Layer 6 Presentotion Loyer ueLermlnes how compuLers represenL daLa ASCll Cll roLocol uaLa

unlL uu ls called uaLa aL Lhls layer 1hls layer responds Lo servlce requesLs from Lhe AppllcaLlon Layer
and lssues servlce requesLs Lo Lhe Sesslon Layer 1he resenLaLlon Layer relleves Lhe AppllcaLlon Layer of
concern regardlng synLacLlcal dlfferences ln daLa represenLaLlon wlLhln Lhe enduser sysLems noLe An
example of a presenLaLlon servlce would be Lhe converslon of an L8CulCcoded LexL flle Lo an ASCll
coded flle
Layer S ession Loyer LsLabllshlng a communlcaLlon sesslon SecurlLy AuLhenLlcaLlon neL8lCS ls a
layer 3 proLocol roLocol uaLa unlL uu ls called uaLa aL Lhls layer 1hls layer responds Lo servlce
requesLs from Lhe resenLaLlon Layer and lssues servlce requesLs Lo Lhe 1ransporL Layer 1he Sesslon
Layer provldes Lhe mechanlsm for managlng Lhe dlalogue beLween enduser appllcaLlon processes lL
provldes for elLher duplex or halfduplex operaLlon and esLabllshes checkpolnLlng ad[ournmenL
LermlnaLlon and resLarL procedures
Layer 4 @ronsport Loyer rovldes Lransfer correcLness daLa recovery and flow conLrol 1C ls a layer 4
proLocol roLocol uaLa unlL uu ls called a SegmenL aL Lhls layer 1hls layer responds Lo servlce
requesLs from Lhe Sesslon Layer and lssues servlce requesLs Lo Lhe neLwork Layer 1he purpose of Lhe
1ransporL Layer ls Lo provlde LransparenL Lransfer of daLa beLween end users Lhus rellevlng Lhe upper
layers from any concern wlLh provldlng rellable and cosLeffecLlve daLa Lransfer

Layer 3 -etwork Loyer rovldes address asslgnmenL and ackeLs forwardlng meLhods roLocol uaLa
unlL uu ls called a ackeL aL Lhls layer 1hls layer responds Lo servlce requesLs from Lhe 1ransporL
Layer and lssues servlce requesLs Lo Lhe uaLa Llnk Layer 1he neLwork Layer provldes Lhe funcLlonal and
procedural means of Lransferrlng varlable lengLh daLa sequences from a source Lo a desLlnaLlon vla one
or more neLworks whlle malnLalnlng Lhe quallLy of servlce requesLed by Lhe 1ransporL Layer 1he
neLwork Layer performs neLwork rouLlng flow conLrol segmenLaLlon/desegmenLaLlon and error
conLrol funcLlons

Layer 2 oto Link /oyer lrame formaL 1ransmlLLlng frames over Lhe neL addlLlonal blL/byLe sLufflng
sLarL / sLop flags checksum and C8C CAn bus A1M SLarLAn Local1alk and PuLC are layer 2 proLocols
ulfferenL neLwork and proLocol characLerlsLlcs are deflned by dlfferenL daLa llnk layer speclflcaLlons 1he
uaLa Llnk layer ls subdlvlded lnLo Lhe Medla Access ConLrol (MAC) whlch conLrols access and encodes
daLa lnLo a valld slgnallng formaL for Lhe physlcal layer and Lhe Loglcal Llnk ConLrol (LLC) whlch
provldes Lhe llnk Lo Lhe neLwork for Lhe neLwork layer roLocol uaLa unlL uu ls called a lrame aL
Lhls layer 1hls layer responds Lo servlce requesLs from Lhe neLwork Layer and lssues servlce requesLs Lo
Lhe hyslcal Layer 1he uaLa Llnk Layer provldes Lhe funcLlonal and procedural means Lo Lransfer daLa
beLween neLwork enLlLles and Lo deLecL and posslbly correcL errors LhaL may occur ln Lhe hyslcal Layer
noLe Lxamples of daLa llnk proLocols are PuLC and AuCC for polnLLopolnL or packeLswlLched
neLworks and LLC for local area neLworks
Layer 1. Physical Layer: DeIines the physical |hardware| implementation and the electrical
|signal level| implementation oI the bus; network cabling, connector type, pin-out, physical data
rates, maximum transmission distances, and data transmission encoding. At this layer
inIormation is placed on the physical network medium. RS-232, and RS422 are examples oI a
physical layer speciIication. Protocol Data Unit |PDU| is called a Bit at this layer. The Physical
layer perIorms services requested by the Data Link Layer. The major Iunctions and services
perIormed by the physical layer are: (a) establishment and termination oI a connection to a
communications medium; (b) participation in the process whereby the communication resources
are eIIectively shared among multiple users, e.g., contention resolution and Ilow control; and, (c)
conversion between the representation oI digital data in user equipment and the corresponding
signals transmitted over a communications channel. Other physical layer speciIications are listed
on the Electronic Bus page.




















n this section, you`ll complete the Iollowing labs to make sure you understand the inIormation
and concepts contained within them:
O Lab 1.1: The OSI ReIerence Model
O Lab 1.2: DeIining the OSI Layers and Devices
O Lab 1.3: IdentiIying Collision and Broadcast Domains
Lab 1.1: OSI Questions
Answer the Iollowing questions about the OSI model:
1. Which layer chooses and determines the availability oI communicating partners,
along with the resources necessary to make the connection; coordinates partnering
applications; and Iorms a consensus on procedures Ior controlling data integrity and
error recovery?

