Spain Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water: Innovative Processes and Practices For Wastewater Treatment and Re-Use - Ankara University

Course on Innovative Processes and Practices for Wastewater Treatment and Re-use
Solar disinfection of drinking water
Dr. Pilar Fernndez Ibez pilar.fernandez@psa.es CIEMAT Plataforma Solar de Almera
-1Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
Contents
1. Introduction 2. Standard disinfection processes 3. Solar disinfection 4. Water disinfection with TiO2/UV 5. Fundamental parameters 6. Disinfection mechanisms 7. Solar reactors 8. Experiences on disinfection at PSA
Water availability
70% of the surface of the Earth has water 2,5 % freshwater 1 % human consumption
Water disinfection needs

Microbial contamination of potable water due to the lack of an appropriate treatment of waste water is now a days a very important problem, especially in regions of developing countries. Water is the main vehicle of distribution of many waterborne diseases. Water was responsible for big epidemics in the world like tiphus and cholera. WHO recognised the disinfection as one of the most important barriers for protection of public health.
Access to water in the World in 2025

Everybody might have access to safe water to satisfying main needs of drinking water consume, clean, food production and energy at a reasonable cost. The water suply for these needs has to be done in a sustainable way.
Water disinfection issue

Causes of the problem: problem
Lack of adecuated systems for water treatment and purification. Scarcity of rainwater. Restricted access to water resources due to contamination of hydric resources. Lack of adequated intallations Percentage of disinfected water for water storage. in rural areas of Latinamerica. Lack of effective and adequate water distribution systems. Etc.
Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Contents
Disinfection of water
Desinfection: killing or inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. Indicators: bacteria total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Standard methods: Chlorine Chloramine Ozone UV(C) light -8Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
Water Disinfection
Disinfection techniques
Physiscal removal of microorganisms Coagulation and sedimentation Filtering Fast filtering Sand filtering Active carbon Membrane filtering Microorganism inactivation (death) Chlorination Ozonation High efficiency for virus and bacteria UV(C) disinfection Widely oxidative years Highly used: 100 Technologies under THM and effect: 254 nm.research Expensiveother carcinogenics Germicidal Flavour generationby-products Bromateto water Photocatalysis No generates toxic (toxic) In-situElectrophotocatalysis generation Non-oxidative Not feasible with natural light Photosensitation Expensive water disinfection Solar
Widely used Expensive Do not really destroy microorganisms

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Clasification , 1999 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Chlorination
Gas chloride, sodium and calcium hypochlorite
Advantages Highly germicidal Residual effect Bacterial re-growth control Disadvantages Generation of toxic by-products Bad odour and taste to water Dangerous reactivity with NOM
Ozonation
Ozone (from Air or Oxygen)
Advantages Require low doses and contact times (300-3000 faster than chlorine) Non-generation of THM, except for the presence of Bromide. Disadvantages Non-residual effect Potentially toxic by-products In situ generation Immediately used Expensive O&M Technically complex
UV-C disinfection
UV-C lamps
Advantages Easy O&M Non-generation of toxic by-products Disadvantages Non-residual effect Uneffective against protozoan Limited disinfectant effect by colour, turbidity and suspended matter Bacterial re-growth if genetic material is not destroyed
UV-C disinfection
Disinfection mechanism with UV-C radiation
UV-C disinfection
More resistant
Less resistant Required UV-C dose to reach a 90% of inactivation with different microorganisms (adapted from Bitton, 2005).
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Contents
Solar disinfection: SODIS

