Control System 2

Instrumentation for Control System

Title:
The Radiator System for Vehicle

Member of Group:

MOHD ZHARIF BIN OTHMAN [2006874765]

HAIRI ANWAR BIN AMINUDDIN [2006874852]

AHMAD AZKA BIN HJ MOHD ZAIN [2006686484]

Group:

EEB6R1

Lecturer’s Name: EN. ADIZUL AHMAD

Title: The Radiator System for Vehicle

1.0 Introduction

Inside the car's engine, fuel is constantly burning. A lot of the heat from this combustion
goes right out the exhaust system, but some of it soaks into the engine, heating it up. The
engine runs best when its coolant is about 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 degrees Celsius). At
this temperature:

 The combustion chamber is hot enough to completely vaporize the fuel, providing
better combustion and reducing emissions.
 The oil used to lubricate the engine has a lower viscosity (it is thinner), so the engine
parts move more freely and the engine wastes less power moving its own components
around.
 Metal parts wear less.

Although gasoline engines have improved a lot, they are still not very efficient at turning
chemical energy into mechanical power. Most of the energy in the gasoline (perhaps 70%) is
converted into heat, and it is the job of the cooling system to take care of that heat. In fact, the
cooling system on a car driving down the freeway dissipates enough heat to heat two average-
sized houses! The primary job of the cooling system is to keep the engine from overheating
by transferring this heat to the air, but the cooling system also has several other important
jobs[1].

The car engine runs best at a fairly high temperature. When the engine is cold,
components wear out faster, and the engine is less efficient and emits more pollution. So
another important job of the cooling system is to allow the engine to heat up as quickly as
possible, and then to keep the engine at a constant temperature. The radiator system is one of
the main systems in the car.

Figure 1: The whole system of radiator for vehicle

2.0 Schematic Diagram

Figure 2:
2: The schematic of the cooling of the vehicle

3.0 Block Diagram

Input Element
Initial
Temperature
Process Element Output Element
Radiator Water Head Block Constant
System Pump Cooling Cooling Temperature

Thermostate

Control Element
Figure 3:: The block diagram of the cooling of the vehicle
4.0 Principle of Operation

There are four elements involve in this radiator system. There are consists of control
elements, process elements, input and output elements.

4.1 Input Element

Once the car engine start, the initial temperature will be determined. The cooling
system on liquid-cooled cars circulates a fluid through pipes and passageways in the engine.
As this liquid passes through the hot engine it absorbs heat, cooling the engine. After the fluid
leaves the engine, it passes through a heat exchanger, or radiator, which transfers the heat
from the fluid to the air blowing through the exchanger.

4.2 Process Element

4.2.1 Plumbing

The cooling system in car has a lot of plumbing. The process to cool down the engine
start with the pump sends the fluid into the engine block, where it makes its way through
passages in the engine around the cylinders. Then it returns through the cylinder head of the
engine. The thermostat is located where the fluid leaves the engine. The plumbing around the
thermostat sends the fluid back to the pump directly if the thermostat is closed. If it is open,
the fluid goes through the radiator first and then back to the pump. There is also a separate
circuit for the heating system. This circuit takes fluid from the cylinder head and passes it
through a heater core and then back to the pump.

4.2.2 Fluid

Cars operate in a wide variety of temperatures, from well below freezing to well over
100 F (38 C). So whatever fluid is used to cool the engine has to have a very low freezing
point, a high boiling point, and it has to have the capacity to hold a lot of heat.

Water is one of the most effective fluids for holding heat, but water freezes at too high
a temperature to be used in car engines. The fluid that most cars use is a mixture of water and
ethylene glycol (C2H6O2), also known as antifreeze. By adding ethylene glycol to water, the
boiling and freezing points are improved significantly.

50/50 70/30
Pure Water
C2H6O2/Water C2H6O2/Water
Freezing Point 0 C / 32 F -37 C / -35 F -55 C / -67 F
Boiling Point 100 C / 212 F 106 C / 223 F 113 C / 235 F

Table 1: The different temperature between pure water and antifreeze water
 The temperature of the coolant can sometimes reach 250 to 275 F (121 to 135 C).
Even with ethylene glycol added, these temperatures would boil the coolant, so something
additional must be done to raise its boiling point.

The cooling system uses pressure to further raise the boiling point of the coolant. Just
as the boiling temperature of water is higher in a pressure cooker, the boiling temperature of
coolant is higher if you pressurize the system. Most cars have a pressure limit of 14 to 15
pounds per square inch (psi), which raises the boiling point another 45 F (25 C) so the coolant
can withstand the high temperatures. Antifreeze also contains additives to resist corrosion.

4.2.3 Water Pump

A water pump is a simple device that will keep the coolant moving as long as the
engine is running. It is usually mounted on the front of the engine and turns whenever the
engine is running. The water pump is driven by the engine through one of the following. The
water pump moves the water from the engine to the thermostat assembly. If the thermostat is
open, the water passes through the radiator and back into the engine. Whether the thermostat
is open or closed, the pump also circulates water through the heater core and back into the
engine.

Figure 4: The Water Pump

4.3 Control Element

4.3.1 Thermostat

Figure 5:
5 The Thermostat

The thermostat's main job is to allow the engine to heat up quickly, and then to keep
the engine at a constant temperature. It does this by regulating the amount of water that goes
through the radiator. At low temperatures, the outlet to the radiator is compl
completely blocked --
alll of the coolant is circulated back through the engine. The thermostat in a vehicle regulates
the flow of coolant throughout the system. This is important for two reasons. First, it controls
the amount of coolant moving through the cooling
cooling system to help keep the vehicle’s engine
from overheating. And second, it controls the flow in such a way that the operating
temperature is kept within a narrow margin. The vehicle’s engine operates at peak efficiency
within this narrow band of temperature
temperat regulation [3].

