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Nano-CEMMS
Value of Water
Low Cost: Cheapest, highest quality product produced Impact Huge: Energy, agriculture, livestock, industry, homes, health, and national security. Affects EVERY Aspect of Economy: More water, higher quality, lower cost, more wealth Traditional Concerns: Safety and health
HARD TO OVERESTIMATE IMPORTANCE, BUT TAKEN FOR GRANTED BY MANY IN THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD: THIS WILL CHANGE, EVERYONE EVERYWHERE WILL BE AFFECTED IF WE FAIL TO PROVIDE CLEAN WATER.
Coverage in 2002
Consumption, withdrawal, and discharge: As population growth pushes consumption higher, water supplies will become more stressed, and withdrawals and discharges will affect life of rivers and lakes, and overall environment more.
Coverage in 2002
We need to consider drinking water and sanitation together, not separately as in the U.S. with centralized systems. Need a plan for sustaining the operation and treatment of drinking water and sanitation.
~80% of industrial & domestic ~20% from irrigation and use can be reclaimed. livestock can be reclaimed.
Sources: WRI (2000)
Current centralized water purification systems, though, are capital, energy, and chemically intensive, and new systems are not sustainable or affordable for huge numbers of people on earth. Central water source and piped distribution are similar to oldstyle telegraph communications.
New water purification technologies using point-of-source supply, point-of-discharge, and point-of-use systems, which can greatly benefit from nanotechnololgy.
New paradigm similar to wireless communications with distributed access, and can help supply more access at lower-cost. Nanotechnology can GREATLY IMPROVE how clean water is supplied and sanitation discharged Can change everything
Move away from homogeneous chemical mixer systems to heterogeneous chemistry systems: catalysts, separators, absorbers, membranes (passive and active), biochemical,Most nanoscale Move away from chemical oxidants and reductants to self-generated chemicals: Recovery of chemicals from wastewater nutrients, ammonia, methane, Less exogenous energy: More use of sunlight and energy from wastewaterquantum confinement.
Develop bio-inspired processes for detection of contaminants and pathogens (including viruses) in water, and separation of contaminants and salts. Doing it with DNA/nanoparticles.
Berkeley Develop Sandia new Livermore probes LLNL of material UCLA response Membrane Bioreactors for wastewater reuse
New MAST MWRDGC MIT materials to I/UCRC Notre Dame inactivate University Yale viruses and of Illinois Rutgers pathogens EPA Rose NRMRL Hulman Sensing viruses in water and Sandia Clark Atlanta determining if Albuquerque they are infective Michigan Improved membrane separation processes Destroying pathogens with sunlight
Groundwater 0.76%
Swamps 0.0008%
For water with 34,000 ppm TDS: 50% water recovery min Elec. 1.77 W hr/liter best Elec. 2.22 Whr/liter 80% water recovery min Elec. 5 W hr/liter best Elec. 8.40 Whr/liter
But Physical Limit is only 0.8 Whr/liter for full recovery (no residual)