Ceaser adopted Octavian. Cleopatra pregnant w/ Ceasers child in Egypt.

Cleopatra had child placed in front of Ceaser in front of witnesses so he would be the heir to the Roman throne. Octavian unconcerned of Cleopatras son. Octavian says he is rightful heir, b/c adult, raised in Rome, and not influenced by foreign entities. Cleopatra says her son is the heir, because Ceasar rarely ruled from Rome and her son was his blood. Ceaser in his will gives the majority of his holdings, wealth, to the Roman citizens. Houses become public gardens, etc. Initially Mark Antony and Octavian seek out the assassins of Ceaser, Brutus, Ciscero, and others. And kill them. Mark Antony Believed he should be in control because he was Ceasers right hand man. Many military and plebians on his side. Octavian Majority of patricians support him. Third Triumverate Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus share power. Mark Antony takes Egypt/Judea Minor. Octavian takes Gaul and Italy. Lepidus takes N. Africa/Carthage. Mark Antony and Cleopartra become close. Have many children and had rejected Roman culture, adopted Egyptian culture and rumored to taken title of Pharoe. Octavian uses the rumors to start whispers in Senate that Antony rejected his culture. Antony and his wife, Octavia (Octavias sister), have a child and is summoned to Rome to see his daughter. Turns his back on his wife and refuses to dock in Rome and returns to Egypt putting Cleopatra an Egyptian above his Roman family. Octavian fights in Gaul and gains support of the military. At Actium, Octavians troops destroy Mark Antony and Cleopatras combined troops. Octavian marches into Egyptian palace, where Cleopatra is held up w/ Marc Antonys body (who dresses as a Legionaire) takes his sword and kills himself (to die as a true Roman). Her children are all taken prisoner and that she and her children will be taken to Rome and sign Egypt over as an official Roman colony. Cleopatra has a hand maiden sneak a cobra in to her, lets it bite her, and dies. Octavian is pissed he couldnt march Cleopatra to Rome. All Antonys and Cleos children except for Ceasers son make it back to Rome. Octavia ends up raising Antonys kids. After, he takes the title of Caeser and changes name to Augustus. Refuses title of Emperor and acts as a servant of the Senate. Makes sure not to change too many Roman institution so no one would get upset at having a King. Goes on high moral reform campaign to institute Cincinnatus type values back into Roman culture.

Caesar Augustus never had a son. His daughter Julia is married to a guy she doesnt love. She had affairs, but no one could catch her in an affair. Her sons looked like her husband. She made sure she never got pregnant by someoneelse, by only cheating when pregnant. None of Augustus grandchildren live to become the heir. Augustus adopts Tiberius, and chooses him to be the heir. Julio-Claudian Emperors - Tiberius 14-37 AD: Takes the best of Roman police and forms them into his own personal bodyguard, acts as buffer between emperor and everyone else. His heir, Caligula, has mental problems. Jesus crucified in 33 AD. - Caligula 37-41 AD: Very veign and falls in love with horse and has it bestowed as a Senator. Hes so far off his rocker and the guard stabs him 42 times. The guard likes Claudius and is confirmed by Senate. - Claudius 41-54 AD: Military commander. Three wives. 1st dies in childbirth. 2nd he loves, but is set up by 3rd wife to look as an adulterer. Third wife has Claudius adopt her son Nero who becomes heir. - Nero 54-68 AD: Hated and persecuted Christians. Didnt care who they worshiped, but the Roman emperor must be worshipped as a god. If you reject emperor as god you reject Rome. Eventually goes insane. Has affair with mother. Tries to have her killed, they end up fighting and the guard decide to kill them both. The Barrack Emperors 68-96 AD: 20 different Emperors. Only three die of natural causes. Trajan takes over in 96. The Good Emperors (Pax Romana (Roman Peace)) - Trajan 98-117 AD: Establishes a new house. Trajan begins to adopt generals that are as talented as he is to give Rome heir of good command. - Hadrian 117-138 AD: Extends Empire into Scotland. Builds Hadrians Wall separating Scotland and England. - Marcus Aurelius 161-180 AD: Commodus takes over after Aurelius. Which leads to more bad emperors. Value to Roman way of life begins to fail again. Allow people to buy their way into citizenship. People quit serving in the legions. And have to hire Mercanaries to keep up fighting force. Corruption of citizens, emperors, leads to deteriorating army. Bread and circuses distract the public keep them fat and entertained.

