Eri Banno t)j!l!f:J}d_l Yutaka Ohno :A!I!f* Yoko Sakane j:JjfllJI-1Chikako Shinagawa .H.

JII-1-

The JapanTimes

ELEMENTARY JAPANESE

AN INTEGRATED COURSE IN

GENKI
Eri Banno t/i!l!f:l}dlJ!

Yutaka Ohno ::k!l!fm Yoko Sakane t/itl/M-1Chikako Shinagawa .?nJII$-1-

The Japan Times

Copyright 1999 by Eri Banno, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane, and Chikako Shinagawa All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. First edition: May 1999 32nd printing: November 2004

Editorial assistance: guild Illustrations: Noriko Udagawa and Reiko Maruyama Cover art and Editorial design: Nakayama Design Office
Gin-o Nakayama, Mutsumi Sotoh, ond Mosotoko Muromotsu

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd. 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1 08-0023, Japan Phone: 03-3453-2013 http:// bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/ ISB N4-7890-0963-7 Printed in Japan

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Preface

Producing the materials for this textbook involved a long process of surveying students' needs, writing up the results, making detailed revisions to the material based on the surveys, and responding to the reactions and comments of students who used a trial version of this text. It has taken more than four years to complete this project. Our labor has been rewarded, however, because this book is based on our original plan to produce the ideal textbook-one that will enable students to learn Japanese smoothly, while also enjoying lively games and helpful illustrations.

We have an extensive list of people to thank for the completion of this textbook. First, our sincere thanks to Chiaki Sekido of the Publica tions Department of The Japan Times for seeing this book through the publishing process. Particular acknowledgment goes to Kroko Toka shiki who helped in the production of Lesson 11 and following, to our colleagues and trainees in the Asian Studies Program of Kansai Gaidai University who attempted the trial version and made invaluable sug gestions, to Kaori Tajima for her illustrations in the trial version, to Judy Okawa for translating, and to the teachers whose heartfelt guid ance encouraged us throughout the process. Finally, we would also like to express our gratitude to the foreign students at Kansai Gaidai University for providing us with the opportunity to write this book.

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I Llthl:::/Preface3

:$:1:-:Jl \"L/Introduction 1/vi_.,J;

Japanese Writing System 1a

Greetings

New Friends

10

Shopping

30

Making a Date

54 72

The First Date

A Trip to Okinawa

96

n ;\--

r lvCD- s

L\'!5 (;::'{;;

A Day in Robert's Life

114

Family Picture

132

Barbecue

150

Kabuki

170

Winter Vacation Plans

190

After the Vacation

210 226

Feeling Ill

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252 257 262 266 270 276 282 287 292 298

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v)

h: i? 0) -1t v) iJ J
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Daily Life

7 1)

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Mary's Weekend

..

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M6 fLO)T'/;tvA m7 ms 9 1a
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My Favorite Restaurant

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Mary's Letter

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Japanese Office Workers

A -- lv0) B 2
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Sue's Diary The Folktale Kasajizo

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Looking for Friends

304

T anabata Festival

310

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Japanese-English

316

English-Japanese

329

Numbers

342

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Conjugation Chart

344

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Introduction
Aim

and purpose

GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a textbook for beginners in the study of the Japanese language. Students can complete the elementary-level study of Japanese in the 23 lessons of this text, which is divided into two volumes. The book is designed mainly for use in uniYersity and college courses, but it is also effective for high school students and adults who are beginning to learn Jap anese either at school or on their own. Hopefully, students will have at least a basic knowledge of English, because grammar explanations are given in English. GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a comprehensive approach to developing the four basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) in order to cultivate overall Japanese-language ability. Much emphasis has been placed on balancing accuracy, fluency, and complexity so that students using the material would not end up speaking accurately yet in a stilted manner, nor fluently yet employ ing only simple grammatical structures.

Structure of the textbook

This textbook basically consists of three sections: Dialogue and Grammar, Reading and Writing, and the Appendix. A detailed explanation of each part follows. A.., Dialogue and Grammar

The Dialogue and Grammar section aims at improving students' speaking and listening abilities by learning basic grammar and increasing yocabulary. The Dialogue and Grammar section of each lesson is comprised of the following components: enialogue The dialogues revolve around the lives of foreign students living in Japan, their friends, and their families, presenting various scenes that students are likely to face in their daily lives. By practicing natural expressions and aizuchi (responses that make conversations go smoothly), students are able to understand how sentences are connected and how some phrases are shortened in daily conversation. Because the Dialogue section of each lesson covers a lot of ne\Y grammar and vocabulary, students may feel it is too difficult


to understand at first. Don't be overly concerned, however, because the grammar and vocabulary will gradually take root with practice. Dialogues are recorded on the accompanying CD. Students are encouraged to practice regularly by_ listening to the CD and carefully noting pronunciation and intonation. evo c abulary The Vocabulary section presents all the new words encountered in both the Dialogue and Practice sections of each lesson. Words that appear in the Dialogue are marked with an asterisk (
*

). Words are listed according to their function in Lessons

and 2,

and by parts of speech in Lesson 3 and following. In addition, all words presented in the text are also found in the Index at the end of each volume. Words found in the Vocabulary section of each lesson appear frequently in subse quent lessons, thus students are encouraged to learn them little by little each day. After Lesson 2, commonly used kanji equivalents of some words (J oyo Kanji) are also listed, but students are not required to memorize them. This textbook does not indicate a word's accents. The accent of a Japanese word varies considerably, depending on the region, the speaker's age (including the genera tion gap between speakers), the word's paradigmatic form, and its connection with other vwrds. Therefore, don't be overly concerned about the accent, but try to imitate as closely as possible the intonation heard on the accompanying CD. eGrammar Grammar explanations are detailed, so that students can easily study them on their own. Students at school are expected to read the grammar explanations before each class. This section also fully explains the items found in the Practice section that follows. Necessary explanations for the grammar and vocabulary that are not found in the Practice section can be found in the Expression Notes at the end of each Grammar section. ePractice This section includes questions related to what was taught in each section of the lesson, providing students with both basic practice and application. By answering the ques tions sequentially, students can naturally build up their Japanese-language ability. The exercises with only one answer are marked with students the opportunity to practice on their own. The last part of the Practice section contains Review Exercises, which incorporate aspects of the lesson as a whole. For example, some questions combine various topics covered in the lesson, and some call for the creation of new phrases based on what was learned in the Dialogue section.

8) and recorded on thec D, allowing

Introduction

<IIIII

Supplement

Finally, some lessons include additional or supplementary information. This includes expressions related to the topic of the lesson, as in "Time and age" in Lesson 1, or expressions suitable at certain times or places, as in "At the station" in Lesson 10. Words introduced in the Supplement section are found in the Index of each volume.
B ... Reading and Writing

The Reading and \iVriting section aims to foster comprehension and writing ability by learning Japanese characters and by providing opportunities to practice both reading and writing. Hiragana is introduced in Lesson 1, followed by katakana in Lesson 2, and kanji in Lesson 3 and following. From Lesson 3, each lesson contains the following components:
Kanji 1ist

Each new kanji introduced in a lesson is contained in a list, each with about 15 kanji. This makes it easy to memorize a few each day, rather than be overwhelmed with so many at once.

cp serial number
(?)
017

kanji

(1)

reading

() compounds

including the kanji

* (it>') book a ?f. (.:::.;tY) Japan E?f.. (.:::.;l\Y:i) Japanese *-!v (;t t t lv)
1\Ir./i\Is. Yamamoto (boo; basis)

(3) meaning

(7) stroke order (6) total strokes

Among the readings shown in (4) and (5), hiragana indicates the kun'yomi, or Japanese readings for a kanji, while katakana indicates the on'yomi, or Chinese reading. Both
kun'yomi

and on 'yomi are sometimes altered in compounds of two or more kanji. For

example, the ordinary pronunciation of is "gaku," which becomes "ga(k)" when the kanji is used in the word ;ft. Such derivative readings are also included in (4) and (5). Although some kanji have many readings, only those readings that are useful at an elementary level are included. Shaded readings and words in each lesson should be memorized. The others are for reference, so students don't need to memorize them. A practice sheet for each kanji is provided in the Reading and Writing section of the workbook. Students should practice


writing the kanji repeatedly, according to the stroke order shown on the kanji list in the textbook. ePractice GENKI I consists of kanji practice, readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. Kanji practice includes various types of questions, such as having students reconstruct a kanji from its various parts or make new words by combining kanji. By tackling these problems, students will realize the goal of practice-to become more proficient in their use of kanji. Basically, the readings are short and deal with subjects familiar to the students. They are easy to understand if the student has learned the vocabulary and grammar taught previously in the Dialogue and Grammar section. When readings include new words, a corresponding word list is provided. Finally, composition topics are given for writing practice. GENKI II contains readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. The readings employ various styles of Japanese, ranging from letters and fables to essays and advertisements. With a knowledge of the previous ly learned vocabulary, grammar, and kanji, the readings are easy to understand but grow longer and more difficult in later lessons. \i\Tord lists are provided for newly introduced vocabulary. Finally, composition topics are introduced. C .. Appendix Volumes 1 and 2 both contain an Index. The Japanese-English Index, in hiragana order, lists words found in the Vocabulary and Supplement section of each lesson. The number next to a word indicates the lesson in which the word was introduced. In the English-Japanese Index, English equivalents to Japanese words are arranged in alpha betical order. Also included in the Appendix are tables of verb conj ugations as well as sound inflections of the expressions related to numbers.

IH Orthography and font

The basic text is written in kanji and hiragana. Kanji is used for the most commonly used characters, those that appear in the official list of J oyo Kanji. Hiragana is used instead, however, when the J oyo Kanji equivalent would not be necessary for beginning students of Japanese.

Introduction

<411

So that students can easily study the Dialogue and Grammar section, the pronuncia tion of every kanji is indicated in hiragana. However, to lessen the burden on the students and allmY them to study on their own, Greetings and Lessons 1 and 2 are represented in hiragana and katakana, as well as by romanized forms. It is best not to rely too much on the romanizations, but use them only as a learning aid. Students study
hiragana and katakana in Lessons

1 and 2, respectively, of the Reading and writing

section.
Students study kanji from Lesson 3 in the Reading and Vlriting section, where

pronunciations of the kanji already presented are not indicated in hiragana, in order to promote the students' increasing acquisition of kanji. The Japanese in the basic text is set mainly i n the Textbook font, which resembles handwriting and serves as a good model for students. Students will encounter a variety of fonts used for Japanese materials, however, and should be aware that the shape of some characters differ considerably, depending on the font used. Tote especially that with some characters, we find two separate strokes in one style are merged into a single stroke.

Example:

Textbook font

Mincho font

Gothic font

Handwriting

''

icJ
......,. ),

'2
(._
'7

rJ
b

--\" -5(
1......

t)
0
'--..,

'--

"-

<--

t-'

(
7 v t:
katakana
h

Japanese Writing System

)
1

There are three kinds of characters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. All three characters can be seen in a single sentence.

Jt --j_

lJ.!f..C!ff!?-

1 watch television. Hiragana and katakana, like the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above example, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function words, and native Japanese words not covered by kanji_ Katakana, which has rather straight lines, is normally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example, the Japanese word for "television" is written in katakana as Tv t:' (terebi). Kanji, or Chinese characters, represent not just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used for nouns and the sterns of verbs and adjectives.

CDH
1.

Basic Hiragana Syllables

There are forty-six basic hiragana syllables, which are listed below. Once you memorize this chart, you will have the skill to transcribe all of the Japanese sounds.

\ \
z

J
u

"

j?
0 '

ir
ka
'-

ki

ku

<

ke

tt

ko

sa

*shi

-t
su -:J *tsu

1!se

2(so

f:.
ta

*chi

-t;

l
te

(::
to

t:
na

t:
m

nu
"

fi:J.

tl
ne
"""

(})
no

ha

t1

u
hi I

'

fu

he

ho I

tl

There is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs, and so on.

Japanese Writing System

.,..

ma

mz

h.

mu

me

d)

mo

Jf>
ya

ra

f)
rz

yu

ry
ru

yo

.;

:fL
re

;
ro

wa

ib
n

**o

*The syllables l, -t?, and -? are romanized as

shi, chi, and

which is

I
s,

tsu,

respectively,

closer to the English pronunci ation. **is also pronounced as "wo."

The romanization is given for general pronunciation reference.

2. Hiragana with Diacritical lVIarks

You can transcribe 23 additional sounds by adding diacritical marks. With a pair of short diagonal strokes ( ,, ), the unvoiced consonants k,
t, and h become voiced consonants g, z, d, and b, respectively. The consonant h changes top with the addition of a small circle

C).

-/)f
ga , ,
'-

gi

'
\..;

gu

<''

za

f!_
da

}Z *

L:
*

f
zu -;; zu
J"
..,.,._

-tf'
ze

ge

tj'

'go

''

'
zo

t; Tl
bi
}Z

"

-(
de ""' be

do

(::'' 1'
*

(;f'
ba

bu

'

bo t:; (ji) and

-5 (zu) are pro

pa

(i

lj
pz

nounced the same as

t (ji)

pu

pe

po

and f' (zu), respectively, and have limited use.


3.

and are used to transcribe contracted sounds. The contracted sound represents a single syllable.

Small , f1:>, and J: follow after letters in the second column (i-vowel hiragana, except "'\)

Transcribing Contracted Sounds

kya

vp
kyu

J:
kyo

5'
gya

\,.;

.Js;' vjJ
gyu

.Js;' J: 'gyo

L
sha

Lvp
shu

LJ:
sho

L
;a

Lvp
)U

LJ:
)0

t
cha

t;;vp
chu

tJ:
cho

1::
nya

l:: vjJ
nyu

t:: J:
nyo

u
hya

Uvp
hyu

UJ:
hyo

rl
by a

(} vjJ
byu

rJ' J:
byo

7;.
mya

7;-vp
myu

h.J:
myo

lj
pya

ljvp
pyu

LIJ:
pyo

)
rya

f) vjJ
ryu

f) J:
ryo

4.

There is another small letter as tt and pp. Examples:

Transcribing Double Consonants

--:J,

which is used when transcribing double consonants such cf. h' t:::.

h' '"'? t:::.

'"'?

katta sakka ha12Qa zasshi

(won) (writer) (leaf) (magazine)

kata

(shoulder)

U: '"'? tJ
,- '"'?

h'
L

Note that double consonant n's, as in sannen (3 years), are ''vritten with lv + a hiragana with an initial n sound (tj:, =. . b, or 0). Examples:

S lv "' \
5.

lv :tl.lv

sannen annaz

(3 years)
(guide)

Other Issues Relating to Transcription and Pronunciation

A Long Vowels

When the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowel

Japanese Writing System

becomes about t"ice as long as the single yoweL Be sure to hold the sound long enough, because the length of the YO\Yel can change one word to another.

aa
zz

B t;f' ;it;> !v obaasan

4-' l'' ' '' n 1..- " - rv OJ11San Sllllll

(grandmother) (grandfather) (number)

cf.

B ti' !v obasan !v o;zsan

(aunt) (uncle)

cf. }_; C

ee

uu

The long ee sound is usually transcribed by adding an "'to an e-vowel

gana.

hira
"'

There are a few words, ho\Yever, in which :Z is used instead of

\. '1J"'

eega
!v

(moYie) (big sister)

oo

B tl
The long

oo

oneesan

sound is in most cases transcribed by adding an -J to an

a-vowel lziragana. There are, however, words in which the long vowel is transcribed with an B, for historical reasons.

hooritsu too
B. Pronunciation of lv

(Ia w) (ten)

lv "n" is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however, depending on the sound that follows it. Japanese speakers are normally not aware of the different sound ,-alues of lv. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its pronunciatiOn.

C. Vowels to Be Dropped The vowels i and

s,

t, p, and

h),

u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k, (I

like it.)

or a t the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants.

Example:

T .:X "'C"T s(u)kides(u)

20ne variety of the pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end here with a tilde above vowel letters. You hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the English interjection "uh-uh," as in "no.") of an utterance, lv indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown

Followed by n, t, d, s, and

n ' li B >j:
::>

reai (romance) ho (book)

z

sounds, is pronounced as "n."

Followed by m, p, and b sounds, is pronounced as "m." Followed by k and g sounds, is pronounced as "ng" as in "song." 1 h:

onna (woman) sampo (stroll)

ll'

maoga (comics)


D. Accent in the Japanese Language Japanese has a pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low pitch. Unlike the English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced longer and louder, in Japanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length and stress. The pitch patterns in Japanese vary greatly, depending on the region of the country. Examples:

&.> iti.. f::.IJ I.\

_-__ _

sa

(morning)

___

na ta

:ma

..
_

(name) (high)

_ _ __

ka_.
z

Q)K atak a n a
7
a

1
z

7
u

:L
e

;f
0

ka

j;

;f
ki

ku

7
ke

:1
ko

sa

y
*shi

.A
su

..tzse

")
so

ta

*chi

1-

*tsu

'J

T
te

to

-T

nz

na
/\

nu

y.

;f-.
ne
"""'

/
no

t
hi

7
fu

ha -::< ma

he

*
ho

mz

' ' ......

mu

me

;<

mo

-f:
3
yo

f
ya

.:2
yu

7
ra

1)
rz

Jv
ru

v
re

0
ro

wa

7
0

*The syllables romanized tsu,

Y, 7, and
to

'Y are

/
n

as

shi, chi, and

give a

respectively,

closer English pronunciation.

Japanese Writing System

I
I

jf
ga

;f'
gz

gu

<>

'

ge

7'

I J

:f
go

-tf
za

y
]l

:X
Zll

-{!
ze

'/"
zo

da

5'

*-=f'
Jl

* 'j'"
zu

/'\ ba

c'
bi

bu

7..

-"(
T de be

_,,

do

I''

$
bo
'

.:y (ji) and ':/ (zu) are pro

nounced the same as (ji) and ;( (zu), respectiYelr, and have limited use.

pa

pz

pu

pe

PO

-\?
kya

..:z. kyu ..:z. V

shu

3
kyo

;f'-\?
gya

;f'..:z.
gyu

;f' 3
gyo

V-\?
sha

'l3
slzo

Y-\?
;a

YJ.
]U

Y3
]0

T-\?
cha

7-..::z.
clzu

7-3
cho

-=--\?
nya

-=-..:z.
nyu

t-\?
hya

t..:z.

-=-3
nyo

mya
'

.::. ..:z.
myu
'

....

hyu

) -\?
rya

Yj'll

..:z.

.... ...... 3
myo
'

t3
lzyo

t"-\? o t-\?
pya bya

c'..:z. byu ..:z. o t

pyu

t"3 o t3
pyo byo

)3
ryo

The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana, except for the follo'\\i ng points. 7J-

(1) The long vowels are written with

Examples:
kaa

-.

(car) (ski) (suit) (cake) (ball)

7-.::t-

.A-t-

sukii suutsu
keeki

if--Jv .A-'Y

booru


\iVhen you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also. Example:

if-' - Jv(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign sounds
that originally did not exist in Japanese. Examples:
7 1 7 7 :t S/ :; 1 77 7 1 7 7 ;;t

.l'\ U rJ 1 - /
/ '\ 1 7 1 S/ lJ ...

harowiin haiwee mineraruwootaa sherii jeemusu chekku fasshon fi1-ipin kafe kariforunia paatii disuko dyuuku

(Halloween) (highway) (mineral water) (sherry) (James) (check) (fashion) (Philippine) (cafe) (California) (party) (disco) (Duke)
IS

;t 7 Jv ? :t - 5' -

b. :A. 1 '')

7 7 ''/ S/ 3 /

71 7

7 1 1) t: /

-r 1

T 1

/ - -r 1 -

7J 1) 7 ;;r Jv =- 7

(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with rf. For example, the word "Venus"
sometimes written as :. - -r A or rf 1 --t A .

-r .:z.

7' .:z.

.:y 1 7... :1

Greetings

------

a;t:; t;, l, L\c=5'5

x i Y -c-r
Question Sentences noun1 0) noun2

New Friends

-------

Io

@ l:i 'IJ'Iv

cv

Time / Ag e

----------------------

29

f.J'L\=50) ;: n -t n n t n
;: 0) I -t 0) I 0) I

Shopping

------

:{0

t' 0)

+ noun

t !.tLOJ noun

;: ;: -t ;: -t ;: c: ;:
noun t noun 0

i lv In the Classroom 7- J-.. O) *!JJR

t-> < t- <
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

--- b. / ,..._, J:
=cr 5 Ll::>

53

Making a Date

-------

5-1-

Verb Conj ugation Verb Types and the "Present Tense" Particles Time Reference

--- i /v iP
Word Order Frequency Adverbs The Topic Particle i

C M 4 J (1)7- t'-..
X iJ /b l'J * '9/ v * 't
Describing \ Vhere Things Are Past Tense

The Fi rst Date

-----

72

t < f: lv :. -F a l\t' t; IJ\A.. _, c {) illfi:

\ '5

Location s

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

94

8
V'

l,j>5

im

-:>""

F.J

<'::(.,

D a y s/W ee ks/ Month s/ Y ears - -- ---------- - --- --- -------------- 95

A Trip to Okinawa
-------

45i'!t,(biJJ: .:: '5

itJllff

96

Adjectives

w ()/ " ( )
t

Degree Expressions

'""' * G J: I'""' * G J: -h
Counting

!BFcDC' Jimc
l,l,lv "I' IP?V'Iv""J;<

At th e P ost O ff ic e At a Photo Sho p

.. -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

112 113

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - -

D/\- t'-.. c!lvCD-8

L\5(;::5

A Day in Robert's Life

---

I I4

Te-form ----- -c < t ' f: v f. ----- -c {) v v ) --r 9 I'""' -c i v ) 1 * -lt !v

Describing Two Activities

----- iJ
----- * G J: -h

i1cfRI) < /f$.x Q

ih'5
<!;(.,

D ire ction s

- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - ----

..

130

l(&iO)JI
n' <

u"\>ulv

Family Picture ------ 132

----- -r \- )
1Jh

il v ) -c -r
f,;.tJ;

Te-forms for Joining Sentences verb stem + ;: fi <

,_,

Counting People

@''f*0)$7.)' Pa rt s of th e B od y - --- ---- - - - - -- -13\ t3\fv tJ'f:Jt: 'Dt Fa m i l y -- --------- ------ ------- ---------------------------------------------------- ------ 1 --l-9
11' <

- -1-18

1-::f.:L-

Barbecue ------

1 50

Short Forms Uses of Short Forms

'"'-' v ) -c

< t v) !.
--

verb (f)iJWff t:9

iJf,

fa]h) and W f .t.:

t..: t;

fJ'i5\:f!;

Kabuki ------ 1 70

Past Tense Short Forms Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adj ectives

* t '"'--' -r " ) * -1t lv !. '"'--' h). @' Colo rs--------------------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 89
l1'3

f*O)?le
,3,9

J; LLI

Winter Vacation Plans ------

1 90

Comparison adj ective/noun + (f)

'""-' -::::>

!. I] t

adj ective +

c: .:: il) ;:I c: .:: ;: -c @'!RC'

X.

At th e Station -- -- -- -------- -- --- ------ -- ----- - ------ - ----- --- ----- -- - - -- 2 08

f*b(l)c
'\'>

After the Vacation ------ 2 1 o

-- t.:. lJ .-..... f lJ -t .:_

.....__

.::

t iJ J? A
noun

noun

B
5 I n t h e Japa ne se C l a ss - - 22

B* 0)? 5A z: I 1;;1v

Feeling Ill ------ 2 2 6

.-..... ,v -r -t ---- '"9 - .-..... -5 iJ v ) v ) -r '"9

.-.....

(]) c:

---- i;t. < t? 1,- ) t * lv -- c: G J: -5 111ti c11ii 111v -5

UJ:?

Health a n d Illness - - - 2 46

(_.:'--' .; J _ ..._ ?-=> & _- 1'- ) ..:_ ..;. _ JI_

(2);00)

Expression Notes

CD i3 i J: ? I t.o tJ iJ{ c -? J: ? t:t t? T 17- -tt lv 1.-) ? 'l T /t .! 1.- ) *- I i3 -h ;Z '? 1.- ) .:.t

1.- ) 1.- ) ;Z

1.-) ? 'l t? ? 1.- ) I

ti l.- ll ;Z ;Z ;c. '5 -r-tiP Pronunciation of ti umbers GiYing one's telephone number -tt /v -t!- 1.- ) lv Referring to the person you are talking to Japanese names
tion of number words
)

l7

@() < t.!

C) JotliJ> I.- ) T

@1t L- v)/ t: -il' C 7:t) ----- 1 04 'l.JtfJf

t J: -::> c. ---- 6-1ff < I* \> < 82 @ X OJ W"i ;Z -::> 1 10 -::> =r , a tt

;(_ !: 1,; A.IJ:A.

On the pronunciaBig numbers ------ 39

()

c ? "f

1 22 cv < l)!f 1.- l c? t .t j) @.i!it ------ 1 -1- 1 ;, @....... T 160

@ M c Lfi3tO)fJ! iJ{ t.o tJ TiJ{. ::: t!lv - ::: r. iv J @ti in negative sentences t it .!

1 98

t;:

F71 7

1)>!/)

t;: ii ------ 2 I 7

Greetlngs

\ J

 LJ: J: "J o Li J: -7 .: -- .r \ :f T o .:_ 10 = 't l j o .: 10 t J 10 t j 0

Ohayoo. Ohayoo gozai masu. Konnichiwa. Konbanwa. Sayoonara.

.r \ 0

Good morning. Good morning. (polite) Good afternoon . Good evening. Good-bye. Good night. Thank you. Thank you. (polite) Excuse me.; I'm sorry. No.; Not at all. I'll go and come back. Please go and come back. I'm home. Welcome home. Thank you for the meal. (before eating) Thank you for the meal. (after eating) How do you do? Nice to meet you.

J: ") 7J: t? o
-\" T h 7J:

Oyasuminasai. Arigatoo.

Jty -/:;{ ?.:: -) &tJ -h{ ?.:: -7

.: -- , \ :f To

Arigatoo goz a i m a s u . S u m i masen. l i e.

T h :f -tt h,o

\, \ "'? -{ j T o
.r \

lttekimasu. ltterasshai.

"'? --c G "'? L , \o

t: f ' \, \ ;f :3_

Tadaima.
\, \ 0

-/:;> ;Z_ 7J:

Okaerinasai. ltadakimasu.

\, \ f::. f:3_- j T o

Gochisoosama.

t j t o9) :f L --c o ?.::'' -J F J: L < o

Haj i m e m ashite. Doozo yoroshiku.

! ./ f'-... l:)(J: 5 / 0 ti'c 5 .,...

-

p r e s s i o n

N o t e s

CD

Ohayoo is used between friends and family mem

bers, while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquain tances,

gatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you similarly with ari
are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. To give a concrete example, the social expectation is such that students are to use the longer variants when they speak with a professor.

c!d:: 5 f clb .,...

There are several good-bye expressions m Japanese,

the

choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indi cates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arriYes, or until fate brings the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world.

(between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon)

(taking leave from a professor's office, for example)

9c1J1:tlv .,... Sumimasen

(leaving home)

1, ) -::> l To (2)

l-'?tl, 1t l l- To
t;

, t.:.o

jaa, mata.

Sh itsureesh i masu.

lttekimasu.

(3)

means

(1)

"Excuse me," to get another person's

attention,

l. \l. \;i .,... lie

"I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble rou have caused, or

"Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.

is primarily "No," a negatiYe reply to a question. In the

dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have done for them.

l. \? "C b ? v l. \fl.\? "C 9/1: t't. l. \ /l:) fJ' 0 f <! l. \ .,... Ittekimasu J

and itterasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves. The person who leaYes says ittekimasu, which literally means " I will go and come back." And the family members respond with itterasshai, which means "Please go and come back."

Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person
who arri,es home says tadaima am home right now) to the family members, and they respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home).

(I

Act out the following situations with your classmates.

1.

You meet your host family for the first time. Greet them.

2 . It is one o'clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada. 3 . You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends.
4. 5.

On a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot. You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience store.

6.
11.

7 . You are watching TV with your host family. I t is time to go to sleep. 8 . You are leaving home. 9 . You have come back home. 1 0 . You are going to start eating. You have finished eating.

[ !

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........

1]

ct5t 6 U l \C=bt2 N ew Fr ie nd s
D
a o

Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.

Mearii

Sumimasen.

lma

nanji desu ka.

Takeshi
3

juuniji han desu.

\'
-

;J. 7 1)
Mearii

/1)

;,

ry

;ii) -h{ t::. -J

Arigatoo

.::

,,

-' " \ T o

gozaimasu.

t:::. tt L :
Takes hi

<D
t tt L :
Takeshi
..,

cb CT) '
Ano,

0 11> 7 1; < -lt 'v \ "('' T1J'o

ryuugakusee desu ka. h

;}.

7 1) .

,,

:. 0 7 1) '/-T t- " ' -; { < CT) t;{ < -1t '- ' "('To
Ee. Arizona daigaku
no

Mearii

gakusee desu.

t tt L :
Takeshi
..,

;}.

. 7 1) Nihongo desu. l ma ninensee desu.

,,

Soo desu ka.

Senmon

wa

nan desu ka.

Mearii

Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now? Takeshi: It's half past twelve. Mary: Thank you. Takeshi: You're welcome.

Takeshi: Um . . . are you an international student? Mary: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona. Takeshi: I see. What is your major? Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.

v
* CT) * \. \ ;! i_ \. \ ::..

f;_ lu
0 c a

I
urn . . . now

a no ima eego ee gakusee . . . go kookoo gogo gozen . . . sai . . . san

. . . Jl

English (language) yes student language ex. t :: t .f ,0 ::.. (nihon

go) Japanese language

high school
P.i\1. A.i\1.

. . . years old Mr./Ms . . . . o'clock o'clock ex.

\. ' t (ichiji) one

. . . jin

people

ex. t : ti ,0

t ,0 (nihon

jin ) Japanese people ,0 * "' ' * ,0 t ,0 * :_ * t ' \. \ f.; { < "(' ,0 ;b

sen see senmon soo desu daigaku denwa tomodachi namae nan/nani Nihon . . . nensee hai
teacher; Professor . . . major That's right. college; university telephone friend name what Japan . . . year student ex.

;c. -7 --e i"

t t::_ 'f? '

IJ: :l i. * IJ: ,0/ i;t. t : * t : t i .Z, * tJ. .Z, \. \

\. ' (ichinensee) first-year student

yes half ex. t : past two

tJ,0 ::.. -} *

11> -} f.;{ < \. \

han bangoo ryuugakusee watashi

t t.l ,0 (ni jihan) half

\. ' i? tl ,0

number international student I

b t::. L

Words that appear in the dialogue

C o u n t r
I> , ? >)

7 l) tJ 1 - 1) A
''
T t:

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

/Z 7
J; :.; T

.:t - A r 7 1J 7

e s Am erika lgirisu Oosutoraria Kankoku Sueeden Chuugoku

U.S.A. Britain Australia Korea Sweden China

f; lv ::.. <
:I. i.

_ .:y /
;, i. -r: "-

I>

t:, vp ") ::_ <

M a i o r s

i:J i:J' < '

I> l:

7 :/ / lt /v I'}> J

tt \, \ -- , \
I>

kagaku ajiakenkyuu keezai kokusaikan kee konpyuutaa jinruigaku seeji bijinesu bungaku rekishi

science Asian studies economics international relations computer anthropology politics business literature history

:::J / l:::" .::L - .Y 1 -.. u ., ; t: h

::.. < 1, \ f; /v tt l. \

t lv ; \, \ fJt < -l:t i. ' L

h L L ::.. L

c: :; * ;z u t: t> T ) ' lv i:J " <

"' L

O c c u p a t

h " ' L " , lv

o n s shigoto ish a kaishain kookoosee shufu daigakuinsee daigakusee bengoshi

job; work; occupation doctor office worker high school student housewife graduate student college student lawyer

::.. "] ::.. "] -l:t- 1. \ ""- lv ::.. L

.

vp

t:: \, \ f; { < \, \ lv -l:t \, \ t:: \, \ f; ,. h f; Jl:> lv \, \ t 7

< -l:t \, \

F a m i l y

okaasan otoosan oneesan oniisan imooto otooto

mother father older sister older brother younger sister younger brother

h J Iv h tl -Z Iv h t : \, \ lv h J

X ( Y g

"It is 12:30." " I am a student. " "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.

-c 9a t I1J ") t: t t.l A., --c -t o

Juuniji h a n desu. Gakusee desu.

It is . . .

(It) is half past twelve. (I am a student. ) ( y major) is the Japanese language. M

I; < -lt " \ --c -t 0

t : t i lv .: --c 1" o
Nihongo desu.

Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major" found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener what or who they are referring to. What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit what we are talking about, we can say:

---- u
Where

t : t i .z, .: --c 1" o

nihongo desu.

wa

--- is the Japanese language.

--- stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in
( y) major is the Japanese language. M

the sentence identified as nihongo. For example,

Senmon wa

nihongo desu.

Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y. X (;t Y c o 9
b f::. L t.l A. Watashi wa -t i

X is Y As for X, it is Y I am Sue Kim.

Suu Kimu desu.

L.. "('' T o

:.

t:

!11r. Yamashita i a teacher. s

Yamashita san wa sensee desu.

Mearii san wa

amerikajin desu.

l !ary is an A 'merican. v

Wa is a member of the class of \Yords called "particles." So is the word no, which we will turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themsehes to phrases and indicate how the phrases relate to the rest of the sentence. Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their English translations "student" and " teacher," which are preceded by "a." I n Japanese, there i s no item that corresponds to "a," nor i s there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. \Yithout background situations, a sentence like
gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations;

it may mean "We are/you are/they are students, " as well as "I am/you are/she is a student. "

Question Sentences

It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end of a statement. ry rp 7 I;{ < -tt " \ "'{'' -t 0 (I am) an international student. ry rp ") !;>.' \
1 ( -t!- \ \ '" "t 1J o ' Ryuugakusee desu ka. -

Ryuugakusee desu.

( Are you) an international student?

The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may also contain a "question word" like nan (what) . In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old), nannensee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words i n a sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language.
2

-t!- /v t /v tj:
Senmon wa

/v "'('' "t 1J ' o

nan desu ka.

( -tt lv t lv tj: )
(Senmon wa)

;(_ \ .: "'('' -t 0
eego desu.

W hat is your major?

(N!y major is English. )

1 lt is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese. 2The Japanese question word for "\vhat" has two pronunciations: ly before desu or before a "counter" like is also used in the combination

Nani

nan and nani. Nan is used immediate ji (o'clock). The other form, nani, is used before a particle. nanijin (person of what nationality).

\, \ l
lma

_;( J 1) - .Z, t.;l: ,{, \, \ '{'' T iJ o

nanji desu ka.

,{, t "('' T iJ o

(\ \ J )
( I ma)

What time is it now?

If> iJ I) \'

It is nine o 'clock. t : t;t .z, -li- "' \ --c-- To

J u ukyuusai desu. N i nensee desu.

t 7 7 '. \ '{'' T o
kuji desu.

t "C'' T o

Mearii san wa

nansai desu ka.

How old are you, Mary?

I'm nineteen years old.

Nannensee desu ka.

What year are you in college? "C'' h, b t.f',{, _::'' 7 tj ,{, '{' T iJ o '
Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka.

I'm a sophomore. 1 86 cry 7343 "C'' T o

lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu. It

What is your telephone number?

is 186-7343.

noun10) noun2

No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means 3 "(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea (being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in the following examples. t- '. \ i7 { < cry {t ,{, % \, \
daigaku no sen see

t:. tt L .z- cry --c- ,{, b ti' ,{, .::-- 7

Takeshi san no denwa bangoo

Takeshi's phone number a college prof essor a student of the Japanese language
cr college

t : t l .Z, .:' cry ]ji < {t \, \

nihongo no gakusee

t : t l h, cry t - '. \ ]ji <

nihon n o daigaku

in Japan

Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the same order, while in the last two, they are i n the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further description placed before it.

Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo ( Takeshi's is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi.

phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something

noun1 (])

main idea further restriction

A phrase of the form "noun1 no noun2" acts more or less like one big noun. You can put
i t wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:

Takeshi san no

okaasan wa

kookoo no

sensee desu.

Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.

05 1j'fu

JJ2 / -

E x

pre

5 5

ion

Note

(ij\ w

(]) Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what
you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some thing someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for example.

lctL VXX Both hai and ee mean "res" in response to yes-no questions.
Compared to hai,
ee

is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal

situations, un is used.

Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.)
Teacher: :A A. lv ?
Sumisu san?
T .;,. T

JV!r. Smith? Here.

Student: kl:v)o
Hai

t5c 91J' Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what
was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see."

should be written with i. All other instances of "zva" are written with b.

Pronunciation of let The particle j: is pronounced "zva," not "ha." It

Watashi no denwa ban goo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana

b t l,. O) -c .:. n i .:: ? kt 37-8667-c -to

desu.

M y

telephone number is 37-8667.

There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and

konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with

lv i ;!: .

.:: ;: iS ;!: and .::

Numbers

..,. Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer
-t! 6

to the table at the end of this book for a general picture.

0 -li o and tu,> are both commonly used. 1 J.... > i? , but pronounced as J.... > -:J in 1,. > -:J l/v (one minute) and
J.... > (one-year old). 2

J.... > -:J

;: all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately,

as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with a long vowel, as : J.... >.
3 4 lv all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as

in .1:./v, instead of lvl-,. /v.

J: lv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J: blv-tt- V > and

four o'clock is J: C . In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read as G (as in l,iJ)-:::> , April). The part that follows this number may change shape too, as in J: lv.l:.lv.

.::- all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced
with a long vowel, as .:: ? .
? < , but pronounced as ?
-::>

6
7 8 9 10

in ?

-:J

.1:./v.

t:t t:t is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L. iS C . ;!: iS , but usually pronounced as ;!: -::> in ;!: -::J .1:./v and ;!: -:J v > .

? is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < C .

C @> ? , but pronounced as C
19> -::>

in C @> -::> .lP and C

19> -:J

J.... >.

Giving one's telephone number ..,. The particle

no is usually placed in

between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu.

itJvitl. \ ..,. The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable
master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want

to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead.

<!" Jv ..,. San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in

particular as kun), rather than as san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are ne,er used in reference to oneself.

Referring to the person you are talking to The word for "you," anata, is
not Yery commonly used in Japanese. Instead, \Ye use the name and a title like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be:

/\ - /v (j:

Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka.

I h 1:

j 7 2jc-:;.,t I_; /v "t"' TiPo

.X.
-

instead of \- t- lv, i:t t j: 'A ? .:r. - 7/ t; !v "C .: 'TiPo

Haato san, anata wa sueedenjin desu ka.

-r

;t

"-

C'

""

Japanese names \Vhen Japanese giYe their name, they say their family
name first and giYen name last. Gsually, they don't haYe middle names. When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name. Here are some typical Japanese names.

Family name
Men

Given name
vVomen

C: -j
Satoo

U' G

Hiros h i

-5 .:
lb

Yuuko

-t'f
Suzuki Taka h ashi

1,. :::. 1:;, ?

lchiroo

Megumi Kumiko

< lJ.

t..: htj:

L,

t lv t;
Kenji

< O'J. C:

t..: i;t iJ)

1,. :::. Itoo

Tanaka

-j
Yuuki Masahiro

i:t ta lJ.
Naomi Kyooko

t -3

* u'

J: -3 .::

(D -y- 5 v
0
1f ;,

(Numbers)

Eill

-li o / tv " \
zero
ree

... \ "l?
ichi

I I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

t ..P 7 '1f \ l?
juuichi

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

,Z, t 7
sanjuu

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

t:
ni

juuni

7 t:

.J:: ,Z, t \1> 7

yonjuu

,{,
san

t vp 7 ,Z,
juusan

.:_'' t 11> 7
gojuu

J:: ,Z,/ L / ( J: )
yon
_,, '-

t vp 7 J:: ,Z,/ t tP 7 L
juuyon juushi

\ t tP 7
rokujuu

shi

(yo)

go

t 11> 7 juugo
juuroku

.:"

t l1> 7
nanajuu

<
roku

t l1> 7 <

t.l "l? t 11> 7

hachijuu

/ L l?
nan a shichi

juunana

L 11> '

7 / t 11> 7 L "l?
juushichi

11> 7 L I1> 7
kyuujuu

t.l "l?
hachi

t 11> 7 tj "l?
juuhachi

U' \
hyaku

11> 7 / \
kyuu ku

L l1> 7 11> 7 / t 11> 7 <

juukyuu juuku

L l1> 7
juu

t : t 11> 7
nijuu

A. Read the following numbers. @)

(a) 5 (f) 8 (b) 9 (g) 2 (c ) 7 (h) 6 (d) ( i) 4 (e) 1 0 (j) 3

B.

