INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH School of Engineering &Computer Science Midterm Assignment

Semester

: Autumn 2011

Course ID

: EEE303L

Submission date

: 17-11-2011

Student Name

: Mir Rashadus Sabbur

ID

: 0920721

Ques 1: What is the principle of a transformer? ANS: The principle of operation of transformer: Transformer
depend on two principle 1. Electric current can produce a magnetic field or electromagnetism.
2. Change the magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage

across the ends of the coil or electromagnetic induction. In the primary coil change the current changes the magnetic flux that is developed. In the secondary coil change the magnetic flux induce a voltage. In an ideal transformer Current passing through the primary coil is create a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are roll around a core of very high magnetic permeability like as iron so that most of the magnetic flux passes through the primary and secondary coils both. If there is load connected in the second winding the load current and voltage indicate the direction, given the primary current and voltage in the directions indicated.

Ques 2: What is the RMS value of an alternating voltage? ANS: The RMS value or Root mean square of an alternating voltage is
defined as that value of steady potential difference which would generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance is given time as done by A.C. The RMS value is also called effective value. It is represent by Expression for RMS value of alternative voltage Small heat produced by alternating voltage is small time dt dt = Integration it over 0 to T and equating with heat produced by DC in the same time and we gate

Ques 3: What is resonance? Derive an expression of resonant frequency for an RLC series circuit in terms of L and C. ANS: Resonance: Resonance is a tendency of a system to oscillate
at a greater amplitude at some frequencies than others. It is known as resonant frequency or resonance frequencies. It is occur when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between two or more different storage modes. Expression: In the circuit is RCL series circuit so Z= R+ After substitution Z = R+j2fL+ Z = R+j2fL (1) and we get

For RLC series circuit in terms of L and C. If 4 In this condition the imaginary part of Z is zero. So Z= R If the negative reactance of the capacitor and positive reactance of the inductor add up to 0, creating a condition is known as resonance. Which occurs at a specific frequency called the resonant frequency. It is possible to derive an equation for the resonant frequency in terms of L and C from the condition 42f2LC = 1

Here:

= resonant frequency (Hz) L = inductance (H) C = capacitance (F)

The resonant frequency depends on the product of L and C not the impedance of R.

Ques 4: In a balanced three phase circuit what is the phase difference among the phases? What is the purpose of XOR phase different and real pole block in the simulation is PScad for determining the phase different? Ans: In a balanced three phase circuit each of the three instantaneous
voltages have equal amplitudes but are separated from the other voltages by phase angle of 120.

The purpose of XOR phase different in PScad: The XOR phase different calculates between two time varying input signals A and B

The XOR phase difference produces a non-zero output when the two inputs are of opposite signs. The sign of the output is dependent on which input is leading compared to the other. The average value of the signal can be regarded as the phase difference between the two signals. The output varies between -1 and +1 and MUST be smoothed in order to obtain a meaningful result. To convert to degrees, multiply by 180. To convert to radians, multiply by p.

The purpose of real pole block in PScad: The real pole block function simulates a lag or 'real pole' function, where the output can be reset to the user specified value at any instant.

The input signal is scaled by the gain factor G (t) before it is processed. The time domain solution algorithm is based on the trapezoidal rule.

Ques 5: Write about the application of transformer? Ans: A major application of transformers is to increase the voltage
before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Wires have resistance and so waste electrical energy. The rate of the waste electrical energy is proportional to the square of the current through the wire. Transformers are also extensively used in electronic products to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage. Audio transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a single pair of wires.

Ques 6: Why leakage flux is represented by inductive reactance in a transformer? Ans: Leakage flux: All the flux created by a winding are not confines
itself to the magnetic core on which the winding is wound. This part of the flax is known as leakage flux and does complete its part through air.

Inductive reactance: The affect of the inductor to change the voltage and alternative current is known as inductive reactance. In the transformer when both winding carry current then each winding creates its own leakage flux. Primary leakage flux set up by the primary does not link the secondary and the Secondary leakage flux set up by the secondary does not link the primary. The leakage flux associated with either winding is responsible for the voltage drop across it. So the leakage flux affects the voltage. For that reason the leakage flux is represented by inductive reactance in a transformer.

Ques 7: Draw the exact and approximate equivalent circuit for a transformer. Define all the parameter? Ans:

Ques 8: Why open circuit test is performed in the high tension side where as short circuit test is performed in the low tension side? Ans: The open circuit test performed in the high tension side because
it is safer to conduct the test on the low voltage side (or high tension). Another reason is the low voltage is available for any test facilities. But in short circuit test performed in the low tension side because the measurement of the rated current suggest that, for safety purposes and the high voltage side needs less current source than low voltage side.

Ques 9: Why do we perform open circuit test and short circuit test for a transformer? Ans: We perform the open circuit test and short circuit test to
determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer.

Ques 10: What is the significance of back EMF in a DC motor? Why the speed of a DC shunt motor is practically constant? Ans: The induce EMF oppose the applied voltage. The back EMF
makes the dc motor in a self-regulating machine. It makes the dc motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque required by the load. Armature current, 1) When the motor is running without any load then small torque is required to overcome the friction and wind age losses. Therefore the armature current is small and the back EMF is nearly equal to the applied voltage. 2) If the motor is suddenly loaded then the first effect is to slow down. Therefore the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced and for this reason the back EMF falls. The decreased back EMF allows a larger current to flow through the armature. The larger current means increased driving torque. Thus the driving torque increases as the motor slows down. The motor will stop slowing down when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the increased torque required by the load. 3) If the load on the motor is decreased, the driving torque is momentarily in excess of the requirement so that armature is accelerated. As the armature speed increases the back EMF also increases and causes the armature current to decrease.

The motor will stop accelerating when the armature current is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by the load. By those three ways the back EMF in a DC motor regulates the flow of armature current The DC shunt motor runs practically constant speed regardless of the load because the field flux is constant.