------------------------------------------------------------------------Leads to breakdown of provinces.

***Diocletian Says Empire is too big for one person to rule. 285 officially splits Rome into Eastern and Western Empires. West capital Ravenna. East capital Byzantium. West to speak Latin. East Greek. Sets up new ruling system called Tetrarchy. 4 rulers. 2 co-emperors of each side. Constantine Legions were running thin. Constantine realizes there needs to be unity to stand strong. East and West begin to fight. Has vision of symbol of Christianity. And paints it on his shield. McSencious falls into his own trap. Christian god helped him win. Edict of Milan Constantine grants religious toleration to any religion in Rome. Julian the Apostle Decides Constantines religious toleration was stupid. Outlawed Christianity. Declared them enemies of the state. And told the people to worship true Roman gods. But many of the upper-class had already converted to Christianity. Constantine spent most of his time in Constantinoplethe Senate, patricians, and wealth followed. The Bishop of Rome was the only real leader left in Rome.Bishop of Rome would end up becoming Pope. Theodosius Makes Christianity the official state religion. Says the Bishop of Rome is going to work for him. Different Bishops located in different big cities. Bishops began to argue over doctrine. Arguing over the Holy Trinity led to differences in doctrine. Arius of Alexandria His followers called Arians (not Nazi version). Popular in Egypt. The Holy Trinity is three separate entities. God was the most powerful. Jesus was lesser in power. Trinitarians Say that God the Father, Jesus the Son, and The Holy Spirit are separate but all a part of the same trinity and united in the same power. Constantine calls a meeting at Nicea, Greece. Council of Nicea. All the bishops of all the areas arrivedand the winner was the Trinitarians. Arius declared a heretic and Arianism was outlawed. Another major debate occurred in the 500s; Heresay of Monophytism. What type of nature did Christ have? One divine parent, one human. Does it make him human? Or God? Or Hybrid of the two? Called a Council at Chalcedon. Monophytism Christ was the son of god. God is the fatherand the father trumps the motherso Jesus is a God on Earth. The other side said that while Jesus was here he was a man. Monophysites lost.

The Emperor Justinian agrees to abide by the ruling. His wife, Theodora, who was pro-Monophysite. Despite the outlaw of Monophysite, she still practices Monophysite. Barbarians end up liking Rome, but were not granted citizenship. Barbarians begin to take as much money out of Rome as possible. Tribal cheiftan will give Rome a ultimatium. Give money, or they will attack and sack the city. In 412 a leader of a tribe, Alaric, tries to do the same thing; but Rome was poor. Lays siege to Rome, breaches the city, sacks the city. More time goes by. Romulus Augustulus Western Emperorwas a puppet Emperor controlled by the Germans. Resigned and disappeared. No official Emperor in the west in 476. Eastern Empire was still rich and strong. If you lived in the West you would all the East the Byzantine Empire. Justinian Firmly first Byzantine Emperor. While he is Emperor he gives an order that all known Roman law should be collected and put in one code of law called the Corpus Juris Civilis (or the Body of Law). Gives an order to create the Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), a mega-Christian church. Until St. Peters was constructed, the Hagia Sophia was the largest Christian church ever created. Created many other large architecture buildings. Also wanted to raise an army to reconquer the west. His Wife Theodora Commoner. Father, was a bear trainer in a circus. Justinian wasnt emperor when he met her. As soon as he sees her he falls in love, marries her. She wore the pants in the relationship. Theodora rules with Justinian as a coruler. Nika Riots Hippodrome Huge track for chariot races. Factions (teams) broken down by color. Blues and Greens. Corisponded to political parties. Justinian is a Blue. There were some murders that happened between the Blues and the Greens. Justinian has a trial and sentence the people involved, the ones sentenced to die by hanging are the Greens. When this happens at the next race, some of the Greens to be hanged escapetake refuge in the churchthe mob wants the criminals exonerated and gets restless and begins to riot. Burn the palace. Justinian doesnt know if the legions can arrive in time and thinks he may have to escape. Theodora says they arent leaving, because he will never get the throne back. She says purple is a good color to die in. Justinian buys time by telling the mob he is going to give into their demandsand that they will meet at the Hippodrome to hammer out the details. The Legions arrive in time and are told to put the rebels in the Hippodrome down. 30,000 people are killed. Despite trying to regain the West, they have to contend with Islam.