Read the following numbers. @)

(a) 45 (f) I 00 (b) 83 (g) 38 (c) I 9 (h) 6 1 (d) 76 ( i ) 24 (e) 52 ( j ) 97

C. What are the answers? 8J

(a) 5 + 3 (b) 9 + I (c) 3 + 4 (d) 6 - 6 (e) 1 0 + 9 ( f) 8 - 7 (g) 40 - 25

0 u1J'Iv

(Time)

~ OJ C9 C9 CD
\d; t
ichiji

t: t
niji

t
sanji

l t
yoji

= t
goji

CD 0 0
7:> < t
rokuji

L i? t
shichiji

Li i? t
hachiji

< t
kuji

t vp -J t
juuji

l: vp ") \ \ i? t
juuichiji

C)
t Vi>

")

t: t

\ \ i? t t;i
ichiji han

(]

juuniji

A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. ED

Example: l: "'( T IJ o '
nanji desu ka.

Q : \. \
lma

Ex.

A : \ \ i? t tJ e-to
lchiji han desu.

(]

(1)
(4)

(2)

(3)

(C) Q)
------

(5)

e)

(6)

co

0)" Q

B. Answer the questions. 6J

Tookyoo wa Gozen

ima

nanji desu ka.

A ::-lf lv lv l' --c -t o

sanji desu.

0
3. Nairobi 9 : 00 P.M.

@ cfvt>(fv 25
A.

(Tel ephone Numbers)

Read the following people's telephone numbers. 8J

Example:
;/) ;, ')

1 . ;l 7 1) ,,

L t::.
Yamashita

283-9547

t : tj 1? /v t7) IP -) :: .,t lv tJ: tJ:

ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana

951-0326 362-4519 691-4236 852-1032

Mearii

2. t::. t L 4 . o ; \' - r 3.
7-. T

Takeshi

Suu 7, If i> 1:::

Robaato

B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. till)

Denwa bangoo wa

nan desu ka.

283-9547 "C" T o
Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.

A B

283-9547 "'C'' T tlo

lj v \ ,
Hai,

N i hachi san n o kyuu go yon

nana desu ne.

.f -J

sao desu.

--c-- -to

C.

Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone numbers.
name telephone number

( ( (

) ) )

( ( (

) ) )

(: (fu C.(J) jj' < tt L\

Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (]) (no) . ED
Example: student of the Japanese language

t : t i A..t :::.'' tJ) h { < -tt 'v \ .

nihongo no gakusee

1 . my teacher

2 . my telephone number

3 . my name
5 . Mary's friend 7 . teacher of the Japanese language

4 . Takeshi's major 6 . student of the University of London 8 . high school teacher

Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues in (a) through (e). ED
1 . f t t L A..t ::.
Takeshi
-r

2 . ;z - A..t
Suu san

san

3 . D J \ - h.t
Robaato san

;'>

i!

;,

1::

4 . L f::. -tt A..t -tt v \

Yamashita sensee

(a) national ity

Example:

/- 7 l) - A..t
Mearii san

/1)

;,

'1

,,

/- T 1)

it)

;,

1 '

,, -

Mearii san wa

h.t tj 7 .7- 1) n t A..t --c-- -t o

amerikajin desu.

;,

"'

lr

(b) year in school

Examp 1e:
/' 7 1)
..1
&!) i>
l . \

IV ... I

Mearii san

..1 /' 7 1) - IV tj - I Mearii san wa

*">

')

I : iV \- \ __,., --:f- 0 if I col 1.., 'J ninensee d es u .

(c) age
Example:
;l
1/) 1> 'J

7 1) - lv

\, \

;l 7 1) - lv U: t I'P "7 I'P "7 \. ' "C'' T o

Mearii san wa j u u kyuu sai desu.

;,

;,

'}

l\

Mearii san

(d) school
Example:
;l
"' ;, ')

7 1) - lv

,,

Mearii san

;l 7 1) - lv t.;i 7 1) '/-}- t ._. , h < (J) ::

Mearii san wa Arizona daigaku no

"'

;,

,,

;,

'<"

'-:

h < -1t "' ' --c-- -t o

gakusee desu.

(e) major
Example:
;l
"'

7 1) - lv

;,

')

,,

;l 7 1) - lv (J) -1:t lv t lv t.;i t : ti lv .:.-- --c-- -t o

Mearii san no senmon wa nihongo desu.

"'

;,

,,

Mearii san

Hart, Mary Nationality Year Age School Major American 2nd year
19

Kimura Takeshi

Kim, Sue

Smith, Robert

Yamashita

sensee

Japanese 4th year 22 Tozai Univ.

(f;/v :.. < 1.:' .Z,)

kankokujin

Korean

( 1 f 1) J. 1.:' At)
igirisujin

British

Japanese

3rd year 20 Seoul Univ. COI?;lPtr.

4th year 22 U. of London business

U' t: "' .,.

47 Tozai Univ. (Japanese teacher)

U. of Arizona Japanese

en L )
rekishi

history

( :J / 1:' .2 - .1 -)
konpyuutaa

/... ..,

,;

( 1::' :; * ;z )
bijinesu

B.

Pair Work-Ask and answer questions using the given cues.

Example 1 : ;l 7 1) - lv / 7 ;l 1) iJ t lv
Mearii san "' ;, ? l' ;, ,., ? b

o ; 7 1) - 1v t.;t 7 ; 1) t.; t lv --c -t h ' o

Mearii san wa amerikajin desu ka.

amerikajin 4;. ? ,, ;, ,., lr

it it ,
Ee,

-t "7 --c-- -r o
soo desu.

Example 2: _I 7 1) - lv / lv b lv -tt '-< \

Mearii san sannensee

Mearii san wa

sannensee desu ka.

A '-< " '-< " ,

lie,

t : b lv -tt t \ -z-- -to

ninensee desu.

Mearii san

Arizona daigaku no

gakusee

Mearii san

ichinensee

Takeshi san

nihonjin

Takeshi san

Nihon daigaku no

gakusee

Takeshi san
i" 1

6 . A - lv / A ry
S u u san
T .;

i"

juukyuusai
t. t. .:r.

-7' / t lv
lv / t t '-< " -- '-< " (economics)
keezai

/...

sueedenjin

7.

A - lv 0 -tt lv
Suu san no

senmon

8.

o F ,._ /v eT) -tt lv

Robaato san no
; , I; i> 1::

senmon

lv / t:' :; i A ,
bijinesu

9 . 0 /" \-- lv / J: ;b. /v {t 'v \

Robaato san
1, 1.r

yonensee

10. 0 l '\' - lv / t : t rp
Robaato san

nijuuissai

1 '-< \ "'?

'-< \

Yamashita sensee

nihonjin

Yamashita sensee

Hawai daigaku no

sen see

@ a5 C: 5 fv { i.J' L' l.J t-' L 'fv c9

A.

Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b).
1 . }; tJ' ch lv
okaasan

tillJ

2 . ;f:; t : t \ lv
oniisan

3 . '-< \ t 1
i mooto

(a) occupation/ school

Example:

};

otoosan

lv

_ 7 1J - lv (1) ;F:; 1 lv t.;t 1J , t " L " " lv --c-- -to

Mearii san no otoosan wa kaishain desu.

..,

;,

l'

(b) age
Example:

}; :: A,;
otoosan

_?( 7 1)
&') /) II

\\
-

:: A,; 0) b :: A,; U: l A,; t IP ll '? ::

otoosan wa yonjuuhassai desu.

' "C'' T

Mearii san no

Mary's host family

Occupation/ School

n ' "' ' L "' '

otoosan (father) kaishain (works for a company)

}; ') ::

}; i; J1J ::
okaasan (mother)

L 1-P ..)
shufu

}; t : , ::
oniisan (elder brother)

(younger sister)

t.: \I;>'< \ A,; -I!- \

daigakuinsee (graduate student)

.: ') .: ') -t!:- 1.- \

imooto kookoosee (high school student)

1_, \ t ')

(housewife)

Age

48

45

23

16

B. Answer the questions using the chart above.

4 . }; i; J1J t.! :: \- \ "(" T IJ'o

Otoosan wa nansai desu ka. Okaasan wa Okaasan wa Oniisan wa Oniisan wa l m ooto wa l m ooto wa sensee desu ka. nansai desu ka. kaishain desu ka. nansai desu ka. daigakusee desu ka. nansai desu ka.

2 . }; ') t.! \- \ "("T iJ'o

Otoosan w a kaishain desu ka.

1 . }; ') :: 1.! iJ I_, \ l 1_, \ "(' T iJ ' o

3 . }; i; J1J t.! -tt -tt " \ --c - t i; 0

5 . ;b t : \- \ :: t.! iJ' " ' L " ' --c- -t iJo 6 . ;b t : \- \ :: t.! :: 1_, \ "('' T iJ 'o

7 . \- \ t ') t.! t.: " \ iJ>' < -tt \- \ --c -t i; 0

8 . \- \ t ') t.! :: 1_, \ "('' TiJ'o

 * clt.J(J)
1? 7j .i

nfv u 5 (Review Exercises)

A. Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and fill in the chart below.
Example questions:

i.. U: ? C\Yhat is your name?) .i L f: iJ' o

kimashita ka.

Onamae wa?

t:'' -:: n' I?

Doko kara

(\Yhere do you come from?)

ij ,4.; tl ,4.; -tt '- \ --r, T iJ, o

annensee desu ka.

Shi goto wa

L _::'' t:

(occupation) tj ;\.; "'(' T n ' o

nan

desu ka.

7j ;\.; I. \ "'('' T n'o

Nansai desu ka. Senmon wa
nan

desu ka.

t\ame

Nationality

Occupation/ School

Age

Major , etc.

B.

Self-introduction-Introduce yourself to the class.

Example:
Hajimemashite.
n 'l .:r

tj l.: .i L --c o 7 1) 7 1)

.,.,

;,

ry

' '

/ " -

!.i.

;;.

Arizona dai gaku no

'/-T t::' l. \ n <

.

Mearii Haato desu.

r "'(' To

I:

-I:J{

gakusee desu. Senmon wa Doozo

< -t!- t \ "'('' T o lt \ .i

I rna nihon go

ninensee d es u

desu.

]uukyuusai desu.

yoroshiku.

C.

Class Activity-Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone who has the following major.

Senmon wa

nan desu ka.

A : t: t.i lv ::--"'C' T o
Nihon go desu.

name
1 . Japanese

2 . econom1cs
3 . English
4 . history

;:> .

business

I
Time
hours

A g e
minutes

'- \ i? L
ichiji

'. \ ""? -- : ,.\.,

ippun
..

I I 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

juuippun

L P -7

'- \ ""?

.-: ,z,

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I I 12

t: L
niji

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

t:

). lv

nifun

L P -) t: ;. ,z,
..

juunifun

,Z, L
sanji

' ,.\., ..,...) :a ,Z,

sanp u n

juusanpun

' L P -7 ,.\., ....) ,Z,

..._

J: L
yoji

J: ,.\., "': ,.\.,

yonpun
-

L P -7 J: ,z, ..;: ,z,

juuyonpun

.: c
goji

..

'--

.,...)
'

lv

gofun ""?

L P -7 .: . ,z,
..

juugofun

.; < t
rokuji

.;

.-: ,.\.,

roppun

L' P -7 .;
juuroppun

""?

..;: ,z,

L i? L
shichiji

ij: ij: ..) ' ,.\.,

nanafun

L' P -7 ij: ij: "'; , ,z,

juunanafun

tJ: i? L
hachiji

tj:

happun

""?

.-

) : ,.\., / tj: i? .-). ,.\.,

hachifun

L' P -) tj: ""? ..; : ,.\., /

juuhappun

kuji

< L

\1) -) .-). ,.\.,

kyuufun

L' P -) ti i? .-L ,Z,

juuhachifun

juuji

L -7 L

L P

juppun

-?

.-) : ,z,

19 20 30

l \1) -) \1) -) .-). ,.\., '

j u ukyuufun

juuichiji

L -) .- \ i? t

= t

nijuppun

--:>

"' ,z,
' ""? .-) ' ,Z,

L f1> -7 = t
juuniji

,Z, L f1>
sanjuppun

Nansai desu ka.

Oikutsu desu ka. "'

The counter suffix ""'

is used to indicate "- y ears old."

\, \ -? '. \
issai

5 6 7 8

:: " \
gosai

9 10 I I 20

f'P J I, \
kyuusai

2 3 4

t: " \
nisai

.; < I, \
rokusai

l' f-P -? 1, \
jussai

:: lv \, \
sansai

ij: ij: \, \
nanasai

t f1> -) \, \ ""? I, \ tj: f.: i? *

hatachi juuissai

J: ,Z, \. \
yonsai

tj: ""? :: 1,. \

hassai

*For 20 years old, li t (lzatachi) is usually used, although I: l "" -? " ' (nijussai) can be used. :=


{!)

..............................

7'J \l \=50) S h o p p in g
D
a 0

Mary goes to a flea market.

'l \l

, ;l 7 1) - :
Mea r ii 2

T ;;.;. -1:t !vo

Sumimasen.

.:

n t.i

.,

\ < G ---c ""tJo

Kore wa

ikura desu ka.

;;.;. -1:t V' 'C.

Mise no hito
"'

-t n t.i !v -tr 1v ;Z 1v ---c "T 0

Sore wa sanzen en desu.

7 1) - :
Takai desu ne. ) aa, ano tokee wa ikura desu ka.

ry

,,

Mearii 4

;;.;. -1:t V' 'C.

Mise no hito

n t.i !v !v ::: v "(=> < ;Z !v ---c ""to

Are wa sanzengohyaku en desu.

;l 7 1) - :
Mea rii Soo desu ka.

V>

I >

')

\ '

Are mo

takai desu ne.

;;.;. 4:1: V' 'C.

Mise no hito

.:: n t .1 4:1: 1v u ""? lf "(=> < ;Z 1v ---c _, J: o

Kore wa senhappyaku en desu yo.

;l 7 1) - :
Mearii
*

"'

J,

'J

.'

) aa,

sono tokee o
*

kudasai.
*

A man finds a wallet on the ground.

a

L G \ \ Yf 'C
Shiranai hito

.:: n t.i t= n 1., \ ,... ---c ""t iJ o

Kore wa dare no saifu desu ka.

;l 7 1) - :
Mearii

"'

ry

'

b t L ., \ ,..L "('To ::.

Watashi no saifu desu.

ry 1.7 ,_- c::. 7 .:: - '"' \ :i To

Arigatoo gozai masu .

..

([)
"i .:t

After shopping, Mary goes to a restaurant.

.:t r it

7 .x. - r v 7-.
Ueetoresu

'-

\G

""?

"(=>

'-

\ -1:t o -=- ..:2. -

Menyuu o

.,,

.:

.,

c::. 7 -t o
doozo.

lrasshaimase.

3 7 :r... - r v A
1) 4 ;( 7 '}

Mearii 1

c::

t T

Doomo.

Kore wa

nan desu ka.

0

Ueetoresu

"

c- n -z-- -t h, 0
Dare desu ka.

Mearii
-j ;(

5 7 J... - r v A

;t

.fl.

-;-

C /v -IJ --:J ?
Tonkatsu?
\ .

ib ib , c 1v h, "":) -z-- -t
Aa, tonkatsu desu.

Sakana desu ka.

h' "'('' T h'o

) 6 ;( 7 1
Mearii

Ueetoresu

'. \ '. lie,

,Z '

h' t ;b ry -\t lv o t : < "'('' T 0 ;b '. \ L

sakana ja arimasen. Niku desu. onegaishimasu.

Oishii desu yo.

'. \

"'(" T J:

) aa,
*

kore o

7 8 7 :r... - r v A
Ueetoresu Mearii j i._ ;( t' .tt -t Sumimasen, otearai wa doko desu ka.

ib :C :. -z-- -to
Asoko desu.

Mary: Excuse me. Ho\Y much is this? Vendor: It is 3,000 yen. Mary: It's expensive. \Yell then, how much is that watch? Vendor: That is 3,500 yen. Mary: I see. That is expensive, too. Vendor: This is 1,800 yen. Mary: Then, I'll take that watch.
* *

Stranger: Whose wallet is this? Mary: It's my wallet. Thank you Yery much.

v Vaitress: Welcome. Here's the menu. Mary: Thank you. \Vhat is this? Waitress: Which one? Oh, it is tonkatsu (pork cutlet). Mary: Tonkatsu? Is it fish? \;I,Taitress: No, it is not fish. It is meat. It is delicious. Mary: Then, I'll have this.
* * *

Mary: Excuse me. Where is the restroom? Waitress: I t is over there.

v
W o r d s
* * * *

t fv
0 c a p 0

T h

n t
this one that one that one (over there) which one this . . . that . . . that . . . (over there) which . . . over there where who

.: n ft ;b ft, -- n
.: C')

kore sore
a re

dare kono sono a no dono asoko doko dare

* *

CT) ;b cr) --CT)

* * *

;b .: .:

t=.' fl,

F o o d
* * * * *

J? , , L , ,
1.1 - !v ii--?

oishii sakana ton katsu niku

delicious fish pork cutlet meat menu vegetable

t: <
;;( =- ::L ;, 1: .. i

menyuu yasai

I, \ T h i n g s

1.1

'htJiv t l .J:
L I'

i lv l!--?

enpitsu kasa kaban kutsu saifu jiinzu jisho jitensha shinbun teepu tokee toree n aa

pencil umbrella bag shoes wallet jeans dictionary bicycle newspaper tape watch; clock sweat shirt

:;; - / ;('

( --?

7-/
*

t "C iv l
"' -r

L /v ,):/v

tt l, \
I:: It .t

r v - -T o: ;,

Words that appear in the dialogue

J-

nooto pen boos h i hon

notebook pen

hat; cap

book cafe

P I

* }.; "'( if:> \ \ -? "'C A..,

':}' h., :. -7

e s otearai kissaten ginkoo

tos hokan

11> -? lf ,Z, J: < C o u n t r i e s

I ;J. 1) tJ IJ Iv :. < t_,

''
;, n lr

L J:

restroom

bank

n ,Z,

library

yuubinkyoku

post office

1 - 1) :7-.

Am erika lgirisu Kankoku

C h u u go k u

U.S.A.

Britain
Korea

M a j o r s tt \, \ - , \

F a m i l y
'

}.; "J ,Z,

n e y

n L
: A. l' :,o: n

:J / t.o .:J.. - 7 t.' ;:t- A.

r/ , T "i t J;.

V)l

-7 :. <

China

b i j ine s u
keezai rekishi

economics history computer

konpyuutaa

business

}.; 1J if:> A,

okaasan otoosan M a t t e r s ikura . . . en

takai

father

mother

M *

* \, \ <

how much . . . yen expensive

* t tJ ' \, \ ::.

E x p r e s s i o n s * * * * *

* " ' -? L " ' .;t -tt

x. lv

( ) J::; ;tJ.n"" 'L.i T ( ) < t:. \ \ (

- -? t
""'

( . . . o) onegaishimasu . . irasshaimase

L ib

) -- -7

( . . . o) kudasai jaa
( . . . o) doozo

Please giye me . . . case, . . .

then . . . ; if that is the

Welcome (to our store)

. , please.

Here it is. Thank you.

doomo

What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of? We say "this thing," "that one," and so forth. In J apanese, \Ve use kore, sore, and are.

= n u: .C n Lt
Sore wa

\, \ <

Kore wa

ikura desu ka .

-c- -tn'o

How much is this? That is 3, 000 yen.

:: A.t -tf A.t X. A.t --c-- T o

sanzen en desu.

Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker (" this thing here"). Sore is
something that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and

are refers to a thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over
there").

&; n tj: h t::. L o:> ...-..::. / --c-- -t o

Are wa watashi no pen desu.

.--: /...,

Kore wa

n tj:

b t L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o ::.

watashi no pen desu.

"'

/...,

.C n tj:
Sore wa

b t L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c-- -t o ::.

watashi no pen desu.

.--:

/...,

There is also an expression dore for "which." Here we \Yill learn to use dore in sentences like:

t''n "'C"Tn'o
Dore desu ka.

Which one is it (that you are talking about)?

In this lesson, \\e \Yill not explore the full extent to \Yhich the \\ord dare can be put to use, because there is a slight complication \Yith question \Yards like dare. Question v.rords like dare and naui cannot be follo"ed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle ga and say: (::'' ft. h 1j: t:
Dore ga "'"' / "{'' -t h > 0 pen desu ka.
" h.

Trhiclz one

s i

your pen?

anata no

'Z. (J)/t(J)/'(J)/ c + .'(J)

noun

If you want to be slightly more specific than kore , sore, and are, you can use kono, sono, and ana together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone, while the no series must ahyays be follo\Yed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item in your hand is a \Yatch (tokee), instead of: -= n tt \, \ < b "{'' -t h o
Kore wa ikura desu ka.

How much is this?

you can say: How much is this watch?

Kono tokee wa ikura desu ka.

Similarly, if you are talking about a \Yatch that is held by the person you are talking to, you can say:

That watch is 3, 000 yen.

Sono tokee wa

sanzen en desu.

And if the watch is far from both the speaker and lhe lislener, you can say: That watch over there is 3,500 yen.
Ano tokee wa sanzengohyaku en desu.

If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you can say:

Which watch is 3, 500 yen?

Dono tokee ga

sanzengohyaku en desu ka.

Since dono is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle wa with it; we must use ga .

To summarize: z: n Clet-) -ttL (let-) n Clet-) c:n CtJ-) Z:(J) -t(J) (J) c(J)
noun noun noun noun

(1J' -) '

(let-) (let-) (let-)

close to the person speaking close to the person listening far from both people u n known

t::fLO) noun

In Lesson 1 , we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's phone number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). vVe now learn how to ask who something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose," we simply add the particle no.
t:: C1) -= Kore wa dare no

n tJ:

., t.f 1v --c-- i" ., 0

kaban desu ka.

f n tJ: ;z_ - :: 1v 0 n' tJ'Iv --c-- i" o

Sore wa Suu san no kaban desu.

-t

Whose bag is this?

That is Sue's bag.

D
Vve

will learn j ust one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are

words for places .

...,.. ...,.. (._ (._

here, near me there, near you over there where

You can ask for directions by saying: Excuse me, where is the post office?
Sumimasen, yuubinkyoku wa doko desu ka.

If you are close by, you can point toword the post office and say: We will learn how to give more specific directions in Lesson 4.
(Yuubinkyoku wa) asoko desu.

(The post office is) rght over there. i

noun

=5
B

In Lesson 1, \Ye learned how to say 'Item A is this, item B is that." \Ye now learn how to say "Item A is this, and item is lhis,
Loo."

Takeslzi is a Japanese person.

Takeshi san wa nihonjin desu.
0

h. t? ::.

o Michiko san m

h., t t : t i h., t h., "(' ""t

nihonjin desu.

J1ichiko is Japanese, too.

Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both claim that a certain person is J apanese. The second sentence, however, is different from the first in that \Ye do not find the particle wa in it. \Ye have mo instead. Jl!Jo is a particle that indicates that that item, too , has the given property. One thing that you should watch out for is exactly "-here the particle is placed. In English, the \Yord "too" can be placed after the sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above example, mo must directly follo''" J1iclziko san.

let =5

X X

c9o c9o
1

A is X.
B too

.B 1'

is X.

1'

two items

shared property

noun

Li O tt/v
2

To negate a statement of the form X zva Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu with ja a rimasen.

j f.' h., lj IJ < -t!" \, \ L J6 j -t!" A.,o

Yamada san wa gakusee ja arimasen.

Mr. Yamada is not a student.

1 We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat is a Japanese, but at the same time. she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation, '''e cannot say, Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to somebody that has been mentioned, is an American. leither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu. (Japanese speakers would say, Pallo zva amerikajin demo arimasu.) 2 l n the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu , which call for special attention: Are mo be negated by replacing desu with ja arimasen, because takai and oislzii are not nouns. Are mo takai
takai desu ne (That one too is expensiYe), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot

ja arhnasen and oishii ja arimasen are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would haYe to say

Lesson 5.

takaku arinwsen and oislziku arimasen. We will learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in

Ja in ja arimasen is a contraction of dewa. In written Japanese, the uncontracted form is more common; thus, the above sentence more likely appears in writing as Yamada san wa gakusee dewa arimasen.
affirmative: negative:

(X I) Y c9 o

(X I) Y l./ f.> *itlvo

X is Y X is not Y

Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or agreement to what has been said, then ne ( " right?") could be added. l)
')

.: n tj t: < t l -tt lv tlo

\
-

Rii san no

:: /v Cl) -lt /v t /v t j v) /v l.J > < "(' T tlo '

senmon wa bungaku desu ne.

Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right? This is not meat, is it?

Kore wa

niku ja arimasen ne.

Another particle, yo ( " I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure the listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative decree. !v ;Q -:::> tj :: ;Q ij: t -tt lv J: 0
sakana ja arimasen yo.
'' "' T

A A :: /vlj 1 .:f 1) A t lv "C'' T J: o

Tonkatsu wa
"t 7. "t

Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu " is not fish.

Sumisu san wa

igirisujin desu yo.

(In case you 're wondering,} Mr. Smith is British.

V'J:5 l::fA.r

JR / -
request (concrete) items in general.

Expression

Notes

()\ \.i!)

(-) < t.: <! L , .._. ( . . . o) kudasai is "Please giye me X." You can use it to

(-)<t:>t.i'L Ho * 9 .._. ( . . . o) onegaishimasu too is a request for item X .

When used to ask for a concrete ob.iect, slightly more upscale than ( . . . o) kudasai. It is heard often when ordering food at a restaurant ("I will haYe . . . " ) . ( . . . o) onegaishimasu can also be used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and understanding.

. . . o) onef{aishimasu sounds

item X. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when she is about waiting for you to come forth with item X; a telephone operator, asking for your name, would probably say Onamae o doozo . ( 0 is a politeness marker. Therefore onamae is "your honorable name.") to hand the menu to the customer. It may also be used when a person is

(-)c' -5 .._. ( . . . o) doozo is used when an offer is made with respect to

On the pronunciation of number words .._. Note that the words for 300, 600,

800, 3,000 and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is
h , like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that begin with s, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at the end of the volume.

Big numbers .._. In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds
( hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for example, is niman ( = 2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( =20 x 1,000). 'While the next unit marker in v Vestern languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100 x 10,000, that is, hyakuman . More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as in the following examples.

234,567

23 X 10,000 4 X 1,000 5X 100 6X

7

t.::

-) lv * lv J: lv it lv < -? < t.:: -3

:: v

( n i j u usanman) (yo n sen ) (gohyaku) (rokujuu) (nana)

10

l;t l;t

ttfvlJ5

CD 9 5 u
1 00 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

(Numbers)
I , 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 4 , 000 5 , 000 6 , 000 7 , 000 8 , 000 9 , 000

@)
*
1 0 , 000 2 0 , 000 3 0 , 000 40 , 000 5 0 , 000. 6 0 , 000 70 , 000 80 , 000 90 , 000

V' "'(=' <

\, \ i? l
ichiman

= V' "'(=' <

nihyaku

hyaku

= -1t
nisen

sen

: l
niman

if "'(=' <
sanbyaku

-1{
sanzen

l
san man

l V' "'(=' <

yonhyaku

J: -\t
yon sen

d: l
yon man

::.. u "'(=' <

gohyaku

::_'' -1t
go sen

::_' 1
go man

tf "'(=' <
roppyaku

< -1t
rokusen

< l
rokuman

i;J. ij: V' "'(=' <

nanahyaku

i;J. i;J. -\t

nanasen

t:t t:t l
nanaman

u. tf "'(=' <
happyaku

tj: -1t
hassen

l:J. "t? l
hachiman

1-P -? V' "'(=' <

kyuuhyaku

!-P -? -1t
kyuusen

1-P -? l
kyuuman

A. Read the following numbers. @)

( a) 34 (f) 5 1 5 (k) 8 , 900 (b) 67 (g) 603 (1) 35 , 000 ( c) 83 (h) 850 (m) 64, 500 (d) 99 ( i ) I , 300 (n) 92 , 340 (e) 1 25 ( j ) 3 , 400

B.

Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. @)
Example: Q : / tj: \ ' < e -t ho
Pen wa ikura desu ka.
lv

t.i t? t 11> -? ;Z. --c--t o

Hachijuu en desu.

 2 ... Ex. /
--.: h.,

(1) ;{_ lv 7.f-J

(2) -h' ::

(3) L /v ,) lv

/
I 8 o I
(4) t :i lv

I 5 o I
..

1 1 , ooo 1
(6) < -J

1 11 0 1
(7) t \ \

(5) 7 - 7

.....

tlfJfJ
1 1,5 oo 1
cs) -;- tr 1v (9)

1 6oo 1
l: L J:

&
1 3, 5oo 1
t:

1 1 o.oo o 1
(11) l: "C iv L

(10) :; - / 7..''

'

h.,

-t'

1 2o,ooo 1
(12) / -
'7) ;? t:

1 8,ooo 1
(13) tl' -J L

1 9,ooo 1

1 2, soo 1
C. Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B (p. 50). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of all items.
Enpitsu wa ikura desu ka.

Hyaku en desu.

Picture A

j1,2001

j36,0001

j10,oool

I s,ooo 1

A. Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your friend. Your friend asks what these things are. Answer the questions. Pay attention to n (kore) and trt (sore). @)
Example

1:

your friend You

: n Li lv i:'' T 1; 0
Sore wa

-: (ttj: """ / i:'' To

Kore wa
pen desu.

nan desu ka.

/\-

Example 2:

Your friend : You

:

.: (t tj: iJ iv i:'' T h ' o

Kore wa nan desu ka.

n tj:

t:

Sore wa

toreenaa desu .

.fl.

;(

-r

--c,- -:r 0

2 Ex.

(?)

( tl#[J
(g) Friend

6 (1
Ex.

(2)
You

f(6
nan desu ka. toshokan desu.

B.

Look at the picture and tell what each building is. SJ

Are wa

Gb n U: L
Are wa

J:

IJ !v "C'' T o
BANK

0 0

0 1:1

L i b .- a. ry
00 00

00

o o

o o

o o
0 0

Tozo.i o o Univer-sity o o
0

0 D

0 0

(1)

(2)

(4)

C.

Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what they are using Z: ;tt for the vocabulary.
Example 1 : Example 2 :
>

(kore),

tft

(sore),

or ;tt

(are).

Refer to the picture on p. 53

A Gb n u: ij: lv "('' -t h
Are wa nan desu ka.

A ' f ;ft lj 7J: lv "('' -t h

>

J1J n t;t tt 1.. ' "{'--to

Are wa tokee desu.

.:: n t;t "" / "(' -t 0

.-.: A-

Sore wa

nan desu ka.

Kore wa

pen desu.

D.

Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card 8 (p. 51). Ask and answer questions to find out the price of each item. Use Z:O)

(sono),

or 650)

(ana)

(kono),

t-0)

appropriately.
1.. '

Example:

Customer : .:: 0) ti lv t;t

Kono hon wa

ikura desu ka.

\ G "C"T h o

Store attendant : t : -1:t lv V' < ;t lv -z -;- o

Nisen hyaku e n desu.

Card A

,---Je# /(5) ----'-, , r

2,100

Ex.

Part I. You are a store attendant. Tell

Part II. You are a customer. Ask for the

the customer how much each item is.

prices of items (1)-(J).

will refer to the picture 8 (p. 52) and tell you who it belongs to.
Example:

Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner
8 : ./- 7 1} - /v O) -h ' '(-'To
:

.: n U: t: n 0
Kore wa
,., 1:

h' --c -tn'o

kasa desu ka. kasa desu.

dare no

Mearii san no

Picture A (1) (2)

(3)

Switch roles ''"ith your partner. (6)

(7)

ca

&D

@J

(8)

c n
8
6J
Ex. Father

(5)

*t.:Jv=B r;: ta=Jv l.lfvc9

Look at the pictures below and describe each picture.
Example:
Otoosan wa Okaasan mo nihonjin desu. nihonjin desu.

Japanese Mother

(1) second year

Mary Tanaka

(2) 5,800

(3) 22-years old Takeshi Robert

(4) tt " \
tokee

I
/1) !,)

(5) vegetable

(6) U. of London students

Robert

Y U - *tt
A.

Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions. @)
Example:

Q ;J 7 1) - ,.Z, t.;l:
Mearii san wa

If>

3>

')

\'

t: L I ,.Z, t ,.z, -r-t;o

nihonjin desu ka.

lie,

nihonjin ja arimasen.

Amerikajin desu.

Takeshi san wa
7, l;f .n

chuugokujin desu ka.

j, V; ? ,.

2 . o r , - ..Z. t:i 7 ;; 1) 7J t ,.z, --c T ; o

Robaato san wa amerikajin desu ka.

Yamashita sensee wa
7,

kankokujin desu ka.

4 . 0 / '\ - ,.Z, -t!- ,.Z, t ,.Z, t;i t : ti ,.Z, .:_'' "(' -f /; 0

Robaato san no senmon wa nihongo desu ka.

l;f

5.

/Z - A, -tt" ,.Z, t ,.Z, tj tt \, \ \, \ -{'' T /; 0

Suu san no senmon wa keezai desu ka.

1"

Takeshi san wa

Toozai daigaku no

gakusee desu ka.

7 . 7 1)

,, -

:: U: o / r / t: " \-hi < r7J -h" < * " \ i: -t n'o

Rondon daigaku no gakusee desu ka.

;;

/...

c /...

Mearii san wa

8 . t: tt L :: t .:i t : h. -tt ... \ c- -t t; o

Takeshi san wa T -; n inensee desu ka.

9 . A. - :: t.:i " \ 1? h. -tt- " \ -c -t t; o

S u u san wa ;; If h
l:

ichinensee desu ka.

10. O r \ - r :: tj: J: b -tl- \ \ '"C" T -h ' o '

Robaato san wa yonensee desu ka.

Hart, Mary Nationality School Major Year American U. of Arizona Japanese 2nd year

Kimura Takeshi

<L' t t L ::.
Japanese

Kim, Sue Korean Seoul Univ. computer 3rd year

Smith, Robert British U. of London business 4th year

L t:-l!-.0-lt,
Yamashita sensee

J apanese Tozai Univ. (Japanese teache r)

Tozai Univ. history -!-th year

-------

B.

Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) are. Your partner w i l l refer to the p i cture on the next page and answer the questions .
Example:

.::
"

n t.:i 7 1)

.,

,,

:: r7J :: " \ _. . . T -h ' o C" ..

saifu desu ka.

Ex.

Kore wa

\ " \ X.. , 7 l)
q \'

Mearii san no n ;, ') \' -

(J

:: r7J :: " \ ..) t ry j -tt o

saifu ja arimasen.
.._

lie,

Mearii san no \'

A ' .:: n t.:i lJ

Kore wa
q

' :: (/) I, \ .... 1:' 1" -h 0

saifu desu ka.
. " \ ....J ll 1: -r 0 , saifu desu.

Rii san no

8 ' ;{_ ;{_ '

Ee,

l ) - :: (/)
Rii san no

(1)

"

(2)

(3)

'

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

;l j

l) -

,,

Mearii

l) Rii

"

l -) .:.
Yooko

@ * c l1J (J) ftiv u 5 (Review Exercises)

A. Role Play-One student is a store attendant. The other is a customer. Use Dialogue I as a model.

B.

Role Play-One student is a waiter/waitress. The other student goes to a restaurant. Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using Dialogue II as a model.

=--c " ' L J: <

Af'!!!l
1f / r- 1 ; 1!" h. \\
"?

t,

7 1 '7-- 7 1) - L.

I>

\'

1"

<

'>

\'

/ \ / / \ - jf'

li /..,

If h

h'

. ..,

S/ .:z. - 'A

l:

,,

-t

Pair Work

CD C. ========
A
:

Example:

7.. lv 7..f "'J Li \ ' < G i:'' T h ' o

Enpitsu w a Hyaku en desu. ikura desu ka.

Picture B

1 3,7oo 1

1 4,soo 1

I 9,ooo 1

1 7,ooo 1

Pair Work

(D D. ==::::=======:=
Customer
: .:: ti lv l;i Kono hon wa :

Example:

Store attendant

t ::: -tt lv U'

(1

" \ < ?:, C" T IJ'o

ikura desu ka.

Nisen hyaku en desu.

< .:t lv ""( To

Card B

- - -

price of items (1)-(5).

2,1 oo

Part I. You are a customer. Ask for the

# 1 1

Ex.

(3)

7.3so

1
Part II. You are a store attendant. Tell the customer how much each item is.

Example:

Picture 8

;l 1 1) - A.- 0) h'
:: n tJ: Kore wa
? \

t n O) h' i:'' T h ' o .:

dare no kasa desu ka.

e-r

Mearii san no

kasa desu.

7-. Suu

-r

t::. tt L
Takes h i

;l /

}!/)

J;

1) -

')

\\

0 / \ - r
7,

I!

J?

L t:*lv*" '

Mearii

Robaato

Yamashita sensee

t h

C l a s s r o o m

.:. < l.f' A_,

kokuban

r v t
terebi

t-

t; - j- /
kaaten

;,

-;:

/..,

I I

.i -
mado

keshi go m u tsukue

Useful Expressions ;f:d; ry .i L f o ------ 1 understand./! understood. .:

Wakarimashita.

.f:J 7; .i -{t- h-o Wakarimasen.

------- !

don't understand./! don't know .

I'P -? <
Yukkuri

'-

' -? -z < t.' :

'- ' -?

'-

'o ------ Please speak slowly.

itte kudasai.

t -? t? .J:

'-

' t? -

-z < t:.' '- 'o ----- Please say it again.

'-

Moo ichido -?

itte kudasai.

.i

-?

: -z < t.'

'o ------ Please wait.

Chotto

matte kudasai.

(;e3a l t

..............................

T- O) m 5R Making a Date
-\':>< t-<

3')

(!)
1 2 3 4 5 6

Mary and Takeshi are talking.

: 7 ') - lv ... il! *- l;i f I,. \ "( 1,. \M L 1 T h ' o
L - "} J: -? ':

: t tt L :

7 ') - :

-c '? "C'' T b o t \. \ "( \. \ '? "t:, "'('' 5 L l To --c t , :

-...: ..{.._:: !-)

t:

t:'' B*.@J Jt l
.t \ \ I; J-J.

To
: f tt L :

-c J "(' T h ' " L .;b , Bi 8 t : @j Jt l -\:t /v h 'o

l: -; l ! .. ;t \ ' i;' ;,.

7 ') - :
: t tt L :

Hi 8 l;i t:, .;:

!::" .t 1 U' ! : ? .t 1

-::>

t: . . . . . .

l: .:b ... B llii B l;i '? "C'' Th'o

V'

([)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s 9
A

On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's. B t;t l '? .: - ,- \ 1 To ;b l;i J: 7 o _lf- 1,. \ "'('' T bo

7 'J - : ;b /v : 7 ')
-

.Z .Z , 8 l.:i * t :1t l To * --c w Jt l To I,. \ 1,. \ "('' T b. o M* .: .; ; ry l T h ' o Jt*

< L IH. '= .t
-)

.!: = 1

t=

\\

,:.. .t 1 t'

it \ \ IJ'

h.

B IrA lv : 7 ') - : ;b /v :
IrA

::.: .; "(''t

>;.:,(,

I:

1ht

B)t .: l;i /v l;i ? ""' l -lt /v o

:C 7 "C'' T h ' o l: it; , ,. \ -? --c 1 To

7 1) - : B lv : 7 'J
-

" \ --:) "C G -::> L " \o

Takeshi: :\Iary, what do you usually do on the "eekend?

Mary: Let's see. I usually study at home. But I Takeshi: I see .
. .

ometimes see moYies.

then, "-ould ou like to see a moYie on Satu rday?

:\Iary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday? l\lary: That's fine.

[ inconYenient]

. . . )

:\Iary: Good morning. Host mother: Good morning. You are early. aren't you? Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today. I will see a moYie in Kyoto. Host mother: Good . -\round what time ,,-ill you come back?
.

l\Iary: Around nine. Host mother: How about di nner?

M ary : I will not eat.

Host mother: I see. Well, ha,e a nice dar. l\Iary: Good-bye_

*
t.:.fv

;n:
p
2':

V
N o
u n s

Enterta inment and Sports

* ;Z_ I. \ I,rt

y- - ]'
- -?

j? A_, 1;>' <

j- :::. ;z. t: 7v :: ::r- ;;f

:A ;f - '/

@I

13
:/.t.Ro o ;f a

movie music magazine sports date (romantic, not calendar) tennis TV video tape; VCR

Foods a n d Drinks

if:> .:: U: A_, j? tt :t? t? f> ::1 - l:: * ti A_, .:: (;;l: A_,

.fJHrt&.
:t?5

j? >-t'K /

breakfast sake; alcohol green tea coffee

Pla ces

..::r..JL-.1:./V

1;>'-? .:: LL

1,. \ .:{_

t?

1Jt1ifpi[ {ifpi[

dinner hamburger lunch water

home; house home; house; my place language lab school

Time morning tomorrow

* *

*
*

t : t? J: Zl

.:: .z, tr .z,

J: u

L !'P

.i --:::>

1!5t *

when today at about tonight weekend Saturday Sunday

BI B B ifili B

Words that appear i n the dialogue

j q : "t
.;1 \. \ (JA,.
u
*

-lii:- 8 l!Jt

eYery day eYery night

- v

e r b s ff < 1 "6 lllj <

to go

\. \ <

(destination t : l ""-)

1; X. "6
<

to go back; to return

(destination t : I""-)
to listen; to hear to drink

("-' )

cry t.;l: 1j: -t J: <L'

R
u - v

k ' -t
e r b s "6 """ :i_ "6 Ji "6
g u

("-' )

to speak; to talk

(language I "'C")
to read

( "-' )

j:; "6
*

to get up to eat

t """ "6 =.