Solar radiation itself has not germicidal effect. Nevertheless, the synergistic effect of solar (UV-A) radiation and thermal heating of water under solar exposure has an important disinfectant capacity so-called SODIS or Solar Disinfection.
10 TC [CFU/100mL]
5
Temperature 60
10 From 1958 it is known that solar 50 photons with wavelenghts 40 10 T(C) between 300 y 500 nm may inhibit the reproduction capacity 30 10 of a variety of microorganisms. 20
3 2
10 10
total coliforms
10
0 Photo-repair mechanisms80are also well Caslake et al., Appl. Environ. known in bacteria (no 0 20 40 60 100 Dose UV-A [J/m ] Microbiol. 2004, 70, 11451150 virus) in the same spectral range (1967). -162
Solar disinfection
When inactivation is done under constant irradiation conditions: Disinfection kinetics (also for disinfecting agents like chlorine, UV, etc.) obeys to a first order kinetics, Chick Law:
Nt: concentration of viable microorganisms at time t. K: constant of disinfection rate. This relationship under solar radiation changes to:
Gill & McLoughlin, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, 2007.
Solar disinfection
Experimental time is used to compare results when lamps are used. When solar radiation drives the process, we can use the following evaluation parameters: a) QUV: cumulative UV energy during exposure time per unit of volume of treated water (J l-1).
b) UV Dose: UV energy received per unit surface during exposure time (J m-2).
DoseUV = UVG,n tn
c) UV Energy: total UV energy received during exposure time (J).

EnergyUV = UVG,nA tn
Water Disinfection
WATERBORNE PATHOGENS
VIRUS Poliovirus Hepatitis A Parvovirus Adenovirus Rotavirus BACTERIA Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter Vibrio Escherichia coli PROTOZOA Giardia lamblia Entamoeba histolytica Crystosporidium HELMINTHS Taenia saginata Ascaris lumbricoides Schistosoma
Inactivation
Solar disinfection: SODIS
www.sodis.ch (EAWAG, Switzerland)

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10
Solar disinfection of E. coli

Viability under Natural solar radiation at PSA <UVA>=48 W 20C m-2
3.5 kJ
McGuigan et al., J. Applied Microbiology 2006, 101, 453-463. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Solar disinfection of pathogenic bacteria
E. coli
Kehoe et al., Letters in Applied Microbiology 2004, 38, 410414. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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11
Solar disinfection of C. Parvum oocysts
Mice Infectivity Solar simulator: 830 W m-2, 40C

McGuigan et al., J. Applied Microbiology 2006, 101, 453-463.
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Solar disinfection of Fusarium spores
Concentration (CFU/mL)
1000
100
10
F. equiseti F. antophilum F. verticillioides F. solani F. oxysporum

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
QUV (kJ/L)
Under natural solar radiation Wild fungal spores
Ankara University 8-11 October 2007 C. Sichel, et al. Appl. Cat. B: Environ. 74 (2007) 152-160.
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12
Resistance relative to the solar radiation of several microorganisms versus E. coli
Gill & McLoughlin, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, 2007.