Once the temperature of the coolant rises to between 180 and 195 F (82 - 91 C), the
thermostat starts to open, allowing fluid to flow through the radiator. By the time the coolant
reaches 200 to 218 F (93 - 103 C), the thermostat is open
ope all the way.

The secret of the thermostat lies in the small cylinder located on the engine
engine-side of the
device. This cylinder is filled with a wax that begins to melt at around 180 F (different
thermostats open at different temperatures, but 180 F is a common
common one). A rod connected to
the valve presses into this wax. When the wax melts, it expands significantly, pushing the rod
out of the cylinder and opening the valve. This same technique is used in automatic openers
for greenhouse vents and skylights. In these devices, the wax melts at a lower temperature.
4.3.2 Radiator Fan

Mounted on the back of the radiator on the side closest to the engine is one or
two electric fans inside a housing that is designed to protect fingers and to direct the
air flow. These fans are there to keep the air flow going through the radiator while the
vehicle is going slow or is stopped with the engine running. If thesthese fans stopped
working, every time you came to a stop, the engine temperature would begin rising.
On older systems, the fan was connected to the front of the water pump and would
spin whenever the engine was running because it was driven by a fan belt ins
instead of an
electric motor. In these cases, if a driver would notice the engine begin to run hot in
stop and go driving, the driver might put the car in neutral and rev the engine to turn
the fan faster which helped cool the engine. Racing the engine on a car with a
malfunctioning electric fan would only make things worse because you are producing
more heat in the radiator with no fan to cool it off.

The electric fans are controlled by the vehicle's computer. A temperature sensor
monitors engine temperature
temperature and sends this information to the computer. The
computer determines if the fan should be turned on and actuates the fan relay if
additional air flow through the radiator is necessary.

If the car has air conditioning, there is an additional radiator mounted in front of the
normal radiator. This "radiator" is called the air conditioner condenser, which also
needs to be cooled by the air flow entering the engine compartment. You can find out
more about the air conditioning condenser by going to our article on Automotive Air
Conditioning. As long as the air conditioning is turned on, the system will keep the
fan running, even if the engine is not running hot. This is because if there is no air
flow through the air conditioning condenser, the air conditioner will not be able to cool
the air entering the interior

Figure 5: Radiator fan

 4.3.3 Radiator

A radiator is a type of heat exchanger. The radiator's main function is to transfer the
heat generated in the engine to the surrounding atmosphere. It contains a large quantity of
small water passage tubes and interconnecting fins, and as hot water passes through the tubes,
some of the heat is radiated into the air passing between the tubes. A secondary purpose of the
radiator is to provide storage for the needed volume of water required to cool the engine in
question.

Most modern cars use aluminum radiators. These radiators are made by brazing thin
aluminum fins to flattened aluminum tubes. The coolant flows from the inlet to the outlet
through many tubes mounted in a parallel arrangement. The fins conduct the heat from the
tubes and transfer it to the air flowing through the radiator.

The tubes sometimes have a type of fin inserted into them called a turbulator, which
increases the turbulence of the fluid flowing through the tubes. If the fluid flowed very
smoothly through the tubes, only the fluid actually touching the tubes would be cooled
directly. The amount of heat transferred to the tubes from the fluid running through them
depends on the difference in temperature between the tube and the fluid touching it. So if the
fluid that is in contact with the tube cools down quickly, less heat will be transferred. By
creating turbulence inside the tube, all of the fluid mixes together, keeping the temperature of
the fluid touching the tubes up so that more heat can be extracted, and all of the fluid inside
the tube is used effectively.

Figure 6: Radiator
 4.3.4 Heater Core

The hot coolant is also used to provide heat to the interior of the vehicle when needed.
This is a simple and straight forward system that includes a heater core, which looks like a
small version of a radiator, connected to the cooling system with a pair of rubber hoses. One
hose brings hot coolant from the water pump to the heater core and the other hose returns the
coolant to the top of the engine. There is usually a heater control valve in one of the hoses to
block the flow of coolant into the heater core when maximum air conditioning is called for.

A fan, called a blower, draws air through the heater core and directs it through the
heater ducts to the interior of the car. Temperature of the heat is regulated by a blend door
that mixes cool outside air, or sometimes air conditioned air with the heated air coming
through the heater core. This blend door allows you to control the temperature of the air
coming into the interior. Other doors allow you to direct the warm air through the ducts on
the floor,
or, the defroster ducts at the base of the windshield, and the air conditioning ducts
located in the instrument panel.

Figure 7: heater core

5.0 Objective of Control

Once the engine operates, the heat will be produced. Then, the temperature will
increase due to combustion in the engine block. The chemical energy will be
converted into mechanical energy. The thermostat is a component to control the
coolant that circulated around the block engine. The heat from the engine block will be
spread and transfer to the coolant [2]. The radiator’s function here is to remove the
heat in the water to the air. The temperature of the water will be maintained at the
constant temperature.

6.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion, we know that radiator is the closed system. The operation is

clearly explained in this report. The temperature is expected to be constant in order to
maintain the operation of the engine. The combustion will produce and spread more
heat. If the cooling system is not there, the engine will not functioning properly.

7.0 References
[1] http://auto.howstuffworks.com/cooling-system.htm
[2] http://www.car-stuff.com/radiator.htm
[3] http://www.streetdirectory.net.my/travel_guide/12348. html