("-' )

h.
*

to sleep; to go to sleep

h.

to see; to look at; to watch

("-' ) I r r e
<
*

v e r

b s
to come to do tudy

*- "6

(destination t: I""-) ("-' ) (

"-'

-t

""' A,. J: -? -t
v

SfH -t -!>

to

A d j e c t i
*
*

e s
good

\ \ .!f. \. \

l.;l: \
v

early

A d

e r b s
not much

J:i> .i + negatiYe -lf A-. -tf A-. + negatiye '

*
* *

::k :m:. * /.(

not at all usually a little sometimes often; much

=. t \ "'( \. \

i? J: -:> -

J: <
E x p r e s s
* * *

o n s
That's right. ; Let me see.
but

;c -? "'(' -t "'('' t - -? "'(' -t 1; '

How about . . . ?; How is . . . ?

Verb Conjugation

Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms:

(1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present
tense negative forms. , There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation patterns, and an example of each is below.
ru-verb verb bases dictionary forms present, affirmative present, negative stems tabe u-verb ik

"(.@ (to eat) "'* 9

fj< (to go) I 1jTI*9 I r:r*ttlv I fj I

"'*ttlv

"'

iz.......::: belongs to the group of verbs called the " ru-verbs." Ru-verbs are so called, because
t:

you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. V\Te learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:

Another major group of verbs is called the "u-verbs." The dictionary form of an u-verb like it < can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u . The long forms like 1t T and 1t -\t lv, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes
,. l ,,

imasu and imasen. You may find the u-verb conjugations slightly more difficult than the

ru-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel i. We learn six u-verbs in this lesson:

I.Hi :

1t <
,,

1The use of the term "dictionary forms" i s by n o means restricted t o listings i n a dictionary. They also appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these Yerbs.

will call these parts (same as bases \Yith ru-Yerbs, and bases plus i with u-Yerbs) "stems. "

which come before l T and l -1t lv in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we
\

In later lessons, we "ill haYe many opportunities to refer to the parts like iz and .ff ,
t :.

I n addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs ." Note that the vowels in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms.
irregular verbs dictionary forms present, affirmative present, negative stems

9-Q (to do) u u * ttfv u*9

*9

< -@ (to come)

* iifv

These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb
.....;A...;.!.;

>'fM! T 6 , which conjugates just like the verb T 6 .

I t is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. I t is a good form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like .ff < ,, .ff j T. This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6 , because
"

idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary

happen to end with the consonant

If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply 2 to them, you know why it is wrong to say x Jt l T and x ')\i l T.
r.
lr i..

they may be irregular verbs like T 6 and < 6 , or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just

verb bases long forms stems

mi

.@ (= a ru-verb)
h

kaer

m-@ (= an u-verb that ends with -@)

ty.;<_

2Things are not as bad as you might expect after reading the above paragraph . The key lies in the second from the last syllable in a dictionary form. The irregular verbs set aside, if you see the vowels a, o, or u right before the final .; , you can be absolutely sure that they are u-verbs. (We have not learned any such verbs yet.) Unfortunately for us, the logic does not follow in the other direction; there are ru-verbs and u-verbs that have the Yowels i and
h ... e

before the final ; . ; has the vowel e before ; and is a

"

ru-verb. ; , on the other hand, has the same sound sequence, but is an u-verb.

Verb Types and the "Present Tense"

In this lesson we learn about a dozen verbs that describe basic human actions. These are often called "action verbs," and the "present tense" of these verbs either means (1) that a person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in the future. Habitual actions:
I often watch TV.

Future actions:
I will go to K yoto tomorrow.

A - !v tJ: a i? t : IJ ry j: -1!- lvo

C. 1 i lr ;<_

Sue will not return home today.

Particles

Nouns used in sentences generally must be followed by particles, which indicate the 3 relations that the nouns bear to the verbs. In this lesson, we learn four particles: c, t : , """'- , and .

The particle --c indicates where the event described by the verb takes place. 4 I will read books in the library. I will watch TV at home.

(;::: The particle t: has many meanings, but here we '"ill learn two: (1) the goal toward
which things move, and (2) the time at which an eYent takes place.

(1) goal of movement

I will not go to school today. I will return home.

3ln spoken language, particles are often "dropped." " will learn more e

about such cases in Lesson 15.

4 l n later lessons, w e will be introduced to Yerbs that require particles other than "'( to express location.

(2) time

I uill go to Kyoto on Sunday.

-: t : ;Jl J "fo
... ;;. , , .., . .... 1 -

I zcill go to bed at elaeu .

(Some time words stand alone. "\Yithout the particle 1: tagging along, "\Yhich "\Yill be discussed in Section -! below.) Approximate time references can be made by substituting :. or :. 1: for 1 : . Thus,

LIll-_:,

+- * :.'' .; ( t : ) ;oc l -t
\

!"

1' -

I will go to bed at about eleven.

The particle """'- , too, indicates the goal of moYement. The sentences in (1) above there

fore can be rewritten using """'- instead of r : . Note that this particle is pronounced " e . "

I will not go to school today. I u:ill return home.

Note that """'- may replace the particle t : only in the goal-of-moYement sense. The particle

t: for time references and other uses. "\Yhich "e "ill learn about in later lessons, cannot
be so replaced.

The particle indicates "direct objects," the kind of things that are directly involved

in, or affected by, the eYent. ote that this particle is pronounced " o . "

I dri11k coffee. I listen to tapes. I watch TV.

Time Reference

You need the particle t : "\Yith (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday," and (2) numerical time expressions, like "at 10:42," and "in September."

I will go on SzmdaJ.
t'l:>-1 1: ..t A....lt:Ji

T * Ia + .::. t =
t:

. ..<,
;

:.>

l 'to

I get up at 10:42.

:fL t : lJ*
( /;'-? I; ;t

j --r 0

I will go back in September.

moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow, " (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when."

You do not use the particle = with (1) time expressions defined relative to the present

I will come tomorrow. I watch TV every evening. When will you go?

You normally do not use t : with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at

night," and (2) the word for "weekend. " Unlike words like s L t and .titlJ)t above, how : ! ... JJ\. ever, these words are sometimes followed by = . depending on styles, emphases, and

personal preferences.
I read the newspaper in the morning. What will you do on weekends?

extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, .i TIJ>, cannot be not as an invitation.
::._'' l. /v
[t <.

You can use .i -\t !v iJ (

the present tense negative Yerb, plus the question particle) to

so used. Thus a sentence like ::.. t.i lv "t""- l T h ' can only be construed as a question,
:, ;. t ,

1,. \ \. \

"C'' T Po

1;: j -\t /v 'h' o

to

What do you say to having lunch with me? Sounds great.

Will you pla31 tenn s with me? i

j- :::.. :A L j -\t /v 'h'o

-J - /v , i? l ---:> C:: o

Um, it's sli ghtly (inconvenient for me at this moment).

Word Order

Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them. Generally, sentences are made up of several noun-particle sequences followed by a verb or an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as 1.1', . or l . Among the noun-particle sequences, their relati,e orders are to a large extent free.

A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the follO\Ying, but seYeral other arrangements of

noun-particle sequences are also possible.

hi..:L

l di
topic

4'- 8
time
.: .;

:l :;._ --c tg !::: ...,. :

place

8 7.f.'-.
. : .! ;,... .:

object

""A- "" ;

ifa1 L j 'to
-Yerb

I will study Japanese in the library today. J: <

.ht.:L

topic frequency

L .... :-

time

goal

.-:; .{

Yerb

I often go back lzome at around seven.

Frequency Adverbs

You can add a frequency adYerb such as

.,

(even-day), l <

(often), and -

(sometimes) to a sentence to describe how often you do something.

I sometimes go to a cof fee shop.

In this lesson, we also learn two adverbs "hich describe how infrequent an activity or an event is; -tf -1 (never; not at all) and Jr.> ry (not often; not very much). These adverbs anticipate the negatiYe at the end of the sentence. I f you use -1f -1 lv or && , in other words, you need to conclude the sentence with -1t -

I do not watch TV at all. t tt L :?: 10 ti ::

ry Jfa1 L j -\!- 10 o
-.:,{,.:"

Takeshi does not study much.

The Topic Particle (

As we saw in Lesson 1, the particle t.i presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item

X, it is such that . . . "). I t puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment
on. You may have noted that the topic phrases in sentences such as 7 1) - t.i..:=.Sf

r-;- (Mary is a third-year student), and t- cry..W. r , t.i E ;.f..'*-c -t (My major is Japanese
hf.:l t. h.. .: f!k . ::

;:, A-hA--Iti .

language), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the subject of a sentence. \Ve see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where nonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle t.i.
Jl ;

1) - :?: 10 il! ;f:. ti t " \ "C \ \M L ::

Lz;-, J ?
: :t

1 -t-h'o

Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?

 E tJ: * :li t : ff .1 To \
I'm going
.t "l .ti

to Kyoto today.

In the above two examples, t.l promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" " Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto . "

lDt ::_'' tJ: lv tJ: ?

l .t k

iz"'"' J: /vo
t:

How about dinner?

will not eat.

I n this example, t. is used

directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a

.lh,

comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, BJt ::..- t.

lv, does not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.

O.ic51:ffv

J.JI / - "
n < I* .... Ll <
Japanese.
<

Expression

N otes

ffi

When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say "I'm

coming." in English. However in the same situation,

fLi1T i T is used in
bt:l" \'

* is a movement toward the place where the speaker is. 1-T <

is a movement in a direction away from the speaker. I ' m coming.

speaker's viewpoint

o c::l:: -::> C: ..,. i:> J: -:> t literally means "a little," "a bit, "a small amount," as
"

in i:>

J: -:> t < t.:: 1.- >

(Please give me a little) and i:>

(Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used

J: -:> t 1 -:> -r < f 1.- > !_ for a polite rfusal. In this

( 1o),

case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with 1.- > I, > .:Z_ because it sounds too direct. Will you see a movie on Saturday,'? Saturday is not convenient. {lit., Saturday is a little bit.)

P
c '-' d: fJ'Iv l3:1v

CD mc,1J:di*9
J;

A. Change the following verbs into -*9 and -*ttfv.

Example: 1 . 0) ;t

t .:f> :: t -:f> ::.

7.

1 1 . };

6 . I, \ <

2. <

t:: -J. T

< ;

t::. j -l:t A3 . 7;;. -:f>

@D

--1 . T .:f> 9 . tl .:f>

8 . -/; > .:f>

10 . J: iL'
;) .

ti T

12 . h.- J: '? T .:f>

B.

Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. (a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.
(1) 7 - 7 (2) T ..=.. :A

@D

(4) :1 - t -

library/2:00

(5) 7 v t

L.L./4:30

school/Saturday

McDonald's/5: 00

(6)
v

8 * .: !!k :::

t\ " r-----_--

coffee shop/3:00

home/tonight

college/ every day

(b) Add the place to the above sentences.

C.

Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.

GJ

Example: Ex.

go to the post office

go to the post office

(1) go to the library

(2) come to school

1 : 00 (3) come to the coffee shop

8:30

- @ /,\
D.

Sunday

(4) return home

(5) return to the U. S.

5:30

tomorrow

Pair Work-Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson.

Example:

A :
B :

0 :$ i'g '"('' ;t fth .i T IJ'o

l ! rrl. .., L .!:
J:

i._ i._ , Jt h .i To / 1.. \ \r \ i._ , Jt h .i -1t /0 o

.t

E.

Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.

1 . Before you start, both of you "ill choose one item in each row of the table
and mark it.
2 . In each ro\\, using the Yerb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-no

question sentence and find out \Yhich item your partner has chosen. 3 . You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not giYe a\\ay the right answer when you ask a wrong question.
4 . \Vhen you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles

with your partner and anS\Yer their questions. 5 . Tabulate the score. You \Yin the game if you haYe scored higher than your partner.

Example:

A : 1X t : ;ft l T n ' o
/)' '? ::. .'

B :

\.

' \. ' .Z
::: "(,.{.

1t l % ,Z,o
\

A : " -"1t .i T n ' o

..,

B : t; \. ' 1t l To (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won. )

"' =tr !t -t "' .., '"'-' 1kh -t

post office TY sake book date

I I I
I I

school mone green tea newspaper study

coffee shop video water magazine

I cartoon ( A-. h'')

coffee Japanese book

library

"' ith -t

"'

-t

telephone

tennis

0 1DJB(*97J'
tJ.Iv l..i <13

A.

Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions. Mary's Schedule
7:30 8:00 8:30 12:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:30 7:00 8:00 11 :30
P.M. A.M.

BJ

get up eat breakfast g o to school

1 . ;J. 7 1) - tj fPJ* t = --JIJo

lj: h- l: b

2 . ;J. 7 1) - tjfPJ* t : ;fi l :-f'J --JI;o

'.. A- l: ' 6'? ::. i ,,

3 . ;J. 7 1 ) - fv tjfPJ* t : ::_'' (j fv 1z ""' --J h o 4 . ;J. Y 1) - lj-'fPJ * t : ::Z - C - ;j. T h ' o
": A- l: 'l) t.,:A- t: u; t,

eat lunch
drink coffee play tennis go home eat dinner watch TV study go to bed

5.

;!.

7 1) - lv t:J:1PI* t = ") t : 1} 0 'Th'o

l.t h- l: /)';(_ lj: h- l:
'..:lv

6 . ;J. 7 1) - tjfPJ* t : ;fti L --Jh'o

7.

;J. 7 1) - fv tjfPJ* t : :Jt T h ' o

l: h

-< iv .:O.d

B. Pair Work-Ask your partner what time they do the following things.

B : .1\..* t : To
l.;i;';, l: b

Your partner's schedule

time ) ) ) ) ) )

get up
eat breakfast go to school eat lunch g o home g o to bed

C. Look at the pictures in I -B (p. 65) and I -C (p. 66}, and add the time expressions to the sentences.
Example: 2:00

@D

(!) :::J - t: -(h.*ttlvtJ\

0)

A. Make suggestions using the cues below.

Example: drink coffee

BJ
3 . play tennis 6 . talk at a coffee shop

:1

1::

tt h. .i -\t /v iJ 'o
7:'

1 . see a moYie
-1 . eat dinner 7 . drink tea at home

2 . come to my house
i) .

study i n the library

8 . listen to the music

B. Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures.
Example:

Ex.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

 ma2i-'a;. *9
L\ 1='!5 fil:/v J::

How often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the expressions below.

1. ;z if-' - 'J L T h o 2. *!t ft h T h ' o

..,

J:

3 . :!" it t :: .ff T h o
1:: L
! &A"

4. @ ) T h ' o L
;t \ ' lr ;<,.

5 . :::1 - t: - 1x h l T h o

6.
7.

8 * 0) 8fJ l T h ' o
t: 1! 1... t-;h,IJ'(

11)

_:.

-*JJ .: ti A.t 1z""' T 1.1 o

;, t :

(i) * t:61JO)**
A, L: t-;

(Review Exercises)

nlvul1>?

A. Answer the following questions.

1 . -Mat t :: kl T h o 2 . t:'' _: "'(''5 L T IJ o
..-.::A.- .! 1

3 . It \ -:J T V t:' Jt l Tho

;<,.

4 . ;z if-' - 'J L T h ' o

5.
L,-).1
;,

iJ!?jZ tj: -- _: t:: ,ff l T h'o

,,

6 . -*JJ

-M' 1z""'( l Th'o

I:

7.
8.

b 7
.: /,IJ.h,

f :

M L l Th'o
!: : A,

' l.fh, BJt j\

Mat .: :OC 1 T h' o

L: b

B.

Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend.
Example:

8 tj: ..:: at t :: L L t ::.:ft l To .:=.. at t :: :!" n --c- 8 * 5! L l To

.C. t ::

l:

Lil-LI;

''

: h-

1.:

l:: l ! bA,

: : I.!A, .:

.....;1(, :-!i

at .: -J i? t:: lJi ry T o
;;, ( l:
& ;t

C. Class Activity-Find someone who . . .

name

1 . gets up at

7 o'clock.

2 . eats breakfast eYery day.

3 . speaks French.
4 . watches TV at home.

5 . listens to Japanese music.

6 . plays tennis.

D.

Suggest to a classmate that you do something together over the weekend. Use Dialogue I as a model.
Example:

A : B lv ti 7 .:::.. .A L 1 B : li " 'o

T'h'o

A : t &.> , E B : j- .:::.. .A L l {t lv 'h'o

.: ?.!
.;

:f

B : 8 Hi E !.i i; J:
: t? J: 1 U

-?

t:

. .

'

;c 7 "('' T'h'o

l' &_, , E tj t:'' 7

1::" .l: .;
(l

"('' T 'h'o

B : X.. X.. , " ' " ' i:'' T bo

(4 I
ld:L/

..............................

JJ 6i)CO) T- The Fi rst Date

a o

41

(!)
1 2 3
L

Mary goes downtown.

7 1) -

-t ;j.. ;i -tt lvo :

7 F -t- JL-- F t; t:'' .: "C' t'IJ o

1 o

o " \ ;..__ 7 1} - :

<b rJ) f-_, \'- rJ)ijff c-- -t J:

Jb IJi t: ") .:-- -- 1. \ l To

{!)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

In the evening, at Mary's host fam ily's house.

7 1)

t t' " \ l 0 ::. :: B IJ '- \ o B5tl tJ: t:'' -J "C' L t IJ'o ::. ::. ; I .. JL :i -tt !v "C' L t o t::. tt L !v t.U :i -tt !v --c- L t::. o

B X: Iv :
7 1) - :

BX
l:: i

lv :

--::>

, r-- -J L i: --c- -t 1J o
V' t: ')

7 1} - :

::. b iJ l -lt /vo f3_' 1; ' - J..... "('' * t: }j : :ft 2 l L f o J..... IJ i f < !v t \ :i L t::. IJ'o ::.
t: \

B X: Iv : -; 7 1) - :

!14

"\.,

..

lj: l. \o j::; "(-- f::. ( /v l L f o ::.

.:j-".1 \' - t : t :ft 2 l L f::. o lj: l. \ , J::; ;j.. tf "('' To
"

lL

l::

B X:

lv

ib t;' t: -J o

.).> ..lp.. tv n - } . '->,j.

@
1 2 3 4 5 6

On the phone.

t t L : ::.
;. 7

1)

t.;t ' , ;f..# "(" T o

t: ?

t t L : ::.
;1.

t t L : ::.

1) 7

:ff .i L t::. l o
.:Z
'- ' "?
o

t t L A.- , E *- .i -tt A.- ---c L t tlo ::. ::.

.: .:. / .! :t

t L t L , t t L A.- --c -t f.l'o ::.

;1. 7

1J

- ---c -to

7 7 F -T lv F' -:60 h- ij: " ' !

/ " - -'f / y- ''J 'Y L .i -tt A.- J: o

" - 7 / y- ''J 'Y 0) WI "C''- * M 1 i? .i L t o ::.

. d ? L: lrlv 7

7 F -J- lv F ---c- T l a

CD
Mary: Excuse me. Where is :\1cDonald's? Stranger: It is in front of that department store. Mary: Thank you.

0
Mary: I'm home. Host father: Welcome home. How ''"as the movie? Mary: I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come. Host father: Oh, why? Mary: I don't know. So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone. Host father: Were there a lot of people? Mary: Yes, I took many pictures at the temple. I also went to a department store. Here's a souvenir for you. Host father: Thank you. Host mother: Oh, Mary, you had a phone call a little while ago.

Takeshi: This is Kimura. Mary: Hello, is this Takeshi? This is Mary. Takeshi, you didn't come today, did you? Takeshi: I went there. I waited for one hour in front of the Haagen-Dazs place, Mary: iot Haagen-Dazs. l\IcDonald's! Takeshi: McDonald's . . . I'm sorry!

V
N o
u n s

Activities

T ll"' / " 1 r h' \. \ t 7 7 'A

People and Things

part-time job shopping class

}.> t \. \ .tcl
*

you

* ;)? -1-1 {!fp A *JL .,_ 1tii

dog souvenir child rice; meal

;l? h. if' .: -- t
.:'' lJ: lv

L L A., -:J < i."( h{ h

picture; photograph
desk letter cat bread person

;1-J .:

Places
temple park

supermarket
*

r, { - r
/ '\ A, "( \ \ tf' ;r 7 \. \ lv ;t 7 Jv

department store bus stop hospital hotel bookstore town; city restaurant

t i lv

t:, v A. r 7 :.--Time

yesterday a little while ago

*
"-'

t h' lv

hour one hour

cf. \. \ t:, t h' lv

*

Words that a p pear in the dialogue

 "f "'? J: -J u

1r J: -J u T " \ J: -J u t < J: -J Z.f J: -) if' U - v e r b s -) * .:6 1,]> -) 1,] > < * * C:: .:6 j: "'?

*- E 1t E

J}c. E

j( E

Jj E

last \Yeek when . . . ; at the time of . . .

(c?))

:\1onday Tuesday \Yednesday Thursday Friday

to meet; to see (a person)

(person t : )
there is . . . to buy to write

( )

f.J") c )
thing

(person t : ( "" )

to take (pictures) to wait

* b iJ' .:6 R *
u \\ - y

to understand

( f.J")

b
(a person) is in . . . ; stays at
. .

.:6

(ptace t:)
A d v e r b s * f= < ::- lv "'-' C:: * * c::" -J L --c * 7.f c:: 0 --e "" < G
" \

a n d

O t h e r

E x p r e s s
I'm sorry. so; therefore many; a lot

o n s

about (approximate measurement)

* :.tt> f;j: \ \

* t.' iJ' G -:

together with (a person) why alone

L o ( a t

7;;.. j ;t

t L t L o n

w o r d s

7.f t3.' 0 *

fJ. 1,]>
} iZ.

-J L .;

1k .;
ii_

:Jp
lJ

Hello? (used on the phone)

_,_.,_

J:

(c?)) left ( '""'-' c?)) front ( ""'-' c?)) ( '""'-' c?)) back inside ( '""'-' c?)) on ( '""'-' c?) )
right

 \ \t'
f .:
''-

f t;f

Lt :

T M

under near next

between there here

( "-' 0)) ( "-' 0) ) ( "-' 0))

(A B

0) )

X 1.7{ JiJ ry 1 -t means "there is/are X (nonliYing thing)." The particle 1.7'' introduces, or
presents, the item X. You can use Jr.> ry 1 T when you want to say that there is something at a certain location.

There's a McDonald's over there.

Note that JiJ t) 1 -t is different from other Yerbs we haYe seen so far on the following three counts. One, it calls for the particle t : , rather than e, for the place description. Two, the place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. Three, the thing

description is usually followed by the particle 1.7:, rather than t.;t.

You can also use Jr.> ry 1 T to say that you have or own somethmg.

TV
t: A,

1:::'7?>'

0 j 1t lvo

I don 't have a TV. Do you have time? 2

* M 7?"

.1

T7?'o

We also use Jr.> ry .l -t when we want to say that an event will take place.

There will be an exam on Tuesday.

Lt

t.i E .:$- 0 7 7 7-.. 7?{

r: r.:A- :::

0 .1 1t lvo

There will be no Japanese class tomorrow.

When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you need to use the verb " ' .l T. Thus,
3

Note the difference between: 7 v t" ;Q ' JIJ 1 1tlv (I don't have a TV), the negative ve rsio n of T v t"IJ > JiJ l T, and ' 7 v t t;
f'

21n a minor detail which we will not discuss any further here, when &iJ l T is used in the sense of an
event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle -z:, like normal verbs and unlike the

JiJ 1 1t lv (I t isn't a TV), the negative version of 7 v t:-z:--t.

other uses of ci:> 1 T.

ote also that some time expressions (such as

and some others (such as &iJ L t ) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the &iJ l T sentences as well. : 3 Note th at the same Yerb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese: 1:> f .:: t: fflJ j:_ 1.1:, ' 1 To There s an international student over there. i
......... ..,(

.:. y ,

Ri 8 t:) come with the particle

t:,

Mary s an international student. i ;;l 7 1) - lv l J: 'ilf f!F j:_ -z: -To ' ' 1 T and &iJ 1 F - strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while -z: --t is for description of

an attribute of a person or a thing.

 ;c

.:

t :: w '/.1{1,
ry,.-jl;' ( -\t l '

;i

-r

There's an international student over there.

(place (;:)

{thing

tJ' ' 15'

person

There is/ are . . .

Describing Where Things Are

' Vve learned in Lesson 2 that to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word t'' -:: (where) and say X t.i -:: --c -t J.

Where's 1\!lcDonald's?
In response, one can, of course, point and say :

"?

:7 1- 1- 1H t;t

;c

:
''-

-c-t o

McDonald's is

over there. ri ght there near you. right here.

I n this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specificall y , we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like X t.i Y <1) iltr -r-- -t.
1- i..

( '7 7

F -T lv F Lt)

0 7> -

r 0 "Btr "C -t o
J. i.

It's in front of that department store.

Other useful words describing locations are as follows:

location words

V't.:0 *X. ? v -3
X

to the right of to the left of in front of behind

ld: Y 0)

f ri.fJ' 5 X. v ft: ' 4 t( ct 0 s ri.

C9o

X is

inside on/above underI beneath near next to

Y.

ld: Y c Z O)L \t .:z:-9 o

X is between Y and

Z.

}1t t. :ltg 0 c: i:'' To

The bank is next to the lib rary.
.:: A.. .: .;
!: -

; --

The umb rella is under the table.

v A. 7 / tJ:f'/ \' - C: m F;t 0 F, a

:."'- .. ,. _

n. ... _

i:'' T

The restaurant is between the depa rtnzent store and the hospital.

One can use any of the aboYe location words together with a verb to describe an event that occurs in the place. To use these phrases "ith Yerbs such as 't- and ""?, one will need the particle -r.
:-: !

-!?f:L

I waited fo r Mary in front of the Hiiagen-Dazs place.

:ft- t. / ' - Jf / y ''! 'J 0 WI --c /. 7 1J

;. ;;:_-

lv 1 t; i L t::.
!

0
verb.

Past Tense

The past tense forms of verbs look like the following, where -- stands for the stem of a

affirmative present tense past tense

negative

;1. 7 1) - /v tl: :1L a:f :::.'' 'h 7 1;

I I

t : lJ* 1 L f::. o
J:ri_

Mary returned home at about nine.

bt:L

:ft- tJ: 0 7 a ;$.. 1 L 1 -tt lv i:'' L t::. o

.:

:; A..

.:

--:A,. -1 _,

I did not study Japanese yesterday.

The various details of formation of the long forms that we learned in Lesson 3 like the , ru-verb/ u-verb/irregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense forms as well.

5Both X!J:Y ry -c i' and X!J:Y J:

Another \YOrd for "near" that is also commonly used is t, h' < .
.::

side by side. For a ry sentence to be considered appropriate, items X and Y need to belong to the same category; two people, two buildings, and so forth . In contrast, an item can be J: .:: in relation to another item even if they are quite distinct. The telephone is by the restroom. 0 lJ: r 1 v - -c To J: .:
X
4- h
- -"' l" ..

-c i' describe situations where two items

(X and Y) are found

't IJ: r 1 v 0 ry "'( To

--

(odd)

The past tense versions of "X IJ: Y --c -t" sentences look like the following.
affirmative present tense past tense negative

!J f.' *ttlv

u f-' *ttlv c v t 6 .:

Mr. Yamashita was a student at Tozai University.

,., L f -ti- A.- -lt l ' o

J.L T .i. U: )ft 8 f::. 0 .i. --e L t o ::.

1::: -j

::'\ff\IJ'{

I>'( -lt\

s n i a * 0 B3t@J t n'
t : tiA"' ' '

;t 1 ..z, --e L t::. o

That was not a Japanese movie.

Expressions of quantity

Japanese are rather different from those in English. In

Japanese, if you want to add a quantity word like t::. < !v to the direct object of a sentence, you can either place it before the noun, or after the particle .

I took many pictures in K yoto.

I ate a lot of vegetables.

The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun, like - * M Such a noun stands alone (that is, not followed by any particle) and usually appears immediately before the verb. :J. 7 1) - ..Z, ti :C .:: --e t::. 1 L ..Z, - * rl3 1 1? l L t::. o ,
Mary waited f or Takeshi there f or an hour.
'- \ t:. L .?A... .;
\ \ 1: t>JV

For an approximate measurement, you can add < G " ' 7 after ---.... at M .
t: >7,(,

6As was the case with

7As w e learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word ::: ;; .

1 -1!-lv -c L t , instead of the contracted form L v J; 1) 1 -l:t lv -c L t=. . =.

the present tense L v J; .i -1!- lv, written language would more likely have "'C" Ij: J;

ot>fl

t.!

I studied Japanese f r about three hours :yesterday. o

0 7 E * .=. at M <-- G '- '5! L .f L t o

.: .:A.. :::

': h. .:

;;/,.

.-..:/,. :.s

The particle

C::

has two functions. One is to connect two nouns A and

I speak Japanese and English.

B.8

ri

Jf:i

-:; ;.;; -:. !]

t:

:: *.JIR t : fj" L f u
C::

I went to Kyoto and Osaka.

The other meaning of

is "together with " ; it describes with whom you do something. 9

_?( 7 1) - :: h- lJ: .A - :: h- t: @] : {j" l To

J l!Iary will go to Ko rea with Sue.
-,..- ::. < , ..

We learned i n Lesson 2 that we use the particle t i n reference to the second item which shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use t when two or more people perform the same activity.
t1 0)

ht.:L

7 : 1t .f L t o
:. 1 l t: ; \'

I went to Kyoto yesterday.

Professo r Yamashita went to K yoto yesterday, too.

Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things.

_?( 7 1)
-

:: h- t.! < --? " ' .f L t o

lr

Mary bought shoes. Mary bought a bag, too.

In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something in common. ObserYe that t replaces the particles
l.i, tJ:,

or in these sentences.

You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions, and so forth.

8You can use

9"With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10.

1:::

to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6.

ht:L

{- t.i 7t:il!*::M t : .ff :f L t o

-1! "-'L.,-J.:-11 1:: ''

I went to Kyoto last week.

I went to Osaka, too.

D / - }- A.t tl Bi 8 t : / - 7 1 - t :.ff ;f L t o '' c J: 1 U'

Robert went to a party on Saturday.

,,
0

t :. t::, J: 7

8 B$ 8 t = t /' - T 1 - t = 1f ;f L t
r. f
--

He went to a party on Sunday, too.

We put t after th e particle t: i n these sentences. More generally, particles other than tJ:,
h{, and are used together with

t , rather than being replaced b y it.

V'J:5 (j'fv

J,m .,/ - "'

X

E x p r e s s i o n

N o t e s

OJiF.i X O) fij
;i;;t Lt

is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from

X"

or

"opposite X . " You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across, namely, If something

X O) U'i:r>1t). is behind X,

or farther away from a street and cannot be

directly seen because of the intervening you can also describe it as being

X,

in addition to calling it

X 0) 1& 0 ,
-j (._

X 0) -:5 i? .

? /?

In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying :Z -.::> ,

and her host mother saying J5 -.::> . :Z -.::> is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. J5 -.::> is used when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small
-.::>

at

the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.

=mi.$:
{;:: r.; 1J'Iv!Uv

and a half" is

li/u

(half) appears after the unit word like

r Thus, s,.
t; tJ!u

"two hours

=!eyFa 1-*. rather than =-*!eyFa . 1

1; t; IJ/ull:/u r; ll:/u t; fpfu

=b u =b v

tJ L- tJ L- is "hello," which is used only in telephone conversa

tions. Some people use tJ L- tJ L- when they place a call. Some other people use it when they receive a call.

p
t.:.!-' fJ' <

CD7\.t5' *9
A. Look at the picture and tell what you see, using 08 * 9 or L '*9.

B. Answer the following questions.

6 . .:: 1: (classroom) t : t_:' n -h '. \ l T'ho

C<ri L -?

7 . f!J4 1I! (zoo) t : -M h-. \ l 1" -h ' o

8. f-: 00 (country) t : -M -h { 0 l T-h'o
< !:
=

? .i:-?;th,

- -

9. t-: U : -M h { 0 1 -f h'o
\ ' i.
!:

C.

Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions.

6)

School Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday French French English History English History English (TEST) NO SCHOOL NO SCHOOL Computer Computer

After School

I
club activity

club activity party date part-time job club activity

party test

'7 7 7' F \ - j- 1 -

T A.

Example:

i f? J: i

Btl E t : 7 7 / .A c1) 7 7 .A IJ >' ry T tJ'o

U' -

A : t.l "' ' , ry To

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
;f?..t 1

.f3 !!1l 8 t : c1) 7 7 .A il{ ry T IJ'o

-:_; . .. i,_ \ \ .:

-*.Hi 8 t : :1
L C J: i U'
t: J: i

/ to .:Z.

- jl - (?) 7 7 .A h >'(b ry l T h ' o

=

;f.. Bfl 8 t : 7 7 / .A c1) 7 7 .A IJ{ ry T IJ'o Bfl 8 t : 7 7 .A IJ" 0 T tJ'o

(/'

-t< J: i U'
:. h.. J: i

1]<. Btl 8 t : 1PJ 1J " 0 l T 1J , o

1:
':.: .:

6 . Bfl 8 t :-ffi} IJ> 0 j: T IJ ' o '

7.

E Bfl 8 t :'ffi} IJ> 0 j: T h'o '

! : "!S .J.:: 1 U ' :O: ; :

D.

Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what plans you have on each day of the week .

l.ih,

::::

Your Schedule

,r-:; ! ; :.,'

Si B

Your Partner's Schedule

*- Bi B
fr J: -l tJ

Jj<. Jli B
-r.
\

J: .:; :.;-

;f:.. Jli B
t
(

.!: ; :1

Bi B
:. A.. .!: ; :.1'

Si B
l::" l: i j '

B lli B
! : ? ..t: i u-

0 mrct c: z: c9tJ'
e: v&: n'fu

A.

Look at the picture and tell where the following things are.

8J

1.

1t!oJ( :.1'4--"l
VI> ;

2.

2 -?

4 . Ill

:: -i .t A...

5 . A. - / -

"( A,..

3. / \'A. 1
6. m
;. /;,1'-' A..

"'( \, \

B.

Look at the picture and tell where the following things are.

8J

1 . ;.. /v (f--:J 2. 7 7
3 . * +
t: It l '

''/ !-- (racket)

4. *
"(' A, h

5 . ]j tJ' A_, 6. t i' -) L

C.

Pair Work-Ask and answer questions to find where the buildings are. One student looks at map A. The other student looks at map B (p. 93). Don't look at the other's map.
Example:

A B

: :

III U IF 7 Jv C7) ij:

.: -J ;t A., .: -J ;t .{.

tj -- ;: --c -t t;o

--c -to

Map A

Ask where the following places are.

3 . TOJ ;fX

5.

1 . *- -+ "*'
f '"''( \

2.

. -.- .A 1f \
1:

.: 1 .:: i

4 . *
l.lA., '('

>P-1 U'I... C!- (

1t (d:= + =mi c l.J t=

ttlv ttl.\ 1:: litP5 1:: I..\

A.

Look at the information about Prof. Yamashita 25 years ago and answer the

questions.

Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was twenty-two years old senior at a college good student Q : r 7t tj *- (college student) --c L t ; o :: 'i' :1 L I'::: -ItA- -It ' t' '"'' < -1 1 ' his major-Japanese history

Example:

4 . r 7!: Cl).w- r, t j * "'(' L t ;0 ::

1' 1 l

1 . r 7t tj .:r-1: --c- L t ; o :: ... .: L t:-1!-A--1!-'' .: L 2. r 7!: u- --c L t ;0 :: 1> ,; L t -ItA.. -It ' : ' ' i:>t:>A.--1!-' '

5 . r 7!: Cl).w- r , tj --( L t ; 0 ::

t -1!-A.. -!t ' :
-IA.. L A.. ;t ' ' .:

1'1 L f -!!- 1. -!t'' : ,

-ItA- L A..

n - l

B.

Pair Work-Guessing game Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen.

1. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and mark it. 2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen. 3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed
correctly

the price :rour partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner

will not giye away the right answer when you ask a wrong question. 4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch roles with your partner and answer their questions. 5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner.

Example:

A : .:C

(?) 1.1 tf ti .::. P3

. : :. 4 .:t 4

.: 4 >t 4

...

(" L t::. -h o

B : 1, \ \, \ .:Z. , .::. fi3 t -'(-> S j: -tt "C" L t::. o A : - 1i. -1- P3 --c- L t::. 1J ' o
'

"> ;!. IV

: -\!' IV ;/. IV

1; ti' t; :: tJ:' -7 L
v - -t- -

5 , 000 600 1 , 600 3 , 500 3 , 000

I I I

1 0 , 000 1 , 000 2 , 000 4 , 000 1 0 , 000

1 5 , 000 1 , 300 2 , 400 6 , 500 1 7 , 000

20, 000 2 , 000 3 , 000 8 , 000 25 , 000

* +

. ... \

C.

Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present and choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your partner's questions. Example:
8 : 7 v -e / t;i 1; ti' "'( L f IJ o ::.

A : X.. , t; t J' "'( L t o ::.

.,

\ ., \ , t; ti' t -'(-> S j: -tt --c- L t::. o

 BiB r1CJ1 u* u ttJ'

(j::> 5 u t .,J:(;:

A.

Change the following verbs into - * u t.:: and -*ttfvc u t . .::

Example:

SJ

f """ :: t """ ::

f """ L f :: :: t """ -lt h_. --c L t:: ::

4 . n < 12. b 5. < 6. 7 . ;F:;
s. bn

1.

tJ: i"

2. n 7 1 0 . c:

3 . J: t: n . jt;

9. T

13. <

14. iJ'

15. (/) t_.

B . The pi ctures below show what Mary d i d last week. Te l l what she did.
Example:
7

SJ

1)

h_. tJ: 13 B1f 8 t : @ :a: tit "C'' 5! L L t:: o

lf-:>.J: (I

bA-

--.:A,..t i

Ex. Monday

(1) Tuesday

(2) Wednesday

in the library (4) Friday

at home

at school

at a coffee shop

(5) Saturday

(6) Sunday

at a friend's house

in Kyoto

at a department store

C.

Look at the pictures in B and answer the questions.

Example:

::. Q : ;1. 7 1) - l. }j 8 t : :" n --c-7 L j L t -h'o A : l.i '- ' , 7 L j L t o ::.

" , '- , .:Z.
. l

ED

1 . ;1. 7 1) - /v l.J: j( Si 8 t : .:.f- * :f" l L f::. IJ ' o ,.-."';; .:_ ;. :./ "'-
t;

Q : ;l. 7 1) - !v t. Jl lli 8 t : Jt j L t::. -h 'o

, .. --;; ..:: ..:. :t
...

,:. .?4

.....:.f.... 3- _ ;

2 . ;1. 7 1) - t. 7](. Hi 8 t : "3( -1t t : rr 1 L t ; ::.

,

Jt j -tt lv --c L t::. o

;
,

4 . ;1. 7 1) - lv t.J: Wi 8 t : j:; -9=- t : rr j L t::. -h'o

1" ' :. .:. j' ( .; ; .,_, : "":A. .

: / .

-: :; ;

3 . ;I. 7 1) - l.J: ;t.. Si 8 t : 8 *A_ O) f:' "t t : 4 '. ' l L f -h'o ::.
: .:.A.. .: !..'"\: .,

l:: t

.:- A. .! -1

:,

...

_,

1f ::. 5 . ;/. / 1) - l.J: W 8 t : j- ..=. _A L l L f IJ 'o

D.

6 . ;1. 7 1) - t. E !Ii 8 t : Jt t ,4n L l L t -h 'o ::.

.:;:, ..:: .:. J
;')"

Look at the p ictures above and answer the questions.

Example: 1 . ;1. 7 1) - 1v t.J](.Si 8 t :M L 1 L t -h'o ::.

Q : ;I. 7 1) - l. }j Hi 8 t : 1PJ L l L f::. -h'o

:

2 . ;1. 7 1) - 1v t. .klli 8 t :1PJ L 1 L t -h'o ::.

L 1 tr/,.,
......:A,., -5 .; 1

:!" tg --c-7 L 1 L t::. o

T , , _r 1
J ' -:.. .:.

ED

3 . ;I. 7 1) - {j: \, \ '"'::) @! Jt l L f IJ'o ::.

\ ' ; .: ;. ) ..

6 . ;I. 7 1} - l.J: ;t.. !li 8 t : - .:: "(" f::' "t t : 4 '. \ l L f IJ'o ::.
_: ;._.): 1 .

5 . ;1. 7 1 ) - t. Wi 8 t : -- .:: --c-- .::' t. iz"'"'- l L t::. -h ' 0

:;!;:;._ :: t t; (. ( .J: i :.J h

E.

Pair Work-Ask what your partner did on Monday, Tuesday, etc.

7 =- ::z.. L i L t o

0 -T1ttO)B < 1d:ch* u t::.tJ'

;:: c:=o C:: 1/v J;

Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did the following activities when they were a child or in high school. Example:

:: A : -T-1 0* / ;fX O) * l < *- Mt h L t i7 'o

.: !::' !. ::. :.

.:

.: ;

::. :.

!lA..

