mixed with the fuel and burned. The hot gases are then expelled through the nozzle, developing thrust. The operation of the ramjet depends on the inlet to decelerate the incoming air to raise the pressure in the combustion zone. The pressure rise makes it possible for the ramjet to operate. The higher the velocity of the incoming air, the greater the pressure rise. It is for this reason that the ramjet operates best at high supersonic velocities. At subsonic velocities, the ramjet is inefficient, and to start the ramjet, air at a relatively higher velocity must enter the inlet

Schematic diagram of a ramjet

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