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FOURIER SYNTHESIS KIT MODEL-COM308

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SIGMA TRAINERS AHMEDABAD (INDIA)

FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental knowledge of a general circuit Of Fourier synthesis. SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. Power supply requirement Built in IC based power supply. Built in Sine OscillatorFrequency Range Amplitude Sections: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Waveform Clock Generator Sine wave Generator Balanced Modulator Low Pass Filter Power supply section. : 1. A Instructional Manual. 2. Connecting wires : 100Hz to 1KHz : 0 to 10 Vpp. : 230V AC, 50 Hz.

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5. Standard Accessories

CHAPTER-1 STUDY OF THEORY OF FOURIER SYNTHESIS CONTENT: The frequency components of a square wave are analyzed by modulating the square wave with a sine wave. The analogies between the electrical process & the mathematical processes of Fourier analysis are compared. (1) Fourier's Analysis: It is known that signals often have several components of different frequencies. Fourier's Theorem shows that any repetitive waveform can be expressed as a series of frequency components, and enables their magnitudes and phases to be calculated. The calculation, called Fourier analysis, involves mathematical operations. However, by doing corresponding electrical operations, you may be able to understand them better. You will be able to see that the mathematical results obtained do mean something in relation to electrical events. If two sine-wave signals of frequency f1 and f2 are presented to the inputs of a product modulator, the output signal will contains components of frequencies (f1 + f2) & (f1 - f2). This follows from the trigonometric identity, Sin 1 Sin 2 = Cos ( 1 2 ) - Cos ( 1 + 2 ) Where represents 2ft. Note that there is no D.C term. If the composite output is passed through a low-pass filter then the component (f1- f2) can be separated. As the two frequencies f1 and f2 approach equality, the difference (f1 - f2) tends to zero. When (f1 = f2) the output becomes Sin 2 = Cos (1 - Cos 2). {If the outputs are in phase (in which there is a d. c term as well as an a.c term)} OR Sin.Cos = sin2. (If they are in quadrate, in which the D.C term has gone to zero). Consequently, to get a D.C term, the frequencies must match, and the D.C values vary with the phase difference. (2). Fourier's Theorem: What happens if we if we apply the same process to a waveform having many frequency components? Fourier's theorem supplies the answer in the case of any periodic waveform. It states that any periodic signal F (t) of period T can be expressed in the form: F (t) = a 0 + a 1 cos wt + a 2 cos 2 wt + b 1 sin wt + b 2 sin 2 wt +... Where w = 2/T, and the coefficients a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , b 1 , b 2 __are constant. This is called the Fourier series and may be written in the form: F (t) = a 0 + (a n cos nwt + b n sin nwt) n=1 Where a 0 , a n and b n are determined by: 4 -----(Eq.1)

a0 =

T/2 1/T/( F(t) dt -T/2

T/2 a n = 2/T ( F(t) cos nwtdt -T/2 i.e a n = 1/ ( F(t) cos nwtdt - T/2 b n = 2/T/ F(t) sin nwtdt -T/2 i.e b n = 1/ / F(t) sin nwtdt - a 0 is simply the average or D.C level of the signal. The lowest frequency, w/2 is called the fundamental frequency. The other frequencies are multiples of it and are called harmonics. The value n is called the order of the harmonic. The amplitude of the nth harmonic is a 2 n + b 2 n Each of the coefficients a n , b n is found by multiplying the original signal F(t) by sinusoid and then integrating the product. Integrating is the mathematical process, which removes the oscillatory terms in the product. In your experiments the low-pass filter does the same job. (3) Harmonic Analysis Of a Square Wave: In the next experiment you will apply the same technique as before to a square wave. You will find a series of Frequencies of the multiplying sine wave at which the filtered product is a difference frequency, which goes to Zero. It amplitude corresponds to the value of a 2 n + b 2 n for the corresponding harmonic. It can be shown that: F (t) = V when 0 < t < T/2 and - V when T/2 < t < 1, And therefore: F (t) = (4V/) (sin wt + 1/3 sin 3wt + 1/5 sin 5wt + 1/7 sin 7wt +.

CHAPTER-2 STUDY OF COMPLETE CIRCUIT OF FOURIER SYNTHESIS A block diagram of Harmonic Analyzer System is shown in circuit Diagram. It consists of following stages/ Sections. (1) Waveform generator section: This section is used to generate any arbitrary waveform. It consists of two counter ICs and one clock Ic. It has sixteen sliding pots. These sliding pots are used to decide levels in a waveform. It has zero value when it is at bottom position while full maximum value at top place. The 100K Pot is used to control the amplitude of waveform and 10K pot is used to vary the frequency of the waveform. The waveform is available at waveform O/P terminal. The trigger O/p is used to trigger the CRO to observe complex waveform. The Normal/Carrier switch is used to produce waveform with carrier or without carrier signal. (2) Sine wave Generator section: IC 1 (ICL 8038) waveform generator IC is used generate sinewave signal. Pot P1 (22K) is used to vary Its frequency. The frequency range is 15Hz to 925Hz. Presets Pr1 and Pr2 are adjusted for proper peaks of sine have signal. Pr3 is used to adjust duty cycle. The sine wave output signal is available at pin 2 of IC1 & it is then amplified by IC4. The amplified output is available Output terminals. Pot P2 is used to vary the amplitude of Sine wave signal. The switch S1 is used for course variation of frequency. The output amplitude vary from 0 to 20Vpp.. (3) Balanced A.M. Modulator section IC 1 is used as balanced modulator. The modulating audio signal is connected at pin 1 through buffer transistor Q1. This IC has two inputs as it works as balanced modulator. The Second input can be connected at pin 4 through buffer transistor Q2. The RF carrier signal is connected at pin 8 through coupling capacitor from RF Carrier oscillator section. The modulated outputs are available at pin 12 and 6 of this IC which are then balanced amplified by Q3, Q4, Q5 and Q6. The final balanced modulated output is available at output terminals. Presets Pr1 and Pr2 are adjusted balancing input audio signals. Pr3 is used to adjust output zero DC level. (4) Low Pass Filter Section: This section passes only low frequencies up to 3.4 KHz and reduces all other frequencies. This filter is required to remove RF carrier signal components from demodulated signal. This section is based on IC 741 and R-C circuits. (5) Power Supply Filter Section: The regulated power supply is used for different supply voltages. Following output D.C. Voltages are required to operate AM Modulation demodulation system. +15V, 250mA -15V, 250mA + 5V, 250mA Three terminal regulators are used for different output voltages i.e. IC 7805 for + 5V, IC 7815 for +15V, IC 7915 for -15V, These ICs are supplied different dc input voltages by two Half-wave rectifiers consisting of D301-D304 and D305-D308 and C301, C302, C309, C313. The capacitors at each input and each output are for filtering purpose. SW 301 is main AC ON/OFF Switch. 6