.J:

B : t.l 'v \ , J: < !C h L t:: o

.J:

l.- \ 1.- \ , S ry .,;. -tt ,z,e L t:: o

.t

1 . ifa5! T
.-..: .{.:1

8
l <

2 . 7-. f- - 'Y T 3 . B:k.@ Jt '

i. \ '
b h.

!VI:

t: t:'' s ry -tf h, -lf h, '

4 . t : .ff <
.: i i.A..
,,

}
}

.'"""' L t ::

5 . +#.* :t <
' b'h b

---... -tt A, --c-- L t ::

6 . ::y-_ r -t

:J - l::: - =bch*9
(J)

A. Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change sentence (b) using :0 . Example: (a) / \ / .1 \ jf- tj ::: e P3 "C'' To '1: /J'<(>(i.fv

(b) :::1 - I:: - t.l ::: e P3 --c To

t : V'<-( i.. l,.;
lr

:::1 - I:: - t ::: a P3 i:' To

- !: :,'<.i k ..

1 . (a) t:: t t L ,Z, t.l * g-f Ji .- \ L t o ::

1'It''

(b) f:: tt L A., t.l iJ' ti ,Z, Ji 1.- \ L t:: o

b

2 . (a) 0 .1 - r h, t.1 8 7.js:.. ffa 5 L To

!:
li/v

.:

.-..:Jv:-:1

(b) 7 1) - h, t.l 8 * >fa 5 L T o

1: Ill.:;'
.:

.-..:Jv:.:i

3 . (a) t tt L h, t.l Hi 8 t: 7 lv -' " 1 r L To :: .

::_ j: i

. :: (b) t tt L h, t.l 8 BI 8 t : 7 Jl , -' " 1 r L j: T o

t: "'.!:

i If

4 . (a) 7 1) - A, t.l

-J i? --r 8 *- L j: T o
1:

Ill.-

.:

!.i

(b) 7 1) - A, t.l ;fX --c- 8 *- L j: To

,;:., .: ; .: I!A.. ::: :;:

5 . (a) S l f:: , 7 1) - h, t.l f:: t t l A, t : % \ \ T o

;,

(b) Jb l f:: , 7 1) - A, tj .A - h, t : % \ \ T o
;,

6 . (a) 7t: 1!, LL t : .ft j: 1:!:- h, --c-- L f o ::

1t/vl..o-i i/1-.:t.Jio ,,

(b) 0 -) , LL t : .ft 1:!:- h, --r L t o ::

11.-.X.JV l\

B.

Describe the pictures using =5. 6J

m tt lv
:r T ;;.. =.

t * i:'' i" o
;; ( -tr- . \

student

(1)

<V {=' .1: <-- t;,

(2)

(3)

(4)

go to a party (5)

(6)

(7)

(8) IJ' J: 7 (f t < J: 7 (f

(9)

!
--.
0

@ * ccY'JO)
! l " : t;,

(Review Exercises)

:tt lvu?

A. Answer the following questions.

1 . 4f a ' -M"a : :i 't lJ'o A.. L
;.;

2.

3.

4f a , -M"a M Jfa? L :i 't lJ'o ;! 1 ! : <;, t..: 4 L .&4---=4 i

(}- '!> t : t: -;: .Qh .&

t \ , "( \ '-M" *.&4 < G \ ';Jl :i 'tlJ'o M 4 L

t>

4 . J:

< t:: n JE}.. -:.tJ: 1v :1 -r 1; L

5 . J: ( :Zz f::

:4'-** . l 'tlJ'o
.f ; i(. f : 0

7 . (J) 7
8 . '
-;;- 4L..-7

'

-:: "('BJt _:: t.;t lv iz :i L t l;>

( :: /v il l L lJ'o
t:

Jl. f:
L "' l 4

B. Pair Work-A and B want to play basketball together. The following is A's schedule for this week. (B's schedule is on p. 93.) Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Ask each other what the other is doing and decide on what day you will play basketball.
Example:

A's Schedule
"T ''J r (basketball) L :i

: / \ 7..

-lt /v lJ ' o

B : \ \ \ \ "(-''ttl o A : lf-::> .l: i a tJ: - 7 J1 a1f U'

B

SUN

---c 't lJ 0
---=4 i

: J1 B1f a i
1"-::> .l: v '

tJ: :lit --c- JtzH L :i 'to

'

L .&4

ir l: i J '

TUE WED THU FRI SAT

PaW-

(12. - 5' p. f1'\. . ) ___ _

Example:

: :

.: ; ,;_ ;._

I!J tj: (:'' .:: T IJ ' o

.: ; ,;_ ,<.

I H J: ;t 7 Jv 0

t 7J: ry --c -t

Map B

Ask where the following places are.

5. v A 7 /

Example: A
:

B's Schedule
'/

/" A 7 '

(basketball) L j:
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT

* /v f; o
8 : \. \ \. \ "('' T tlo

1'-?J: 1

fJ Hi E t.1 c: '? "C'' T IJ ' o

:.t

6 p.I'Y\ . .Jo .9 1 ._9

Stw;;!/

- --

-the I ibrr;

---

lr l: 1

!f

5h opp 1nj Di nn er

--in

Os o.. ko...

fr\ eV\ d 15

1o-..

house

L o c a t i o n s

; Lf !v (}) 9

>::: II

J:;:: (d:

=:1

I.J't!.')

c 5 J: 5

h. '!!

7o

D a y s/W e e ks/M o n t h s/Y e a r s

Days 8 Bll 8
t :?J:7V: i

}j lrl 8
11-?J:-jif

j(Iql 8
lrJ:7V:

7]<.Iql 8
-j\ \J:-jif

:;f.Iql 8
t<J:7V:

Ri a
:...z,J:-jif \ \-?.& l:tt>7l :l :t;,

Ri B
'J:-jif ;t\ 'n'

-?\ 't;t;,

_;.-?.&

7v:>IJ'

J:?.&

':J:V)h l:-P7l?.& l:l:w?' 't;,t:s l :l:tt>7Li1?! :

.!:7.&
l:tt>1::..r:s

:::_::'/),& :_ l:tt>1J,(! :t;, t:t;tt>?:_..,<.,t :t;,

:_....z,t;r.r?! :

i?h l:tt>?L't:>! :-t;,

I :t:-P7J:?1.7'

10 17

l:l1>7\ '!:-t;,
l:tt>1!.1?!:t;,
I :l:!'P7::..'t :t:,

11

12 19

l:tt>7:_..,<., t:t;, (.;t-?.&

I :t:I'P1 Lt?l :t;,

13

14 21

15

16

18

l:-P?<t :t;,
I :t.:-P7J,(U?

20 27

l :l:!'P11 :1 :t;,
I :t;t>1 (1 :t;,

22

23

24 31

25

26

28

29

30

::-.z,t;tt>?\ \! :1;,

Months '- ' I;""'J (- }j ) ----J. anuary : hi"'J ( .::. )1 ) :?: lvhi"'J ( .::=. }j ) ::_ h ""'J (.n. f.J )
< I.Ji"'J

L /;i"'J ( --l: f.J )----July

t;l hi--? (-'"- f.J )
L: vJJ -7 /;' --? ( + J1 ) '

February March April May June

August September October

L h' "'J ( 1ZB J1 ) '

\ h''"'J (7L f.J )

L: 11> -) '- ' h''--? ( +- f.J ) -November

( Jj )

t ry 7 t : h' '--? ( + .::. f.J )

-December

Time Words
Day Week Month Year

t; t t L t : h t'--? .i -tt lv -tt lv L rp -J ( .::. h f.J lfi) ( Jt ) the day before yesterday the week before last the month before last the year before last h t t It \
0) -)
J:

(B'f 8 )
(4' 8 )

-tt /v L ry 7

( 7t ) ( 4')

-tt lv t'"'J ( 7t f.J ) last month ::_ lv t"'J ( 4' Jj ) this month G t , tt'"'J C *- f.J ) next month

J:

b lv ( -t. ) last year

yesterday 7

last week :: /v L ry 7

:: t L (+if)
this year G '- ' tl lv C *- ) next year :?: G t , b lv (*) the year after next

today Ji) L t tomorrow Ji) :?: -? i:

the day after tomorro\r

this week G '- ' L I'P -7 C *-)

next week

:?: G '- ' tt."'J :?: G '- ' L vJJ 7 C *- f.J ) ( *) the week after next the month after next

..............................

sj

Tr i p t o Oki nawa

(!)
2

Robert and Ken are vacationing in Okinawa. \, \ \, \ -{''i"bo

'{A., :.

0 / '\' - }it

lv :

"C '7

-e-t b o

"'(" t , i; J: -? \ \ "C" i" b o

;,

it

lv :
* *

it

lv :

0 / - }- fv i:J: ,, fv lJ: A Jf - '/ IJ-T "('' i" h"o -tt - 7 1 / h{f

'T

"C'' -t

'T

7 8

JiJ L f :: it

' "? L ..t

*-:fn : ry 1 L J: -7 h" o

lv :

"C" t , L \ JIJ ry 1 -tt" /v h "o

t.:i'>i

{[)
3 4

At the post office.

-t .1:7- 1 -tt" fv o
-c+ P3 --c -t 0
"- ;;,.t:op"i;t A., '

i:J:IJ{ i:J:, 1 .:' 1} A 1 "('' \, \ \ "('' i"h "o

0 .! '\' - }- :

L '\"> JtJ , -c + P3 -lJJ -=t- .:: tx B .w "' \ L 1

-0. :l:-!1.i A.... :- -?
\: 1 :. ;_ , nb

-t

;c n h , .n. + P3-w-=t- -tx

:.: t.:I1'1 X. A, "? --c

l \ "Q . \ ,


1 3 4

On Monday at school.

t lt L : :

'P/ \

:: fu , tj: IJ>' , tJ IJ> J o :QR{ttj: L IJ -? f "('' TIJo '

1 .: i f !f> o
.;. ;z..

X:.. X:.. 0 tf'i ct) tJ: --c t 2 n " \ "'(' L t J: o :

n .:. :1-:>

t tt L : :..

:.. J: h -? t --c 't :fd. o t i < t 7J,. ::kilf 2 --c-- To Rll: 1t.#l c1) -lJJ 1'f t J: h -? t --c :.. .: .; :0 .; : t .:.fr .; :h : ' --r .. Th'o

" \ " \ X:.. ,

6 7

&tJ < &tJ -tt ..Z. --( L t:.. o t:.. I t L ..Z. c1) :r - r tJ: -- -? --c
t l .: ..

L f:.. h'o t It L :..

Robert: ice weather. Ken: Yes. But it is a little hot Robert: \ Vow, beautiful sea! Ken: Let's swim .
*

Ken: What kind of sports do you like, Robert? Robert: I like surfing. Shall we do it together tomorrow? Ken: But isn't it difficult? Robert: No.

Robert: Excuse me. How much is a postcard to Britain? Person at the post office: 70 yen. Robert: Then, two 70-yen stamps, please. And one 50-yen stamp, please.

Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard. Did you enjoy. the trip? Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa. Takeshi: Good.

I like the

sea very much,

too. \Yas the airline ticket expensive?

Robert: No, it wasn't so expensiYe. How was your date, Takeshi? Takeshi: . . .

V
_N o
*
*

u
sea

-) 7:1 -? "'C -tt - 7 1 / L .p < t::_ , , t "'-. t Cl) ::. t::. A., t J: -) if r "A r *!!! iz"'-4 j:_ E

postal stamps ticket

surfing homework food birthday test weather drink postcard bus

"'( A., Cl) 7:J. t Cl) t.i i>,l' v ::: -J "'-..!(> ti < .!(> T h J: ::: -)

1-r-ll :g& 1 1*-h 4tZ1t

e c

airplane room
I (used by men)

holiday; day off; absence travel

L\
*

d i

v e s

t::. G L " ' ;b "'? \ \ "'::) \, \ " ' f IJ'f L .- ' \, \ }.; }.; t:; t L JS " ' It L " ' *"' oo 'En ' l'tii I, \ *"'

new hot (weather) hot (objects) busy (people/ days) large interesting frightening cold (weather-not used for objects) fun small bming old (thing-not used for people) difficult

f Cl) l " ' ::. J? l, \ ::. 1, \ --? l G ,. , v) -!> \, \

>

<t' Ti>' L " '

Words that appear in the dialogue

 L '-' ' T '-' ' f - a d j e c t c G '-' ' ( IJ: )

*

easy (problem); kind (person)

"' '

inexpensiYe; cheap (thing)

v e s
'-' '
disgusted with; to dislike

/ \

h '-' ' ( IJ: ) tJiv ( ) L -r -;, ( ) T ( IJ: ) t ,- , G \ ' ( IJ: ) : t \ T C lJ: ) : t : I;- ( lJ:) ;.r1j" b ( lJ: ) V' J. ( IJ: )
'

( ,..,_, -; :{)
beautiful; clean healthy; energetic quiet fond of; to like to hate very fond of; to love liYely handsome not busy; to have a lot of free time

;[.

IJ

( ......., -;)

v e r b s
to swim to ask

< 0)

j:; J: <

(person t:)

to ride; to board to d o ; t o perform

( t:) ( )
......., .......,

R u - v e r b "(' l; t t A d v e r b s
* * *

ili -/; tt a
n

to go out
E
x

\ ' -? L ;: t :

0 t h e r
-*t t :

r e s s

together and then It's okay.; Not to worry.; Everything is under control. very what kind of . . . [counter for flat objects] to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time)

-c n J G
t \ \ l J: -j ); :

Adjectives
,. '

There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One type is called " ,. '- adjectives , " and the other type " 'd.: -adjectives.'' ..,. '-adjectives: and t:t are their last syllables when they modify nouns .

'B t L " ' @I

i. \ ' lr

an interesting movie
"- ' ' I;' h

C0 '7 , 'B t L " ' B.*.w JL .t L t o

.: b " ':7't
1 L f -lth.-it'' :

I saw an interesting movie yesterday.

a scary teacher
-'d-h.-1-'

T :7't U: .: b " \ :7't --r::-t o

Prof essor Y amashita is a scary teacher.

'd.:-adjectives:

n \, \
L <> L h. d
1::

a beautif ul picture
, L <> L h. 1:: 0

* t ---c' n " t: tl. .t L t

-';:!-.{.-';:!-"

I took a beautif ul picture in K yoto.

17/ "' v

5t !t, 7j: :7't

an energetic teacher Prof essor Y amashita is an energetic teacher.

Japanese adjectives conjugate for tense (present and past), polarity (affirmative and negative), and so forth, just as verbs do. The two types of adjectives follow different conjugation patterns.
1., \-adjectives

,. '-adjectives change shape as follows. You will want to be very careful

here, because the pattern is rather complicated. d3=b lt -3 L \

present affirmative negative

d3 =ts Lt -3 L n:-9
It is interesting.

d3=5 Lt-3 < rJ *itlv

It is not interesting.

past

d3 =5 Lt-31J'-=> t c =. :9
It was interesting.

d3=ts Lt-3 < rJ *ttlvc Ltt=.

It was not interesting.

affirmatiYe and the negatiYe polarities: (}; t L J:,) IJ' "'? t.: c-i" is "past+ affirmative," 1 while ( B t L l:> ) < .f.> ry ,i {t h- --c- L t.: is " negatiYe +past. "

It is interesting (and confusing) that the idea of past tense is encoded differently in the

changed to J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirma 2 tive form. Unlike verbs, adjectiYes conjugate fairly regularly. The only irregularity worth noticing at this stage is the behaYior of the adjectiYe '- ' '- ' (good). The first syllable of '- ' '- ' is
L \ L \ (irreg ular) present

actually is exactly the same as the conjugation table of --c-t which follows a noun, as discussed in Lesson 4. 3 She is healthy.
affirmative
--

fd:-adjectives The conjugation pattern of lj: - adjectives is much more straightforward. It

past

::.. 1J' -::> t 51

L\L\ SI

affirmative

negative

< * ttfv

< 65 0 *ttfv u t ::..

1-tlu t!

:n::; 3[ ( f J:)

present

1-Jiv t!

n3[cSI

The final syllable Jj: is dropped in these long forms of lj: -adjectives. She was healthy.

past

111v t!

:n::; 3[ u t::..

:n::; lj f.> *tt fv u t ::..

:n::;3[ 1J f.> 65 *ttfv

1-Jiv '<!

She is not healthy.

negative

111v ..

She was not healthy.

1 Some

speakers follow a more regular conjugation, where r---t is inert in both polarities. For these affimatiYe
""

speakers, the chart looks like the following:

There actually are alternate forms, J: ' and J:: \ ' -c-t, but they are much less frequently used than \ ' \ ' and with l, ).. adjectives, some speakers prefer an alternative paradigm, such as the following: affirmatiYe present past
""

' ' ''-c -t.

past

present

"" ' -c--t

< ' -c--t < t:i. 11' --::>

negative

"" 11 ' ?

t: -c T

""

t -c i' :

3 As

"" -c L t:

-c -t

"" l: -f> t:i. 11' ? t: -c -t

negative
""

l: -f> \ \ -c -t

II

point of view. They are J!f ( t:) (to be fond of; to like), and G " ' ( 1J ) (to be disgusted
9

fiT (fc) I b L \ (t c:J:)

In this lesson, we learn two t: - adjectives that are very important from the grammatical
T

with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the 4 particles IJ: and IJ:, respectively. X Y.

o .1 ,- _

[- :: lv l;; l: E
1:

likes dislikes

1 .! / ::: v

*'- o:> 7 7 .A 'ht "C" T o

T

Robert likes his Japanese classes. Professor Yamashita dislikes fish.

The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person. You may want to be cautious using Let us note three more things about 1-t ( 1j: ) and G " ' ( t: ) before we go on. One, if you common than the combinations of J!f ( 1J ) and G " ' ( ;j. ) and the degree modifier
T T

these words in reference to your preference for a specific person, however, because J!f -t 5 --c -t is usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest.

like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of t , to which we will turn shortly.
t , T _ , T

1-t -r-- -t and G " ' --c -t, namely, ::kJtt -r-- -t and ::k G " ' "'C"T. These forms are more
t, . ,

"'(

Two, when Japanese people want to say that they neither like nor dislike something, they usually say: Three, you can use 1-t 1J and G " ' t: as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say
I

neither like nor dislike (it).

things like:

4 5

1n contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle tt is used instead of -;:. Thus, Jn the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle (!) .: -; : can replace -;:. Thus,
h/.;L

fL. IJ:Jf;ljH;t- -c -tt;:, J: G , , -e't'o < , ,- -r

r_(-

I like vegetables, but I don't like meat.

=

t It L lv IJ: .J 7 1) - /v (l) .: -;:- "C'To = Takeshi is in love with Mary.

T

.J 7 1) - lv t; :r -c-t
- -r

tL tJ: L- cry*
hf:L
T

t;t -r v t:' e-t

This is my favorite T V program.

B
lf you

Degree Expressions t (very) and t;, J:

-::>

want to say things like "yery hot," and "a little hot," you can add "degree adverbs"

like

"(

(a little; slightly) before adjectives.

The sea was very beautif ul in Okinawa. This room is a little hot.

Instead of having sified forms,

t,, T :

"(

t added to them, tt ( 7J ) and G " ' ( 1j:) have their own intenT "''

*-tt

( 1j:) (like very much) and *- G " ' ( 1J: ) (hate).

t , ,

t t L .{; tJ: ::z - t - -h { ::k.. -9-T

Takeshi likes coffee a lot.
T

--r'-t o
0

.::f L. ,{; tJ: -?

7 J;i *\ " \ --c -t

f# \ .:

M Kim hates natto (a Japanese f s. ermented soy bean delicacy).

Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with l will get action.
the Japanese expression for

J:

-) or L J: -) -h' and you

"let's . . . , " which you

can

use to suggest a

plan of

-#t t: --t --c Jta1! L .i L

' ' -? L
t 1:: L!

Let's study in the library together.

n'l v

--:,<," i

J:

7o
J:

};!i '{' ::1 - l:: - 1X.;. j L

.., >:
c .<

7 J;o

Shall we drink cof fee at a cof ee shop? f

Counting

There are two important things you should know about counting items in Japanese. One, we use different number words for different kinds of items; the words used for counting people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Two, number
ter, rather than bef ore, the items counted in a sentence. words often come af

lJ - ,{; tJ:

-w -t-
? "'(

item

number

A., j, \ \

.::=- tx

1i " \ .i L t
1.>

Lee bought three stamps.

The number word, .:=.tx_, is made up of the numeral ..:=. and the "counter" tt. This counter is used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later lessons-for people, for books, for sticklike objects, and so forth.
:::- A, j \ ::: A.. .1 \ \

OJ:: -5 l:ffv

JJI / -
l\tfJ'

Ex pre

5 5

i o n

N o t e

rtf\ \JV

..,. tt l., lt > is used when we describe people and is not ''""!.>' used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use ;: -- iJ> ( i;t) .
Takeshi is busy. Tok)'O is busy I lively.

d:) lt l. )/(;:-atJ'(f A
..

Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the subject "I" is omitted in the sentence.
l: "t? J: -j v

B Hi B i1't t_., 1t > l'9 }.fbi I arn busy on Sunday.

o

t: "t? J; T. ) J

B HI B i C:fM:J:)tt l., v >l''9

.h ..:t... t t ,_:::.fJi

CD L,c9
't.:.1J'

A. Change the following adjectives into the affirmatives. ED Example:

t h' I, \ ::.

t::. IJ ... \ i:'' T

tt'!v
1 . -\'=' T ... \

tf !v i:'' T
3 . t.' I, \
4 ..

2 . &.> "':) I, \ 7 . \, \ \, \

t:; t L ;t; \ \

5 . "'? 1 \, \

6.

.,

\ -t- IJ L .... \

8. L f 'IJ

9 . : t -'{'=' iJ'

1 0 . if'L I, \

1 1 . V' 1

B. Change the following adjectives into the negatives. ED

Example:

-\'=' T ... \
V' 1

-\'=' i" \ &.> 1 -lt !v V' ! L JiJ ! -tt !v

3 . .:: b 'v \ 8 . tf !v 4 . JiJ t L I, \ ::.
9.

1 . {..' \, \

6 . I, \ I, \
11.
l\

I, \ -- ; 7 . \ \ 1, \
2.

5 . t. f 'IJ L ., \
10.

L f-h

if'L \ \ /j:

/ -tj- ,.. ij:

C.

Look at the pictures below and make sentences. Example:

.::

O) * 't+ t.;t 'v \ "'('' T o

1:: , . , , t :h

.:_ O) * 'tf t.;l: ! \ J!> 1 -\t /v o

1:: I t ' ' f> i"

Ex.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)
::r:A-1- / 00 / ,/ioo
2 0 3 0 I 0 0

' 0

4 0 s 0

JO 0

9 0

8 0

(12)

(13)
:rlI X 2 X 3 x 4 X
5 )(

0 / /00 1
'1 )( 6 X

JO )<.

q I<

g X

D.

Answer the following questions. Example:

Q : 8 ;$.. 0 :7 7 ;z t.D
1:

tlA., ::_

t;flr

L "' ' -- --tho

3 . * tJ: :k 'v \ ' T h 'o

IJ'? ::. -j f; f.; f:

4 . fi tJ: fl 'v \ " T h ' o

......

5 . 8 ;$.. 0""i tj: \, \ L \, \ " T h'o

1 : !il v

6. 8

: : t i A.,

;$.. 0 ""4 tJ: * 'v \ '' T h'o

t : !, '(> "f

'(>

E.

Pair Work-Make affirmative and negative sentences with your partner. Example:

n "' '

:ft. it 0fi t. n "' ' ----to - t , srz. 0fi t. tl "' ' t Ji:>

f :., :.

......._

,,

bt:L

"

-'(>

2 . \, \ \, \ -tr 5 1'51 l" \

f IJ :

3 . .:: tJ 'v \

4 . "' ' L "' '

7 . Jt
,,{,

8 . U' l

F.

Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives, and tell your partner. Example: 1 . l d.i
hf;L

7 7-. U: L < l -tt lvo L ' i: -t o

t fr : l.

2 . h CJ) 1BJ l.i

""

4 . h CJ) ,-i 'j:

ntL

5 . * * '.i

.,T.:L

-'! !;

CD fJ' -=> t c'9

t.:.fJ'

A. Change the following adjectives into the past affirmatives. Example:

8J

t:: t.J \

-7 -7

t 1.1 1.1 -? t:: i:" -t ::

t-flv ij:
1 . -t \
6 . ' f t; L '

tt'lv i: L t::
3 . t..' \ 4 . B t L .; '
9.

2 . '"'::) \ 7. \ \

5 . '"'::) i G ij: '

10.

8 . L -r t; ij:

t: -- 1; ij:

n ' ij:

1 1 . U' i ij:

B. Change the following adjectives into the past negatives.

Example:

8J

T ' t-f lv ij:

-7 -7

T < l -tt lv i: L f::

tt' lv t_ l -lt lv i:" L t:

3. L '

6. \ \

C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo and make sentences. 8J Ex. Okinawa-hot 1 . food-not expensive 2 . food-delicious 3 . hotel-not big
4 . hotel-new 5 . restaurant-not quiet 6 . sea-beautiful

Example:

7 . surfing-interesting

D.

Pair Work-Use the chart below and practice a dialogue with your partner, substituting the underlined parts. A and B are talking about A's vacation.

Example:

A is Robert .
----+

A : 1:f.. t: t:f, " t : .ff l L t o % ;:

'(>T l"i .t> !,,

B :

A : "{ t

;: -t- ") "C'' T h o '7 --c L t 7J o

i> ?

:1 1J -?

f "{'"to ;:

Ex. Robert (1) Mary (2) Takeshi (3) Sue

went to Okinawa saw a movie stayed home ( '7 i? t: \ ) went to a party went to flea market ( 7 1) - ? - 7 '/ )

very hot scary very boring not fun not cheap

(5) ,t,L ft.

(4) Mr. Yamashita

@ L \Btc9
f;;fJ' C: ltl\

A.

Look at the pictures and make comments o n them.

@)
(3) tElM

Example: Ex.

* -t+

----+

(1) ;t- 7 Jv

(2) 7 v ::

L<><t' ' '

(4) A
en::

(5) A
v ::

(6) lBJ
i?

(7) }j_

B.

Answer the questions using the given cues.

EIJ
::. (3) f tt L

Ex.

_?( 7 1) -

(1) 'A -

kind

beautiful

interesting

energetic

A.

Pair Work-Choose the items from the following categories and ask your partners whether they like them.
Example:

A B

: :

_?( 7 1) - /v tj: 7Ji'-9,f -r--tno

4 . School Work: test/Japanese class/homework

''/

3 . Music: hard rock ( / ' - F o

2 . Sports: aerobics ( J. 7 o t: :7 'A ) /skiing ( A. .:t -) /skating ( 7.. 7 :7 ) /jazz

1 . Foods: meat/ --:::> 2::: 7 (fermented beans)/ice cream ( 7 1 7.. 7 1) - b )

T t,, T

tj: \,

1:<

'

:9-f "{" T / ::k-9-f "{'' T 0

( V .Y 7..) /classical

music ( :7 7 ':/ ''/ :7 )

5. Drinks: sake/ green tea/ coffee

* If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use .--e t \ ' "( t ry .i -\t A-.o
..,.

B. Answer the following questions.

T

1 . 2:::'' /v 'A f- - './ iJi':kf "{'' T n 'o

4 . 2:::'' /v 7.1{:9-f "C'' T n 'o ,; :
f :.

2 . 2:::" lv 1<:4h7J "C''Tn'o !. ?) -;-

3 . 2:::' /v ik. h4h7Jt -r--tn'o (/)

t, (J)

i_ l \

5. 2:::'' /v 7.1{:9-f "C'' T n ' o

/;!vi)'( T

0 00i* u &: 5
:ZL' 'IJ ' 'aj

A. Change the following into * v ? sentences. @) Example: 8 "*- Wlr i'

:: llh- .:

f.ilj:"

8 "*- * L L
1:
lih-

.:

!.J.f

7o

1 . ") i? t : I} .;
IJ.t

2 . 1t .i. t : &fl <

-\t/.,-\t\'
,. :

3 . Bjt@I JL ;
:t \ \
;;. ;: ;z,

4 . U: iJi' p: ")
lr

5 . ill T; t .;

6 . f:!j: ---? 9.

7.

j7 <
f; J:

8 . .;
L ? L h1::

F \" 7-.. t : :* ;
0)

B.

Pair Work-Make follow-up suggestions using * v ? tJ'. Example:

*- \ ' "'C' T tlo

(;

A : *- " ' --c -t tlo J? x L

t' <"

7 T;o

B : -t- 7 L L J: J o

1 . \, \ "{" T tlo
h?

2 . + ;:. Bt "{'' T tlo

l:wi
1: t:

3 . .:.: Cl) fe3 *! ti L " ' ---c -t t1 o

L.,.(f' t:flr

4 . s L t U: 1t.i. 0 ID!.i. : 5.

a --c -t l o

S 0 v .A. J- 7 ::.--- t;;t J? t ' L " ' --c -t J: o

6. s L t l;;l r A 1- i;{ s ry T tlo :

@ * ccY')O)- (Review Exercises)

fl.Jvl.AP5

A.

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.

1. V\'ere you busy last week?

2. Were you fine last week? 3. Was your high school big/old?
4. Was your watch expensive?
5.

I s your bag new?

6. Is your room small/ clean?

7. Is your teacher kind?

B.

Class Activity-Show and tell Bring pictures you took on a trip. Explain to your class where you went, what you did, how it was, etc. And later, other students will ask i n detail about the trip.
Example questions:

:::. -- t : {T L f lJo
,,

:R t J: -J --e L t ;0 :::.
'Z l v

1t;fl 0 -t}J 1f tJ: " \ :;- .: -) ?

,, .i!

t.: n 1t L t ;0 :::. < G --e L f 1;0 :::.

C.

Role Play- Using Dialogue n as a model, buy some stamps and postcards.

A t

Usefu l Expressions
bl; -c

M 8 <,- G \ ' -1; -1; j: T -h o --- - How many days will it take? E li + P3 : l;t j: To
"-" IV ! : ;; lh-<
::.

li + P3 -fJJ -=t ;:.;fj( < t::.' . \ \o --- Give me three 50-yen stamps, please.
::: l:w i. IV ., L ::. -; <
-; U'IV

(Jt1f.) ' jSlm'-< ' L j: To

:< IV .J: ' '

.:: n.. jS mJi \ \ L j: T 0 '

t h e

O f f i c e

------

Can you take care of this, please?

Gb E P3 {'To
l:w? i.. IV U'(><i.. IV

bl.>'

Make this (an airmail), please.

It will be 150 yen. Another 100 yen, please.

Useful Vocabulary
+ EZ
> j t" ('

counter postcard parcel airmail insurance registered mail

-w -=t ---- stamp

J..

t;;J: -h
.: --:J"? h

7 D 7'' 7

L.. - aerogramme
surface mail special delivery

M1f.
::. -j ( -j( J'IV

1*-
I.> Ci t: 61J

.;. i L l

# ----- letter
.;.>:,.U'IV

f.f 1f. i!l!.

i ( f --? :

71 a m

li 17 IV

..
s m ,

DDDDDDD

--..M-... ,.. .. ' ' . " . - . -...- . ' ' . .. . . . ' .

L_l_JL_l_l_l_J

.... .... ..
Postcard

Stamps

A t

P h o t o

Customer :

W T h. i -tt fvo Jt :i L }; \ ' L i To

S h o p
! t:ll)'

Excuse me. I'd like a reprint, please.

Shop clerk :

tj: \ 'o 7t5!?.... --c J: L \ ' --c T i?' o

'(> : T ( :

Certainly. Would the glossy finish be all right?

Customer :

tj: \ 'o
Yes.

Shop clerk :

Please fill in your name and telephone number here.

Customer :

Shop clerk :

1 J:. IJ tj: + .E. E <?) .:==. * --c T 0 When will it be ready?

L n l:t:>-l : ! : 2 A- t:

\ ' --:::> --c i T i?' o

;;.: j ;t

.:. .:. t : ;g f.r c ft. }; fi \ ' L i To

-;:A., h !.!"A.,:-
t:>b

It will be ready at three o 'clock on the 15th.

U" l.r , ... A.,

.: <?) iJ I # "? --c --c < t: : :

t

., \o

Please bring this receipt.

Customer :

All right. Thank you.

Shop clerk :
i :i L Jt W
'(> ! ifA.,i? :it < :

;: h 'C 7 .: -- ., ' i L t o

Thank you very much.

Useful Vocabulary
----

reprint

JJU ------ development F / 7 7 ---- panoramic

7L5R
: -j

----

glossy finish mat finish

7[.5R f;I L
t: <

-?lr

1 \ \ft" --( 7J 7 -- disposable camera

L ;,
-------

1 J:. h
.:!_ \ \ T

7 1) / r ---- print

7-- 7 1 F. ---- slide

----

;f.. If ------ negative iJ I

7.t

date/time something is ready 7 1 Jv ,. ----film 24-print roll

"'(.,.{.,

24{X

i-rl!. ------ battery

q
,; It A.,

---

receipt

(6 = I L E s s 0 D J \- fv 0) - 8 A Day i n
l \t;:> [;:::t;)

..............................

Robert's Life

(D In the class.
1 '\' :i

r :Jt:j:_ :
c-ltA.-1<' Lf

o /' , _

r ,z, )J\.. 0) - :; iG ,z, --c-- < t::. " \ 0

: -? J:

3 4 5

" \ 1

r :Jt j:. :
o" c L t -lt A.- 11- < ,

or, ::. - r lv --c < t " \0 7 7 A "C- QI "C tj " \ tt .f -tt lv l o

v-lt .;!-l <'

._ - :

.: .! L t -1t A.- 4 t t '

r 7t :

2'- .t ) l)' l .t

fzf4-.

7t Jz f-t-.
.O.,d ir L !

t
t

hT

n .1 L t::

:;

-:::>

--c --c < t::. " \ tl o 8 1" ' .1 T 1J, G o

t ' !:-t:> --::>n

([) After class.

A
2 3 4 5 6 7 8

o / ._ _ r lv A, 8 tj .:k. --c- L t:: ho

.:. .l -7 .. :. f t \ ....lv

0 / '\- - r

A
0 / '\- - I'
:A

A.

A- \, \ 1, \ "('' T J: o

0 IJ {

"3 o T < L .1 To

. .

o " ._- - A., L t 7 A I' IJ{ 0 l T J: o ::

0 /' \' -

I'

i_ -? o

11 A.. 1:: -j

?.f.. "(''T IJ'o

:. A.. .t i '-"
1 \ ,_z

A
0 / '\ '

i_ X- o 0 / '\ - J-- A., Hi 8

.:. ..t lri.

:: :1*-.h .f L f 1; G ;fd_o
'\'T "'""" h-.2-.:: i

t "\'=> 4- a t;:t * : J*-::> --c ? L i -t .

@ On the bus.
1 2 3

B tJ ,z, :
0 / '\' - I' :

C1) i' h .1 -tt ,z, 0 ::: C1) / ._- A tj rtn. HJ ""'-rr .1 -t ;;, 0
L 7>A.. V'li' 'A..

A. A.

ff .1 T J: . . . . . . C1)
'

}; Lf lv
...,

-- "3 ;c.Th -?

''

"( < t: \ \0

B tJ .z, :

l,. \ 1,. \ i._ t t -:::> ::: 7 --c - to -t < Ft ry l i'IJ' G o ,.

 -? "C'' T n 'o

'

t -?

t -t .h. l {t ,z,

t ,

# t? L
# ...-.. :.. ......

J:

-? n'o

Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page. Robert:

. . .

Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class. Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook. Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. We use it everyday. Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.

Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today. Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue? Sue: Yes. Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon. Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow. Robert: Really? Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (Thafs why you didn't know about it.) Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.

Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital? Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am. Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon. Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag? Old woman: Thank you.

V
N o u n s
*

I
money

y ----

j:; 1; tl j:; t.;Ll6

.,.; . .;

j:;it j:; }it g

grandmother; old woman bath kanji; Chinese character textbook this week Municipal Hospital next video game electricity train baggage page

1; t

J: -) IJ L J: .:: L \1> -J
'"'?

4
A,-
$ W<J FJt
'b )'. 1 .

!t

* *

L h tf' J: -) " '

7 v t>'f- .L>.
--c--
* *

't fi;Ji

-c-- L t : t "'? - :;

t:

window night next week next year

J:

* *1-

i? t ' L I1> -J i? lt \ t,l

f - a d i e c t ct t " '""- ( 1j:) ::.

*

v e

:k

tough (situation)

U - v e r b s
;b .;
.,

to play; to spend time pleasantly

" ' (''

*

IJ i.. T tT L

j:; .; . ;;
.,

: t.i " \

13 (''

to hurry to return (things) (person : thing ) to turn off; to erase to die to sit down to stand up to smoke to use to help

j:; g : A.. to take a bath T W T i n :ft "'?

t tJ ::.. -) ::.

( """-' )

Tb ::. t "'? t tJ ::.. T -J ::.

'"'? 1;

(seat

:)

-)

1 -) +m -J

( """-' ) (person/ task )

"( "'? t!.. -) '

Words that appear in the dialogue

tj: \, \ ;
*

to enter

,..._,

l:) (
,..._,

t --::)
T '

to carry; to hold

(1) (2)

to be absent (from . . . )

("-' )
to rest

it t ;

v e r b s
to open (something) to teach; to instruct

,..._,

J? L .Z ;
* *

(person l : thing ) J? 0 ; h' 0 ; L;

--::) tt ;
to get off to borrmY

"'"'

) (

(person t : thing )
,..._,

to close (something)

"'(' ;\_, .f? h t

to turn on

,..,_,

to make a phone call

(person ('"'-' )

:)

t o forget; to leme behind

I r r e g u l a r --::) ft --c < ;

*

e r b s 1! n --c < H= -? --c < ;

to bring (a person) to bring (a thing)

('"'-' )

t -:::> -r < ; a
n

("-' )
o n

A d v e r b s * it --c-
J? -t- <
*

0 t h e r

E x p r e s s
later on (do something) late because . . .

1 --c
i!! <

,..._, .;; ,

tt -:::> ,: '7 --c -t

That would be fine.; That wouldn't be necessary.

*
*

-t < t.f ;\, '7 --c-t .;; I'P -:::> < 0

right away

* --c -t h

Really? slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly

The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the " te-form . " Te-forms are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various uses, to use them in: making requests (" . . . , please.") giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I . . . ") stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . . )
"

Te-form

forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")

The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate rules for subrules. First, with ru-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take off and add "C .
rbs
ru-, u - ,

and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five

Le

U -verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
,

u-verbs with final 5 , ::>, and

.,

-::> L" ffl -::> L

j;

--

--

1 As

we discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs that end with the hiragana are ru-verbs and some others are
a,

u-verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final

syllable. If the vowel is

i or e, the verb can be either an u-verb or a rzt Yerb. Statistically speaking, there are many more
such as A. (to enter), and (to return). . ru-verbs, than u-verbs in the iru and eru camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority,

o, or u, the verb, without any exceptions, is an u-verb. If the vowel is either

: .

aru

. . . oru

always u-verbs

. . . uru that end with {> do not.

. . . eru

zru

}=

often, but not always, ru-verbs

As far as te-forms are concerned, we observe that u-verbs that end with will have a small -?, ru-verbs

u-verbs with final it, ,3\, and it

i: J: -

fvc illifv c

J: --

illf,3\
-

i:--

9E

.,. -

9Efvc

.,. --

u-verbs with final <

<
tJ

There is an important exception in this class:

rr<
l\

"? -c rr-,
l

u-verbs with final ('

<' 1<

ii5J:-

u-verbs with final 9

The irregular verbs T and < , and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as follows.

i rregular verbs

Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before ;t T) are totally different con structs in the u-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by the ru-verbs (iz""- "( and iz""- ;t T ) covers the u-verbs also, thus coming up
, , , ,

with unwarranted forms such as

4?- '-< ' "( (see 4?- '-< ' ;t T) and

h h

)i-4 "( (see .4 ;t T). It is

J: J: 6 6

probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in 1t < -:l:

;t -t- '-< ' "( , than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjuga6

tion table at the end of this volume.

Use a verbal te-form together with < t " ' to make a polite request to another person : : "please do . . . for me. "
2

-"li >? L l

<fkf4. <7) 7

/ lif "' ' 't j

:.

< t3.' "'

'o

Please listen to the tape that goes with the textbook.

T h :i -1:t !v o J: "? ;{.

i-; L

--c < t- "' 'o

=

Excuse me. Please teach me a little. ( Tell me, I need your advice.)

A verbal te-form plus t " ' t. '"f 'T means "you may do . . . ," which describes an activity

that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, """ "'C t

" ' " ' ''C -t i.J.

:. l ; I? L l

f4. Jt "( t
:t.

\, \ \, \ "('' T IJ ' o

May I see the textbook? Yes, you may.

To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the te-form plus tJ: " ' t i -{t

lv . \, \ \, \ ,i ,

<fkf Jt "( t.i \, \ It ;i -1:t /v o 4.

!<li Jr L l
7,

No, you may not see the textbook. .

Describing Two Activities

You can use a te-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ( " I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by , which only connects nouns.)
/
-

r 1-tr --c , :1 t:o - L ! To

,.

I will borrow her notebook and xerox it.

2If you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te -form , by itself, can be used as
a request.
1t:'

r t - c

O pen the window, will you?

