CHAPTER 16: THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865) -The Cyclone in Calico: Medical officers and generals alike in Mother

Bickerdykes unceasing efforts on behalf of ill, wounded, and convalescent Union soldiers -In war, hospitals, medical care, and food lacked for wounded soldiers -Communities all over the North rallied to support the troop -The Womens Central Association of Relief (WCAR) raised funds, made and collected food, clothes, medicine, bandages, and comforters to send to the army camps and hospitals -United States Sanitary Commission: Power to investigate and advise the Medical Bureau -The Civil War was a national tragedy, causing more casualties than WW II and I combined -Local communities held stronger bond Communities Mobilize for War -Both the Union and the Confederacy blamed each other for the breakup -Union headed by Abraham Lincoln, Confederacy by Jefferson Davis -Both Lincoln and Davis prayed for peace, but prepared for war -Fort Sumter (SC) was claimed by both sides -For Union, so long as it remained in Union hands, Charleston, the center of secessionist sentiment, would be immobilized -Union claimed it first, but General P.G.T. Beauregard made the defenders surrender -Confederate Congress had authorized a volunteer army of 100,000 men to serve for twelve months. Many fervent volunteers arrived -Unions divided opinion solidified with strong feelings of patriotism -Lincoln called for 75,000 state militiamen to serve in the federal army for 90 days -Many volunteers enlisted -Free African Americans were rejected from enlisting -Public outpourings of patriotism were common -Relief organization, some formal and some informal, emerged in every community -First secession (December 20, 1860-February 1, 1861) had taken seven Deep South states -The firing upon Fort Sumter and Lincolns call for state militias forced the other southern states to secede (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina) -Still undecided was the loyalty of the northernmost tier of slave-owning states: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware -Delaware was loyal to the Union -Marylands opinion was divided -A mob attacked the Sixth MA Regiment, destroyed railroads and telegraph line -Lincoln sent troops to secure the railroad and set up martial law -Maryland became loyal to the Union -Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky chose to stay in the Union -Severe blow to the Confederacy, hole in Confederate argument

-First Battle of Bull Run (The Battle of Manassas, July 1861, Virginia) -Union troops were confident in victory, and many journalists and spectators followed -Union troops held ground against the 25,000 Confederate troops -2,300 Confederate reinforcements made the untrained Union soldiers flee -North -Larger population -Produced almost all of nations firearms -More railroads -Better production of troop necessity -South -Defensive war -Trained troops -Possible cotton diplomacy with Britain and France Governments Organize for War -Lincolns first task was to assert control over his own cabinet -Chose his cabinet with other Republicans, including rivals for the presidential nomination -After the fall of Fort Sumter, military necessity prompted Lincoln to call up the state militias, order a naval blockade of the South, and vastly expand the military budget -Lincoln was the first president to act as commander-in-chief in both a practical and a symbolic way -Lincoln wanted above all to persuade the South to rejoin the Union -Greatest expansion in government power in the War Department -War Department by January 1862, was able to perform many basic functions of procurement and supply without too much delay or corruption -The Treasury used patriotic appeals to sell war bonds to ordinary people -First example in American history of the mass financing of war -Until then, the money in circulation had been a mixture of coins and state bank notes -Legal Tender Act (February, 1862): Created national currency (greenbacks) -National Bank Act (1863): Prohibited state banks from issuing their own notes and forced them to apply for federal charters -Republican party pledged of a comprehensive program of economic development -Morrill Tariff Act (1861): By 1864, raised tariffs to more than double the pre-war rate -Homestead Act: Gave 160 acres of public land to any citizen who agreed to live on the land for five year, improve it by building a house and cultivating some of the land, and pay a small fee -The Morrill Land Grant Act: Gave states public land that would allow them to finance land-grant colleges offering education to ordinary citizens in practical skills such as agriculture, engineering, and military science -Revealed the Whig origins of many Republicans

-Southern Cotton Diplomacy was a miscalculation -British public opinion would not now countenance the recognition of a new nation based on slavery -British cotton got alternative cotton from Egypt and India -Both Britain and France did allow Confederate vessels to use their ports, and British shipyards sold six ships to the Confederacy -Britain and France received Union pressure -Southern economy suffered -Union diplomacy was based on nonbelligerence -When France colonized Mexico, the Union simply refused to recognize the new Mexican government -Southern cabinet suffered from strong sense of states rights and lack of public confidence -Enlistment in the military fell off in both nations -Confederacy passed the first draft law, and so did the Union -Substitutes were allowed -Its a rich mans war but a poor mans fight -Most southerners felt loyalty to their own state and local communities, not to a Confederate nation -Southern offensives (Antietam, Gettysburg) fail -Shermans march to the sea created total destruction in the South -Confederacy surrenders -Treaty signed in Virginia