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Contents
13
AOPs
Oxidation AOPs are based on generation of a highly oxidative species. ref. HgCl2 OH) The AOPs that produce hydroxyl radicals ((V) are the most Fluorine 2.23 efficient. Hydroxyl radical Oxygen Hydrogen peroxide Peroxide radical Permanganate Hypobromite acid Chloride dioxide Hypochlorite acid Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Species
potential
2.06 1.78 1.31 1.25 1.24 1.17 1.15 1.10 1.00 0.80 0.54
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AOPs - OH
H2O2/O3/UV H2O2/O3/UV H2O2/O3 H2O2/O3 O3/UV O3/UV -rays -rays
OH
Supercritical Supercritical Water Oxydation Water Oxydation
UV/TiO2/H2O2 UV/TiO2/H2O2
Photocatalytical Photocatalytical processes processes UV/Fe+3/H2O2 UV/Fe+3/H2O2
Solar photocatalysis
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14
AOPs - OH
Terrestrial and extraterrestrial solar spectrum (48.2 zenit angle)
2200
2 Direct Normal Irradiance (W/m m)
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400
IrradianciaSolar Estraterrestrial Irradiance Estraterrestrial solar irradiance
O3 H2 O O3 O2 H2 O O/CO2
Direct solar irradiance IrradianciaSolar Directa estndar overlathe Earth surface sobre superficieterrestre(ASTM E891-87, para 1.5) (Air Mass:Masade Aire = 1,5)
H2 O/CO2
200
H2 O
O2
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8
Wavelength (m)
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AOPs - OH
Several semiconductors may act as photocatalisyts
High UV absorptivity
ZnS (3.7 eV) ZnO (3.2 eV) TiO2 (3.05-3.25 eV) (3.05Fe2O3 (2.2 eV) CdO (2.1 eV), etc.
High adsorption rate of many contaminants Redox potential (EBV-EBC) adequate for organics oxidation High photocatalytic activity Resistant to photo-corrosion Recyclable (re-usable) Inocuos Easy to handle Low cost and high production
15
AOPs - OH
Heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductor oxides
The photoexcitation of semiconductor particles promotes an electron from the valence band to the conduction band thus leaving an electron hole in the valence band; in this way, electron/hole pairs are generated. EBG (TiO2) = 3.05-3.25 eV Photon: E = h h > EBG < 300-390 nm (5-7% Solar spectrum) e/h+ recombination e/h+ separation h + + H O OH + H + 2
e + O2 O2
TiO2 h TiO2 ( e + h + )
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AOPs - OH
h 3.2 eV h TiO2 e-/h+ eBC- hBV+ O2 O2- H2O e
-
Recombination
Red1 Oxid1
Oxid2 Red2
OH + H+ Recombination
AQUEOUS PHASE
Photo-oxidation
h + + Re d 2 ,ads Ox2 ,ads
e + Ox1,ads Re d1,ads
Before catalyst phoytoexcitation, Red2 and Ox1 species have to be previously adsorbed on the catalyst surface to avoid recombinations of e-/h+ pais.
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16
TiO2-UV disinfection
The first contribution on water disinfection using TiO2 assisted photocatalysis was done by Matsunaga in 1985. Up to now: - Electrophotocatalyisis and photocatalysis with TiO2 20 Scientific publications on - supported and slurry TiO2 TiO photocatalytic water disinfection - Lamps and solar radiation
Indexed journals publications
2
15
1.0
Fotocatalysis-P25 Without catalyst
0.8 Ratio Viable Cell
10
0.6
C0=1000 CFU/mL 1mg/mL TiO2 Lamp: 320-420 nm
0.4
0.2
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
0.0
Year
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Irradiation time, min
M. Bekblet, Water Science & Technology 35 (1997) 95-100.
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TiO2-UV disinfection
BACTERIA: Enterococcus faecalis (Gram+)
Escherichia coli (Gram-)
1 m
1 m
VIRUS AND BACTERIOPHAGE: Poliovirus 1, Phage MS2 (RNAbacteriophage)
CANCER CELLS: HeLa cells (cervical carcinoma), T24 (bladder cancer), U937
(leukemia).
FUNGI AND YEATS:
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Conidia Neurospora crassa
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment IWA Publishing, 2004. D.M. Blake et al., Separation and Purification Methods, 28 (1999) 1-50.
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Contents
Fundamental parameters
Irradiation Continuously irradiation has a higher efficiency than intermitent exposure (TiO2 P25 1g/l).
1.E+08
Bacterial survival (CFU/ml)
1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 10 20 30 40
30 minutes of interrumped illumination
30 minutes of continuous irradiation
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time (min)
Rincn, A.G and Pulgarin C. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 44 (2003), 263 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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18
Concentration of catalyst Initial inactivation rate increases with the catalyst concentration until it reaches a certain value, due to the light screening efect.
1.E+08 Bacterial survival CFU/ml 1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 20 40 60 80 100
400W/m2 0.25 g/l 0.5 g/l 0.75 g/l 1g/l 1.5 g/l
Time (min)
The light screening effect depends on the intensity of radiation and on the initial bacteria concentration. -37-
Rincn, A.G and Pulgarin C. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 44 (2003), 263 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
Post-irradiation events 30 min. exposure to solar simulator radiation: certain inactivaton and a later bacterial regrowth in the dark was observed. The post-irradiation effect depends on light intensity.
1.E+09
dark
Bacterial survival CFU/ml
1.E+08
1.E+07
400 W/m
1.E+06
1.E+05
1000 W/m
1.E+04 0 60 120 180
240
300
Total time (min)
360
420
480
540
1600 600 660
720
3600 780
Rincn & Pulgarn, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 49 (2004) 99112 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Post-irradiation events The post-radiation effect after photocatalytic treatment provokes a bacterial abatement in the dark.This effect is directly influenced by the radiation intensity.
1.E+09 1.E+08 1.E+07
Bacterial survival CFU/ml
2 400 Wm
dark
1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 40
2 1000 W/m
80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 4001600 480 520 560 3600 440 600 Total time (min)
Rincn & Pulgarn, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 49 (2004) 99112 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Contents
20
Disinfection mechanisms
Effects of biocidal agents on cells
e cid Bio
External cell wall
Inactivation (cidal effect)
Inhibition
DNA Structural proteins
Wastewater microbiology. Gabriel Bitton, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 3rd Ed., 2005. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
Cytoplasmatic membrane Enzymes
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Bacterial inactivation under solar radiation
Indirect action Direct action UV absorption by DNA molecules of microorganisms
UV
Photocatalytic effect of TiO2 attacks the cell membrane.

