SYNOPSIS

INTERCONNECTION OF COMPUTERS WITHIN A FLOOR THROUGH LAN

Submitted by: Mr. Hrishikesh Pallab Sharma Resigtration No:.. Semister:.

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1.

Title of the project: INTERCONNECTION FLOOR THROUGH LAN

OF

COMPUTERS

WITHIN A

2.

Name of the Organization: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Bongaigaon Refinery

3. External Guide:

4. Internal Guide:

5.

Area of Study: Networking (Information System)

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INTRODUCTION: The concept of a "Computer Center" as a room with large computer to which users bring their work for processing was rapidly changed. This is having 2 flaws: 1. The concept of a single computer doing all the processing. 2. Idea of users bringing their work to the computer instead of bringing computer to the user. This was replaced rapidly by a large number of separate but interconnected computers doing the job. These systems are called computer networks. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange the information. There is a considerable confusion between the distributed systems and computer network. The distinction is that in a distributed system the existence of multiple autonomous computers is transparent (i.e., not visible) to the user. In other words the user of a distributed system is not aware that there are multiple processors; it looks like a virtual uniprocessor. In a network, a user must explicitly log onto one machine, explicitly submit jobs remotely, explicitly move files around and generally handle all the network management personally. With a distributed system, noting has to be done explicitly; it is all automatically done by the system without the user's knowledge. Aims and Objective of LAN Connection:

The main aim of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is to make all programs, data and equipment available to anyone on the network without the regard to the physical location of the resource and the user. A second goal is to provide high reliability by having alternative sources of supply. For example, all files could be replicated on two or three machines, so if one of them is unavailable, the other copies could be available. Another goal is saving money. Small computers have a much better price/performance ratio than larger ones. Mainframes are roughly a factor of ten times faster than the fastest single chip microprocessors, but they cost thousand times more. This imbalance has caused many system designers to build systems consisting of powerful personal computers, one per user, with data kept on one or more shared file server machines. This goal leads to networks with many computers located in the same building. Such a network is called a LAN (local area network). Another closely related goal is to increase the systems performance as the work load increases by just adding more processors. With central mainframes, when the system is full, it must be replaced by a larger one, usually at great expense and with even greater disruption to the users.
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Computer networks provide a powerful communication medium. A file that was updated/ modified on a network can be seen by the other users on the network immediately.

The main objective of LAN Connection contains the three topics as follows: 1. Access to remote programs. 2. Access to remote databases. 3. Value-added communication facilities.

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LITERATURE REVIEW: Computer networks are build in a highly structured way. To reduce their design complexity, most networks are organized as a series of layers or levels, each one built upon its predecessors. The numbers of layers and the functions in each layer differ from network to network, however all the networks purpose is to offer services to the higher layers shielding those layers from the details of the how the offered services are actually implemented. Layer n on one machine carries a conversation with layer n on other machine. The rules and conventions used in the conversation are collectively known as the layer n protocol. The entities comprising the corresponding layers on different machines are called peer processes. In reality no data is transmitted from layer n on one machine to layer n on other machine instead data and control information is passed to the layer immediately below it. Between each pair of adjacent layers there is an Interface. The interface defines which primitive operations and services the lower layer offers to the upper one. The set of layers and protocols is called the Network Architecture. The literature regarding networks and their development is too complex and multidisciplinary to cover in one document. Disciplines addressing networks include health sciences, management, political science, social science, social work, computer science, ecology, etc. In light of the variety of disciplines through which network literature can be accessed, this review is not systematic. It does not cover or identify all the relevant materials in any one discipline. Attempts have been made to identify any literature regarding childrens networks, and networks in health. Typically, health network literature can be accessed via partnership or collaboration literature. Community networks is a helpful search term for identifying literature used in this review. The most common type of local area network is an Ethernet LAN. The smallest home LAN can have exactly two computers; a large LAN can accommodate many thousands of computers. Many LANs are divided into logical groups called subnets. An Internet Protocol (IP) "Class A" LAN can in theory accommodate more than 16 million devices organized into subnets.

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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY METHODOLOGY:

1.

Sample Definition: A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. A computer network allows sharing of resources and information among devices connected to the network. A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization.

2.

Sample Size: components:

(a) A

A computer network comprises the following

minimum of at least 2 computers.

(b) Cables

that connect the computers to each other, although wireless communication is becoming more common. A network interface device on each computer (this is called a network interface card or NIC) Switch used to switch the data from one point to another. Hubs are outdated and are little used for new installations. operating system software.

(c)

(d) A

(e) Network 3.