PRIMARY: Signifigance of Pope Urban II speech is that he is calling for the first crusades Islam. In Medina, a trader, Mohammed in 610 he gets a series of visions of the Angel Gabriel speaking to him. Angel commands him to write down the will of Allah. Over the next few years, his followers write the messages in the Koran. Portions from the Old Testament, some from the New Testament, but breaks because Jews say they are the chosen people. Christians say they are the new chosen people because Jews had lost their way. Mohammed says Christians were the chosen people but they hadnt done what they were supposed to do; so God made his last chosen people with Islam. Koran acknowledges Jesus was real, holy, and a prophet; but not son of God. The reason why Mohammed was chosen, was because he was a descendant of Abraham. Mohammed says the covenant was carried through Ismael, not Issac. Ismael and his mother, a hand maiden, were cast out to Mecca. The five pillars of faith. 1. Allah is the one true god, and Mohammed is his prophet. 2. Pray towards to holy city of Mecca five times a day. 3. Must give to the poor. (Called Alms). Through zakat (paid to government to help pooror for jihad... 4. Ramadan. Holy month in September. From Dawn till Dusk, you must fast. 5. Must go on pilgrimage to Mecca. The Kaaba. Holy Building on site of where Abraham was to sacrifice his son. Jihad All must convert. You can convert through 3 waysthe swordor pay more tax if youre a brother religion (Jew, Christian, Hindu). Fight. Offensive Jihad Unprovoked attack can only be called by the Caliph (political head). Caliph a blood descendant of Mohammed. Last known blood descendant disapeered during around 1230. Defensive Jihad Holy war. When Islam is attacked a true believer will take up arms to defend it. 622 Mohammed moves from Mecca to Medina start of Islamic calendar As Islam spreads it runs into the Byzantine Empire When Islamic forces push into southern France, it is a defining moment in history. Aisha one of Mohammeds wives. She is unable to give him a son. Fatima Mohammeds favorite child married Ali; who some said should be the successor. 632 Mohammed dies two ideas of who should be the successor.

Sunnis: Gained majority control; dont need direct bloodline to Mohammed to lead. Shiali Shiites: Shiites Levant middle east, holy land. The division hurts them in trying to attack the Byzantines. 900s Byzantines hit a low point, and Islam got their act together and began attacking and conquering Byzantine territories; trying to take Constantinople (the gateway to Christian Europe). Roman law, Germanic custom, gives birth to the medieval kingdoms. The Dome of the Rock Located in Jerusalem Where Mohammed climbed after he died to ascend to heaven. Pilgrimage visits to holy sites to pray. As Islam has more victories and begin getting closer to Constantinoplein 1070 in Manzikert; the Byzantines are completely slaughtered. Byzantines said they would make a stand. After 1071 Byzantines territories are reduced to just around Constantinople. ----------------------------------

DARK AGES video notes 410 AD Rome is over-taken by the Visigoths For three days the capital is ravaged, and building burned to the down. Germanic slaves overtake their captors. Alaric of the Visigoths is the leader; 2 yrs earlier; Alarics forces are hungry and their men surround Rome and block any shipments of food coming in. Suffered for 2 yrs; on order of an aristocrat the gates were opened and the city was sacked. Small pox and measles entered Rome in early 3rd century Rome had to hire Barbarian Mercanaries such as Alaric to protect them Goths were treated horribly by Roman command Alaric died of fever in 410 shortly after the saking of Rome