H2O TiO2
OH
Decrease of Coenzyme-A levels by photo-oxidation, which induces celular death.
21
Photocatalytic inactivation
Adsorbed TiO2
O2- OH
IS M M IC R O O R G A N
suspended TiO2
Solar UV OH
h+
e-/h+ TiO2
eVery small particles of TiO2
O2- 40 nm TiO2
300 nm
>1m cells
TiO2-aggregates
Malato, Fernandez-Ibez y Blanco, J. Solar Energy Engineering 129 (2006) 1-12.
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AFM image of E. coli cells on a TiO2 film
Light intensity: 1.0 mW/cm2
Without radiation
6 days of exposure
Cylindrical shape Size 12.5 m
Complete cell decomposition
K. Sunada et al. J. Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 6221 (2003) 17 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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22
Scheme of photo-destruction (TiO2) process
1) Partial destruction of external cell wall: partial viability lost.
2) Reactive species reach the cytoplasmatic membrane.
3) Reactive species attack the lipidic membrane: cell death.
K. Sunada et al. J. Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 6221 (2003) 17 Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Adsorption of TiO2 on E. coli cells

TiO2-aggregate in contact with E. coli
Composition of cell membrane favours contact with the catalyst.

D. Gumy et al. Appl. Cat. B: Environ., 63 (2006) 76-84. J. Kiwi and V. Nadtochenko, Langmuir 2005, 21, 4631-4641.
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Adsorption of TiO2 on Fusarium spores

TiO2-aggregates in contact with F. equiseti
TiO2
Macroconidia of F. Equiseti before and after the photocatalytic treatment (5h)
Ankara University 8-11 October 2007 C. Sichel, et al. Appl. Cat. B: Environ., 74 (2007) 152-160.
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Adsorption of TiO2 on Fusarium spores

TiO2-aggregates in contact with F. solani
Chlamydospores de F. solani before and after 6h of photocatalytic treatment.
TiO2
C. Sichel, Phytopathology, submitted, 2007.
24
Contents
Lab Photo-reactor
Lamp (UV/VIS) IR filter Photo-reactor Refrigeration Matraz Sensors Pump

pH T
25
Requirements for solar photocatalytic reactors

Chemical resistance to water, pH, without reagents changing. Flow guaranteed at minimal pressure and maximal homogeneisation. Efficient distribution of UV radiation from the solar collector to the fluid media. Resistance to temperatures lightly high: 40-50C. Robust and resistant to environmental condictions. Easy handling, low cost operation and maintenance (modular systems). Cheap and accesible.
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Development of solar collectors

Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC)
After middle 90s the Compound Parabolic Collector or CPC was technologically developed. CPC concentrates all the incoming radiation within an acceptance angle (2a) over the recector (fluid), which leads to a Concentration Factor of 1 when a = 90. The CPC recovers all the UV radiation (direct and diffusse) received in the aperture area of the solar collector.
Partial view of Solar Chemistry facilities at PSA, Almera (CIEMAT)
26
Experiences at pilot plant

Prototype of solar reactor
- Solar radiation - Photo-reactor (solar collector) - Tank - Air - Sensor - Pump - Additives - Catalyst
Isometric scheme
SOLARDETOX project, Brite Euram, European Commission (1997-2000) Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Experiences at pilot plant