2. Which layer is responsible Ior converting data packets Irom the Data Link layer into
electrical signals?

3. At which layer is routing implemented, enabling connections and path selection
between two end systems?

4. Which layer deIines how data is Iormatted, presented, encoded, and converted Ior use
on the network?

5. Which layer is responsible Ior creating, managing, and terminating sessions between
applications?

6. Which layer ensures the trustworthy transmission oI data across a physical link and is
primarily concerned with physical addressing, line discipline, network topology, error
notiIication, ordered delivery oI Irames, and Ilow control?

7. Which layer is used Ior reliable communication between end nodes over the network
and provides mechanisms Ior establishing, maintaining, and terminating virtual
circuits; transport-Iault detection and recovery; and controlling the Ilow oI
inIormation?

8. Which layer provides logical addressing that routers use Ior path determination?

9. Which layer speciIies voltage, wire speed, and pinout cables and moves bits between
devices?

10. Which layer combines bits into bytes and bytes into Irames, uses MAC addressing,
and provides error detection?

11. Which layer is responsible Ior keeping the data Irom diIIerent applications separate
on the network?

12. Which layer is represented by Irames?

13. Which layer is represented by segments?

14. Which layer is represented by packets?

15. Which layer is represented by bits?

16. Put the Iollowing in order oI encapsulation:

O Packets
O rames
O Bits
O Segments
17. Which layer segments and reassembles data into a data stream?

18. Which layer provides the physical transmission oI the data and handles error
notiIication, network topology, and Ilow control?

19. Which layer manages device addressing, tracks the location oI devices on the
network, and determines the best way to move data?

20. What is the bit length and expression Iorm oI a MAC address?

Answers
1. The Application layer is responsible Ior Iinding the network resources broadcast Irom a
server and adding Ilow control and error control (iI the application developer chooses).
2. The Physical layer takes Irames Irom the Data Link layer and encodes the 1s and 0s into a
digital signal Irom transmission on the network medium.
3. The Network layer provides routing through an internetwork and through logical addressing.
4. The Presentation layer makes sure that data is in a readable Iormat Ior the Application layer.
5. The Session layer sets up, maintains, and terminates sessions between applications.
6. PDUs at the Data Link layer are called Irames. As soon as you see 'Irame in a question,
you know the answer.
7. The Transport layer uses virtual circuits to create a reliable connection between two hosts.
8. The Network layer provides logical addressing, typically IP addressing and routing.
9. The Physical layer is responsible Ior the electrical and mechanical connections between
devices.
10. The Data Link layer is responsible Ior Iraming data packets.
11. The Session layer creates sessions between diIIerent hosts` applications.
12. The Data Link layer Irames packets received Irom the Network layer.
13. The Transport layer segments user data.
14. The Network layer creates packets out oI segments handed down Irom the Transport layer.
15. The Physical layer is responsible Ior transporting 1s and 0s in a digital signal.
16. Segments, packets, Irames, bits.
17. The Transport layer segments and reassembles data into a data stream.
18. The Data Link layer provides the physical transmission oI the data and handles error
notiIication, network topology, and Ilow control.
19. The Network layer manages device addressing, tracks the location oI devices on the network,
and determines the best way to move the data.
20. 48 bits (6 bytes) expressed as a hexadecimal number is the bit length and expression Iorm oI
a MAC address.
Lab 1.2: Defining the OSI Layers and Devices
ill in the blanks with the appropriate layer oI the OSI reIerence model or hub, switch, or router
device.
Description Device or OSI Layer
This device sends and receives inIormation about
theNetwork layer.

This layer creates a virtual circuit Ior transmitting
between two end stations.

This layer uses service access points.
This device uses hardware addresses to Iilter a
network.

Ethernet is deIined at these layers.
This layer supports Ilow control and sequencing.
This device can measure the distance to a remote
network.

Logical addressing is used at this layer.
Hardware addresses are deIined at this layer.
This device creates one big collision domain
andonelarge broadcast domain.

This device creates many smaller collision domains,
but the network is still one large broadcast domain.

This device breaks up collision domains and
broadcast domains.

Answers to Lab 1.2
Description Device or OSI Layer
This device sends and receives inIormation about the
Network layer.
router
This layer can create a virtual circuit Ior transmitting
between two end stations.
Transport layer
This layer uses service access points. Data Link layer (LLC sublayer)
This device uses hardware addresses to Iilter a
network.
bridge or switch
Ethernet is deIined at these layers. Data Link and Physical layers
This layer supports Ilow control and sequencing. Transport layer
This device can measure the distance to a remote
network.
router
Logical addressing is used at this layer. Network layer
Description Device or OSI Layer
Hardware addresses are deIined at this layer. Data Link layer (MAC sublayer)
This device creates one big collision domain and one
large broadcast domain.
hub
This device creates many smaller collision domains
but the network is still one large broadcast domain.
switch or bridge
This device breaks up collision domains and
broadcast domains.
router
Lab 1.3: Identifying Collision and Broadcast Domains
1. In igure 1.24, identiIy the number oI collision domains and broadcast domains in
each speciIied device. Each device is represented by a letter.
1. Hub
2. Bridge
3. Switch
4. Router

igure 1.24: IdentiIying collision and broadcast domains

Answers
1. Hub: One collision domain, one broadcast domain
Bridge: Two collision domains, one broadcast domain
Switch: our collision domains, one broadcast domain
Router: Three collision domains, three broadcast domains