Rome was shattered into thousands of pieces held by Goths, Franks, Britons, and many different Barbarian tribes that wanted to collect them all. Wide spread violence, diseases, and superstition. Many roman roads, buildings, etc; were dismantled or left to decay Education, architecture, and other staples of Roman civilization declined In France; King Clovis renounced his pagan routes and chooses Christianity cementing Roman Catholicism into Frankish territories. Christianities hope of eternal peace was very attractive to those suffering in the Dark Ages 313 AD Constantine legalizes Christianity Clovis conversion gave him new allies and allowed him to connect with the newly conquered territories Clovis died in 511 AD In the East: 533 AD Romans march from Byzantine Constantniople to recapture lands in the west. When the Empire was split In the East life went on as usual, water from fountains, chariot races, gladiators 527 Justinian wants to reunite the empire As Roman forces begin taking over in the west; Justinian in Constantinople builds the Hajia Sophia (great cathederal) In 542 he had taken over Egypt Greece, Italy, Middle East, etc. Bubonic Plague 25 to 50 percent of the population in Urban areas killed. Chills vomiting, increase sensitivity to light, pain in groin, joints, and tumors would develop all over the body. May of 542 Constantinople starts to get infected and in four months it had reached its peak Justinian caught it but survived; scared him mentally and physically. Up to half of the empires population up to 100 million were killed due to the plague

Throughout 6th and 7th centuries new outbreaks would devastate other territories Byzantine Empire couldnt financially substain the Empire. Monks dont speak because speaking is excercising your free will; believe your will is what leads you to sin Charles Martell nicknamed The Hammer Christian Franks vs. Muslim Moors Moors saw Europe as Easy prey; barbarians fough amongst each other 50,000 men, had a great calvary, the Moors Tore through southern france in 732 Frankish commander Charles The Hammer Martell stands to defend Christianity against Islam Takes proactive steps to confront the Moors The Hammer knew he couldnt take on the Moors w/o a well trained and funded army Abdul Rachman commander of the Moors army Hammer convinced Church to fund Frankish army After standing guard for 7 days Abdul orders attack on the Franks Hammers infantry stands like a wall Charles secures his victory by sending troops to Muslim camp and steal the plunder they had taken from previous territories Overnight the Moors withdrew after Abdul was killed; and Charles was credited as the savior of Christianity in Europe. Over the next 7 decades Martells descendants transform his kingdom into an Empire Charlemagne Pope crowns Charlemagne King of Franks as new Roman Emperor in 800 AD Gives birth again to education, reinvigorates economy France, Germany, Holland, Switz, Polland, Italy; Charlemagne held command of

Founder of Holy Roman Empire In 768 Charlemagnes father passes and the Kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Three years they ruled two halves of the empire; the brother passes; and Charlemagne takes over at 24. Launched over 50 campaigns to gain territory and save souls Conquered would be subjected to convert or be killed Bloody Verdict of Verdun Germans caught worshiping pagan gods are murdered and the river alde? Runs red with blood Throughout his reign he built schools; and also devoted his time to learn how to read and write. On Christmas Day in St. Petersburg Basilica 800 he was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empireruled for 14 years.

1000s Knights were more thugs; private armies of local lords. Used mainly to rough up peasants to accept their lords and live by their rule. The Peace of God and the Truce of God Peace of God proclaimed peasents, widows, priest who cannot defend themselves should not be attacked by knights Truce of God proclaimed that during certain times such as Sundays, holy days, etc. No one should be attacked by nights. After Viking invasions armies were restless and ready to fight. First crusade was in the making. 1095 Pope Urban II calls for Crusade 8 generations of fighters fought for Jeruselum; Europe returned from Crusades with vasts amounts of knowledge from medical, to Aristotle, and old languages etc. Spurned a rebirth of architecture and trade Roads were rebuilt. Around 1,000 there is a growth in population in western Europe

12th and 13th centuries grew universities, laws and legal systems, gothic architecture.