SOLWATER project, INCO Programme, European Commission (2002-2005)
17 c m 5 ,5
ic ct r E le x Bo
Tank F 50 cm P
,5 90 cm
100 cm
P: pump F: Flowmeter T: Termocouple

30 cm
Compact module of solar photo-reactor
27
Optical development of CPC for disinfection

Application of Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) using new geometries for several configuration of the catalyst (AO SOL, Portugal).
50 mm
50 mm
Cylindrical Support in a CPC reactor (Ahlstrom paper)
Flat support with a special geometry (patent pending) solar collector
Contents
28
Protocol for solar experiments

1. Catalyst preparation. 2. Solar collector covering. 3. Inoculation of culture & recirculation. 4. TiO2 adding dispersed in small volume. 5. Remove the cover. 6. Experiment starting. 7. Average solar UV energy per unit of time and surface (WUVm-2) incoming the photo-reactor.
Irradiated collector surface

Solar Disinfection of E. coli in a CPC reactor
10
4
Concentration (CFU/mL)
Q UV(60min) = 0 kJ/L Q UV(60min) = 0.8 kJ/L 10

3
Q UV(60min) = 2.2 kJ/L Q UV(60min) = 3.3 kJ/L
10
0.125 m 0.25 m
2
Q UV(60min) = 6.5 kJ/L
10
0.50 m
0.75 m
2
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Time, min
Fernndez-Ibez et al. Catalysis Today, 101 (2005) 345-352. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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29
Catalyst disposal
Disinfection with TiO2 of E. coli in a solar CPC reactor
100000
10000
No catalyst
C, CFU/mL
1000
Fixed TiO 2 (19,3 g/m ) Fixed TiO 2 reused
100
Slurry TiO 2 (50 mg/L)

10 0 1 2 3 4 5
Q UV, kJ/L
Fernndez-Ibez et al. Catalysis Today, 101 (2005) 345-352. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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Reactor flow rate

Disinfection of E. coli with immobilised TiO2 in a CPC reactor
8 GinaFit model 2Lmin 5Lmin 10Lmin
Log (concentration)
Experimental data 2L/min 5L/min 10L/min 0 1 2 3 4
Q UV (kJ/L)
C. Sichel, et al. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 189 (2007) 239-246. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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30
Matrix of the water

Solar disinfection of E. coli in a CPC reactor
10
6
E.coli survival (CFU/mL)
10 10 10 10 10
Real (well) water + solar radiation (CPC)
reactor1 reactor2
10
Distilled water + solar radiation (CPC) 2L/min 10 L/min
10
12
14
QUV (kJ/L)
Solar disinfection for real water is slower and less efficient than for distilled water. This graph shows the tailing effect attributed to resistant colonies of -61bacteria.
Weather conditions
Solar disinfection of F. antophilum with slurry TiO2
10
4
Sunny day (March 22 2006) solar-only sunlight+TiO2
nd
Hourly average UV irradiance Cumulative UV dose 1000
50
SUNNY DAY
F. antophilum (CFU mL )
600 10
2
30
UV Irradiance (W m-2)
UV Dose (kJ m-2)
10
800
40
-1
Max. UV Irradiance: 42 Wm-2 Max. UV Dose: 750 kJm-2
400 10
1
20
200 10
0
10
0 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Local Time
C. Sichel, et al. Catalysis Today 2007, in press.
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31
Weather conditions
Solar disinfection of F. antophilum with slurry TiO2
10
4
Cloudy day (March 21 2006) solar-only sunlight+TiO2
st
Hourly average UV irradiance Cumulative UV dose
1000
50
F. antophilum (CFU mL )
CLOUDY DAY
10
3
-1
UV Irradiance (W m-2)
800
40
600 10
2
UV Dose (kJ m-2)
30
Max. UV Irradiance: 25 Wm-2 Max. UV Dose: 380 kJm-2
400 10
1
20
200 10
0
10
0 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Local Time
Similar photocatalytic kinetics for both cases. Solar disinfection yields very different results.
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Weather conditions
Disinfection of E. coli with immobilised TiO2
Solar UV irradiance (W m )
10
Spring & Summer seasons Initial concentration Final concentration
-2
50 40 30 20 10 0
Max.~ 45 W m
-2
SPRING AND SUMMER (UVmax:38-45wm-2).
E. coli (CFU mL )
-1
10 10 10 10
Spring and summer th May 8 2004 nd July 2 2004 th April 20 2005 th September 30 2005
10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00
Local time
10
Detection limit
4.63
5.72
9.85
10.79
13.12
-1
QUV (kJ L )
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32
Weather conditions
Disinfection of E. coli with immobilised TiO2
Solar UV irradiance (W m )
-2
10
Autumn &Winter seasons Initial concentration Final concentration
50 40 30 20 10 0 10:00
AUTUM AND WINTER (UVmax: 28-38Wm-2).