Source of Data: Data are facts and other relevant materials, past and present, serving as bases for study and analysis. The sources of data may be classified into a primary sources and secondary sources. ( a ) Primary sources: Primary sources are original sources from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been previously
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collected. e.g collection of data directly by the researcher on brand awareness, brand preference, brand loyalty and other aspects of consumer behavior from a sample of consumers by interviewing them. ( b ) Secondary sources: These are sources containing data which have been collected and complied for another purpose. The secondary sources consists of readily compendia and already complied statistical statements and reports whose data may be use by researchers for their studies. e.g census report, annual reports etc. 4. Data Analysis: Computer networks can be used for several purposes: Facilitating Communications: Using a network, people can communicate efficiently and easily via e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, telephone, video telephone calls, and video conferencing. Sharing Hardware: In a networked environment, each computer on a network can access and use hardware on the network. Suppose several personal computers on a network each require the use of a laser printer. If the personal computers and a laser printer are connected to a network, each user can then access the laser printer on the network, as they need it. Sharing files, data and information: In a network environment, any authorized user can access data and information stored on other computers on the network. The capability of providing access to data and information on shared storage devices is an important feature of many networks. Sharing Software: Users connected to a network can access application programs on the network. Tools and Technique used: The main tools used in LAN are as follows: ISPS Networking Devices Various Networking Technologies Networking Protocols Components of Network:
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(A)Structured Cabling : The two most popular types of structured network cabling are twisted-pair (also known as 10BaseT) and thin coax (also known as 10Base2). 10BaseT cabling looks like ordinary telephone wire, except that it has 8 wires inside instead of 4. Thin coax looks like the copper coaxial cabling that's often used to connect a Video Recorder to a TV. 10BaseT Cabling When 10BaseT cabling is used, a strand of cabling is inserted between each computer and a hub. If you have 5 computers, you'll need 5 cables. Each cable cannot exceed 325 feet in length. Because the cables from all of the PCs converge at a common point, a 10BaseT network forms a star configuration. Fig 4a shows a Cat5e cable, with a standard connector, known as an RJ-45 connector. Fig 4b shows a standard Cat5e Wall Outlet socket which the cables are connected to. Fig 4c shows a standard Cat5e Patch Panel Wall Outlet socket which is used to terminate the cables from various points in the school bank to a central point. Fig 4d shows a wall mounted cabinet used to house and protect patch panel cables and connectors.

Fig 4a: Cat5e Cable and a close up of RJ-45 connector

Fig 4b: Cat5e Wall Outlets

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Fig 4c: Cat5e Patch Panel

Fig4d: Wall Mounted Cabinet

Network Interface Card (NIC) A NIC (pronounced 'nick') is also known as a network card. It connects the computer to the cabling, which in turn links all of the computers on the network together. Each computer on a network must have a network card. Most modern network cards are 10/100 NICs and can operate at either 10Mbps or 100Mbps.

Fig 5: Network Interface Cards (NICs) Hub and Switch A hub is a device used to connect a PC to the network. The function of a hub is to direct information around the network, facilitating communication between all connected devices. However in new installations switches should be used instead of hubs as they are more effective and provide better performance. A switch, which is often termed a 'smart hub'.
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Switches and hubs are technologies or boxes to which computers, printers, and other networking devices are connected. Switches are the more recent technology and the accepted way of building today's networks. With switching, each connection gets "dedicated bandwidth" and can operate at full speed. In contrast, a hub shares bandwidth across multiple connections such that activity from one PC or server can slow down the effective speed of other connections on the hub.

Fig 6a: An 8 port Hub

Fig 6b: 2 Examples of 24 port Switches Types of Networks There are many categories under which networks can be classified into.The following types of network are categorized on the basis of the number of systems or devices that are under the networked area: LAN - Local Area Network: A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet. In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring. Another type of network classification is the following, when a group of two or more computers are linked together, they can broadly be classified into two types of networks:
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1.

Peer-to-peer networks are more commonly implemented where less then ten computers are involved and where strict security is not necessary. All computers have the same status, hence the term 'peer', and they communicate with each other on an equal footing. Files, such as word processing or spreadsheet documents, can be shared across the network and all the computers on the network can share devices, such as printers or scanners, which are connected to any one computer.

Peer to Peer Network

Fig 2: Peer to Peer Networking

2.

Client/server networks are more suitable for larger networks. A central computer, or 'server', acts as the storage location for files and applications shared on the network. Usually the server is a higher than average performance computer. The server also controls the network access of the other computers which are referred to as the 'client' computers. Typically, everybody will have access to use the client computers for their work but only the network administrator will have access rights to the server.
File Server

Other equipment

Fig 3: Client - Server Networking

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In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used to categorize different types of networks: Topology The shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other communications system is known as its topology. There are three principal topologies used in LANs:1.

Bus topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.

2.

Ring topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.

3.

Star topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.

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These topologies can also be mixed. For example, a bus-star network consists of a high-bandwidth bus, called the backbone, which connects a collection of slowerbandwidth star segments. Protocol: An agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines the following: i. ii. iii. The type of error checking to be used data compression method, If any how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message How the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message.

There are a variety of standard protocols from which programmers can choose. Each has particular advantages and disadvantages; for example, some are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and some are faster.

From a user's point of view, the only interesting aspect about protocols is that your computer or device must support the right ones if you want to communicate with other computers. The protocol can be implemented either in hardware or in software. Common types of protocols:

Internet Protocol Transmission Control Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Post Office Protocol File Transfer Protocol
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(b) Data representation: Fig 1 gives an example of a network in a school comprising of a local area network or LAN connecting computers with each other, the internet, and various servers.

Access to: Internet content & learning resources, Scoilnet etc Email communication

File and Print Server CD or Multimedia Servers Printers , Scanners etc Cache, Proxy, Filtering, Firewall Server

Users computers

School Local Area Network (LAN)

Other users, computers

Modem or Router

Fig 1: Representation of Network in a school.

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Bibliography

Computer Networks by Tanenbaum All about Computer Network By Manohar Lodia Data communication By Ferozon

http://www.cisco.com http://www.networkessential.com http://www.google.com

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