+a
.t 'i

tL

* : i: , >fa1 L j
;; (

Today I got up at six and studied.

L .t:

1:

},;

......::.(,!!;

Lt o

':t t : .fr -:::> '{ , _:'' tl ""' j L J: l o

<t:"1
\' .; ...

Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch. The te-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example belo,,, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.

f:.

I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.)

! 1 L t

I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)

A4:! hf n --c , -t.;; j 0

t7J 1.1\'

/ '\' _A t : *-:::> '{ , %;f t : .fr j To

L '<"
'

A sentence that ends with -h ' I? (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth.
(situation)o (explanation) 1J' 6o

htL

iL..tJ +Il>t>Ya1 L j:
.: A.. li'A.. -"' A.-!1

To

cb

L t 7 .A -:

IJ>' cb ry j: T h ' o

I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.

/ '\' .A t : * ry j: L J:
?>

J o :9 7 - tj: \, \ '{'' T h ' o

r

Let's go by bus. ( Because) taxis are expensive. In Lesson 5 we learned L J: 7 -h meaning "let's . . . . " L J: 7 -h' is also used in the sense of "let me do . . . , " in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying: I'll do it.
3 The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as :

We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.

L t 7 7... l- 1J: ry -tn G , :ft. IJ:B.JtftM L l To :.

-"1" L ..:-<.. t..: -...;A,.!-:-'i ..(..

Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:

Shall I carry your bag?

UJc5 1:flv

J,R ./ -

E x p r e s s i o n

N o t e s

f-i\ \V

Jl! ill < /i!IL \IIIJJ Although both - \t) and < mean "late," they have different usages, since Jl! \t ) is an adjective and < is an adverb. J!! \t) modifies nouns to J.:8"" , or works as a predicate, and Jl! < mo difies verbs.

I went to bed at one o 'clock yesterday. It's late.

t.,.,:):j:?

J&1 * h: i, + z: 0 iJ:g 'L , J!! It ) .: ;t lv lit * '9 L:-:i L: 8 8-t' ;, t: On weekends, I get up around 10:00
a

and eat late breakfast.

I went to bed late yesterday.

You can also apply this rule to .!f! < / !j! \t ) .
IH"> l;i\">

very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation

(Thank you very much), or with '9 1}. * -lt lv, as in c -:? <b '9 1}. i -lt lv (I am of t -:? <b <b lJ -/,}) t -:5 or c -:5 {) '9 1J. * -lt lv. Therefore, when you want to show

C 5 t> ..,. t -:? <b is normally used with J;) -b t :3

as

t -:? {) <b -/,}) t -:?

your gratitude or regret, you can just say c -:? <b instead of saying a long sentence. c -:? <b functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use c -:5 {) as "hello" or "good-bye." d5 ..,. Many words that begins with :J3 can also be used without it. :J3 in such

words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words.

P
*c

c
h -c 9.

CD rmrt"L < t.:t!t.'

A.
Example: 1 . t ""' ; := h -"5
-----7

Change the following verbs into te-forms.

ill

2 . -h 7 8. t: '6 14. ti t: -t

7 . s .f ,..:, >

, __

13 . L

15. I; .:{_ ; 3 . l t:

-t ;

10. \ \ .f <'

4 . I; <

5. < ; 11. \\ <

6 . "? 1 2 . tl '6

B.

Let's sing a te-form song!

(Battle Hymn of the Republic) ill

.P l .

7
lv t:

-? -c l 10 -c-1; \ \ "(
u-verb

"? '' .f ..:, > t.' ..) t -t

- ? -c

t: '6 \ \ .f <'

t: -? -c L L 10 -c-\ \ ,f \ \ "(''

l t;

s .f 10 "'('' t L -c

I; <

te-form

.P 2 .

7 --? '6

-? -c

10 -c--

<

\ \ -c

<'

\ \ "(''

(repeat twice)

L -c

u-verb

te-form -? < L -c < t::. :: " \ o

!H :

C.

What will you say when you want someone to do the following things?
Example: to speak slowly
-----7

ill

1 . to call you tomorrow 3 . to open the window

5 . to teach you kanji

2. to write a letter 4 . to drink tea

10 . to return your book

6 . to bring a drink

7 . to wait for you

8 . to come with you

9 . to go to a hospital 1 1 . to bring a friend

12. to stand up

D. What would you say i n the following situations?

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

E.

Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Pl ease take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.
Example:

A :

t. - tz "(" < t-
?)

" \o

B pretends to drink coffee.

CD T v t::: 7d: "L =b L 'L' c91J'/T v t::: 7d: z: r L ' ':t*ttlv

A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things.
Example:

Eill

7 v t: Jt
;z,.

7 v C:'' Jt "C t I. \ I. \ "C'' T IJ o

;z,.

1 . t t;f :: '?& 7
i"

2.

-c-AL

'tMi t; t t
l?

3. .JL }; g = A. '

4 . ill < !) i.. r

h 'i:
l

5 . 'k t - 1t n --c <

-:>

6. -w Jk 'j 1-;h->l' (
i> i

"

IJ.\

<

7 . R, :t t; t
.1: <> '

8 . 7 v I::'' 1f- t.. T

B.

What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with -<:t,L'

L Yc91J'.

1. You are in c lass. You realize you need t o go t o the bathroom as soon as possible .
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.

3. You have forgotten to do the h omew ork . You are sure you can brin g it in
tomorrow.
4.

You want t o ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in J apanese .

5. You w ant to smoke in a c offee sh op, an d there is someone sitting nearby. 6. You are at a friend's h ouse, an d suddenly remember that you need to make a

phone call.
7.

Y ou h ave run into a celebrity. C onvenient ly, you h ave a camera with you.

8 . Y ou h ave arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy.

9. Y ou and y our friend are in a dar k room, an d you feel somewhat un comfortable .

C.

You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A.

ED

D.

Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.

Ex ample:

o-,.:

"'C'' t tJ'-: *- "'? "'C tj \' tt -lt h,o 'i T

@tijtgz:, :::J-t::-ctJ. * 9 <! d5 (])

A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms.

ED

Example:

Jt "'C, :J -l::- 1x T o

(1)

oo DO

oo

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

B.

Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.

1.

kt''t 0 7 't t:ff <

t: t
l\

2. J 't t:l); i.,. r

l

3. lf!. Ft ry ; ,.
-c,.;._ L '(>
n

4. kt''t t:% 7
1:: t h

5.

j:; }$\ g t:A 6

.).

6. :k t:1t <
t::\ 'I)'(
,,

J;,

(;i:\\

J'A r: * o
(J)

BFJJ7.1' *it fvfJ' bo

t; 1J'Iv

A.

Add reasons to the following sentences.

1.

-\::t/vlP)

7t.tj:k -e L t;:o
f:..\ \........_lv
\'

2.

&) 0@ JL j: -1t ,Z,o

;(\1 I;
h.

3. &) 0 v A r 7 / t: 1t j: L t;: a
5.

4. 0 7 7 A 1*- h. j: L t;: o
'<>i'

(name of a friend) 1.J{:k.P:t -{'''"to

t::."l. \

_,

B.

Pair Work-Ask each other why you think the following.

Example:

-M :: U: lv iZ""' .f -tt Iva

i> ::. f:..

A :

bf:L

:ft. tJ: -A
h -

.:: tJ: lv 1Z"'""

f:

.f -tt lva

B : --

L "'( "C'3n'o
r-h

A : &9:! ry J?iJi'Jb B :
bf:L
i>

ry :!-tt lvn' t.:>

t:

B lv tJ:?

1 M' ' o

:ft. t .A .::tJ: lv iZ""':!

-

-tt lvo

.A, tt L " "'C"3n' t.:>

i>

2. L t Li V' :i --c 3o

3. *' (name of a movie) Jt :! 3o

Ln>'il '? l-,.

4.

t7) , (name of a restaurant) t:,ff :! L t::.o

5. J?7;{-tf /v-tf /v J9 ry ;! -tt" lvo 6. *- lJ: E *->fa! L ;! -tt lvo

'''hh, " 1: llh,

---:.z,:-l-1

7 . *' (name of a place) t:,ff .f 3 o

:,\ 'L!)1 \\

0-rl/t:::; u* u 5tJ'
It

Pair Work-Propose to do the following things, using

* v J: ?f.J'.@)

Example:

T v e: iff 3
It .'

1. mnt
:.
I>

2. rvctI>
.

3. -=t1
-r -? t::

4. 7!:.:. t:&fl <

7.

1t7;tt

6. t
: t "? L

ikhf-?"'C <
t(7) L t, l
-

9. Ji
L -LA, !::

10. M &tJ

@ * ccY'JO)*l (Review Exercises)

n1vt.-?

A.

Role Play-Play the roles of A and B with your partner.

Exam ple:
Example-A Example-S

Yo u are short of money and want to borrow some money from your fri end.

You are going on a trip tomorrow. You don't have money to lend to your friend.

A : B A

T.,;_j: IJ>', j? f} ry
btl b

-( t "< \ "< \ ''C"Th'o

0 t;-c-tt;o - 7 L -co
t:: {.

0 JiJ L t:: tjt:t:, 0) a c---th Go

B :

--c--t, ht;L t t;hJ!J ry .i 0 &; L t::, atzrrt:rr .1 Th' Go t. '' 1.:;

hn

t; A..l: l"i U'

(1)
1-A 1-B

You have a date tomorrow and want to borrow a car from yo ur friend.

You just bought a brand-new car an d don't want anyone to use it.

(2)
2-A 2-B

You los t your J apanese t extbook, but you need to study for a test tomorrow.

You have a big t est in J apanese and need your textbook to prepare for the test.

(3)
3-A 3-B

You are asked to return your frien d's vi deo today, but yo u for go t to bring it. You want to return it tomorrow.

Yo u asked your friend to return your video to day . You need i t today because you want to watch it together with another friend.

(4) 4-A
You are now in your friend's house. You see a cake that looks very delicious. You loYe cakes.

4-B
You just baked a cake for your mother's birthday. Your friend is in your house now.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. A,0*' M L :i _,- -h' o

.: A...Lt!)1 .: t Lt!)"lj" '"'? ...
>:,.. :

(Answer with

" "'C, o") ""'C,o")

2.

-710*, J: \ M L :i L f::."h'o
Jj,;.:

(Answer with

I::Lirl... "i:'I...L" t:.I.,IJ'< '"-'1.1

<;.: "'
\

4. 1[ llt 0 t? --c-- t::. tr .:: *- "? --c t

T

"'

\--c--..,-.;; ,0

5. :k!f: t:Mf "? --c :i ..,-.;;,0

': L

6. J: \ Jl!. t:*- 0 l..,"h,o

"("f...L<'
?>

7.

7't, ffi;! h :i L t::.-h'

<ti...L.;. ..: l::'t Lo<f::'' 1:::. hT h-'2

8. -71 0*,
9.
..: t :.

--.:: --c-- t.f' :i L t:.-h' o

\

T10*, J: \ h:: 4"-1\r l L f::."h'o

lr h b '? ""f
1::

10. ft""'('' J: < *11- 0 l ..,-.;;,0

Ltbl... UA,

11. J: \ :77.A1*-hl..,"h'o
'(>-)

Dir e ctio n s
Useful Expressions

_jL

_jL

irFh.:--

;b t: abh{ 6
!.

4lt
u-t:.ry

.ti:: t : aH 1; ' 6
:!:

(go straight)

(turn right)

(turn left)

----.-----JI

I .___ I 9 L___ I
_

-"'?
V'l::.

<1>1t ;b t: abh{ 6
n
L/v.:i ;,.s .i

.i.fo

:::. "':) <?) )1} .ti:: t: aH h { 6

n 1,-1::. Uf:'.ry .i

(turn right at the first signal)

(turn left at the second corner)

::.

it <?) .ti:: {,&q

U'f:""Jf;:b

it <?) ;b {,ijlj
h.

h':l;:h -

(cross the street)

(left side of the street)

(right side of the street)

D i rections

(north)

!: L

(west)

(east)

(south)
* * *

T 7:1- j -lf h.to f1?oj IJ: (:::'' ;: "C''TfJo

Excuse me, where
>'Pi (ffv(

is

a post office?
) b

B :

.i -? -t <,, 1t-? --c... ..=. --J 0) ::lot: rtB 1;:-? "C

\\ h?

h. !i'

< t::'

fl\ 1)6J it ::lo ;.tq I, \0 >'Piiflv-"< tJ: ;,.<;, 0) ;l;.C'iJ'.h t: (b

ry j -t J:

Go straight and turn right at the third corner. The post office is on the right side of the street.
A : 2:::''-) b Jb ry 1;: <::: 7 :.,, ,," \ j

To

Thank you very much.

(1
1J'

0 s s E IL %nO) Family Picture it

t:< G-\':> Gfv

..............................

7J

1 2 3 4

G) S ue is showing a picture of her family to her roommate, Michiko.

hi?: nU:A-:: .000Jt --c-Th'o
;,. -< L,Lh..

A h 1? : A A-:: ;Ctj: -fl "(''Th 'o

.n--C"To {X0!3ift.ih{Ph tt"(l.r\ Lf-:o
,: ").: "")

s ht? :
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

h b" \" '--c T Po

.:: n t.i X "C''To

7;}

1} 7J0%::ft:ffJ"(\,\ To
i.I'"L<
-:>t

ht>

:Z :Z o -kip t.i#.E":hi} L "C

J>tl lt..,.:.z. T \'.1

"' To

'J r; Jv t: 1:.0 --c" \ To

...: 2:::. L
f.l'?::.

1"11Ji-_.Z_I.r\ To ,:=."(''To
'J
:- .{..\'

ht>

-t- 7 --cT h, o -::; iii h { " ' TPo

t:J.:

--c t

1? J: -::; *- -::;

--c " ' T Po

([) A p hone ri n gs in Sue an d M i c hi ko's room.

h 1? .:: :: .0 M L"C
"'1...'(: >::1:

"' Th' o

""""?

$q t:M t L "C

"' -lt Co

''.!

A-:: .00}![ /"t"C "' To

L<>Lh..
h.

-t-7"C"Th'o };t L;;.r,tr:th-ry Th lh't-:JLt:*

4

-lt" .0h'o

-*f \r \ \r \ "C''T Po A-:: .0t \\--:> L.:: t:{T-? "( t l.r \ l.r \ "C"Th'o

o.t\- r

t f?.; lvo L

1" < ft l 1"o

l\Iichiko: Is this your family picture. Sue? Sue: Yes. Michiko: Which is you? Sue: This. I \Yas wearing glassses \Yhen I was in high school. Michiko: You are cute. Sue: This is my father. He works for an American company. l\Iichiko: He is tall and handsome. Is this your elder sister? Sue: Yes. l\ly sister is married. She liYeS in Seoul now. She has one child. He is three years old. Michiko: I see. Oh, there is a cat. But he is a little fat. Sue: Yes, because he eats a lot.

Robert: :\lichiko, what are you doing nO\Y? Michiko: I'm not doing anything especially. I am looking at Sue's pictures. Robert: I see. I haYe an interesting Yideo. so if you like, would you like to come to see it? Michiko: That sounds good. Is it all right if Sue comes with me? Robert: Of course. Michiko: We'll come right now.

V
N
*

c
iF If.

o u n s

d!Jp

(my) older sister apartment younger sister song younger brother man older brother older sister woman company family hair brothers and sisters country; place of origin car convenience store

}/- t"\ t -) t:

-) t:::. j?t:-)t ;ht:.:O)LJ't: ;h t:" \ lv

*

O)A_ ;h)(.lv ;h$ lv -f;t;O)A_ %;f

;htl.ZIv ;h /vt:O)V't:
h'"\ L "'(-> h' ?c'' < hh.

* *

J: -) t::-.- \ < t: < ; :J / t:'' ,::.. L J: < t:-- -3

*

)(. @] 1Zx
:)(

cafeteria; dining commons (my) father T-shirt

t?t?
T--

T S/ '/

eye glasses

&)hip
-

H!Hft
e c

L\

d i

v e s

d6 t:::. h""\"\
1.1-:;;.:\,\\,\ h'b\,\\,\

YtJ!h''"\"\

bright; smart; clever (conjugates like "\"\) great-looking (conjugates like "\"\) cute

* *

-fl:-IJ>'t-:.h'" \ Jd:h"V' < \,\

t:h""\

;'Flt.h" " \
jt. h''1t \,\
-fkt,\

tall short (stature) long fast short (length)

U:"'
h. t' h'"\

i! I,\
.E."\

Words that appear in the dialogue

fct- a d j e c t iv e s

L h--1!---:::> ( tj:)

;f1 W

kind conYenient

U -v e r b s

t::. -/;> ): :f,

to sing to put on (a hat)

L:f, L-?"C'-\lT LryJ-1!-h*

0 :f, o-? "C'-'i -t 0 ry i -lt ,Z, ii. t,'

to get to know
I know I do not know

-tt; Li <

to liYe waist)

'"'"'

t: t ,\, --c.' i i")

to put on (items below your to gain weight

"?

:f,

-c

'-

J: -t

to be on the heavy side

R u -v e r b s

(.lb-b{tl)
:f,

-l;t:f, :f,

to put on (glasses) to put on (clothes above your waist) to work for

C'""' t::--:> &') -c '- ' 1 T)

to lose weight to be thin

Ir r e g ula r

* t-? .:: A, -t :f,

A dv e rb s a
n

to get married

0 t h e r

Ex p r e s sio n s
but not . . . anything [counter for people] one person two people not .. . in particular of course if you like

tJ>' * tj: t: t + negative

,._....

t: ,{, t::. ry

* V'ry

* "'""- --:::> t: + negative * t t:> .; ,{, * l -/;-? t::. t?

verbal "te-form," when followed by the helping verb 1.' , means either of the follow1

mg:

(a) an action in progress, or (b) a past event that is connected with the present. vVhich of these two senses a given verb is used in is to a large extent determined by the semantic characteristics of the verb. The verbs we have learned so far can be roughly divided into three groups based on their semantics. (1) verbs that describe continuous states (2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time (3) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous We have not seen many Group 1 verbs. So far we only have Ji> and to say about them in this section. Many verbs belong to Group 2. They include verbs such as ""'-;, L', and .f-?. When
l

1.'

The te-forms

of these verbs are never used together with the helping verb 1.' , so we will have nothing

the te-form of a verb in this group is followed by the helping verb 1.' , we have a sentence describing an action in progress.
7-

.Z. t;;t A, 51 L "C '-' " .:!: i' o \ .t

"'h. .t 1
\\ :_ t.i.{. J:

Sue is studying right now.

t::. tt L .Z. t;;t (}) *- 'it .Z. -r--" ' 1 You can also use a

-to

Takeshi is reading a book in English.

--c 1.' .i T sentence to describe what a person does by occupation.

The first example below therefore has two interpretations: one, you are teaching English

right at this moment; and two, you are an English language teacher (but are not necessar ily in class right now).

1 The

distinction between .' and that we learned in Lesson 4 does not apply to this helping verb

-c ' : you can use

-c ' both for living things and for inanimate objects.

nr:L

ft. tJ: * --c '- ' .i To

;t. :..

I teach English. I I atn teaching English (right now). ;1. 7

'A--< A. '-

;-; L

1) -A-. tJ: a.:$.?! L --c '-' .i -to JV!ary studies Jap; es;. li frn:y is studying Japanese v
0

(right now).

Verbs in Gr oup 3 describe changes from one stat e to another . If you get married, or *tiil v erbs,
2

T {>, for example, y our status changes from being s ingle to being married. \Vith these
"C " ' {>

It.-,.:.(,

indicates a past occurrence of a change which has retained its s ign ificance
"C "' {>

until the present moment . In other words,

describes the result of a change. 3

4

Professor Yamashita is married.

JV!ichiko is seated near the window.

Here are some more examples of Yerbs that are commonly used in th e work.

"'""'"C " ' {>

frame-

N= -:J
L

A_. tj: h t::

bh

<

A_. t ""'? --c I. \ l T

...

Sue has a lot of tnoneJ.

o-"G
L

p ""'?
l

--c I.\;

(knows)

'<':!

tL r 7t 1:. tj: * o ""'?

L :".!A..".t- ; :t '

Professor Yamashita knows English.

--c . \ 1 -t

.).

;k-"G

-7

(is overweight)
-7

. .

:k-? "'C I.\.'!>

;

}' J., A-.l."t? J: ""'?

Tom is a little overweight.

_;.

iz-? "{I.\ l To

-f->-tt-"G

-f-> -1:!- --c I.\;

(is thin)

bf:L

My younger brother is very thin.

ft. 0 tj:
t-;1

--c t -f-> -tt --c '-' ' .i To

2Among

h ""'('" J, ?f.IJ, jRT, i$n. fti .!It. t"l-:>"'C < . i!tt"'C < . T. *., -lt, belong to J.t .. , J-, L -_, Group 3. In most cases you can determine \Yhether a verb belongs to Group 2 or 3 by checking if the verb
\ II} tn 1# . lt-,.:.A. .;

the verbs we haYe learned so far, verbs such as , 1f < , , *, ;b -h , : -h' t , J!t,

allows for a phrase describing duration, such as - aHa, . Compare, for example,

0:1l.l.i0-7-'*M-*.hi Lf.:o
X
hf.:l 4>/':l

;f.t- ti-*M?tt: 1 L f:.o (Ungrammatical, much as the English translation "I died for an hour" which
.r, 1 QA.. t

l QJ{..lU

I read a book for an hour yPsterday.

1 .6,4

is also odd.)
L

UU:.: thus belongs to Group 2, and ?f.IJ to Group 3.

3In Lesson 9, we will observe that this result of a change reading is actually not restricted to verbs in
4

Group 3, but can be associated with those in Group 2 in certain contexts. ote that the sentence does not mean Professor Yamashita is getting married.

8 .... \5.3Z:ii
;f; ...
;
j.;

"(\\; ( wears) "(\\;

j.;

J'. 7

')

- h.t tt T -t" 'J "'C \\ To

r 1':-

Mary is wearing I wears a T-shirt.

JS X h.t ti "'C \\iTo
1 ;.;

(is awake)

Dad is up and awake.

1i. t;
-t

1i. h.t "('' \\

-t

X tiJft.Jj0:1i.A..t "'C''\\iTo
!.H.i 1:: 1

(lives in)

My father and mother live in Tokyo.

l?t:L

-t

-n:

f/;

; 50

"(\\; f/;50 (works for)

t. 3($ ti a *-04.. t:fh50 --c , \

i>i:l 1:1!.4.-

lilly older sister works for a Japanese company.

l.>lL

-to

Note that verbs like IT < and *; belong to this group. Thus IT-? "C "'; and * "C "';
\

indicate the current states that result from prior movements, not movements that are currently in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences mean. 'o/ lH:tf "'? "'C \\iTo \'

!<

::,tP-).:: <

Somebody has gone to I is in China.

Not: She is going to China.

Somebody has come over to visit. Not: Somebody is coming over.

Finally, a note on conjugation. The helping verb "'; conjugates as a ru-verb. Thus we have long forms as in the following example.
affirmative present negative

"'\<:l. '*9
t=

"'\"Ll. '*ttfv
t=

He is eating.
past

He is not eating.
-"'<:t-'*tt.lv -c u t::

-"'\ <: l. \* IJ t::

He was eating.

t:

He was not eating.

t:

II
To describe somebody who has long hair, one could say: r J.,. 1v 0 ti-& , \ --c,-t 0
1.>7, !.>

Tom's hair is long.

But in fact it "\YOuld be far more natural in Japanese to say:

Tom has long hair. (=As for Tom, he has lo,ng hair.)
This applies not only to discussions of the length of one's hair, but to descriptions of a person's physical attributes in general.
..,

;_

If

nn

* "'

A :: .0 tj:

+
X.
hl

iJ>.'

,,

,J,::'v\

Person

has a body part which

is .

l;;f?l,\\-\

. .

In idiomatic collocations, ''"e also haYe: is tall

i>f

ifiJ>.'i .... \ ii iJi''v .... \

V"( \

is short

is bright/smart

Te-forms for Joining Sentences

In the last lesson, we discussed the use of verbal te-forms to join sentences. "\- and -adjectives and "C"T after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two

elements to form longer sentences. The te-form of an "\-adjective is formed by substituting < "C for the final "\. The te-form of a lj:-adjective and a noun+ --c-t sequence is formed by adding --c to the base or the noun.
L \-adjectives: irregular: t,J. -adjectives:
noun + c9:

3i:L \
]'[;3[ ( t,J.) lv

? ? ? ?

L\L\

.--

<<:

<<: :n:;3[c
lv
r:: -

S*.A. c9
(;: liflvt;lv

S*Ac

liffvljfv-

 O)m 0)1Z""4 tt < --c,

h-it t:

The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious.

O)A.t.i"' \"::) t
U'l:: ItA.

t">

\">f

}.; " ' L" \ --c--to

5t--c-,

}.; t L.; "\ --c--to

That person is always energetic and fun to be with.

\'>.i Lt:%4-it

T lj 8 +A. "C'\
1:
1!4L4

1!9+ fi& < G " \ --c-to

.::4l:>O?!'\

Professor Yamashita is a Japanese and he is about forty years old.

verb stem+

r:n<
L\

If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their movement and its purpose this way:

destination of movement

{ } Ithe
/'\.

(;:

purpose of movement

11:::
tJ'

{ y< }

The purpose of movement can either be a noun like 1i" ' (shopping), or a phrase
;-;

!,.lTJ

consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth. Verbs describing the purpose of a movement must be in their stem forms. Stems, as we learned in Lesson 3, are the part you get by removing .i i' from the verbs' present tense long forms.
stems:

f-"'C*9) 'Ch(*9)
etc.

T-F- r t:ln-ti'lv j!(" \lt:rr l L t:o

I went to a department store to buy a bag.

;:< 7 1)- lvt.l 8 +t:l8 + 1! L1t:* 1 L t:o
!: !1/v t: f.:A. .: ""'A..,.d . 5

IJ'

Mary has come to Japan to study Japanese.

li:l

Counting People
,_,_ '..!' 1::

The "counter" for people is A.. but "one person" and "t,Yo people" are irregular: -A.
.;.t,

and :::-A. .

(-A.) ) t::. ry (::..A. ) :: !vt:!v (.=:.A.) t:!v (ll9A.) :::_' t: !v (.liA.) .; < t: !v (A.) L t?t:!v/t:!v (-tA.) tj t?t: !v (.1\..A.) vp -) t: !v (JLA.) t vp -) t: !v (-t-A.)
., ,

v- 'C ry

one person two people three people four people fiYe people six people seyen people eight people nine people ten people

-FJJ-..1,\J T'h'o
::.<,.: .<,

To count people in a class, for example, you can add '"""'A. after the noun and the particle
!:

-h-. and say:

I
.htL

person

1J''

'*9

{L,. C1) 7 7 At: (LJ:) A rJ .:r. -f' :/ J-..C1)h<1f '..1'1::.'1 \\ l To 1Ji'-J-.. L:.<.There is one Swedish student in our class.

The place expressions are often followed by t: t;i instead of t: in this type of sentence.

051:ffv

J.,J2 ./
30t

I'-

e ss i o n

N o t e s

fO\

,3\ means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social calL"
;o;;,

When I was a child, I often played with friends. You must not play around until late.

I went to Tokyo to have fun

last weekend. Please come and see us.

Note that "to play" as used below requires different words. Sports: to play tennis
7;::. A 9 .Q
;

to play basketball Games: to play Yideo games to play cards

"A 7 'Y 1-

9 .Q 7 v t 7-L. 9 .Q .::r:::1- t.'

}- 7 /'-/9 .Q

Music instruments: to play the guitar

P
f..J:I;:

CDiDJ1d: uc:L '*91J'

A . Look at th e pictures below an d an sw er t h e qu estion s. BJ

: /- 7

1)

:: lv t.i 7 v t: Ji. "'C "' \ To

;h

(2)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(8)

(lO)

(11)

B.

Pair Work-What were you doi n g at th e followi n g ti mes y est er day? Be as specific a s po ssi bl e (wh ere, with whom, an d so on).
Example: 2
P.:\1. --7

A : 1k.=.wt::..;;-M L "'(\\ Lf:::.-ho

B : ;JJ:.. t: --c-- ' L "'C " \ L t:::. o
.: .: .: t: J;.. ..:

1. 6 5. 6

A.M. P.l\1.

2. 8

. DL P.::\I.

3. 10
7. 11

.-UI. P.:\I.

4. 12:30

P.::\1.

6. 8

C. Class Acti vity -Let's play chara des . The teacher g i ves a sentence card to each stu dent. One of the students m i mes the sentence . All other stu dents guess what the person is doing an d raise their han ds when they recogn ize the action . The person t hat gets the most points is the winner.
Example:

m o/ !vt. '4i} e$ \ '-z ,-' To

f;. :...? ;!..
;.; J:

0 s:X:c!fvrctc r:iifvc'l. '*9tJ'

c?

A. This is Sue's family. Answer the following questions. 8J

Example:

Q : }.; X A, t. -.:: t:1i !v -z \' Tt;o

; -.

A : }.;Xh,lJ=-.:z.-3-:7t:fi!v"'C,-, To
1 T

1. }.; :!t$ !vtj --.:: t: 1i !v -z \, \

ni. T

..., 1;

2 . /vt.T ./. 1) 7J t:1:!v"(''l.,\ Tho

; T

3. 5.

}.;-qt !v t.-FI L --c 1.,' Th'o }.;rr!vt.L-z.,, Tho

hi. ; 1 I?.:A, (.A.,.l\ l:liA-

4. }.;i?.Z,t.1PJ L-z.,,j:Tho
hi.
<.:!:

6. !vU5:kt} L --c ,' Th'o

?l::: lt.:A...

7. }.;X!vt.1PJ-z-Tt;o
hL<> ">

8 . /vtj-FJ""('' Th'o
it: ;:a.h,.l.'

9. }.;X!vt. a *-0%;f.. t:i/;cV) --c ,' Th'o

Father Mother Sister Brother lives in Seoul lives in London lives in N.Y.

works for an American company high school teacher works for a bank; married student; not married

48 years old 45 years old 27 years old 18 years old

B.

Pa ir Work-Ask about your partner's family and fill in the blanks below.

1PJ Jl "'(' ..., 1;' h.:\\

..

ML -z.,,Th'
J;.Lt:

-.::t:1i!v"f'\ 'Th
T

5:kL -z.,,-th
(f "?.:A,

}.;X::!v
1

}.;-qt!v
,;.,

}.;)L!v
!: \

}.; :krp !v
h

t-;1 \\b-lt:

!v

!v

 WEBt!fv(ctf.'tt"Lt, ' * 9 (Describing People)

t>ae tc.

A.

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

6]

A :

tj\ ' J. m 10 tj -tt --c \' .i -to

""'1 to .;.::

1. J. m ;0 tj2\.. "? "{\\.i -th o 2. J. m 10 tj T :./-\' './ "'C \'.i -tho

->C> .i t; r1';.

\'!. t;

3 . 6JI].Z,tj1PJ "{\\j:Tho
.J: L&b t;

4.

'C>.i

J.EB/0tj:,/-/;( tj\\"{\'j: -tho

:1:

:.

5. eJIJ.Z,tj&f>I.J>';f-J htt"{'.\j:Tho
.J: L&b

6 . eJIJ.Z,tji.J t-?"{"'\.iTho
.l: L&.h t

8. 6Jll ;0 ufh>'1 \, \ "'C"-tho

.l: L&.h t; -\1: i.l"(

9. J.EB.Z,tjIJ>'-&'-'"'f'Tho

10. eJIJ /0tj IJ>',.J, 1,\"'(''TIJo

.l: L &.!?
., ..,,,

-'(>;!

&7;.

t;;:&'

B.

Look at the picture below and describe each person.

C.

Class Activity-One student describes another student without mentioning the name. The rest of the class guesses who the student is.

Example:

&7;.

h').\1 'v '--c-t o T -\' '/ "{ 'v ' .i To :/- / 7.' tj'.'"'C '.'.i-tt 10o
7;.1.:&

7.;-

:.

 7\:lct'JT u < c: ttL' c9

1:::\ tJ< 1:::6

A.

Make sentences using two adjectives.

@)
----')
r:\ ,,;. < .

Example:

7::.'!f: ..

:ffr L \'/ tL \' t:t

* '* t.:ffr L < -c.

l>f:?

n\, -c---r o

2. t;:::.z.
3 . t t t L A-. 4. r /'- r
5.
-

i-in

* \ \/ : y f" I; t:t n.r,t:t/L.r'

.li" f:?

""1::.1; - " '/ 1.1' -? :::

LT ;.;;.;
-

.r ' "

'

- ttJt:t/7::... \\
!H'

:ffrf"-!
L !(..bl(..-\tlv
1:

(Bullet Train)
-

6 . .A - A-.

7 . {1 C7) 00 C7).A._
bf:l

i>l:.!

J{ 1.1 {\'\'/ t:!JJ 1;t

!... ""'.!""'?

i! \ '/ --:1(.. ry 1:t 1.t:fJ

it t:t / t: -- I; t:t

I'!(.. -

B.

Looking back on your childhood, make sentences using the given cues.

@)

Example:

my n ext- door neighbor - tall & kind

----') <:: t:t 0 A. t .,
U'

1::.1; { < -c
-<t f:b

:f.Jt-lJJ "C'' L t o
Ll(..-lt-?

1 . my t own

- quiet & nice - old & not clean - long & n ot interesting - lively & f un -small & cute

2. my teacher -big & scary

3 . m y house
4.

classes

5 . m y friends - kind & interesting

6. sch ool

7 . h omew ork -difficult & tough

8. myself

C.

Describe the following items using two or more aqjectives.

Example:

my roommate
----')
bt:L

{1 0 Jv- L. ;( - r (roommate) t.:f.Jt -lJJ "C'' t L .; "' "C''T o

-

bt:L

{1 0 'v- L. ;( - r t. :f.Jt w -c-- "t 1.1 , ,

L

1(..-lt -?

""::) j: t:t " '-c-- "to

L I(.. -It-?

1. my hom etown

2 . my c ountry
4.

3 . my Japanese class
5. J apanese people

one of my f am ily m em bers

6 . p eople of my country

0 B9Hlru5ef1"*9
;tl\ 1f l\

A. Sue is going to the following places to do the things below. Make sentences like the example.

@D

Example: Jf:;M
!1

1; ..); (Kabuki) Jt;

.'d!:: h ,,

7..- .Z. LL<f-;M : t; ..); Jt :.ff iTo

-

1. ...Lil.-....L.IV LL 2 . @J:!tg 3.
4.
L (!::" 1

-r-7o &j
;:. IJ/v

<

!:: L .t lrlv

* 11'
n

1zx

ll'?

::_''t.i ,Z,
?
n

1z"";
to

tl>i

1!J&J U'lv.'.t<

-I:JJ-=J- 1{-)

7. IIIJ

;!t:,

i'Qi ..);
J>.::

8. 7'/- r 9. lP1 tx
.:: i .:: i

<
.i' lo

.-::> 1{-)
n
::: r;L

x_;
:::1
-

10.
"'?
::

'( lv

t:

1k <t
">

B.

For what purpose would you go to the following places?

1. :::1 / t:..::. = 2 . ** = i :...t1 3. @.]:!itt:

!:: L .t hlv

t:rr 1 To
,,

=rr l l f::o =-fr iTo

,,

4.

\ \ ;t

t:
<

t:l} l To
I; f.

5. ::k t:
t"n'

t=*-l l f::o
'

(7)g3l:OJAti'foJAL '*91J'
ak o u

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.

1.

.: 0)& t: O)A_;Qi'-FJ A\.\j: T h'o

" -{> ;-;::.: :t?:::

2 . .: 0)& t:
3.
4.
" ...... <>

t.;.{.:.{

--- .- . --t: h..

A_;Q>'-FJ A\. \ j: T h 'o

;(..:,(,

(natwnahty)
c.:,;' :.-:

.: 0)& t: 7]>'-fk \. \A_;Q>'-FJA. \.\ Th 'o

lr7:.;J(,.:J(,

.: 0 & t: 5t t: A.h "M A. " ' T h o

(A,

.. r.

,{..:A.,.

*cO)
A.

tl.fvGIP5

Answer the following questions.

1. - .: t: 1i. ,z, --e '- '

-t

i" h

2. *'1l L --c '- ' T h'o

8.7.fs-.0) 0-?
!:!!;(.
!:

4.

5. E.;$.0)7\':.i.lJ:E--FJft"C'-' "Til/li'-'"C'-'.i T h'o

6 . JLh'.'-'l T h'o fPIA.'-' l T h'o
lih, .:
{l'J(,.;tl :. .:: 7 .: :.

if:

"('.\ T h'o

7 . j:; 5><:
'1

':-dt:

.z,/ j:; .z, ti .: t: ifJ 60 --c '-' :f i" h o

?

{;J(,!:J(,

8.

9. iJXO)*,
.:-1.:-1

-J-1 0)*, Jlt {-? "( '. \ l .: t l:c

::::.

8 .7.Js:.. 0-?
. :1!1(, ::.: L

t.:"i:h..L'i>

L f::. h'o L f::. h'o

"( \.\ l

B.

Class Activity-Show a pi cture of your family to the class and describe it.

Parts

of

the

Body

&0()

tt (liN)

(X.)

Family
Someone Else's Family
I.

Father Mother Older brother Older sister Younger brother Younger sister Husband \iVife Grandfather Grandmother Child

I
I I I

;bX
:;: .;

I
I
I

II.

Own Family
B: Informal Situation

A: Formal Situation

X
::., ..

;f;X:A..,
!::-j

;!?
0;

l.Hl

;I:;A.,
lri;

;1:;5(.
.:. ..
l:t

5(.

J;t:

;j:;J(.A..,
i:. \

;I? :It$
i>!:i!:

:It$

ht'l

:It$ ;I? I'> X. A.,

i>!:-il:

A.,

I I

. ;it:

A., .::' .;tA.. $!:A.,

;;< L ,.,. l:A.

-) ....

if_A../:K. 1 -.. 1*1/ h'l'' ?j :fllX

...
f!'

:?%

*(See below.) *(See below.)

;l?l:\.\
B tr .:b ,z,

;l?l:\.\A..,
;I? Lf .:b A.,

:fll

;1?-fA..,

-Ji?Cl)-f

*Depending on each person, several words are used for spouses, e.g., for husband, t lv ,

1 't;,(l)J...., and for wife, :k, '717, -n-::lv, and so on.

!.;" . .:.:..,!1

A : mt:F ,Z,C1JJ:;X h.-tj-FJ--c--tno

f: (J.'Ir -) A,'

How old is your father, Mr. Tanaka? My father is 50 years old.

B : [formal]

X ljli. f-''("To ? t, : ln?:;. \' [informal] h X h.- tj li. f- --c- To

:

t: 1

: ;. t?:. \

A : mt:f,Z,C1J};JL,Z,tjt:''_:t:{i,Z,"'(,,.;t'tn'o
to .?1:

Where does your older brother live, Mr. Tanaka?

B

"t

[formal] [informal]

JL tj J!Cijn : 1i. h.- --c " ' j

.1;1: I:: "i !-li "t .:\.. 'l.t'l -t

To

My older brother lives in Tokyo.

h 5L A, ljJtt * t: 1i. A, --c" ' j To

Note that you can use ;1:;5(. A., and ;b:li$ when you talk to your older brothers tli. ,:\ and sisters. The younger brothP.rs and sisters are called by their names.
Younger brother: Older brother:

J:;JL ,Z,o
-:.:

Hi, Big Brother. What is it, Taro?

(M8 I

..............................

gj

J \-I'Z=t:-=r..- Barbecue
a o

(D
1 2 3 4 5 6

At school. t::. ttLlv, ch Lt::. hlv "f:'/ --\,\1,\"(''Ttlo ftl,iJ{* TlJ>o

ht?:.:: t::.ttL: 77-t?:.:: t::.ttL: ht?:.:: t::. ttL : ht?:.::

,,

"""'

4" .:1.-

L 1-tt-lvh.,.o

tt lvlvlj ? ttlvlvl.l/JvF\'1 l;{j;) i--?"C"' Lt::.o -:t"f:'Ttlo Mh.,.t--? i""' i L J:

:!/,tJ/, ::.:c:

7 ho

1PJt \,\ 1,\\,\l To

t: h

([)
2

Robert is cooking at the barbecue. J:.4'-"C'Ttlo 0/'\-- lvl.l#J.!T<1)iJ{ti"'-Th'o

l:.d 1' ry;i ry -t

0 /'\--

i.. i.., J: <

"f:1-F i To
'*" <

0/'\- h 1? :.::

1.1 1.: 6

&>) j: L J:

7 lJ>o
tJ)

j;)--?' l t::tx j "\ "('' < t::::: "\0 7 1) :

of

7
8 9

J 1}

::: lv t

*- i -? i" " j L t::. h

i ,,
'

l( \ "? "'( T h j: -tl:-/vo t f> j;)'

1.1.{.!= \

hlv :

*-1 !

Michiko: Takeshi, would you like to haYe a barbecue party tomorrow? Takeshi: That's nice. Who will come? Michiko: Sue and Robert will come. I think Mary will come, too. Takeshi: How about Ken? Michiko: Ken said he had a part-time job. Takeshi: Too bad. Shall I bring something? Michiko: I think nothing is needed.

