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INTRODUCTION This trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical and experimental Knowledge of Frequency Modulation/Demodulation technique as practically implemented in Analog Communication systems on a SINGLE P.C.B of size 24 "x 15". 1. Power supply requirement : 230V AC, 50 Hz. 2. Built in IC based power supply. 3. On Board AF Modulating signal generator - Sine wave Frequency Range : 300 Hz to 3.4 KHz Amplitude : 0 to 5 Vpp. 4. VCO Frequency Range : 50 KHz to 150KHz. 5. PLL Frequency Range : 50KHz to 150KHz 6. Modulator Type : VCO (Voltage controlled oscillator) type. 7. Demodulator Type : - Ratio detector. - Foster-Seeley detector. - Phase lock loop (PLL) detector. 8. All parts are soldered on single pin TAGS on single PCB of size 12" x9" with complete circuit diagram Screen-printed. 9. Standard Accessories : 1. A Training Manual. 2. Connecting Patch cords.
(3). FM demodulators: (a) FM demodulation by PLL: An IC 565 PLL IC is used here for FM demodulation. It contains voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which Produces the frequency, which is proportional to the voltages applied to it. The frequency of oscillation is determined by resistance and capacitance at pin 8 and 9 and by a 4K7 preset. 308 Ic is used as amplifier. The basic free running frequency can be set between 200KHz to 1MHz by varying 4K7 preset.
(b). FM Demodulator using Ratio Detector:In this section two diodes OA79, two resistors (100K), two capacitors (10nPPC) and coils L1 and L2 are connected as ratio detector circuit. The FM modulated signal form FM modulator is applied to the base of transistor Q1 through coupling capacitor (0.1uDC). This signal is amplified and amplified output is then FM demodulated by ratio detector circuit. The demodulated output available at junction of Capacitors is then filtered by resistor 4K7 and capacitor 0.47 PPC. The recovered signal is available at DEMOD O/P terminal.
(c). FM Demodulator using Foster Seeley Detector:In this section two diodes OA79, two resistors (100K), two capacitors (10nPPC) and coils L1 and L2 are connected as Foster Seeley Detector circuit. The FM modulated signal form FM modulator is applied to the base of transistor Q1 through coupling capacitor (0.1uDC). This signal is amplified and amplified output is then FM demodulated by Foster seeley detector circuit. The demodulated output available at junction of upper resistor and capacitor is then filtered by resistor 4K7 and capacitor 0.47 PPC. The recovered signal is available at DEMOD O/P terminal. (a) FM demodulation by PLL: 3
An IC 565 PLL IC is used here for FM demodulation. It contains voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) which Produces the frequency, which is proportional to the voltages applied to it. The frequency of oscillation is determined by resistance and capacitance at pin 8 and 9 and by a 4K7 preset. 308 Ic is used as amplifier. The basic free running frequency can be set between 200KHz to 1MHz by varying 4K7 preset.
(4). Low pass filter: This section passes only low frequencies up to 3.4 KHz & reduces all other frequencies. This filter is required to remove RF carrier signal components from demodulated signal. This section is based on IC 741 & R-C circuits
EXPERIMENTS
Exp. (1). To generate FM signal using VCO Modulator: 1. Connect CRO channel-1 at O/P of VCO Modulator-1. Vary Carrier frequency Pot of VCO modulator to produce 100KHz frequency carrier signal. _______Waveform (T2) Now connect Sine wave output of Audio Generator to VCO Modulator input terminals. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine wave output signal. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1 Vpp and audio frequency to 1 KHz. _______Waveform (T1) Connect CRO Channel-2 FM output of VCO FM modulator section. Trigger CRO by channel-1. The Frequency Modulated wave will be observed. _______Waveform (T3)
2.
3.
Exp. (2). To demodulate FM signal using Phase lock loop (PLL) detector: 1. 2. Connect the FM modulated output of VCO FM modulator to input of PLL detector. Connect DEMOD O/P of PLL demodulator to input of Low pass filter. Observe O/P of Low pass filter. This demodulated sine wave. _______Waveform (T4)
Exp. (3). To demodulate FM signal using Ratio detector:3. 4. Connect the FM modulated output of VCO FM modulator to input of Ratio detector. Connect DEMOD O/P of Ratio detector to input of Low pass filter. Observe O/P of Low pass filter. This demodulated sine wave. Also tune gang condenser C5 for proper output signal. _______Waveform (T5) Exp. (4). To demodulate FM signal using Foster-Seeley detector: 5. 6. Connect the FM modulated output of VCO FM modulator to input of Foster-Seeley detector. Connect DEMOD O/P of Foster-Seeley detector to input of Low pass filter. Observe O/P of Low pass filter. This demodulated sine wave. Also tune gang condenser C6 for proper output signal. _______Waveform (T6)
TEST POINT WAVEFORMS T1. Modulating sinewave signal: (at sine wave connector)
I/P = 1 Volt P.P Freq. = 1 KHz
0.5
T2. R.F. Carrier Signal: (at F.M. modulator o/p) connector
2VPP
H = 1.0 us V = 2.0 V Trig = CRO-2
0.01ms
T3. FM modulated output signal: at FM modulator o/p connector)
1 VPP
0.5V
-0.5V
-0.5V
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