EXPERIMENTS Procedure: Exp. 1. To demonstrate the Fourier analysis: 1. 2. 3. First connect the frequency Counter to trigger O/P test point. Adjust the trigger frequency to 100Hz by Clock frequency. Set Sine O/p frequency of Sine wave generator to 100 Hz by frequency pot. Also set its amplitude to zero for the moment. Then connect this Sine signal to I/P of Balance Modulator. Keep Normal/Carrier switch in scanning generator to Normal position. This waveform is connected to other input of balance Modulator. Connect CRO Channel Y1 on to this signal. Set the time base to 1 ms/division, externally triggered from the trigger output of waveform generator and adjust the controls so that steady traces are obtained. Set both Y channels to 0.5V/division, d.c coupled. With Y1 temporarily disconnected or switched off, adjust its trace height to the reticules line across the middle of the screen, and then re-enable it.

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5. Set all the slider controls to the bottom. Then raise the left-hand slider, watching the oscilloscope. You should see a fairly narrow pulse increasing in height as you move the slider. Set the top of the pulse to 0 Volt. Adjust all the sliders in the position of the waveform shown in the Waveform (W4). This represents an approximation to a 2V peak- to peak, 100Hz sine wave. 6. Connect the Y2 Channel of CRO to the output of balanced modulator. Raise the amplitude of Sine Oscillator the function generator to 1 Vpp. As the balanced modulator now has two inputs, the output will contain the sum and the difference of these inputs. Finely adjust the frequency of the Sine Oscillator and you should be able to see the double-frequency (200Hz) component and a D.C or low-frequency component, as predicted by the equations shown in theory. Now output of balanced modulator is connected to Low pass filter. This Low Pass Filter has lowest cut-off frequency of 100Hz. Hence the double-frequency component will be removed in the output of Low pass filter. Check this by connecting Y2 channel of CRO at LPF2 output of Low pass filter. The Y2 trace will now become a line, which moves up and down unless the two inputs to the modulator are at exactly the same frequency. The range of voltage over which it moves is the peak-to-peak value of the differencefrequency components, as given in equation (Eq.1). Now raise the Sine Oscillator frequency, watching the oscilloscope. You may find some frequency at which more or less stationary patterns can be seen,(remember that the time base frequency is also to changed), but ideally these should not be any other frequencies giving the same effect of a difference frequency, which goes to zero.

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Exp. 2. To carry out Harmonic Analysis of Square wave: 10. Setup a square wave on the Waveform generator section by pushing the first eight slider controls fully upward and the remaining eight controls filly downward. The amplitude of the square wave should be 2V peak-to-peak. Adjust the frequency of the sine wave generator carefully in the region of 100Hz, to find the slowly rising and falling line on the Y2 trace as before. Carefully adjust the amplitude of Sine wave oscillator output so that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the rise and fall is 1V. Then, without altering the sine-wave amplitude, repeat the adjustment at 300Hz, 500Hz. At each of these frequencies the sine wave `beats' with one of the harmonics of the square wave to product nominally a 7

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zero-difference frequency output. (There may appear to be slow beats at intermediate frequencies, but switching the time base speed will quickly show that these are not zero-frequency beats). 13. At each of the specified frequencies, measure the amplitude over which the Y2 signal raises and falls recording your results as per table shown below. Note that you will need to adjust the Y2 scale of the Oscilloscope, as the amplitude gets smaller. Frequency (Hz) 100 200 300 order of Harmonic 1 2 3 Output Beat Amplitude (V, pk-to-pk) 1.00 0.40 0.20

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The right hand column of your table should be calculated by dividing the measured beat amplitude into 2, which should give values close to those in the second column and show that the odd order harmonics are of amplitude inversely proportional to the order.

Conclusion: 1. 2. Any repetitive waveform can be analyses into a series of sinusoidal components, which are mathematically expressed as the Fourier series. The component of frequency equal to the rate of repetition is called the fundamental (and its frequency is called the fundamental frequency). The other components are called harmonics and have frequencies, which are simple multiples to the fundamental frequency. The magnitude of a particular frequency component can be found multiplying it (equivalent to modulation) by a sine wave of the same frequency. This produces a zero-frequency component, which can be measured or calculated, and one or more high-frequency components, which must be disregarded. In a measuring system the calculation of the term in the Fourier series, integration over the period of the waveform removes the unwanted frequencies.

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