0
Michiko: You are good (at cooking). Do you like cooking, Robert? Robert: Yes, I often cook at home. Michiko: Shall I help you with something? Robert: Well then, cut the tomatoes, please.
* * *

Robert: Shall we start? Michiko: Don't dlink yet. Mary said that she would come. Mary: I'm sorry for being late. Everyone: Well then ... Cheers!

, I

\It I

'l I

,.,

,,,

*
t=lv

;n:
P r::l

V
N o u n

s
the day after tomorrow

:: -? 1: I})
, " \ L " \ A..t 7J 7 7J 7 ;f 7 <
' J -

ram office worker camera karaoke air this morning this month job; work; occupation college student disco

4.-- :t

)J

t :: .: A..t tf "?
L .:-- ?:::

1*
*. 1:. f* p)f l:. fPJ>

t::' \ \ f < -tt \ \

j-'' 1 :A ::J "'( A..t J:: tl -J .: .;
*

weather forecast place tomato summer something party barbecue chopsticks

r? r

"'? t: >
/ \ - j- 1 . / \ - --..:... .:::z..
U: L

..) rP ;j\ - b :A j- 1

?!-

winter homestay; living with a local family

.i t \ L I1> 1
G 1, \ f--? f ct
*

i! * v e s J:Jf-

eYery week next month

d i e c t

L J: -J f' ( ) ""-.. t::. ( )

\1J 7 6>) \ ( iJ )

skillful; good at . . . clumsy; poor at . . . famous

( )

r .=r1f /6

( {)

u - v e r b s Ji) I}) f ). Ji:> G -J

*

m >'F- t 7\: 7 g7

it rains to wash to say

\\ 1

Words that appear in the dialogue

* I, \ * < * t 7 * * --:::> < * t -? "'( 1,. \ <

tB

to need

( ......_, 1.1)

to be late (for . . . )
J
-

( :)
......._,

t o think to cut to make to take (something)

R u - v e r b s
t ;; t ;; .z;. * tj: t t .; t ;; Jt to stare (at . . . )
to begin
v

......._,

r r e g u l a r
7 .-Z. ""C ..Z. -t
..z. t < -t

e r b s
T j.7bi-t M l* -t
#:t.! 't
to drive

......._,

to do laundry to clean to cook

7 t -t * 1 7 -t

A d v e r b s
7 7 ..z. 7 .-Z. * 1.1 .-Z. tl \. \

a n d

t h

e r

E x p r e s s
uh-uh; no uh-huh; yes

o n s

*'tf

Cheers! (a toast)

* - ..z. tl ..Z. C "'( -t tl) * j t=. + negative * h ..Z. -c-

j ( ""C'' T tl) That's too bad.

not . . . yet all (of the people) together

Short Forms
1

In this and the next lesson, we will learn a new paradigm of conjugation, which we will call "short forms. " Before we start worrying about their meaning and how they are used, let us first see what they look like. It should be obvious why they are called short forms. We will list the already familiar "long forms" to the right in the table below.

Present tense, affirmative short forms verbs: long forms

a

=a:;
J:

d7-*9
a J:

l. \-adjectives:
f -adjectives: c:J: noun + c9:

f.J'P l. \ l. ' ffitJ't

[.,
b
-

f.J'Pl. \ l. n::-g ffitJ' c 9

[.,
fJ'(ttLI--

h '<tt,-

t.:

c9

Present tense, negative short forms verbs: long forms

c

*fJ l.\
J:

d7-*itfu
d
d

J:

l. \-adjectives:
f -adjectives: c:J: noun + c g:

f.J'Pl.' < fJ l. '

[.,

f.J'P l. ' < 0 *itlv flitJ' l..i 0 * it lv

V9'

flitJ' l..i t l. \ c:
fJ '<ttLI

l..i f c:J:l.\

1: L.i 0 *itlv
tJ <ttl '

The following rules summarize how short forms are constructed.

Verbs and l. \-adjectives in the affirmative (a above)

7

same as their dictionary forms

fJ-adjectives and noun + cg in the affirmative (b above)

7

replace c9 with t.:

l. \- and t c::-adjectives and noun + c9 in the negative (d above)

7

replace 0 *itlv with fJ l. \

1 Various names have been given to this paradigm. They include "plain forms," "informal forms," and " direct style." Long forms, on the other hand, are often called "polite forms," "formal forms," and "distal styIe . "

As noted in Lesson 5, the adjective " \ " \ is irregular. Its negative short form is J:: < " \. Verbs in the negative need to be analyzed in more detail, because verbs conjugate differently.
Negative short forms of verbs (c above) ru-verbs: Take the final -@ off and add t \. J:l
ru-, u-,

and irregular

u-verbs: Take the final -u off and add -anai.

<
11 ' l<tt.J:

-? -? -? -? -?

1J'f \ J:l
11 '

f'F-@
-::J (

-? -?

f'F 6t \ J:l
-::J (

159

t J:l\
l<tt.J:

h <:' i<
d;;J:

h 'l \ i<1J'
d;;J:

w-:J
l.,

ftf t \ .:: J:l

;;:

!J!J!,3\
J:

-?
-?

IJ!J! l<tt l \ J:
J:

9EtYJ

9Et J: L \ J:t
l.,

?
11'

bl\
11'

(1)

==a:; aJi:
J:

*t J:l\
J:

irregular verbs: 9-@ exception:

vt J:L'
(3)

( -@

L\

(2)

-@

t l\ J:

With verbs in the negative, the following three points are worth noting.

(1) The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana ") are '"'"' :b " \ instead
of "' J;; " \
2

(2) The vowel changes with the irregular verb < . (3) The verb &1; in the negative is " \.

Uses of Short Forms

We now turn to discussion of how we utilize short forms. In this lesson, we will learn to use the short forms in the following four contexts: In represented, or quoted, speech ("I think . . . , " "She said . . . " ) In casual conversations, as signs of intimacy In making negative requests ("Please don't . . . " ) (See 3 on p. 157.)

2This suggests that the bases of verbs like lacking, but it surfaces with the vowel such as

'.1{ -J and % -) actually end with the consonant

nant remains dormant when the base is f llowed

a

following,

by the vowel
..

w.

This conso
w

i, thus we have }{ \ ' .i T, where

is

}{ .b ;J: \ \ . This mystery consonant also explains why

the te-form of such a verb has the small -?, just like verbs whose bases obviously end with a consonant,

6 and 1*-?.
:t

 In expressing ideas like " I like doing . . . " or " I am good at doing . . . " (See 4 below.)
Quotations

To quote a person's utterances or thoughts, you use a clause ending with a

.
\

predicate in the short form, plus -? "'C ., \ L t (They said " .

. " ) , 1, \ T (I think
ht

that . . . ) , and so forth. is a quotation particle, which does the job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" " ) in direct quotation.

:: :: .A - A..- t.;L <it; L t .h{ <it; g "? "C " \ j: L t o

l It AP

Sue said that there would be

an

exam tomorrow.

Casual conversations

Two people who are close friends or family members speak with

short forms at the end of sentences, using them as a sign of intimacy. The use of long forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to " keep a proper distance" from the listener. Short forms, then, are like talking on a first name basis, while long forms are like using "Mr." and "Ms." It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. First of all, Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in many cases totally preclude the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship.

31\ote that the present tense in Sue's original utterance is presened in .\ l aD's report. 4To sar that rou d on't think something is the case. it is more common in Japanese to say it like - f.c lt) c . , I,) 1 T (I think that something is not the case) than - c ., It) a; 1!-lv (I d on't think) . Therefore:
L

(:f t. ;I. 7 lJ - lv ;l: t tt L. fv iJHff {; {> 1;;. t, ) c .![!. t,) * T k ;l:) .:. J>f.: ..,. jj t.. I don 't think .11ary likes Takeshi ( = I tlzink J!ary doesn 't like Takeslzi.)
0

nt

Second, license to use short forms is not mutual; senior partners may feel perfectly justified in using short forms 'Yhile expecting their junior partners to continue addressing them with long forms. Thus if somebody 'Yho is older, say, your Japanese language professor, talks to you using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you should return the favor. Here are a few observations on the grammar of short forms as they are used in casual conversations. In the casual conversational use of short forms, question sentences do not end with the question particle -h', but with rising intonation alone. The t ending of -adjectives and noun + --c -t constructions (b in the previous sec =. tion) is usually dropped. In casual conversations, U: " ' and " ' " ' i... are often replaced by the less formal -J lv and

-J -J lv .

To request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative verbal short form plus --c < t: :
" '

.:: .:: --z- Jt tl G

L '(> L A-

7j: \. \ --( \ f::_ \. 'o

Please don 't take pictures here.

negative short form + c

< tts.l-\

Please don't . . .

Short forms are used in constructions where verbs and adjectives are to be treated as nouns. Thus :tL I J: '"'-' -h {1tf .!- --c-t / .!- G " , --c-t can, besides describing your preference for
l>t;L -t

items denoted by nouns, such as ;, also describe your preference for activities, such as swimming, drinking coffee, and studying Japanese. Add express the idea of " doing x."
t> ::

(J)

to a verbal short form to

I like studying the Japanese language.

(fld.) a *- --<A.-':.!1T O)IJ{-Jtt --c To ! hf;L ! : !!A-t

::

I don 't like cleaning my room.

(fldJ:) :g { f'*'T O)t;{ G "' ' --c To "'

h ; fL <' -< 1 t:

"To be good/bad at doing something" is "-'iJ''J:...f--r-t (is good at . . . ) and "-'7J1T- ..f- "C-t (is bad at . . . ) .
5 1:;1 -r

t ,

like doing . . .
person let activity (verb) (J)fj\

doesn 't like doing . . . is good at doing . . .

is poor at doing . . .

It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the association between
X
,..__,

1: ' {> and the verb in the -ing form in English.

t t L lv tj L "( I; >'T 4'- "('' T 0 ;t .. , ..: r.:..-: : t :..

Consider what 0 .1 '- 1- ::-. ..Z, t:i'f*'- t : .ff .;t L t means. This sentence of course is about : Robert and describes what he did. It is likely to be uttered when the topic of Robert has already been breached. Grammatically speaking, (1) the noun
o .1 ' ;.; !.l)

1- stands as the

subject in relation to the verb .ff < (he was the person who performed the going), and ,. (2) the noun is, per the function of the particle t:i, presented as the topic of the sentence or (as f Robert, he went to Okinawa). What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say: ROBER T went to Okinawa.

5To describe one's skills or lack thereof, we also often use a different set of expressions, namely, -h t:

< \ '-c-t (is comfortable with . . . ) and -hq: il{ -c -c-t (is uncomfortable with . . . ) .
1..1';1,.

fJ... tj: B .:f:.* T 0 -h t < , , -c-to 1 :.

1 / ! .,. ..: L!

I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese.

This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered with an extra emphasis on the name Robert. His identity is the new piece of information provided by this sentence. It is one of the functions of the particle l)t to (1) present the subject of a sentence in a way such that (2) the noun will "fill in the blank on the information sheet." The "blank on the information sheet" is a question word like t:n and M. The above
::

sentence will fill in the blank left out by:

f ';h,'b5tf't t ::: ;ft L f 'b 'o ::. i. l

Who went to Okinawa?

j; i?

As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never followed by the particle t .l , but always by the particle IJ{. As we have seen, a noun that will provide the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle 'h''.

'(_-- -:; 7 .A IJ h t L ;; " ' --c-t'bo

Which class is (the most) interesting?

a *- .7 7 -A IJ - h t L ;s , , --c -to
I:

Japanese class is.

( ;:: .7 7 A "(" ) f ' ;h,IJ> 'b '/.] tt "( \ \ T IJo ' 'tJ_

lih-

:::_

Who wears glasses (in this class)?

'<" !. L t -tth- -tt

r 7r. .i. IJ" IJ{tl 'b tt --c " ' -to

Professor Yamashita does.

Cl
The word for "something" is Mt.

f!'h', and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is

"Some" and "any" in: positive statements questions negative statements

fcl f.J' f.:I:: fcl f.J'

t.J:I::

something anything? not . . . anything

fcl =b + negative t.J:I::

These two words are used in places where th e part icles t.i, -h', and are expected. In these cont exts, they are used on their own , without the help of p arti cles. We will learn in Lesson 10 what to do
in

cases where particles other than these are expected.

No, the cat did not eat anything.

I, \ I, \ , t/dj:J t .1 -lt A, "{'' L f::. o t:.

b :.

Od::-5 l:ffv

JJ2 /

t---

p r e s s1 o n

N o t e s

(0\ W

-9-@ ...,.. Most irregular verbs are compounds of nouns and the verb 9 .

If

you have learned an irregular veru, Lherefure, ruu have also learned a noun. verbs
"""-?

nouns
"""-.::?

#tl 5 !fi9

#ft5 f-l.Jlt!

ex.

O)!!ti! J..., .- -r-9o

to study
'h-7 ry

study
1)-j ry

Japanese language study is fun.

ex. O J '\ I- /vO)J.fti.t ) J..., l.- )L"9o n

f-l. Jlt!9

to cook

cooking

Robert's cooking is good.

of
the verb 9 .

Some of these nouns can be used as the "object"

t t1 L. Iv ti$0)ji L. * G t ..: ..:o

.0.. '1> 7? ;
-

Takeshi cleaned his roorn .

Compare: td1 L. Iv t;t$ tffl L. * G t..:o

.0.. '1> , (.;

tl.Jv

IJ5

CD Short Forms
A. Change the affirmatives into negatives.

8J
3. -t L 1; t {>

Example:

t? <

t? t? "i ... \
2. > t {> 6.
4.

1.
9.

h .;

5 . l;i

<

t;i t 60 {>
< {>

7 . -::) < {>

11 . h -t n {>
15 . ti ... \ ,;

8.

1t lv t::. \ -t

> G Bt &0 7?{ ..), {>

10.

12 . > {> 1 6 . t? {>

13.

14. t -? ""'C 'v \ \

17.

B.

Change the affirmatives into negatives.

8J

Example:

t::. n' '- \

t::. n " < "i ... \

!J,Z, t::'
1. 11>

It'

t "i '- \

&0 ... \ t-3.'

2 . J':> &0 t::'

6.

3 . '- \ .:C t? { L '- \ 7.

4.

t? h 'v \ 'v \

5 . h t 1; ... \ 9. t ... \ .r-...,. h, f ' ::. -3.

L ,4, -tt --? t=.-

.!(-' , ... \
.::

-3_ 8. *t 'v \ f '

10 . 'v \ 'v \

11. 1;> "?

... \ ... \

12.

, t-:.'

13.

G '- \ t::-

Informal Speech
A. Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then in the negative.

8J

1 . 4- a ' 5 -t {>
-i ..-..:.{. !1

2 . + a , :iJ:. t ' t:d : :: 4 . l < Jf- t : jft {> ?

j: \ \ 1:? .t i t

;,

3 . J: < }.; ik L' ? 'f) t, -:5. a .. a * -t ?

1 , , ,:?
(: (Jh- .:. f.! :

'f) h- L -:6. a .. 7 v e: Jt {>

;:,

7.

cb L t=. , ;k t = *- 6 ?
f\ I;' ( (
l.: ' A,. L
"

8 . 4- E ,
-' l i

9 . - t -? "( \, \ 6 ? . 1 1 . -iii- i/!, :g&

j: I LH>i
"

1 0 . *i!! , T. 1 A
1.'., '- 'Lt;,i
j

::J

t : .ft <
,,

i l.: 6 ? tw-t

12. -iii- E , 57t51-t

\\1 :. t:,
-ltlvf=

6 ?

B. Answer the following questions in i nformal speech, first in the affirmative, then

i n the negative.
Example:

@D

Q : :7t ?
lt'/v :.

A
1 . (J j ?

'J /v , ft o / 'J 'J /v , ft l: \, \o

lf/v :. lf/v :.

2. J't L
\ il;'

"' \

3. E *- 0 7 7 A t. }; t L 7:> "'\ ?
I:

li/v :::

4 . E *- Ci) 7 7 A t. L'- \ ?
1: 1 1 /v :::

5 . .:: Ci') :f k4 t. \, \ \, \ ? 8 . jS JU6 1J { t=f ?

p;. "

!'- 1 -i IJ L 1 '

6 . 7t .i. t. .:: h \, \ ? 9 . .A $ - 'J h { \, \ ?

-\1'/,.-\1' 1 '

7.

1 0 . 4- E t j:
! i

t}J_!]j{J:-t- ?
l i ry l.:.d 1' It?.!: i 1./'

ti' : l;

Hi 8

@ B At cL'*9
A.

r.;)jj1 Make a g uess about Mary, using -c!EtL '*9. t:;t,

Example: good at Japanese
;< 7

1;: li'J:Iv (.;fv

<15:0

1)

- :: lv t; E * ]j> J: -t- t I \, \ T '

r:

f! A..

.-

L.t-1

--r

;.;

1 . often cooks 3 . doesn' t smoke

5 . doesn't go home late at night 7 . often goes to see movies

2 . drives a car 4 . listens to a Japanese language tape every day

6 . doesn't drink alcohol much

8 . not married
1 0 . busy 1 2 . not tall 14. not quiet

9 . likes Takeshi 1 1 . a good student 13 . not scary 1 5 . not a freshman

B.

Make a g uess about the person or place below an d answer the fo llowing questions .
Example:

0 .:: 0 A. tj: 8 *-A. c-- ' th'o

:..t : : 1!/v l.:/v

i_ i_ ' E *'-A. t I \, \ T 0
:: iilv l.: lv

;.; L

\, \ \, \ i_

'

E *A. t \, \ I \, \ T 0
:: f!h.L A... nt

Picture A 1 . 0) A. U: %:f "(' -t 1; > 0

U t: 1.1'-' l 'A...

2 . !b "(''J1J'o

3. (} j "("'t 1J'o 4 . J[ 1; >' \ \ \ \ "(' -t 1;' 0

5.

j=. l;,- \ ' -e -r 1.1'o

-it : t fr

7 . #t L "( \ \ j J 1J 'o
It--> .: A,

8 . j:; 1i- t < ::. l\A "? --c " ' j -t 1.1 .. o ::
:;J.'J

9. J: < 1Z""' .i -t 1; 0
: t

10.

J: \ ;z_ ;f- - 'Y L j 't 1.1o

:-_ u

11. 7 7 / _A L j 't 1J'o

Picture B B

2 . !6 t: r!T 'l'' 't 1.1'o

yp 1 ., , , .:;,

' 6 . J.... IJ> f: \ .Z, 1:f. t\.; "'('' \ \ j T1J'o

if T

t 7 . 0 A. LL t < -- j 't 1.1 ' a

if J? J:

8 . J: < 1 L j T 1.i ' o

L ::: I:

9. -l. t: J: < m 1.1"N: j i' 1.1 ' o

- j ) "J pi.

C.

Make a guess about the following things, using -C:JGtl ' * 9 .

.,

1.

the weather tomorrow

2 . the next test

3. what your classmates will do tomorrow

(!'0 .>( J7 U -<!"fv(d: It u L ' c -::> L" L ' * u t

A. Report what the following people said, using - C: = -::> <: L '* u t .:.
I

L. \tJ'

L.\

SJ

A : + J1 t;;t Jt L 'v , g "?

.: A-.If"? \ '"ti' \'

--c ,. , ;i L t o
J1

;;( 7 1) -

Ex.

IJ: Jt

L ,. ' "'C'' T o

2. It L t t;;t fl: ,. ' tr: L :i T o

ti t

4 . ;t - t. A. 7 1 tr: L "'C '- ' :i To

5 . B X .0 t;;tJt.-w "'C'' T o
l:: "i

6 . B .0 t;;t #:fJf ; { J:. + --c' T o

lr.h d t.:d "f

L A- -tt-:>

8.

j: tr: L
li .:c ( i. ,_
\

:_

!.t -

;i % .0 o

t; =

B.

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Take notes and report to the class later, using - C: = -::> ""CL\* ut .:.
I

1 . 11!* IJ:1PJ tr: L :i T IJ' o

Ln>1.1 -? !:

3. 8 /.f. (!) Jx. t / 8 /.f. (!) t;;t - .0 A_ "f:' T ;, o

1 : lllv 1:: t 1: llh.ti < : :. n :

4.

.0 A._IJ {t --c' T IJ ' o

J"

0 /\(fcJ: {., \ c < t ts. l. \

t.:.

What would you say when you want someone . . .

Example:

not to look at your photo

- ..;"' _ I,..

JL '-< ' ""(" <

;...

t '-< :

'o

1. not to speak English 3 . not to come to your house

5.

2. not to call you

4.

not to go

not to smoke

6 . not to sleep in class 8 . not to stare at you 10. not to be late

7 . not to forget 9. not to start the class yet 11 . not to erase the blackboard yet
( :: < !ilv )

f@ m 9 cr.xfj':r=cr c91J'
l'(fvJ:.? 9

A.

Tell what Mary is good/poor at, using ...t-=Fc9 or ""F-=Fc9.

L.;J;5 "' " t::

6J

Example:

tennis {good) ;< 7 1)

-

:: lv tj: T .=. A iJ J:. -t- "('' T 0 '

t:"i -r

swimming {poor) 7 1)
-

1v tJ: it < 0 ;- r -t- --c -to t

J:
"' f :

1. French (good) 3 . cooking (good)

5.

2 . video games (poor)

-! .

making sushi (poor)

speaking Japanese {good)

6 . taking pictures (good) 8 . eating with cho Qsticks {good)

Oct l- l')

7 . driving a car {good) 9. writing love letters (good)

( 7 7'v 7' -)

B.

Pair Work-Ask i f your partner likes to do the following activities.

Example:

studying
A : Jfa5 T r7J i7"1f --c--t no
-<A.. :. ;

-t

B : Lt " ' 1-f --c -t / ::k.. 1-f ""C:'T o

-t
to ' '

-t

" ' " ' .:{. , 1. eating 4 . doing shopping

G " ' "C"T/ ::k G "' ""C:'To

f \' :

2 . sleeping
5.

3. singing 6 . stu dy i ng Japanese

9.

playing sports

7.
*

doing cleaning

8 . doing laundry 1 1 . driving a car

cooking

10. taking a bath

12. washing a car

T

If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use -9.f --c t G \, ' --c t ;! -It lvo

@ tttt.i"'i =t: "A A c97J'

ulv

A . Use the table below an d answer the q uestions.

Example:

ED

Q : t n 1J i 1 .: 1) 7-.A. --c -t no : '

A
h.Z. ::

o1

" r -

t: A-

v n i 1 .: lJ :A A. --e-t 0 .
t:A-

1 . t n n tOOA. --c -t bo = (
t: A-

2 . t n n{#:t! -t :6 c1> 1J{J:.-=t --c -t n o =

ry r i ry l:l'i -r

3 . t nn .... \ --:J t (always) :

4 . t n n{.:y_ =
I 'J

r
-t

L l < !:" i

t: 'X i:"""'- l -t bo
f :

L L t:. h'o

5 . t= n n {*-.b{f c-- -t no
Robert Mary Sue Takeshi British American Korean Japanese

is good at cooking

cooks often

is good at skiing is good at singing is good at sw1mmmg

does not cook had a date last weekend

cooks sometimes

always eats at had a date last weekend cafeteria

II

went to Okinawa doesn't like last weekend cats likes dogs

went to Tokyo last weekend

likes cats
doesn't like cats

B.

Pair Work-Use t he table a bove an d ask your partner questions w it h tttt1i.

@ *' iCJ=t u*ttlv c ut=.

v-s*-=> tc:r:.

A . You went to a party but did nothing there. M a ke sentences using t he cues. ED
Example:
1

:. 7 1 - t :. {t L f b" ... (eat)

,,

- 7 1 - t :. D" L t:. n,., M t "" lv --c L t:. o

'\

. :

t:.

1 . - 7 1 - t :. q L f b { ... (drink) :.
,,

2 . 7J 7 ::t ?- b{ j/; L f:. b{ ... (sing)

3 . 7 v t n ,- && ry L t IJ ,., (watch) :.

4. 7J /. 7

--::> i: l.r \
;,
,,

L t:. b{ ... (take)

5. I'P h. lv t :. % " \ L f: ;... (talk) :. 6. - 7 1 - t :. :ft L t b,., (do)

B.

Answer the following questions.

Example:

0 : 0) -J O) lljt ='- lj: h., U:fPJ :0 11 .i L t;: t;o

.::k :: . : .

-;. (

A : U \ \ , A F U f ''/ T 1 (spaghetti) 11 .i L t: o
-? (

\ \ \ \ ;{. , M t 11 .t -tt ,Z, r L t;: o

:: . : -? (

1 . t , fPJ t;""" .t L t: t; o
;;.: . : i. :

2 . 0) -} , fPJ1; \ \ ,i L f fJ ' o :
t;::: lr

3 . 0) -} , T v t:' e (on TV) 1PJ 1; Jl .t L f :O'o :

;:... : ;z.

4. 4'-' fPJ 1; \ \
\ ' .t

t;: ! :

.t -r 1; 0

5.

Li!-?

lm*, M :O L :t '"t :Ou

t. .: t;: . :

6 . 1!*, fPJ 1; 5 L .i T :O o
L i .! -? --<4 1

* c6fJO)
A.

:tl.fvlJtP?

I nterview one of your classmates about any future plans and report to the class.

Example:

A - h., tj: 3R 'J 7 Jv ""fT

\ , h .{. \\

< % -? "C \ ' .i L t:

"

B.

Pair Work/Group Work-You are planning a party. Decide on the following points and fill in the chart.

\ \ --? --c----r i:J

-- ;:: --c L

.t T :O
1

- ,4., t:i. / " - 7

1 : ..
u

- -r- '"t :0

fPI -? --c \ ' .t T t; .

t.:' ;h,1;"* .t -t :O

C.

Class Activity-Find someone who . . .

1. likes to study Japanese 2 . hates to do cleaning 3 . likes to sing 4 . is poor at driving 5. whose mother is good at cooking

D.

Pair Work-A and B are making plans for a one-day trip with two other friends C and D. A knows C's schedule and B knows D's schedule. Play the roles of A and B. Discuss your own and your friend's schedules using -C:= -:::> "L L '* t.
L\

and find out which days all four of you are available.

B : '-' ' '-' ' ;{. ,

bt.:l !:

j{ .- , t:ft To \\
lr L

l:t:>-i(! o : ::,

f-/\.. E LL
i.. ' ;:

C:'' "J --c- T n'o

h

A : :ift. tL M t L -tt lvo --e t , C lv n { Jt t:ft < c: g -?

\\
\\

"C

'. \ j L

f::. o
t JiJ

B : .<C "3 't'' T i.l'o

Student A A's schedule

16 23 1 7

24

18 25

19 26

20

21

22

study
27

quiz
28

party
2

part-time job

C told A that he would . . . 18th: go to see

a

movie

24th: meet friends 26th: go to Osaka to have fun

Student B B's schedule

16

17
\York

18 25

19 26

20 27

21 28

shopping

22
tennis

23

24

29
work

D told B that she would . . . 19th: do a part-time job 27th: go to eat Japanese cuisine 28th: go to Kyoto to see temples

(M9il I

tJ\13\=0:_ Kab uki

D
.a

..............................

(!)
2 3 4 5 6

Mary and Takeshi are talking.

1 t tt L

_)( 7 1)

_)( 7 1) - ,Z, U: h h"f "'C'' T h ' o

-t

h "'('' T h ' o ;b l ry 0 ry .i -tt ,z,o "'('' t t g -? "'( 1.- \ j: L f o -h ..)

'

DJ

, _ r ,z, t.l }; .

L 'h -h -?

t tt L :

c:')-t:JJ 1 .:: .tx t f

.): {: J. \ '

_)(

J 1) - :

i_ i_ , -f7.Jo . \ --J "'('' T -h ' o 1,

..,

G -? t -h ' G , JL t : :ft .i -tt ,z, h' o

h. \\

t tt L :

*-Hi a "'C'' T o + .:: * -h G -e9 a:f .i

i, <

J: i U'

l:od !:

L:

.1:

L:

"'C'' "'C'" T o

{[)
1 .;
2 3 4 5 6

During intermission at a Kabuki theater.

7 1)

n " \ "'( L
e U' l::.

t tlo

t tt L :

ill "'C " \ :G A. t.l h. ,z,

!lJ\., 1::.

5fJ c:')A. "'C'T J:

:-;:: ::
v' ::.

_)( 7 1) - :
f tt L :

:4'- --('' T -h ' o

1

i_ i_ o

.: 'h "'('' ,
t o

t J

_)( 7 1} - :
t tt L :

; ..

.:'' l j: ,{, 1z l L f -h ' o :

i :.

l,. \ 1,. \ i_ , l f 1z "'( \. \ .f -tl:- /v o 2' t ib , Ji " \ t : .ft .i L J: -5 o

lr \'

@
1

At a concession stand.

t tt L :

T h. .i -tt !vo J::; 4f- 3 .:: --J < t " \ 0 3.

--:,;(, ::_

.;. t

h-It

,1i c:')A. :
(t l::.

.:: {-.'\.. a fl3 "'C'' To

!: -ICJ(.,!.i-;:o(i<'('( ;t l(,

-- -)

J6 0 h "

.: - ,. \ l L t o

Takeshi: Iarr, do you like Kabuki? Mary: Kabuki? I don't knO\Y it well. But Robert said it was interesting. Takeshi: I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it? Mary: Sure. When is it? Takeshi: On Thursday. From 12:00 to 16:00.

CD
Mary: It was beautiful. Takeshi: The people who appear are all men. Mary: Really? Takeshi: Yes. By the way, did you already eat lunch? Mary: No, I ha,en't eaten it yet. Takeshi: Then, shall we go to buy it?

Takeshi: Excuse me. Two box lunches, please. Vendor: Here they are. Takeshi: And then, one tea and one coffee. Vendor: That is 2,800 yen. Thank you very much.

V No
u n s

a
" \ " \T

I. \ " \ .: I. \ .;

good child color boxed lunch spa; hot spring Kabuki; traditional Japanese theatrical art guitar

}; -#- a lllll. 7. *-

j:.; "'( ,Z, (:: '? }; ,Z, -tt ,Z,

f.J-:. v)

;f" :7 -

< T ry < -t ry O) <t' < '- ,z,

.....

1k<t' ;_t:

medicine to take medicine concert near future essay; composition exam Shinkansen; "Bullet Train" ski

::1 / -tj- - .: ,z, c:

11:x
.jt

L It ,Z, L ,Z, h ,Z, -tt ,Z,

-tt ,z, t t" --:?

Jtt JR

.A -{-

t ,z, .:-::.
1::0 7 /

7\:.
'" -i:Ji Jf!.t;o

last month word; vocabulary piano

71 .1 7 L\

m
e c

illness; sickness

}; " \

d i

v e

-t I. \ :;JF I.
\ ,-W- I. \ ;f.X L v \ 8 \, \ ;G I. \
e c

blue red black lonely white young

I; I. \ < .; I. \
U Lv\ ' L .; " \ h h ' l. \

f - a d j c;J:
u
- v e r

v e

1, \ t h ( t: )

j;f.,

mean -spirited

}; c:- }; ;b

m
;f. ;b

to dance (something) ends

( '"'-' h ")

Words that appear in the dialogue

t : lv 1; { lJ: L V' <

*

A.. t;:

to be popular (something) begins piano)

i:l
w<

( ,...___ 1;:)

to play (a string instrument or to get (from somebody)

t G7

(person

t:

thing )

R u - v e r b s

}; ti' :Z ;
*

to memorize

"('' ;

(1) to appear; to attend

(2) to exit

( '""'"" t:)

( '""'"" )

r r e g u l a r

V e r b s

7 lv C:'' 7 -t

t/7-t ; 1& -t
a n d O t h e r

to do physical exercises to take a walk

lv t !'-t

A d v e r b s

E x p r e s s
from . . . by all means by the way all already

o n s

* * * *

-1f U' .:: .; "('' )j. /v 1;t. t 7

m

N u
* *

b e r s

(used to count small items)

U' C: -.J
.). t: -_:)

- -? .:::.. -? ;.. -? lffi -.J Ji -.J "f:;. -.J -t -.J

/\.. -_:)

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

)j. -;> -.J J: -:> -?

\ \ -_:) -_:)

t: -:> -? i;t. i;t. -.J -'<:'> -:> -? :. (J) -? };

fl.. -? +

Past Tense Short Forms

We will now continue the discussion on short forms, which we started in the last lesson. Here we will learn the past tense paradigm of short forms.

Past tense, affirmative verbs:

compare with:

fvc &:

l, \-adjectives: t -adjectives: c:
noun +

1J'bl \.k} =. f1J't V' ll'<ttL1-

cg:

t =-

Past tense, negative verbs:

c:J:(., \ * f &:

l, \-adjectives:
t c:J:-adjectives: noun +

1J'bl' < t c: 'D1J' L/ f.> t c: (., \ '

V

c9:

ll'<ttL1

L/ f.> f c:J: (., \

Below is a brief discussion on the formation of past tense short forms.

Verbs in the affirmative (a above)

replace L:' fc in te-forms with

t!t =.

l, \-adjectives in the affirmative, and all categories in the negative (b above) 7

replace the final l, \ with

1J' ""::) t t -:> t =.

f c:J:-adjectives and noun +

c g

in the affirmative (c above)

replace

t =.

in the present tense short forms with

The two irregularities that we noted earlier are observed here once again. They are:

,,

,,

Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense forms, which we discussed in Lesson 8.

1 See -F. -? -r in Lesson 6. See J: 1.1-? t -r -t, J: < .i -1t h-. and J: < i -1t h- -r L t in Lesson 5. : : ,,

In represented, or quoted, speech

A - lv tJ:,

Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school.

..: .; ..: 1

;fX 0 8'f &>'J h"tl f.J t "'C " \ t:: C:: --? "'C " \ ;!
t:

\\

Lf o ::

In casual conversations

BJt _::'' tJ: lv ' fz t ? ::

Have dinner yet?
!.!"At ,

Note that in J apanese the tense of the original utterance is preserved when it is reported. If you are reporting somebody's utterance in which the present tense is used, you must also use the present tense inside the quote. Thus, if your friend Sue said ,
!i

5! L "C " ' l -t, using the present tense, your report will be:
.: ,! A, ,:_ ......::h,.. :.. .;-1 l\

''!

8
1:

llh-

;f.
::

-.:,(_

Sue said that she was studying Japanese.

Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives

e ;f.
l.lh-

The short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns, much like adj ectives can. In the example below, the phrase ;b f a qualifier for the noun
h' ( -\t \ ' 2

.::

tit lv "C'' " ' -!> (reading a book over there) is used as
J:

*- j:_ .

I -t-

.::

i The student who is reading a book over there is Michiko.

""C'' * ie lv "'C'' " \ ; I t tJ: .;; -t

l.lh-

l r ( -\t l '

.::

lv "{'' 'to

The following table shows various forms of noun qualification. The phrases in the boxes qualify the noun A. (person) to their right. Example
U' l:

i is a straightforward adjectival 7), example

example. Example 2 contains a phrase describing a person's attribute (Lesson

3 has a verb in the short form (Lesson 8), and example 4 has a t:J: -adjective, which is
relational (Lesson

5).

2 A qualifying phrase like this, "-hich has a sentence-like structure of its own, is technically known as a
"relative clause."

1. 2. 3. 4.

ls=b u-3t. 'I lt:J' l. \j I661:J'tlfa:1J'It"L l. \I lrait.i'*t I J:

tJ ' T.J.fJ< fj;: "t

A
v-c

A
v-c v-c

A
v-c

I I a person lwho has long hair l a person I who wears glasse S! a person I who likes catsI
a person who is interesting

""

""

adjectives and verbs used as qualifiers

noun

Here are more examples of verbs used in descriptions of people.

I &iJ ;c = e 2F Jt * --::> --c \

L '(> L h1:::

I A.
l.J'I:.

( tj t n e -t;; )

(Who is) the person taking pictures over there?

l4it E 11. T I A.
j \ ' I C 7 h, l:. "l
(J- 1:::

( lj lf,Z, - T ) Jt
0

People who do physical exercises every day (are healthy.)

l t t.f' = o&;b iJ: \ \J A (h{f -c--to )

f 11'1::: .,

(I like) people who do not smoke.

I* if A::k L t I :tz. t i?
J:
tJ A, I t -:> ::: A,

1::: t

C h G -t- IJ'h :;ifci L t o ) ;;{

'{

:<

( letter came from) a friend who got married last year. A

Consider first the following pair of sentences in English. Zelda has lost her key. Zelda lost her key. These two sentences present the same fact, Zelda losing her key, in different ways. The first "present perfect" example describes the event as something that is connected with the present: hearing the sentence, one will understand that Zelda is still without her key. On the other hand, the second "simple past" example describes the event as something that is independent of the situation at the present moment; we do not know whether Zelda is still looking for her key or has later retrieved it. In Japanese, past tense forms do double duty on the affirmative end of polarity, but the past tense and the --c " \ construction share the work on the negative end. Thus in the

affirmative, the past tense is used both with words like r7) ") (disconnected from the present) and t ") ("already," connected with the present).

bt,L

{l dJ: <1> -J m L i L t o
L ><t.:' '

and

bt,L

{z, tJ: t -J m L i L t o
L "'<t.:'

I did the homework yesterday.

I have already done the homework.

'

With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like r7) ") , but
"C
"'

is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet").

bt,L

{Z, lJ: <?:> -) m L i -tt e L t o

L"'<tl' '

and

bt,L

1z, tJ: i t.:- m L '{

Ltp<t.:"''

"' ,

i -tt 0

I did not do the homework yesterday.

I have not done the homework yet.

have not . . . yet

This use of "C " ' can be found both with verbs describing changes and with verbs describing activities, as defined in Lesson 7.

7-.. - tJ: i t_:- '{ '-' ' i -tt o

Sue has not woken up yet.
h

(change)

bt,L

_: {Z, lj: i t ' J?t- :::.tj: '{ 1, \ i -tt 0

(} ; f c

(activity)

I haven't eaten lunch yet.

0
.ht.:L > ::.

-1J'b

We learned in Lesson 6 that -h' added to a sentence means "because."

{z, lJ: :13 :::.- lJ: i -tt '{ L t o J't L h "? t '{--t h G o
t .:
l \_,;.-

I didn 't have breakfast. ( Because) I was busy.

In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements them selves, rather than adding them as separate sentences. You can simply transpose the "explanation+ -h' t::, " sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is offered. (explanation) 1J' 6, (situation)0
= =

(situation), because (explanation). (explanation), therefore, (situation).

<b L f .1;" <b 1; ' 1 t.i H)tffa1 .:

l It bt:l
.: li"'iv

I will stud this evening because we will have an exam tomorrow. y ( = We will have an exam tomorrow, therefore, I will study this evening.)

.ti

L .i T

1f-t; -? f t; , tl:: t; 't .i 1v --c-- L f.: o .: -

We didn 't go out,' because it was cold.

( = It was cold, theref ore, I didn 't go out.)

Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more closely than that of a "because" clause in English.

Before the conjunction t; , you find both the long and short forms. Thus the t; clauses in the above examples can be rewritten as .
3

L t:::. ;\1;{ .;!: -t h and '*- h ' -:> f:::. e -t h

L llA. t:

The long form before -h' i s more polite, and is frequently found in request and

suggestion sentences.

1J ..) 0 -w 1f 1J" <b ry .i T 1J

:0 "?
.i:

Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets.

"'

-*-li t: t: 1t .i L .., L
.t h. \'

.t 1

3The long form before h' i.:J is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, however. Thus it is inappropriate to say: X
{;

'*- h ' '? t "'C Th i.:J , ::l h lt t.ih'? f o ::. ' ::.

CD Short Forms
A. Verbs

Past

6)
-

(a) Change the following verbs into the past affirmatives.

Example:
1 . t; -t 5 . \, \ <
9.

7? <

7? \, \ f ::
3 . -t
7. 4.

2 . L t.:l
, ,, 6 . ib "(- ,.,) .

7? tt ;

"'::) < ;

8 . -+1: 1v t < -t ; ::
1 2 . _i "':) 16. "'(' ;

ib J

10 .

< ;

11. v < 15. f.; c: ;

1 3 . \, \ "(- <

14. t J

(b) Change the following verbs into the past negatives.

Example:
1 . .l:J. ; 5 . t; < 9 . ib J

7? <

:: 7? 7? 7? "'? t
4.

2 . -t --c ; 3 . -t V (to throw away) 6 . t ; t .i 6 7 . "'::) < ;

l? tt ;

8 . -+1: lv t < -t ; ::
12 . J lv C:'' J -t ; 16. -t

10.

< ;

1 1 . \, \ J 15. 7? ;t '6

13. }; ti" i. 6

14 . J t:: J

B. Adjectives and Nouns

@)
-

(a) Change the following into the past affirmatives.

Example:

t IJ \, \ ::
tt' lv

t 7? 7? "'? t:: ::

tt' lv t::. "'? f::

IJ- < {}: \, \ t:: "'? t ::
3 . ib I) \, \
7.

7?{ < {}: \, \

1 . 11> J &>} I. \ 5 . 7:J. t I) \, \ 9 . \, \ \, \ "'( lv

2 . Jb &ry 6.