Max.~ 38 W m
-2
E. coli (CFU mL )
-1
10 10 10 10
Autumn and winter th October 27 2004 th January 30 2004 th February 11 2005 th November 28 2005
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
Local time
10
Detection limit
3.33
3.47
3.83
3.95
4.04
-1
QUV(kJ L )
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Role of solar radiation

Comparison of experiments in different seasons, early and later in the day, and under cloudy and sunny conditions, leads us to conclude that solar photocatalytic disinfection does not depend proportionally on solar UV irradiance (solar UV intensity) as long as enough photons have been received for disinfection. The minimum UV energy necessary to reach a certain disinfection depends on the microorganism and the reactor configuration. Solar-only disinfection requires higher minimum solar UV irradiance and higher minimum UV dose for disinfection than solar photocatalytic disinfection. -66Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
33
Inactivation of C. parvum
Sodis and solar photocatalysis with fixed TiO2
Global Irradiance (Wm-2)
100 80
1000
Viability (%)
SODIS Real Sunlight SPCDIS Real Sunlight 750 Control

500
60 40 20
C. parvum oocysts
250
0 0
DAY 1
4 8
DAY 2
12 16
DAY 3
20 24
Cumulative Exposure Time (h)
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
-2
60
Cumulative Global Exposure (MJ m )

F. Mendez-Hermida, et al. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 88 (2007) 105-111.
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Photocatalytic inactivation Fusarium
1000 Concentration (CFU/mL)
100
F. equiseti F. antophilum F. verticillioides F. solani F. oxysporum
10
1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
QUV (kJ/L)
C. Sichel, et al. Appl. Cat. B: Environ., 74 (2007) 152-160.
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34
Applications
The AQUACAT and SOLWATER projects were financed by EU under the INCO-DEV program during (2003-2006) MAIN OBJECTIVE: development of a completely autonomous solar system chemical-free for drinking water disinfection and, chemicaladditionally, elimination of potential organic pollutants at trace level.
SOLWATER prototype at PSA

Fixed catalyst Ahlstrom patent, 1999 France
Applications
Design of the final system for disinfection of drinking water
1
1. PV panel 2. & 3. Solar Photo-reactor 4. Pump 5. Electric box 6. Connections
2 6
S. Malato et al., Review, Catalysis Today 122 (2007) 137-149. Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
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35
Applications
Final reactor systems in South-America and North-Africa
ESTF. Fez, MOROCCO
Photo Energy Center. Cairo, EGYPT
IMTA. Morelos, MEXICO.