4 . l?b \, \ \, \

L lv -+1: "'::)

T" \

8 . ;h, l. \
12. b. ' \, \

10 . 7? "'? = \, \ \, \

1 1 . 'lf' L " '

(b) Change the following into the past negatives.

Example:

::. t n' '- ' f lv i;t 1,)>' < -lt \ \

::. ::. t n' < t:J. n ' "':) t ::. f 1v t -f-> t:J. n' "':) t n" < -lt '- ' t

::. i:I. n' ':) t

4. n - b , , , , 8 . L fn t:I.

1 . \, \ t b .; i;t

2 . (f J:. ")
6 . lv t:J.

3 . b f.J \, \ 7 . }:; '.- \

5 . t:J. n " '- '

9. \. \ \. \ "( lv

10. n "':)

.: '-' ' '-' '

1 1 . }:; t L JS '- '

12. Zf' L , ,

@ Informal Speech
A. Using the cues below, make questions about yesterday in informal speech. How do you answer those questions?

@)
h

Example:

T v e: JL .;
h

::. a : -? 7 -v e: Jt t ?
A

: -7 lv ... JL t 0 / -7 -7 1v ... JL t:J. n' "':) t 0 ::. ::.

71h

1.
2.

t -lf 1z .;

1& * 1"
A- I!'
1::

t:

3 . ti:'/.f.. 1t .; 4. -? -t? twl*i' .;

5 . -7 i? "("#l.t i' .;
l .; -<

i L r.lv

li.l.t:

lr

')

6 . ::. t i? t : % ") 7 . ljt jt ;t .;

t; A.. :::
lr-, ::.

1:: !,

8 . * :iX t : * .;
9. t = n- tt .;
'J (
lr -c (

i;ll'

10 . :1 / t .:1.
I. \

-;:A,.

J.,

:7

1t ")
-:>h

11 . 1'-# t ")
12. lQi Zf' t:;ff <
i> i

14 . .::;- 1

.::z, ::

cm .;
:-; ?:"

B.

Make questions about childhood in informal speech. How do you answer those questions?

BJ

Exa m pl e :

1. l; b \. \ \. \

3 . 1.7{ 'v \ 1:.

-li" f :lr

4 . JtzHi 1.7""t
6 . Zl l '-' \ 8 . A - 'J 1.7{ t
-t "'A.. -" t 1 -t l:l1 -r

5 . A ,;f- - 1.7 ""J:-=}

7 . L 'v \
t '7> c L<t.:'

9 . !@1Ji G "' \ ' 11. 1t. t ;;t fJ:W

-li"A.. -li" t L A.. -<t-:>

12. 'v \ c b 6

(!) Jt3KtC. ::> t C: JEt L ' * 9

1-Jlv <15'1:,

A.

Make a guess about the childhoods of the people below.

BJ

Example:

lf,Z, :.

5t "'(" L t 1.7' o ::. Q '

.:: O).J.... tj-f-1 0) Wf , j[. '"(

IfA.. :; t

"

L f 1J'o ::.

t;;J: '-' \ , 5t t:: --? t::. ; '-' \ j i' o

(a)

? t' :rt-(::::>t,\"L (about Madonna)

1. n "' \ ""C' L t ; 0 ::. 2 . '-' \ C b 6 --c-- L t il " o ::.

3 . 1.7 {J: -=t --c-- L t::. il o
? tc l:Ji f

6.

7 . -t'-\:t '"( 'v \ l L f::. 1J " o

8 . l:::o J / 1 l L f 1J ' o J ::. 9. J: <
1.t

1)7.

1?". 1; --::1 t::. '"'C'' i' 1;

( 7,

jfg1! L

::. j L t il'o

(b) B*g0)$tl:-::> t. H: (about your Japanese teacher)

t;:: li<lv 2 ttA;tt l\

1.

h ;b l.- \ iJ' -::> f "('' T h ' o ::.

_;.

2 . #:7Jif "('' L f h ' o ::.

IJ'? ::_ 1

"t

3 . A --::> "C .- \ .i L t h ' o ::.

5.

4.

::. 1.- \ t b "('' L f h'o

1:,{, "'

::. J: < iQt(J' j: L f h'o

id :

6 . A3\ h { Ji; .i L t h' o ::.

B. Choose one classmate and guess what they were l i ke as a child using the following characteristics. Example:
1 . \,- \ 1, \ -f
i>t --+

1;>'1.- \ .- \

::. o -' ,- _ r lv L-t-1 0 at , 7Ji J: h --::> t C:: . ,- \ .i To t:l ;.; t .: t <:: :. 2 . jt

lfl .0 v

3 . h{ ... \ /1!& \ l<.

-It

t "IJ

u<

4 . h"-& ... \/ j ... \ Jl.

IJh '.J:IJ' ht:IJ

5.

J't L .- \

6 . V' .i 9 . #: h"t
iJ ' ? .: i

-Tf:tO)Biailv t c
;: c't. e: e5-t-

== -:>
L'

"L l. ' * u t ::.

l\

A.

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions about his/her chi ldhood and report to the class using - e: = :)L:'l. '* v t . .:: Example: 1.- \ t b "('' L t h o ::.
--+

A : -t 1 0 at , .- \ t b "C'' L t::. h' o

.: -t :.

: tj .- \ , .- \ t b --c,- L t: o
: t: t t:

A : B lv U , -t-1 0 at 1.- \ t b t::.' --::> t C:: g --::> "C .- \ .i L t o : :

1 . #: iJ>'f "('' L f h'o :

IJ ' -, :2 i

"t

4.

h' b ... \ h ' --::> t "('' -t h ... 0 :

6 . J: < 1PJ ?: L .i L t h, o :

B. What would these people say/have said? Make up your own q uote for the following people. Example:
Y :1.

r; Jv '/ ..I. -f, ''J 7f- U ,

::. ::. Cl) -) t < lv L t C:: g --::> "( 1.- \ .i L t o ::.

") .{,. - ., \\

t < .0 if L j: L t
C1) '7
-i A.- o:' -i

-f1 (/) *
.: 1::' L o:

(4) J: ([my] mother)

!.! !.:!

(5) 8 * 0) Jt:j:_
t : l i A- .:

"' ' '

7t: J1
A-It""?

ttC0* .: -; .: -;
lo:

f! \ ' h ' (

* (/) *
1o: '

0 <YJt.i'tJ1J'ltL" L ' A "C'9

ve:

A.

Look at the picture below and answer the questions.

Example:

fB tP .0
f ':tlr :

a : m .P .0 lJ: t::.'' (I) A. "'C'' T IJ 'o

. t::. .J h

A : .YJIJitJ. IJ - t "( 'v \ A. "('' To

u o:

L 7,

- En \ v - -t- - "( 1, \ A. "('' T o

1! 1o:

l . o/ # ,0
t:. lrt i, '

2 . J.L D /v
-l".t ('t ,

3. Jf;;ft t\.;
<1J t i, :

4 . ,0
L 1)

5 . :k.JI] t\._,
hhlrb

6 . ;;f. t\._,
-ti' :.

. t t;, :

4' #

.1 ( i:>

B.

Pair Wor k-One of you looks at picture A below an d the other loo ks at picture
B (p. 188). Ask each other questions an d i dentify all the people in the picture.

B : 7 v c' JL "C '- \ A. --c-- -t o

h u

Picture A

Ask which of the people are the following: 1 . t::. 7:J 7 2 . J: 7 ::: 3 . t:: l. \ -t t1 '

4 . J: 7 :::

C. Class Activity-Desc ri be your classmates . The class is divi de d into two groups, A an d B. Each mem ber of group A acts out someth ing an d freezes i n the mi ddle of doing so. Members of group B answer the teacher's questions, using
-C:l- \-@A c9.
V'c

Take turns when finishe d.

Stu dent : il. L "( '- \ A. "'C i" o

< =!> !
-; ..c -.: ..c r. : n

@ *tI\ L"L '*ttfv

t=.

A. Answer the following questions using *f - "Ll-' *itfv. O::

8)

A
:

'- \ '- \ .Z ,

l t::' 1z""'- "C '- \ l -lt o

t :.

1 . t 7 W if f' '- \ ;:! L t::. h'o

,: ? .
__

lr

2 . t 7 fer*! L 1 L t 7? ' o ::.

l.,( f.:"''

3 . t 7 1'Fx ;:! L t h'o ::.

( .;:..c lr

4.

t -7 h i L f 1J, o :
<"try
'fl

5 . t -) B .:. U: 10 't "" i L t: 1; 0 )t

f.f.(.
T

6 . t -J fr L '- \ Jf- % .Z i L f IJ o :
;, r ;, t A :: i-;1

B.

Pair Work-Ask if your partner has done . . . yet.

Example:

; 't""
---7 < .(.
. ..

A
8

: t -) ; 1<:"" i L f h'o
' A...

t :

,Z ,Z ,

t 'J 1z"" i L f o / 1. \ I. \ ,Z , ;i f : ;:'1z"" '{ l. \ ;i -lf" /0o

t:
t

1. 2.

Jf t : *

lit-*. t : A.
J.;A.,..;tA,.. t:.,.., ,,. !l\\

LA-hA--Il-A-

'fl

3. + (Lesson 10) Jt t;
4.

1;' ...) : Jt t : .fT <

,;.
' '

5.

------

JL
h

(a name of newly released movie)

6.

-------

(a name of newly released

CD)

, < Jt t.'
l

7.

------

(a name of current best-selling novel)

@ t.i'L \ L \7J' 6 , ia!Ut:1"T-cr * 9

"Liv <?.> 1.,\

A. Match up the phrases to make sense.

2.

.IJ>'.b ""? t 1; :
L ItAI;
ry : .: 'i ''

.fT i -lt /0 1;0

,,

3 . :Otz.fT t : 1t ""? f 1; :
4. 5. ::1 :.-- 1t '( .(. !>

T
l\f

0-w :N -=- tx\ t ""? t: ; !: l \

:. J -i

iz "" i -lt !Co t o:r -. .;.. l J: I o

1;{ J:: < ij: 1; ""? f 1; :

.

ifHl t : 1t i -lt !v ""C' L f o :

l\

6 . 7 7 .A 1J , i 1J'
l.it:

h'-, .: -;

:fX 1* :4 i L f o :
'I'T

B.

Complete the following sentences adding reasons.

1. 2. f.J f.J

G , f) 1; {-tf -lf Ji; 1 -li- 0 '

t>.t:>

G,

a *-* ft?i 7i L i: '- 1 To

\ 1:

flh-

;.

-<h-.'..ri

3.
4.

f.J G , 7\:. 11! ll! ;.tz Li l,!fh' L f.J' --::> t::. i:'' To 'It
.ft.{.loo'i Lw i ? j

f.J

G,

7 * 1*h 1 L t::.
,;.., ;. 'i '(>T

* ccY.>O)**
A.

:tt.lvu?

Role Play-One of you is working at a fast-food restaurant. The other is a customer. Using Dialogue ill as a model, order some food and drinks from the menu below. Be sure to say how many you want.

J \:JJ C-tJ 1 60

. =r-:xH-:n 1 80

7-:t:-:; J C-f j 2 1 0

7 1) i":fJ \-jj ' 240

9'-:J'J vJ C-f i 280

7 'Y :1Jl!J (.{ 1 60

if\ y !-- J- 1:: 1 60

B.

Answer the following questions.

1 . t. 7 / 1 .i T n ' o li! o
., "

2..

;f. 7' - 1 < o:> il , ...t + r- 't il o li! .

:.t t:.d

1'

3 . m o:> n"'-stt --c -t n 0

n t' -r

4 . m O) BL J: < 1k h .i T il'o
U' i ! :1:::

!<

(Tn

..:. rr -

6.

l:f- 0:> 8 (birthday) t :: M n t G " ' .i L t il 'o

:. J hh.

t :A.L!i :;':. . : :

c.: : :

t n t :: M t G " ' .i L t.: il'o

7.

8 , '7 7 .A. tj1PJ"* t :: -k .i ry .i L f.: il 'o 1iiJ Bt t ::f.h ry .i T il 'o

:. .!: i h. t: l.l t:
"l v

t:

8 . _:k.il{itf --c -t n'o

t'

g.

-t1 o:> * , J: < 'iR. t t? c: i2l u .i L t n' 0 .:

.: 1::' 1, 1:::

!-

1:::

h 'i:

1 0 . c:lv o:> v - -t - # -? "C " ' .i T il ' o

\ \ ;;,

"
\

1 1 . J.t <?) . tj: L

.:..:. ::

L ilh,

ti'a :

c:

nt

I " \ .i Til' 0
, :.{,
=

12 . .:b t <?) 00 --c t;t' .:

( :: \ , 7, T

t:'' lv A ;f - './ il"' J.... ]j { .:b ry .i T I; 0

1 3 . C:'' /v h"'itf "(' T h ' o

Pair Work

(!) B. =======
J: L .::

Example:

A : J: B :

L .:: lv t.i c:'' 0A. --c-- -tt;o

(/' o h (/'

-r v l::'' f Jt "'C " ' ; A. "'C' T

Picture B Ask which of the

people are the following:

1 . \1J t::. IJ
2.

t .-p /v

3. t; .:: 4 . ;{_

o r s

There are two kinds of words for colors.

Group 1 : L \-adjectives

- "
( ,., ;, lr

-------

black

8 I, \ ------- white
L 7:>
.i? f;

1, \ ------- red }it \ \, \ ------ yellow \ 1,

These words become nouns without the

-'ij- 'v

\ ------

blue

Jt.. \@. 1, \ ------- brown ) .... , f

" '

red bag I like red the best.

Group 2: nouns

-">rry

* / 7-- 'J
Li \ ' \ .:;

/ ---- green

t..:, "' -r' ' "'

purple light blue gold

!k @. / 7 v - ---- gray
t:

Jj(.

/ 7 ----- pink

/ :"i - Jv F
:- h. < ' 1,

j @. / Jl// .;; ---- silver ,_, \ , ,

There words need in order to make noun phrases.

hi::'')

*/ 7'' !) - / 0 -1:: - .Y -

green sweater

Here are some words related to colors.

ff 'h-t " ' e -t Po

lri; h i? L 7:> ( 7:>

You look pale: black and white picture

8 ., 0 Ji

L -\'> L h. "' h.l.f-:>

;1. 7 'J - lv t. M --e -t o

Mary has blonde hair.

...........................

1oj

Wi nter Vacation Plans

(D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Winter vacation is approaching.

:;( 7 1} -

t:

*\

.i L f tlo ::.
_;.V!l"\'>-t

t tt L : ::.
:;( 7 1) - :

i... i... o :;( 7 1) - lv , 1*h l. <:::'' -J L .i T IJ 'o

(

1.>.{. .:

' 00 IJ> {:; 5 t : .ff \ -:::> t "'f' T IJ ,

" lhlv f
'

.i f:3.' 5jt(/) I, \ .i
:.

-\t lvo

t tt L : ::.
:;( 7 1}
-

" ' " ' ,._, tlo :

h.{. .: ( f l h lv "

00 <::: {:; 5% <::: (:::''-? "t::> Ci) l j, -J IJ i' l, \ I, \ <::: I, \ .i T IJ ' o -) - lv ' {:; 5% Ci) t l -) I; { B I;> I, \ <::: I, \ .i T 0 -- t
4" l. }; " ' L " ' <::: -? " ' .i L f J: o ::.
f lh.{. : ,; :, i; t
L (7) \'

t tt L : ::.

i;

'

A - lv t. 00 Ci) 1Z"'""
1.>.{..: (
t,

:;( 7 1J - :

-t- -J '' T h ' o

\\

<::: :. .; ,- , t tt L lv t. <:::'' :. IJ ' t : 1t .i T h ' o ::.

,,
t.rh

f tt L : ::.
:;( 7 1 ) - :

<:::'' :. t : t .ff .i -lt lv o }; :%-IJ'- " ' IJ' G , -t- -J '' T h ' o

:. -: t : " ' .i To
1.>

t .. t t L lv t : }; h tt' Jt -? .i ::.

i' J: o

t tt L : ::.

b , IJ> <::: -J o '

(])
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

At a travel agency.

:;( 7 1) - :
'l .t ..:. -;;;:., L '")

*ff%:f.. Ci) A_ : lj l. \ , 1, \ -:::> '' T IJ 'o :;( 7 1) - :

J"t: l:ooi 1:

:; :; :: .>

*.FK IJ G

'/ ? lv .i i:'1t;tl CJ) 7 ,% }; " ' L

U'

.: i

';.

J:

"\'> (

nl.>'

.i T o

-t- .::. J3 -t- :JL a -- i' o

h'?l:obi (
1: '?

*1T %:f.f. Ci) A_ : -T (::: -T1Ci)1f_IJ{ .i T IJ i' . . . . . . o J .: i l l , L " .>' : :: n .: -tf1v .: .: :J-Iv 1} - : :;( 7 -M' Ci) j:-; 1, \ L .i To
.: -';!'.{.
Y.::ir

:Qtz1t%:f.. Ci) A._ : t. l. \0

t}

:;( 7 1)

J:: :: 1 .? \. \ L <' -

!! ?:::

*1t%:f.. Ci) A. : -atM <' G " ' ' -to 'J -! .:. i t;'\. ' L ,.. V ' . ';:, L h 1\.1

Mary: It is getting cold. Takeshi: Yes. Mary, what will you do at winter break? Mary: I am planning to go to Korea or Tai\Yan, but I haYen't decided yet. Takeshi: That's nice. Mary: Which do you think is better, Korea or Tai\Yan? Takeshi: Mm . . Korea. Mary: I see. By the way, are you going somewhere, Takeshi? Takeshi: I won't go anywhere. I don't have money, so I will stay here. Mary: Is that so? Then I'll buy some souvenir for you. Takeshi: Wow, thank you.
.

I think it is warmer in Taiwan. But Sue said that the food was delicious in

Mary: I'd like to reserve a plane ticket from Osaka to Seoul. Travel agent: When is it? Mary: December 19. Travel agent: We haYe a morning flight and an afternoon flight. Mary: A morning flight, please. Can I use a credit card? Travel agent: Yes. Mary: How long does it take to Seoul? Travel agent: About one hour.

'-----

c
{ j(

-----

N o u n s
;b fall
doctor station

"' ' L -?
- .... ?(

JE :-t! .JZ

}; 1; tJ. t i? 1; };
-{t --?
*

}; t i?
;m

rich person face season credit card this year soccer shirt

*ip
.if-

7 v :; .t n - r .:. L -tj- '/ 7J Yf" / -{t \,

\ 1; --?

it 11!-.ff. :tT} * * JAf lt i fd' ,} JfJ;j( ;;ff A.

life; living world subway

gloves

-{t- 1; \, \ i? 1; "( --?

>

"'( ;; < ;; .:. tJ: / '\ / "/

*

barber's
spring

pants beauty parlor

fligh t

7.f' J:. -) \, \ 10 7.!' 10 ). tJ. 1-P J 11> -) 6>) \, \ t 10

ship ; boat baseball celebrity reservation next semester apple

J:. <
G , ,; -?

t *AA -r

10 ::.: l.\
*

- a

d i

e c t

v e s

;b f::. f::. 1.1 \, \

}; .:C \, \ TT. L " ' --? 6>) t \, \ ::. tJ. t: \, \

11. 1; \, \ \\
1/Y

\\-arm slo\Y; late cool (weather-not used for things) cold (thing/people) sleepy

L \, \

'lit f::. \, \ B \ '

Words that appear in the dialogue

f ct

a d i e

v e r lfi21
easy; simple

; ,

1v t:. 1v c iJ: )

to take (amount of time/ money)

;
* *

(no particle)
to stay (at a hotel, etc.) to become to pay

iJ: ; Li G -7

R u - v e r b
*

&>') ; r r e g u l a r h lv l f'P -? -t ;

5::k: &I) ; V e r b -t ; a n d O t h e r

to decide

to practice

A d v e r b s

E x p r e s s
on foot best or for . . . months

o n s

in . . . time; after . . .

:. (J) :_' h

these days for . . . weeks by (means of transportation); with (a tool) how; by what means which which
,'

f1l

-? IJ' lv

--c-- -) "':) "(

* *

-- t;, G t;, - -?

-- (J) <- G tl lv

how much; how long . . . years (do something) early; fast

l;i <

Comparison

In J apanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncomparative and comparative sen tences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater. " The idea of comparison is expressed by adding something to the nouns that are compared.

0)13: 5 1.)'

B rJ 1 (property)0

A is more (property) than B.

.x.. ;ld:: ;;z

/ v ::z.. 1) - 0 t i -?

n' 7 7 / 7 '

1- 7 ..:ll_ n -? -:: " ' " ' "'C'' T o

Elvis Presley is more hip than Frank Sinatra.

/ '-'- 7 7

;;z

' 7 1 -W / F 0 ti -? n' '7 F / 1- l n' J:.-=t c-- T-o

.; f , L.d f

Barbra Streisand is a better singer than Madonna.

--

You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms.

cBc

c -:> 5 0) 13:5 2fJ''

=

(property) o

Between A and B, which is more (property)?

" ;;z

ltt
L

- -? 1; C1) t i -? IJ>'! " ' -z T-no

Which is cheaper, { going by) bus or {by) train?

In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier

\ \ i?

t.f.Z, i s used.

[(class of items) O) c] A t.N, \ 5 1ct'lv (property)0

=

A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)] .

/ / " o ''/ 7 1

n v - 7 ::z.. r

/ ::::i e1) t:F --c t n n ' " , 1; tJ,Z,nJ::.. -=t t

1.1 1 t :

L J: 1 T

J? t.

; " ,

Between Pavarotti, Carreras, and Domingo, who do you think is the best singer?

1In

real life, the phrases

A .;1) 11 -J :;: and B J:: ry often appear in the reYerse order, making it very easy to

be misled into believing the opposite of what is actually said. Don't rely on the \YOrd order, therefore, to decide which item is claimed to be superior. Listen carefully for the words (?) li 2There are several alternates for

--? -!:;, (?) li -J

-)

:;: and

J:: ry

They are:

-!:;, 0> (1) ti -J , -? -!:;, , and -!:;, 0> . Any one of -? i? .;1)

these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons bet \Yeen two items. -? -!:;, and

li -J are slightly more colloquial than -!:;, 0> and t;, G (?) li -J .

t 1? "l:> lv , / / ' o ; 7 1 n"" ' i? tJ!vh ".:t --c-- -;- 0

Pavarotti is best, naturally.
., ,c

l -r

Note that the words Cl) tl

and - "? t:, are not used in statements of comparison among

3 - ._ :..

three or more items. Kormal question words like t =n. n, and M are used instead.

adjective/noun + (J)
to avoid repetition.

When a noun follows an adj ective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the pronoun 0, "one." You can use
(J)

.bfcl

:fL.- ti, " ' -e - .1 - t -:::> --c " ' T o " ' 0 t t -:::> --c " ' T o
( ;, S ;, ir
-

I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.

C0

-e - .1 -)
=

I went to buy an inexpensive d ictionary, but there were no good ones.

'i> "t

* " '#-. ft.' " ' t : 1t L t o --c- t

lr ''

"

' " ' 0 h Gb

-

-1!- lv --c-- L t o ( 0

=-.)
1: L l

L \-adjective f -adjective d:

} + noun

L\-adjective f -adjective d:

} + 0)

Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced. Here, a sequence of the form "noun1
(J)

noun/' will be reduced to "noun1

(J) . "

You simply omit the second noun.

.: n t.;;t .A - lv 0 h - ti'lv "t" Tn'o

Is this Sue 's ba g?

I, \ I, \ ;{. ' ;c ;h., tj: 7 ') - lv 0

No, that is Mary 's
__.

"(' T o

7 ') jJ 0 7 1 A 7 ') - b 0 t i -) h'' 8 .7.fs;-0-- J: }.; I, \ L I, \ "t''T 0

A merican ice cream is more delicious than Japanese one.
l : l'lh,

noun1

0)---

3The tendency is to use c::n when a list of items i s presented, and to use collectively. Compare:

M when a group is referred to

; :.

ry lv :.: 't.. :4 h lv 'r. :

W hich do you like best,

< G lv tic:>) t:f "( , c:: nh:\ , i? tilv* -c'T h o ,app les,
i
... b ...

tangerines, or cherries?

< f t Ci) Ci) <f' "(, foJ-/)t\ , i? l.flv* "( TiJ'o What f ruit do you like best?
.0:. ; _

'"? t 0 follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning
to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus you are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do.
verb (present, short) +
'"?

t 0 to describe what

"?=fs 0 t;;.
't 6 --:::> t

(I) intend to do . . .

I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.

(ht:L dj ) i}! :u : f= tt ;fl

Lw .: -:> l

L 7 .=. 7-

--c--t o

'(> j L 1 -trlv-tr''

T 7t. tj L t;: :k = *- \ \ --? t --c-t o

t:''h'< ::.

Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.

Jt : 1t
-c

We were planning to visit a temple, but w e didn 't, because the weather was not good.

.,

;<,.

\'

< --? t --c L t tt -, il" J: < il ' --:; t il' G , 1t 1 -tt '1: L t o :: ::. " ::.
-c lv .0
\ '

adjective

f ctQ

The verb 6 means "to become," indicating a change. 1J: 6 follows nouns and both types of adjectives.
(.,\-adjectives: fcl:-adjectives: nouns:

1:::.1:::.
v"Y"

lli 1J' (.,'

-

1:::.1:::.
1.-J'

llit.J'< t J:.Q

to become warm/warmer to become quiet/quieter to become a company employee

Mt1J' (t J:)

Mt1J'{::t J:.Q
l'l'llv'I"Wv

l'l'llv'f>Wv

J: t {;::: t Q

8 *0>fa1i1 L < l L f o ::
Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture bef ore).
r: lllv
:::

--.:v.ot-i

t QJ

8 *0)fa1;6 *J- : l L f o ' ::

ond of studying the Japanese language. I have grown f With "' '-adjectives, the final
\- '
r: 111v

:: :

--.:fv.Oli

-t

is dropped and < is added, as in their negative conjuga

tions. A common mistake is to expand the pattern of 7J:-adj ectives and nouns and use 1: with "' ' -adj ectives. It is wrong to say, for example, X B ii' '- ' I : 7J: 6 .
n t:. -- :.

\iVhen a n adjective is used with 1J: 6 , a question arises whether the sentence describes an absolute change (ex. "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any longer") or a relative change (ex. "it has become warmer, but it is still cold"). 1J: sentences are ambiguous i n

isolation. If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the pattern for comparison together with iJ ; .

:J J 1)

:: /v tj'WJ J: 8 ;$-J;>'J:..f- t : j: L f::. o

! !:
LlA.- ::

L.t-> "f

Mary has become better in Japanese than befme.

In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not . . . anything,"
":. :: :

1PJh and 1PJ t . As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question
Jj:l: ..

word for things, M, plus particles 1; and t . Other expressions for "some" and "any" in

Japanese follow this pattern. Thus,

something not anything someone somewhere

! :-

not anyone

t n

not anywhere

t:'' .:

As we noted in Lesson 8, these words are used by themselves, where particles

t;;t, h", or

would be expected. I t is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions interact
with other particles, such as t : , ""' and --e. These particles appear in the places shown with underscores above. Let us look at some examples.

Did you go anywhere?

No, I didn 't go anywhere.

.-

t nn- %- 1. \ j: L t::. n'o t:

Did you see anybody?
;,

\ .- \ x..

t- n- t %- 1. \ j: -{t 1v "{:' L t::. 0 t:

;,

No, I didn 't see anybody.

1PJ n L j: L t n o ::.
Did you do anything?
=

1,. \ \, \ i_ ... 1PJ t L j: -tt !v --c-- L t o ::.

No, I didn 't do anything.
t:

You can use the particle --e with nouns that describe the means of transportation and the instruments you use.

Li L---c- ::.. ti lv 1z""" j: To

f c

We eat our meals with cho sticks. p Let's talk in Japanese.

/ " .A -{" JZ j -{'' 1T 2 j: L f o ' . .:

i_ .:\

y I went to the station b bus.

I saw a movie on TV.

7 v c- --c,- \ JL j: L f o .:
i.. \. \ ;t j h.

U'd:3 l:f'fu

J.JI / - i'
tffu l:: Ulv

Ex p r e

5 5

i o n

N o t e

f1n\

q:iiij C:q=fiO)ffl!1J' H9ti' .. We sometimes use ff and t c at the

end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just said as a given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate the speaker's intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up. By relegating the right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the politeness of one's utterance. In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the table; there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the afternoon. fJ1. attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of asking the obvious question, namely, c 't G iJ) lt ) lt ) "C'"tiJ>, the agent chooses not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an answer immediately.

P
Clv lr\'>

CD (])(5t.i'J\.AJ:: (.. \Cg

l<l:1'>

A . Look at t he pictures below an d answer the following questions.

ED

A Picture (a)

4 L

$ 0) tl 7 n_, "' 7-. J: ry i! '- \ --c -t o

(a)
..::. * M
:-4
l.i

1 . fr#JAt -' " ;z,. t;; G O) t l 7 n' i! '- \ "C'' T n ' o '
L 41r4-lt4

t:

t.>4

1 2 , 000 1 0 , 000 8 , 000

2. fr*f:,fAt - - i? G 0) tl 7 n"i! '- \ "C" T n 'o

L 4t.>4it4 '4 L <>

i; 'i:

3. fr! " " ;z,. -t; G 0) tl 7 h{ '- \ "C" T h'o

' 4. - " " 7-. - i; G O) t 1 7 IJ, . '. \ "('' T n ' o

Cfv L <'
f >l o

L 4<>4 -ll- 4

-r .,

J, (

*M

t: lr4

Picture (b)
5.

-'"-* M
llJ";, t:

t.>4

Jltli };:.&_ * -l
t

6.

..t:,

*t :Jd&.
t

i-> h !- h

- --::> i; O) t 1 7 1J> ;k :;, '. \ "(" T IJ'o '

;.;

h h !'lr

- "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJ->'+ '. \ "('' T IJ'o

;?\'

Picture (c)
7. s.

m -c:f !v m !v "'? i? 0) t 1 7 n' c. ;,- '- \ "C'' TI.l 'o -\!" t lr o r "-'"" "'' J. t ;;
J.

m lv }t;f.. lv - "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJwn "1t '- \ "C' TI.l'o '

t ,

-t i' .:<
!'-

-tt

v- <

9. m -c:f !v }t* !v - --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ' '- \ "C'' T I.l'o '

, b ,

-t -r

b >l

' li 10. m !v }t* lv - --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ' IJ ,. '- \ "C'' T n 'o

-<:. t: -r-r "'
t.>7 .

hl:Jl

( b)

rzA P
;; /)

(c)

m -c:f

}t*
-r-r !'-

:k ll&.

Jlt *
t:

1 , 200 A.

"' i

;1 4 1 : 4

25tl\ \

20tl\ \

35Jl' \

B.

Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner. When you answer the questions, add reasons for your answers, if possible.

---+

A : I -' t;
? i-l'.P -1 ....., .;.p

( 0 ti 7 ) IJt --c--tiJo
-t T

B : I 0 ti 7 iJ ( ?I- 1 0 ) f --c-- -t o

(or i t ?I- t f "{'' "t o / I t ?I- t '. \ "(' 't o )

-?
.i.t'tl

ij.-?

.;.vp

A : -- 7
:? J:

L --c "C'' -t;&a

T

B : i$. <-- 0 1J t --c-- -t;& G o

= b/ \

2. Ji IJ'- ' '- \A._/ 1; -:J .:: '- ' '- 'A (* )
ht::.1 UL U

-t

3. JfJ;i(/ -lj- '/ 7J - (J,.. iJ )

-""'i

! :A,- :.

4.

"'"'i

o/ #l/ 8 *#J (f )
.:

1) l i
I.J-

c:

l.iA.- l i 1)
T

5. G-/ ffitft
.;.r..
-

::

(f )

11. 8 * CI) ?{- / iJ: f .:

1: I.!A..

Cl) Cl)
( 1: .;.11>

( B ;& \ \)
;, : : t ;/ f ' "'fv ::.\ f

; .p

12. 8 * 0 515/ iJ: f.: 0 00 0 iii ( :k or L '- ' )

! :. (!.4.,. *f"\\1)? ( !:.

{t-P/.1"'?

0 *fi*' L' 5 llv L' c9 t.)'

ufv tNv ttfv 1<1:

A.

Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below.
Example:

SJ

0 : .:: 0 o/ "{'' ,

--ih iJ " '- ' t? t .f' A.t \ \ "(' "tiJo

A : Picture (a)

'*1Tf'})t1J " '- ' t; t.f'A.t '- ' "C'' -t

LA.-nA.--ttA.1:.

1.

.::

0 t:P --c-- ,

,- n tJ " .

' i? t.;r tZt i! . , --c-, -t ;

P icture (b)
3. _:: 0 'o/ "{'' , - _:: -IJ { \, \ 't tJ' .Z, ;k \, \ "{'' T -IJ'o

Picture (c)
5. 0) tf' --c ' t n -;, ..., , i? tJ .z- 3e. -;, ..., , --c -r -;- 0
ir : -\!" f lr :

6. 0 >=P --c ' f_:' ;f't-1;{\, \ 'f? t.f' .Z, * \, \ "{' T -IJ'o
t:ir

J.?

7. 0 o/ "{" ,
:lr

B. Answer the following questions.

Example:

1z""4 / 1-f
t :

i, '})

-t
f :

o : 1z ""4 0 >t --c , 1PJ 1J { ..., ' -t t ' .z- 1.1- --c- T 1J, o
S '}) C.. h "1:

-r

A : T L -h ". '- ' 't tJ'.Z,1.f --c -to

T

1. j 4 / 1.f k
tJ) t 0) i"

2. itt ..w. 0 mr / 1.f

4. s *-#J.!/
7.

G '- '
fr" ( -li" \ '

-\!" ,. , '

.1 l;. T

-t

5. i}/1.f
hlvh'(

6. *r/1.f
:. -\!"-::> T
f lr .:;

7 7 A / 'It \ \ \ j:_

8. :; 7 A /3 -1;{ \ \ \e.
11-

9. 7 7 A / t::. ( :: .Z,1z""
f :

C.

G roup Wo rk-Make a group of three or four people. As k each other questions an d make as many superlative sentences as possible about the g roup.
Example: 0 o/ i:',
-:..,;

A :: .Z, -I; { 'It , 't t:f .Z, * 'It ' "{'' To

J.?;j
-\!"

B :: .Z, -IJ > ..., ' i? tl .Z, lf -IJ> ..., ' --c -t o ' '
f h :

c :: .Z, -1;>' \, \ i? t:f .z, d: < if! < :; 7 A : ;ifCi T 0

hi :.

D . Class Acti vity-Fi rst form pairs an d make comparative an d superlative question sentences with your partner. (You s hou l d know the answers .) Then ask ques tions to the class. The rest of the class answer the questions .
Example:

I '"' V A r -t G 0 t l -3 -1;{ \ \ "{'' T -h'o m >t :: .z- m :: .z- - -t G 0 t l -3 -h { " , --c T -h, o .:';ft-1;{\, \ 't tl.Z, j? J "? --c \, \ .i T I; 0 :; 7 A 0 >=P --c s t
ir f (J:;j : " '" ' f :

_;

t.: )(,

:& f

bh

,:. J: 1

hh

1ft -W-0 00 0 o/ -c -IJ"' 'It ' 't t.:f .Z, + :: ..., ' i:' T -h ' o
1:t /)\ ( !:
;Q
'

 ttfd:bO)c9
bt:L.

A.

This is a refrigerator in a dormitory. Tell whose each thing is, using (]).

SJ

Example:

.:: 0 0 lv .=-- U: 1) - lv 0 "'"C' T o

B.

You are a customer. Look at the picture and tell which you want.

Example:
Store attendant : i? 0 -::1 - t: - l; " 'v \ 1. \ "C'' Tho Customer :
J; -:>

M " \ 0 < t::' " \0

(1) '' 'f? 0 1;>' 1. \ I. \ "(' Tho

L: L

,J!!, " \
( ;:,

' 1" < ::> =b tJ c9

# '

A.

You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week. Tell what you

w i l l/will not do using --::> =t, 0 c9.

6J

Example:

>f-o>.l:

JJ 8 t : ;{z jt t; ""? t ry 1:'' T a

U' I.': h. .l:

11-o> .l: U'

JJ BI 8

Ex. to read books (2) to do exercises (3) to do laundry (4) to write letters to friends (6) to eat dinner with friends (8) to stay at a friend's (10) to clean a room

(1) to practice the piano

1<. .l: 8 111 'J' h

T ' ' .l: V'

7j(.B 8 ;f._B 8
!, ( J: 1 11'

(5) not to go out (7) not to study Japanese (9) not to go home (11) not to get up early

i:-Bjf 8
!> h- .t 1 U' '/;;' .l: i ! : , .J: 1

B 8
(/

8 8 8
U'

B. Answer the fol lowing questions.

Example:

Q : i!! ;f:, @I JL t : ff 1 T h ' o

Lvi.i ....., ;{ \ '
.1,. 1:1:

l '

A : X. X. , JL t : ff < --:::> t "'C'' To

,,

\, \ \, \ X. , JL :,fj"/.1' t: \, \ --::;> b "'C'' To

;z. J.
l \

1. 8 0 1,_, 5! L 1 T h 'o
2. Bjt_ T V 1::, JL j Th'o
-.: A-IA.1,.

J: -)

..-..: fv:0-!1

3. ib ::
_;.>J>-1"-t

""?

"'C , ft: .r \i?o L 1 T h 'o

lr t rn ry l ::. 'i

4. 1:t.h- = R1t L 1 T h ' o 5. i!! ;f: , 5ftl.f

L wlJ: -? A--i'JAry 1 -l ry

1
-? <
::.

j T h 'o

6. _::_ if-;fk,

8 4'- t : 'v \ j TIJ 'o

,, liA-

7.

"' ' '"''"' -

*-Jt t

::.

8 4'- 5! L 1 T h ' o
!:

liA-

""A--"li

CD z!(LL \ (t * u tc. c:J:

A . Describe the fo l lowing pictures.

8)

(2) ft
ItA_:.

li (4) h { \, \
IJ h
M IJ ;

(5) V' j

(8) :3ft \\ L

150 $1 B.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms.

=ll0

$1 =150

1.

-c i t:

:Jw L t h 0 , Ji h" -:
" '(>

-------

ry

Lto :
ry

2.

:kFlt/'*-& t : 1t-:) t h -: r.f .l: i \ '1(,

t: .: '(> ''

0 , h{
lrh

_______

L f: o

-------

ry .i L t o -:

-: 5. }.; 5il:li t < AAk .Z, i\ h"

:: !t 0

lrl;

ry .i L f o -:
.::

-------

: 6. -t- fl t.!Bh h -:) t "Z"'' T h",

l:oi \ , -t,l;'-:> i>t " :f

(J) _::'' h

-------

t"J .i L t o :
o

-------

--:> t ry --c-- -t

ijic"J=cr * 9
t; L./v ut->

A.

Look at each picture and expla i n how to get to and from one place to another.

BJ

Ex.

(1)

(2)

(3) 1 hour

(4)

(5) 15 min.

(6)
2 hours

(7)

:. 11 1 ll 1
(8) 8 hours week

.... ----' )o _ ......__ ....;

: : : .

!j.

.: .:

..... ,

/\71

B.

Use the same pi tures an d descri be how long it takes .

Example:

BJ

'7 1? 'h' G .R. i --c+'h' 'h' .i To

i. " I:""''"'

C. Explain how you get from your ho use to school .

;..t_:;,.;t ! : L i. C.

m R'h- G . i i:" if!. t : Jit i To .::. +-h-7.7- i T o

!: L i. :eh-L
'(> .:

.R.'h ' G tt i --c " \ "'C 1t i T o + < G " \ fJ''h' i To

,; .., ::. i i> ;
'

L>-:>->'4

Lov.;.;..l(_

* c6fJO) **

hfvuP?

A . The chart below shows winter vacation plans for Mary an d her frien ds . First, answer the following questions a bout Mary's plan .
Mary will go to Korea by plane 3 weeks with Sue Robert will go back to by plane 2 weeks London Ken will go to Tokyo by bullet 3 days with a friend Tom train

/
a hotel
yet

will stay at will do shopping and will meet friends '

Sue's house eat Korean foods

will stay at will play at Tokyo Disneyland

will go to the by boat south pole (W-1)

lj,: fv { !:

Takeshi will go nowhere

// /
penguins ( ""'- / .:f' /)
t

2 months doesn't know will take pictures with

1. :} 7 1}

/v t.iit- 0) 3f-1*7:d : 2::::'' .: 'h' t : {t <

: 2. 2:::" J -?

"( @I -"11" i T 'h'o

;- .I(_ ::. (
' '

.:

.;.!l-(-'-,

-:J t

"(" T 'h'o

f::' h 2:::: {t i T 'h'o

'.

3. c:: O) < G " \ 1t i T 'h' o

4. - : B .i ry .i T IJ ' o
5.

t.>A.- .:: (

lOO --t>M T --:J t

1:

?::

ry -t iJo

How about the others' plans? Make pairs an d as k questions.

B . Pair Work-Tal k about your plans for the upcoming vacation.