CNEA. Tucumn, ARGENTINA
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Applications
SODISWATER project
Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water for Use in Developing Countries or in Emergency Situations
Partners: 1. RCSI 2. UU 3. CSIR 4. EAWAG 5. IWSD 6. CIEMAT 7. UL 8. ICROSS 9. USC (IRELAND) (UK) (SOUTH AFRICA) (SWITZERLAND) (ZIMBABWE) (SPAIN) (UK) (KENYA) (SPAIN) Objetive: The objective of this project is the development of an implementation strategy for the adoption of solar disinfection of drinking water as an appropriate, effective and acceptable intervention against waterborne disease for vulnerable communities in developing countries without reliable access to safe water, or in the immediate aftermath of natural or man-made disasters.
The main activity of PSA within this project is the development of a solar reactor to enhance the disinfection results of batch SODIS processes.
36
Applications
FITOSOL project
Elimination of phytopathogens in water through photocatalytic processes: application for the water disinfection and reuse in recirculation hydroponic cultures Main objetives: Study at laboratory scale of solar photocatalytic elimination of model phytopathogenic microorganisms in recirculation liquid nutrient solutions in soil-less cultures. Design and construction of a pilot solar reactor for disinfection of water containing the mentioned phytopathogenic organisms to reuse in recirculation hydroponic cultures. Demonstration of the photocatalytic process ability to disinfect water from nutrient solutions of hydroponic cultures. -73Ankara University 8-11 October 2007
Future
1. Low-cost solutions for drinking water suply at house-hold level. 2. Use of AOPs (different to TiO2) for water disinfection. 3. Improve the knowledge on the disinfection mechanisms at microbiological level. 4. Investigate the effects of the disinfection treatment using infectifivity tests for pathogenic microorganisms. 5. Field trials of solar disinfection to better Health Impact Assessment of the technology.
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37
Acknowledgements
This work has been financed by:
European Commission under the SOLWATER project ICA4-CT-2002-10001. European Commission under the AQUACAT INCO project, ICA3-CT2002-10016. European Commission under the SODISWATER project, contract FP6-2004-INCO-DEV-3-301650.
Spanish Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia under the FITOSOL project, AGL2006-12791-C02.
THANKS
Dr. Pilar Fernndez Ibez pilar.fernandez@psa.es Plataforma Solar de Almera CIEMAT Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia www.psa.es
38

Spain Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water: Innovative Processes and Practices For Wastewater Treatment and Re-Use - Ankara University

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Spain Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water: Innovative Processes and Practices For Wastewater Treatment and Re-Use - Ankara University

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Course on Innovative Processes and Practices for Wastewater Treatment and Re-use

Solar disinfection of drinking water

Dr. Pilar Fernndez Ibez pilar.fernandez@psa.es CIEMAT Plataforma Solar de Almera

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Water disinfection needs

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Access to water in the World in 2025

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Water disinfection issue

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Widely used Expensive Do not really destroy microorganisms

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Solar disinfection: SODIS

Ankara University 8-11 October 2007

Gill & McLoughlin, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, 2007.

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c) UV Energy: total UV energy received during exposure time (J).

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Solar disinfection: SODIS

www.sodis.ch (EAWAG, Switzerland)

Solar disinfection of E. coli

Solar disinfection of pathogenic bacteria

Solar disinfection of C. Parvum oocysts

Mice Infectivity Solar simulator: 830 W m-2, 40C

McGuigan et al., J. Applied Microbiology 2006, 101, 453-463.

Solar disinfection of Fusarium spores

F. equiseti F. antophilum F. verticillioides F. solani F. oxysporum

Resistance relative to the solar radiation of several microorganisms versus E. coli

Gill & McLoughlin, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, 2007.

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Supercritical Supercritical Water Oxydation Water Oxydation

Photocatalytical Photocatalytical processes processes UV/Fe+3/H2O2 UV/Fe+3/H2O2

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

IrradianciaSolar Estraterrestrial Irradiance Estraterrestrial solar irradiance

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Ankara University 8-11 October 2007

h + + Re d 2 ,ads Ox2 ,ads

0.8 Ratio Viable Cell

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

M. Bekblet, Water Science & Technology 35 (1997) 95-100.

Ankara University 8-11 October 2007

VIRUS AND BACTERIOPHAGE: Poliovirus 1, Phage MS2 (RNAbacteriophage)

FUNGI AND YEATS:

Conidia Neurospora crassa

Ankara University 8-11 October 2007

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Bacterial survival (CFU/ml)

1.E+07 1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 10 20 30 40

30 minutes of interrumped illumination

30 minutes of continuous irradiation

Bacterial survival CFU/ml

Total time (min)

1600 600 660

1.E+06 1.E+05 1.E+04 1.E+03 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 0 40

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External cell wall

Inactivation (cidal effect)