C. Role Play -One of you works for a travel agency an d the other is a customer. Using Dialogue ll as a model, make reservations for the following tickets .
(1) From Nagoya to Los Angeles (2) From Tokyo to Paris (3) From Osaka to Rome Jan. 1 Feb. 14 Apr. 18 Aug. 20 1 person 1 person

smoking seat window seat aisle seats nonsmoking seats

2 persons 4 persons

(4) From Tokyo to Bangkok

smoking seat

mt,t
l Cl;'h

window seat = fl! C0J,t

-It

-? i. A.- -It

aisle seat = i!lf-f C')t,t l! nonsmoking seat =

1't C. A.- i. A.--11-

A t

t h

S t a f' i o n

Types of Trains

* ------ super express

L --:>

:.I'P-j .:. 1

11" ------ express

11>-l

it -? 1 ------ local 1!
_),

Destination

""'1T
,,

------

bound for . . .

"-' /J iiD ------- serving . . . areas

Ii-i d) A_.,

Types of Tickets and Seats

* @
}:C_ ,, :lt,ij
1: ''

t:'i L ,., It A.-

(boarding) ticket coupons commuter's pass vouchers; zone tickets student discount reserved seat general admission seat nonsmoking car round trip one way

' H ' -t 1 ItA.". It ! v

-li-P ry It J\.,
IJ'( b ')

l.I
L --c , , -1!'

iff fm;

{iil B1 < L
&fc;;/.;?

;fJ'.- -"1' lv i.. l l v J:t

11> 1 -\!" rum; t:

f>

Places in Stations

""' ----- track number . . .

-w N % ry
_::.. '?
_)! i

l.fA.--\!"A.-

tB o ------ exit
' ' ry ( '?

:t
t.f

---

ticket vending area

A. o ------ entrance it ------ stairs

b\ \ 2- ?

ex;fL ----- gate

it - b
-----

fJ'" t::A.-

platform

1.- \ i? t f ,Z, --- first car; front end '-' \ i? t;f 1\A ;; -- last car; tail end
-; L
..

u, , ' A.-

% ------ kiosk

Miscel laneous Publ ic Transportation Terms * .:{. - --- - transfer t'r

;}Z L! ------ next (stop), . . .

A.A.f-:::>

7t: 1E- ------- departing first )X)E- ------- departing second

1: l;i-?

, 't ------- Iast train

L>:>i<:k

Announcements
.i t < 1E-lf.
"'( .lv L "i., .i \ '

IJ-, L <>

L .i i"

------

We will be leaving soon.

't if. h - .1 i" ------- A train is arriving.

t'

"?

;)z t;J: t : Jl .l .i -t ------- Next (we'll stop at) . . .

Useful Expressions
o:> 't lf. U ;f :k.;t t : Jl:. .i .i T l.i 'o --- Does this train stop at Akihabara?
ck L ,, ;, :. r;t rr" 1::

L>PTk

't t;:tM * "'C" T I.i'o ------- What time is the last train?
" l 1: v L .tJ.IJ:

-*.JY: .i --c O) ft}$ - if.t }; lfi '- ' L 1 ..t:-? "'"C l ' -t! l\ .i l '

.i T o - One reserved ticket to Tokyo, please.

IJ' (

t1i7{1t.Z. .1 T iJ' o ------ Can I get a student discount? h ry -?b * * * .

}!1t o:> 't lf. U cn "'C" T h ' o

b.i
(

i, , ,

"{'k l :

Which one is the train bound for Kamakura?

B : .::::. {I}* "(' To tR

r : rrk-tt k

Track number two.

 ( ll I L
9

...........................

11

1t Cl:fO) C Afte r th e Vacation

o

Michiko and Mary meet after the vacation.

1 2 3 4 s 6 7

h t; -:: : 7 1) - :

7 1) - lv , :7-... L ..: i:" T tlo 1*-h l.i r:. -J "(' L f .;; o :

:. T -:: < L .;; ""? t --c -t o

t, ?l

/. .: (

00 --e-- x '- \ t
I) ?)

Lt :

, 00 3f4J.t t t:.
A, .: ( , ' ;

f ,

L J: L f: o h t; -::

'- \ '- \ --c- T tl o

-h ::. f '_ '(>T

;ft.

t *.ft L f: '- \ "('To

u

.-

.:. 1 .;

7 1) - :

h t; -:: lv <1H*-h t.i L h ""? f:. i: T-h o "

r ?l

h t? -: :

J: .:b cJ; --c L t: o - E t:'" tt F 7 1 7 t : rr L t h, 8 7 Jv / \ 1 r ::

\ ' !", { : t>

J. ;. ' l . r.)

I! 1.:

1 2 3 4 5 6

h 1; _:: :;
3

: :

/ lv , tt! t.i (.'' _:: -"('' TI;o

l.,., !... A.

;t - .A r 7 1) 7 (!) 7 7 / Ai:-t o t- -J i:'' TIJ' o :: ' h 1; _:: lv l.i ')- 7 / .A t : .ft ""? f _:: (. I; if; T -h ' o

h 1; _:: : :/ 3 / : h 1; _:: : :;
3

\ \\\ ,
,.) :.
.;

Jb -lt A.,o

:,..- :

{1i .;; .:b ""? --c ,

n '- \ Y'Jt --c-- T J:: o

:!::::;",

7" v - r / " 1) 7 1) - 7 --c-- :1f --c-- To

, .: ).

, ,

Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation? Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea. Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too. Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko? Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.

Mary: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan last month. John: How do you do? Michiko: How do you do? Nice to meet you.

Michiko: John, where are you from? .John: I am from Cairns, Australia. Michiko: Is that so. John: Have you been to Cairns? Michiko: No, I haven't. John: It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place. It's famous for the Great Barrier Reef. Where are you from, Michiko? Michiko: I am from Nagano. Please come to visit me sometime. The food is good, too. John: By all means, I would love to.

V
N o
u n

s
Australia snack; sweets New Year's boy toy girl foreign country singer camp this person (polite)

* :t - .A 1- 7 1) 7

}; 1.1 L }; L J: -J 1.1"--? }; t .: O) .: }; t 't }; h,. O) .: ...-, , _: < il' L

*

11>

.:t "" / /

.: t? G .: !v ii " -? L l? J: -7
L t1> t J: -J

4';JtJJ :f -& t *

this semester president of a company class future drive beer art museum

L J: -J b " '
*
t:

1-" 7 1 7"
Jv

zr t P "'? 1.1- 1v

* .A 1- 7 .;z_,_ -r -J h
* .i 11> &0
Jv - L. ;l

1) -

host family lake mountain dream

1-

roommate

U v

b s
to tell a lie to become hungry to own (a pet) to cut classes to take (a class); to get (a grade) to learn to climb to work

-J f "'? < t:; n - 1.1"-t < il ' -7

;J- ;t; t

7J: G -J O) t f U: t: b <

(place = )

Words that appear i n the dialogue

v e r b s

"::) h

n .;

n ;

to get tired to quit

6>) r r e g u l
*

v e r b s
to haYe a fight; to quarrel

tt A-, 1; -t L .t -J IJ ' " ' -t ::7'' 1

11> :L ''j

-t

to introduce

(person
-t i!! 'J -t
m t:.7J a n + -t "*"

t:

person )

to go on a diet to be late (for an appointment) to study abroad

t? ::. < -t -J ; < T d

(place t : )
.

A d v e r b s
* *

0 t h e r k tt: %

E x p r e s s
after (an event) coming from very and then just . . . ; only . . .

(it;

o n

(event (place (J) )

CJ))

L t1> --::> L ..Z,

T ::. < ;c L --c

--

'""-' t:: t t
"-' i: .Z,
"' -,I;
1 ' \'\

. . . points
..

* *

, _, V' :.s. L .,....) :. ! JtJ ! (!t; t --::>

:;... L )

it has been a long time okay; so-so more

- -(..\
You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before .i -n + t \ \ "'( -t to describe your hope or aspiration.

: J.t 0) ;:. tL liiD Jt t " \ --c -t o or w 7? " Jt t " \ "( -to :

I want to see a film this weekend.
.: ,<.. t:' L ttd .i ..., ;it l ' IJ'
;;:...,

--

' Jr

h --

" \ --::) 7? tf 00 t : .fT -- "( -to t "\ :

I want to go to China someday.
t'.)l!li .:. ( \\

verb stem +

t;::. L \ -c-9

I want to do . . .

As you can see in the first example above, having t ._ \ attached to a verb slightly affects the composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle can have either the particle or .;; c: when it is followed by t ._ \, Particles other than remain the same. The combination of a verb and t ._ \ conjugates as an .. \-adjective. Here are examples of negative and past tense t .. \ sentences.

<b 0) A. t : U: t -)
u

% " \ t:
;,

\ <b ry i -lt ,Z, o

I don 't want to see that person any more.

I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.

If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to," you can use t ._ \ C:: ""? ""C ._ \ .i -t instead of t '. '"'(- 't .
;; ;

t .. \ "'( -t sentences are not usually used to describe v,rishes held by others. Somebody else's
wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, obsen'ations, or guesses. To quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use g -? ""C ._ \ .i L t with t '. \.
..

..

Mary said she wanted to go to the bathroorn.

To describe your obseryation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, you must use a special Yerb f::. h{ ""? --c " ' instead of t " ' If a Yerb takes the particle , the ::. derived verb t i;{ -:J --c " ' \\in retain the , unlike t " ' , with which we had a choice ::. ::. between the particles 7;.: and . ;1. 7 1)
-

,4,; U: :1

t.

_f_tk7-J. t -IJ >-' -? i: \ ' j: To ::.

(It seems) JV!ary wants to drink coff ee.

The verb t::. h'' ""? --c " ' , which comes from the dictionary form t::. fJ{ , indicates " I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving." We will have more to say about this type of sentence in Lesson 14.

I want to . . . /Do you want to . . . ?

They want to . . .
ver stem + t b =.1f -:> "L l ' * 9

ver stem + t {, \ c 9 b =. t {, \ conjugates as a n {,\-adjective =.

t =.tJ'' conjugates as an u-verb

t:J' or

only

You already know that you can connect two clauses with the teform of predicates, as in: 7d& --c :A 1. '4 L --c ..
,;.

In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat Korean food.

This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as exemplars , thus leaving room for other things which are left unsaid, you can use a special predicate form :::k FK --c :A 1. '4 L t ::.
,j

f;J.; .?

t ?.>

rlv ::.. ( l) l: i '1 l

H4l.t "'"" j: To t :.

t::.

t::.

T.

In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping and eating Korean dishes.

(activity A) t D =. (activity B) t D 9 =.

j.; j.; lr

--

, OO #l.t ""'f::. ( 'J t 1 t:

lr/v :::.

ry L l To

do such things as

and B

To get the t::. form of a predicate, you just add to the past tense short form of a predicate. (Thus we have L t for the verb T , whose past tense is L t::. , and iz""- t ::. ::. for iz""- , past tense iz""- t::. .) Note that the helping verb T at the end of the sentence
.: . ,1

"

-:

indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a

t ::.

t::. ry T sentence into the

past tense, or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part.
il! ?fZ t.;L 51 L f ry ::
"'"-'-'l"i ,

I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend. m '"'?
).; !::'

l wiJ -:>

jj:_ t::: i? t: L t ::
1:::

r;it._

ry L

1 Lt o ::

t:: ry

I like dancing, listening to music, and so f orth.

t-; !..,1; '<

-f- Bll " \ t::

-"

ry -t C1) 1; .-t --c -t

--t

The past tense short form of a verb

+ .::

t: IJ' &;) describes that you did something, or '

something happened, in earlier times.

Have you ever been to Europe?

,,

Yes, I have.

,,

f tt L h.- t.{ :: tAt 1;f.h.- f .::

L t:. .:: -l

Takeshi has never been absent f rom classes (in his life).

.._.,-t

C: 1;>' j;) ry l A..- o

verb

(past, short) + ct.)'

have the experience of . . .

noun

noun

"'(> connects two nouns, as does t: . "'(> suggests that the things referred to are proposed as

examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.

I
J:.-l

A f.' B

A and B, for example 1 Lf o ::

I went to K yoto and Nara ( or example, and may have visited other places as well). f

* t *- R t : 1t \
J;,. : ;

U'J;5 (:ffv

J.JI / - t-..

E x p r e

5 5

i o n

N o t e

!11\ \!J/

I in negative sentences..,_ In negative sentences, you often find the particle j: where you expect if or . Observe the reply sentences in the
following dialogues:
Do you watch TV, Prof Y amashita?
No, I don 't.

and if, respectively, v.rould not be ungrammatical in the above examples.

Many Japanese speakers, however, find the :t versions more natural. The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at least one j: phrase. If you add fU;;J: to the sentences above, therefore, the need for ;;!: is already fulfilled, and Japanese speakers feel much less compelled to use ;;: after 7 v 1::: and ::r - 1::: -.
j: may also follow particles like -r: and
t>tL-

;:.
I don 't want to speak in English. I have never been to Hiroshima.

U -? L

lffl -r:-u L J.: < * -lt lvo tt :IJ' .it) ::: It lih ;: j: 1-T -:J t.:. .:: c i:J>.;.!) IJ * '1t lvo
-

t.:lj..,_ You can add t nt to numbers to talk about having just that many
items. t! t implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than that.

I have met that person just once. I have just one question. I slept f just thirty minutes. or t t suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly !

could have been higher. We will learn another word in Lesson 14, namely,
G iJ>, which means "only" in the sense that you do not have enough of.

I;: ..,_ You can use the particle ;: to indicate the occasion on which you do
something.
I ate salad at dinner.

;: can also indicate the role you want something to play.

I bought a postcard as a souvenir.

1' 5 .. ' ' ..,. F 7 1 7. is used ( :1

when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To

say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use

F 7 1 f;::Jj- < or F 7 1 7
,,

b1'?b

i F 7 1 f fi ! L k/ F 7 1 f L ! L ko
,,

I went f a drive t o the lake. or

When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure), use

Jillii 't
1/,-c/, ItA..

inste ad.

n * if't :i!Ui L t.: .: c if lJ * 'tiJ)o

Have you ever driven a car in Japan?
<'->J' ?A-<:A..

IP

..,. , like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream
>)>'>

you have while sleeping; the others the dream that you wish would come

true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb sleeping dreams, and

-:.? "t t- )
t

or () for your visions.

for

(;:I..,.

The particle i often follows the particle ::: in sentences describing

a place in terms of the things that are found there.

There are lots of big department stores in Tokyo.

bt:l.-

'ff>. O) )\. :: !i t- t- B *lffi O) )tiJ>t-, i To

f!\>tJ'<--

We have a good J apanese teacher in my college.

I liA.. ::

"\tA.."lt\>

These sentences would be okay without ti, but there is a subtle difference between the versions with and without i. The i sentences are about the places; they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicit) like "What is Tokyo like?" The sentences without i after ::, on the other hand, are answers to a question like "Where do you find good teachers of Japanese?" See the grammar note discussing the difference between

iJ and ti in

Lesson 8. In the case of the particle ;:, the contrast is between the simple

;: and the combination t;: ti. (See also the grammar note on counting people
in Lesson 7.)

CD )\/ 1\-jj'-fj':&:l\t L \Cg

t ::_

A.

Change the following phrases into Example:

t l \ sentences. .::

8)

/ " // ". - 7f - 1,;:.--..:::. ,, . / ..., :.--- / " - 7l- ; " 1,;: .--..:::. t " \ -e -t 0 :.. c u: "' \)
.

1 . j;; = 1t < ( tj: \- \ ) " ;z.-n;z. 3 . tz1t -t ( tj \- \ ) 1) .: 1 5 . -%-;f 0) ;f -& t : ( \- \ \, \ ;(. )

.? '

2 . 8 * 0 7 - 7 & < ,
:

!:.<. .:

( tj: \- \)

4 . 11:> --? < ry 1*- t.'

T

( \- \ \,. \ ;(. ) ( tj: \- \) ( \, \ \, \ )

L , ..

L :-,.:: 1

6 . 8 * "(" ffh <

1:

l.i/ ..,

l.lt , ; T

7.

ljt J{ -) (;;,; > 9 . WJ : -t

>itr<

( tj: \- \ ) ( tj: \- \ )

8.

I : !lh.

* t : 1i t:
">I!

10 . t.L t : if
'\.., ;.

( \- \ \,. \ )

B.

Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you answer, give reasons as in the example. Example: :.. A : / " :.o " - 7f- ; 1,;: .--..:::. f \- \ --c -t h o . B : U: "' \ ,
r ,

1,;: -"' t:.. "'

t:

"( -to }; h' h" -t "' \ "( "' \ .i -t h' o

"? t :.

:.. " \ " \ , 1,;:.--..:::. t < ib ry .i -tt ,.t, o C.

1,;: .--..:::. .i L t h o :..

.:: Change the following phrases into -t l \ sentences in the past tense. Example: B t {" 0 Jf. -e..);
-.:.<. L <>

8)

;,

c t:J: "' \ )
( 1. \ I. \ ;Z. )

-1-1 0) * , B t {" 0 -* --c-u t:.. n' "? t --c -t 0 :..

.: t

!::

T.Z, L , '('.Z, L -(>

h ?

-1-1 0) *,
.: :: t !:: )

B t {" O) :f. "( u -'t:.. < ib ry -tl.- ,.\_, "( L t o :..

h i:

1 . -T v c Jt 3 . }; f!t g t : A.
5. 7.
IJ'? .: l->1:::.:

( tj: l. \) 2 . ffit1t t = *- j' .: .; ?) 4 . * ! '7 ( tj \- \ )

\ 'IJ n

: &>)
i

( 1. \ \, \ ;(. )

6. ,f/!, 1,;:.--..:::.
!'>!" ..:

t ,

( \, \ \- \ ;{_ ) ( \- \ \,- \ ;{_ )

J}J 0 -f' / -k 0 -f' -t ( 1. \ \, \ ;(. ) .: 1->h. .: !.!"-'

8.

C0 7 J 'J
(,._ -

10 . 11.
D.

'/ .:{- -

-;:n7 A

t: 7
;,

,, 1 ..,,,

t:

1i .'6

( t;i \ "' )

Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their childhood.

E.

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers as in the example.

Example:

t lv :: lv tJ:1PJhit""'( f \ ' "{'' T h ' o .: Co if iJ it""'( f.: \ 'I "{'"T 0

f :. <; . :

t"

A : tt lv :: lv t.i t:o lfh{it""'( f " , C: i "? '1: " ' .:

.: .,1. "'

L f.: o

tt /v :: /v t:J: Co lf' f' it""'( f ]j{ "? .:

. .

"{ \ 'I l

To

2 . 1PJ h " ' i? t J 1v ]{ " ' f " ' --c---r h o .:

'=' :: : lr

4.

,, f: ;M, t : " ' i? tJ 1v " ' f::. " ' --c i" h
;; ':

.: 5 . 1PJ h{W " ' f " ' --c -t h o 6.

7 . -!. h , L f 1PJ . .: :
.:

+O);t., I... L t.:;

L.:--1.!

(: .

Mh L f.: " ' --c -t h o

::.. .-

< JiJ
.:

:! * 1v h o f.: h "? f::. "{'' T h ' o

8.
9.

-J-1 <?)*,
.: 1::' t

L -1? \ '

*' 1PJ t : 1i ry
J;l :

t::

1PJ t : 1i

f_: \ '1 -{'' T h ' o

Additional Vocabulary-m (Occupations) -

"'? h ( 1'F %Z.) lt 'v , --? iJ .Z, (.flrg) (;i 'v \ \1l 7 (131=1!)
h' A,; .:: v;, ( %f) ""' h., .:: L ( 4Hi )

l-&:<'1!:&:?

writer police officer actor/actress nurse Ia\Yyer

:; -\" - -j- 1) A

journalist housewife actress firefighter

L l'P v' (j:_f) L J: l'P 7 (:k1i) L J: 7 Lt 7 L OIH ) Ji

7 -1t h., L l'P (Jf:f;J(.:}) t::_' \ \ 7 ry J: 7 ( .::k.Mf. <iJi)

vJ>

baseball player president of a country

F.

Complete the following sentences.

------ t 'v \ -r:-T 0 2 . L t U:1*-h t h G , ------ t 'v \ '\:' <'T
_______

To
t < ry i -tt A.,o :

t \ ry j:-\:t

ht o To

4.

t tZ, t.l
.: 'i .: 'i

'-

\ L b th G ,
"?

:: t :

_______

5 . 0) at, t

------ t h "? t "C

0 tffl u t t:> , 7t u t t:> u*9

t-5 l..i ttlv t=<

A. Tell what the following people did on the weekend using

Example:
Y
3

.: 0 .: 09-@ .

@]

/ : saw temples in Kyoto, went to a museum, etc.

1 . t.::. t G : went camping, went for a drive, etc.

2 . J: ? .: : made sweets, read books at home, etc. 3 . 'A - : went to Osaka to have fun, went to eat, etc.

4 . t lv : cleaned his room, did laundry, etc.

5.

t v \-

!"- : met friends, watched videos, etc.

6 . '!>l Lt"-t!"A."Itl> went to a hot spring, rested, etc. Llff 7'G1:.:

B.

Look at the pictures and make your own sentences using t 0 -t 0 9-@ . .: .:

C.

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use

-t tJ -t tJ 9-@ as in the example. .: .:

1.

L w i -" -:>

i)! J1Z J: \ 1PJ l j: . "f f.l' o

<; I: : <::: . ;j., t:

2 . y- r cry'*" 1PI L j: 't f.lo 3 . &;y 7J: t-: cry 00 --r- tJ: B lE J1 t : 1PJ L j: -t 1.1 o
( 1: (_db'-:> "(:

4.

-J- 1 cry '*"

:: c:t
<::: ,: .

l < 1PJ L j: L t::. 1.1, o

!:

5 . 8 * --e1PJ L 1 't f.l/ L j: L t::. f.l'o

7 . 7 7 7-. e-FJ L -c U: t \ t t j: -1t .-Zt 1.1 o

t: :

8 . 4-,0C cry i)! J1Z-. 1PJ T -:) t -c'' T f.l'o

.: A.

LH-:>

>;,: 1 : -t

9.

1PJ -t cry f.l'-f -c-- -t f.l / G "' \ -c-- -t h o

(:

A-=> t C:.tJ *9f.J'

? 661.. \ L/fv il5

A.

The following are what John has or hasn't done. Make the sentences using

- ;: C:]:i'-@. 8J
Example:

eat tempura

...; G iZ-" t .: t h &;y j: i' o -:

1 . 0 eat sushi 3 . 0 work at a restaurant 5.

9.
X

2 . 0 study French
4. x go to Hiroshima

write love letters

6 . 0 sleep in class 8.
x

7 . 0 climb Mt. Fuji

X

drive a car in Japan

see Japanese movies

B.

Pair Work-Make questions using

Example: 8

- ;: C:ti'-@

and ask your partner.

1: r;,z.

* cry }; 5 jk U
:.<1-t

8 *-cry B 5 jj: .-Zt t:: .: t h &;y j: -t h, o '

:: I.:: A. :0 It

B tJ: t \ " &;y j: To

A

t'' 7 -c-- L t h ' o -:

:

}; t \ L 1.1 ' --::> t-: -c" -;-- o

1 . :9'' -1 ::L '/ -t

3.

2 . T A -e 0 ,?,, lR
h \ ' 1... r

* ;{_ Jc
i.. '

:::

4 . if A. t : %
..-n -) d)\ , l: .{..

hL

5 . fJ 7 :t 7 t = 1t <
'

6 . -. < (blo-wfish) 1Z""'

t ::.

7 . 9 J;ID 5! -t
t_,rPi .:

< :._

-"'..<.. :: .t1

8.

1ff:,MU : *-
L A..bA.. it A..
(/) .: !.:A.,ry ;: -j ry ?(

9.

-7 .f '"':) <

10. 8 *--#:.! 1"F

1 1 . i!1] -t 13.
b

fJ:.. t::. -t/ Jv - L. -

.::.

<

1 2 . -tj- ;f'
t: >:> c d

/ ;t A 7 T 'J - t t A-- h -t

9 u:R3' 6 ct < "'* 9

t:Jv t ;:

Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use as in the example.

f.:>

Example:

A B

: -- ,.{- 8 *#:.! J: < 1Z""' :i T h ' o t; ry :

!:

liA.,ry!'}

-t L JZ . G J: < 1Z""' :i -to

' A.. t ; .1,.

1 . -- A-- A ;f - '/ J: < Jt :i T h ' o

2 . --,.{- ;Q {f "(" T IJ'o
hA.. b' (
'J

-t

'l t 'i

?(

4.

ji) f O) :k# 0) 1Z X t : tj , ,.{- 1J: 1Z""'4' fJ { ji) :

t ,n'< : L l ( !::' 'i t o t (J)
t:PT;'( ( !: rJ- /c:

;i T h ' o

5 . ji) f 0) :k # t : tj, -- .:: 0) @ O)A_;Q{>.. \ ;i T h ' o :

6 . ?'rOO t : :r'r --? t .:: :
h'\ ' .: < , , .1 '

;;- &1) 0 :i
t:

T h ' o -- .:: --c- -t h o

>

7 . .-1} '
8. 9.
i.l. \ ' I'll --j

-- ,.{- ;} lR --?
l t-tt Y .t-7 t;j ;,.

--c

...

\ ;i -t 1;
-t

iHl (actors) 0 9 --c- , t::. n h ' f -c- -t;Qo -

4'- 0 9 i\ t n ;; {t -c--tho ::.

l r L >1> "'lr

't

 * cc51JO)
A.
ID6>)

:ttlvu$5

Talk about your dream for the future or what it was when you were a child.

1 . ;t f (J) ,. tjfiJ'{''T h'o :.

J(_

Example:

b.:L t

;ft. tj *' }; -i:-{ i? t : f :.

l.ti > ' hr.t t.

'v \

"C''T o f L "C , 'v \ :; 'v \ :; 00 t : t

< :: \'

2.

-r-w (J) * (J) ,_ tj M --c, L t h :.

.: t 1:: .;. tPn " ""

'

B.

Class Activity-Find someone who . . .

1 . has seen celebrities 2 . has never used chopsticks 3 . wants to live in Japan in the future 4 . wanted to be a star

( 'A 7' -) as a child

5 . wants to cut classes tomorrow 6 . doesn't want to go out today

C.

Class Activity-Bring pictures of your hometown and describe it.

Example:
btL

it. tj .::. .2 - 3 - ? (J) :l !J "Z'' T o

L.., L h.:t. htP i n' ' if t.:w?l.>h-

.::.

:1. - 3 - ? tj --c <

t *-
1-i n

< --c t: : f=' h' "Z'' T o

n " \ .: ml f=' 1f ;g ::v-ij j-g- {=' t:. i

J: < .2 - :; :tJ Jv JL t , :.
;. .: i i.. h-

h.t (J)jlj J
rt l: ! -i

(theater) h{ ;t l

To

ml --c--
":< J\- 1!

Lt L l Lt o :. .:

>:.:?T

.: 1*-h t : lJ "?
tt..

--c , iz t: i?
1:: t

t : % " \ t: " \ "Z'' T o

J>

In

the

Japa n e se

Class

Useful Expressions

-t; G "'(" t "\"\"(''To --- Both are fine.

L "C''To ------- Same thing.

t::_, \ t::. "\ L "C"'t o ---- More or less the same.

;.;

i; J::

-:>

it"\ .i To ---- A little different.

1 .:Z .i -1!- h-o ------ Can't use it.

Mit-:> "(1,\j To ----- It's wrong.

+ &;; !J"C < t::_' "\o --- Raise your hand.

'

ft h- 1:'' 1: < t::. "\o

L n.<f.:"\' :-.t-?
;,.

fEf :: L 1: :.
t

J:

Read it before coming to class. Hand in the homework. Close the textbook.

< t::. "\o

{4:!" fu-, L 1: < t3.' "\o

L
1::

CI)A.t:&j\,\"( < t::. \,\o --- Ask the person sitting next to you.
111:: :-

dJ 1: < t::. "\o ------ The time is up. Please stop. E Li.:: i/'1, "C'';b .i 'to
:..ri ;..;

That's it for today.

Useful Vocabulary
L<ff''

ra LdJ

homework deadline exercise meaning pronunciation grammar question answer example ( )

1;> t::. \,\ \,\ :q

,,

:q < t3.' tt t::. \,\lrt"

,,

colloquial expression bookish expression

lrf:

,, "'

tt.A.L:>-?

"("\b."\ "\:;?--polite expression

,,

IJt

:t
1.:1 ?).; A.

1E-
.;:fvl;!'-j

X5!

0 :a .t'il:t>/v :::
>1' < 1t

:Q-2=6 ll-?lfA.

dialect standard Japanese for example anything else number .. .

-

t::. tJ
ti h' t:

1trp, L-:>Uv
::.t:i._

"""*"
"""

I.!"A.

n''

17

"'""

page number ... line number ... two people each

1;> -::> ......

.16 tJ--J

"'-'fTI3
S.e1 >'> .;.t:

0 (correct)
X (wrong)

::...A. f'--J
ry

(121

UJ:5

...........................

12j

Feeling Ill

. a

(!) Mary and Michiko are talking at school.

1 2 3
4

7:J. "f?.: : ;1. 7

'

;1. 7

1)- lv ft iJ>'diJ ry -lt /vtlo

,...;(. -:J

- :

'? -lvo i? J:

t? ;;n'rm \ 'lv "C''"t o

'-'f:.

7:J. i? .: : ;1. 7 ')

-- '? L t lv-r i' 1J o t:.' I \ \ -r 0

t:

- :

(/) 7 }}:_ t:.' i? B)t .:'' tt lv ""' t:1t--:) t::. lv "(''1"

:i'h.
i:.

t lvT ,, t lv
t;.

5
6 7

7:J. i? .: :
;1. 7 1) - :

i;t

f.:\ L: .:.1 _).

* 3::. ::k "('' -r 1;. 0

C L \ \ "{' < f:_' 1,. 'o

L

7:J.t? ::. :

u-.ti\ \h.

F;t t:-ft--:) t u-? ;;.., '.- '--c-t J: o

\\

41.1.\'

""

dfJ dfJ :Jffi 1,. 'o

, ,,,

{!) At a hospital.
1 2

;1. 7 1J -

1:th,1t\\

7t

(/)

;;{rm \ '1v --c-t 0 (J) 7 tt t? ;; ;;{rm ;;--:) t::.lv --c'-t 0 f:.

l\f::.

''

13"

3 4
5 6

;. 7 'J- :
''

L<>

dfJ JiJ, f 7 "C''Tno t diJ ry Ttlo 1;-tf--'Ttlo (

h?

\\

diJ(J) t 7 -t <r.=...A(J)-@-n{JiJ (!)"( L < i?\'H,.,Iv

L i>, iil.L.oi

"(''TiJ ''o

13-:
L <'

;1. 7 1) - :

.:::-.-- L.-'ti 7 7Ji',-,,.,-r-LJ: 7 o .. .., il.l::' tJ ;; ry L t::. o

A.

''

::ft L<>

E tJ:Et ik/v "{'-, .!f- < Ql "( <

.'<!1 <-t'l ?> !.!:-<' t:>

f:_' \'o

Michiko: You don't look \Yell, Mary. Mary:

Urn ... I have a little stomachache.

Michiko: What's the matter? Mary: I went out to haYe dinner with my friend yesterday. I think maybe Michiko: Are you all right? Mary: Yes. Don't worry about it.Oh, it hurts. Michiko: You had better go to a hospital.

I ate too much.

Mary: Doctor, I have a sore throat. I had a stomachache yesterday. Doctor: I see. You have a fever, too. It is just a cold. Mary: Well,

I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though ...

Doctor: You had better not exercise for a couple of days. Mary: I understand. Doctor: Take medicine and go to bed early tonight. Mary: Yes. Thank you so much. Doctor: Take care.

*
lv

V
No u n 5

sL
\. \7;!.
* *

leg; foot meaning stomach cold girlfriend boyfriend temperature (weather-not used for things) cloudy weather match; game JUICe politics grade (on a test, etc.) cough throat tooth flower sunny weather clothes

j:? 1j: -h' 1;; '-lf -h'0 L: J: -hn t?lv <

L s \.\
S-/..:2.-/Z -\:t-1..\l' -ltv'-tt -\t

0)

tj tj 1j: tJ:n _;, ""'? 1;; J: \. \ 7v-e::.--

hangoYer present homesickness thing (concrete object) snow business to take care of

;j;-b;;? t0
1-P J:-JL L\
*
-

e c t

v e 5

it \.\ 1,\f::.\\ j:? j:? \. \ -\tjl..\

""'?

sweet hurt; painful there are many . . . narrow; not spacious

,.

: \.\ I,\ 5 \.\

if -itn A J.. > = \. \ 'Ill ' 'C IJ

,::' 7 iJ"'b \. \

inconYenient; to have a scheduling conflict bad

'I,\
*

Words that appear in the dialogue

fc:J:- adject

ve

-t--c (t:)
U - v erbs

-!-

fantastic

1; -l:f 7.J' <

'

to catch a cold to be interested (in ... )

J:-? h 1;{ &t; t:<-t

*

(topic t:)
to lose

tJ. -:) 1; ;; &6

'

I;{ &t;
0

to have a fever to become thirsty

t''iJ>'iJ.b <

t''7J>'5 <

Ru - v erbs

-lt 1; ;;' "(' .bJn

rregular
V er bs

to cough to break up; to separate

(person A-l?J:-?T
*

t)

7&-t c.-t

to get nervous to worry

Expressions

LA.-u: ...
1.\-:Jt

-r
and

Adverbs
* * *

Other

always Get well soon.

};t.: ... \tt:

t-f'A.-IJ{t:l.\
t: ;A.-

j(. 7t. iJ>' t: ... \

don't look well probably; maybe as much as possible probably; ... , right? ... degrees (temperature) for two to three days because ... for the first time very soon; in a few moments/days

""'

--r t.: tt --r L J: -?

t''

""'

t: A-t: t?

There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.

A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you can already report in Japanese \Vhat has happened, /"'A -Ji-*. .i -l:t lv -e L t::.. This sentence, :. however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it is not offered as an explana tion for anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse for being late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say:

(As it happens,) the bus didn't come.

An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the appoinlment). The sentence-final expression lv --c-r serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:

I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)

JiJ L t T :A. ; JiJ lv "("'To I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can't go out tonight.)
1 v t:n t ,, vc -t 0
,, ,,

I want to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish) I uant to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.}

1 v t:1t t 1, '!v vc-t o

,.\,; r-t goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the
affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. ,.\,; --c-t itself is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. writing, it is more common to find
(!) --c-t
1

In

instead of ,.\,; --c-t.

-tt'\ \{!

PX.,th J:

< 7j: \. 'lv vc -t o (in response to the question, "'Nhy do you look so upset?") (As a matter of fact) il1y grade is not good.

In casual exchanges, h.- --c-t appears in its short form, h.- t-::. In casual questions, h.- --c-tiJ' is replaced by
. We will examine these further in Lesson

15.

i\.1;>',-b "-? t::.lv "'C''T o (explaining to a person who has caught you smiling)
L h. h

The exam is over. {_That's whv I'm smiling.)

\i\Then it follows a noun or a :-adjectiYe, 1j: comes in between.

report sentences tJ: -adjective: noun: explanation sentences

You can use lv e-t in questions to inYite explanations and further clarifications from the person you are talking to. It is Yery often used together with question words, such as

7 L "( (why) and 7 L f.: (what has happened). o : -- -J L --c 1Jt 41J n t::.lv --c-t ;- o
Qh ht

Why did you break up with your boyf1-iend? (You've got to tell me.)

A: 1&:, -tflv-1flvBg t:A. 1.-\/v"'C''To

tt i :i? L!'

Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)

Q - -J L t::.lv --c--t ho
What happened? (You look shattered.)

A : 1tli 1J 9t lv t:- lv --c To

n..: L

JV!y cat died. (That should explain how I look today.)

You can also use A., --c-r to provide an additional comment on what has just been said.
A : "C t "'\"'

That's a great textbook that you are using. B .

\Jc4--c-ttlo 1-l
Q' L ;

X.. i.. o ;fl. c?) :k tf 0 7t ;"'\ t::.lv --c-to

You bet. The professors at my university wrote it (for your information).
.hf:L t::Q'( <!'A-it
b

2 A ?::.' '? L t: lv "'C'-t 1:1' question is best answered by a lv -r-t sentence with the subject marked with the
particle-;: rather than 1;1:, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.

Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb -t :/,which means "too much," or "to excess." -t ::,- conjugates as a regular ru-verb.

iZ"'"'- -t 5' -r tt \, \ tt .i ,z,o

t:.

You nzust not eat too much. I got up too early.

-t ::,-- can also follow "'- and t:-adjective bases (the parts which do not change in
conjugations); you drop the"' and t: at the end of the adjectives and then add -t ::,-- .
This book iS too expe-nsive.

JiJ tJ) A. (j Ji {}) -t -- l -t l/"""""

Ut::

That person is too nice.

ti -? lx'" ' " ' ... e-t "it is better (for you) to do . . . " is a sentence-final expression that you can
use to give advice. \hen you suggest an actiYity with ti -J I.J"" ' " '--c---t, you are giving a very specific piece of advice; namely, that it is advisable to do it, and if one does not follow the advice, there is a danger or a problem.

ti -J I.J''" ' " '--c--t is peculiar in that it follows different tense forms, depending on whether
the advice given is in the affirmative or the negatiYe. \Yhen the adYice is in the affirma tive, ti 7 I.J"" ' '"{-t generally follows the past tense short form of a verb. \Vhen the advice " is in the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense short form.
You'd better eat more vegetables. It is better not to skip classes.

You can use t7) 1: to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence. Semantically, t7) "{-- is just like I.J G. Stylistically, t7) 1:- sounds slightly more formal than I.J G.

(reason) (J) c

(s ituation)o

(situation), because (reason).

1,.\--:::>t E;:f.--c -tel)"t, E;:f.l.l{.l.-t-t: ;i Lt;:o -My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.
!:

!i,(,

::

!.!IJ:

!:

!!,(,

:::

l:.ti l

Lo<t:'''

J1! 1.1 { t;: < lv -:> t;: 0) --c,

0) -? 0) +Z,
J: <>

:OC 1 -lt lv --c L t;: a

f.>

I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework.

The reason part of a sentence ends in a short form predicate. When (1) ... follows a (" -adjective or a noun, comes in between, as it did with the explanatory predicate

lv --c-t. -c 0) A (j 1,. \ t b -- 0) "(''' (}'1:; 1,. \ --c T 0

I do not like that person, because he is mean.

Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.

8 (j: 8 B 8 0) ''('' , }{f U1*7J. "{''T o -t SA...:i t:s.J:-JU'= -:.1-l

We use<

t? f>"'ttl-1!-lv to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must."

*- 7 7.. 1.7{ 1.7 , t: < lvifzz' L < t; ,-\ttl -lt Iva

I?\ 'Lttd ..-.:: A.,!'-.t

I have to study a lot, because there will be an exam next week.

< 1? < 1?

"\'> means "if you do not do ..." and "'ttl-It lv roughly means "you cannot go"; "\'>"'ttl-It lv therefore means "you cannot go not doing ..." with the double t? "\'>"\Itl-It

negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the mandate. To form a <

lv sentence, we substitute" \ in the negative short form of a verb with < t? "\'>.
verb short negative "must"

Eti'(Q
t.:.

Etl'(l, \ -t.:.

Etl'(fc:J: < 15 "\? L\(j*ttlv

t.:.

=-5
L\

=ptc:J:L\
L\

=P< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv
L\

gQ (Q

uL' ..,

u< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv
fc:J: < 15 "\? L\ lj *ttlv

"'ttl-It lv is grammatically the negative long form of a verb in the present tense. You
can

change 1j: < 1? "\'>"\It l-It lv to 1j: < 't:> "\'>"\It l lv -c- L t;:. (past tense) to say you had to, "\'>"\tt " \ (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and before lv .. C'T.

and to < 1? elements like

3ln writing and in very formal speech, >J: < "C Li \' tt :i -kt lv is more common than >J: < t, "(> \ 'tt :i -kt lv.

tt tL * t:
1,( t: };

< i; \\ tt l-lt- h, "(' L t:o (long form, past)

I had to get up at six this morning.

4ii: 8

J,q:r,

(The truth is,) I must practic e every day.

tl.lvLi

W L

< i; \\ t \\ h, "C"To (short form, present)

We use the sentence-final expression a prediction.

--c L J: 7
4

--c L J: 7

(probably) when we are making a guess or

follows verbs and \.'-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative

and in the negative. (verb)

It will probably rain tomorrow.

Fti?'v\"(''L.t 1o
.i.

It will probably not rain tomorrow.

(\.'-adjective)
li-obl'l::"i

:J.t. it U: "C'' L J: *"'

'

1o

It is probably cold in Hokkaido. It is probably not cold in Hokkaido.

after these elements; we do not use X"""'(' L J: 7 , (-adjective)

.i L t;1tlv1t''

--c L

J:

7 may also follow -adjective bases and nouns. Note that --c L J: 7 goes directly
X"" 0 --c- L J: 7

, or X ....... t.:'"'(' L J: 7 .

r :?t tj :;.,;.>:,:-ht --- "C'' L J: .T!!, ...,.-

1o

Professor Yamashita probably likes fish.

* L>\" \\"('' L 1

1o

Professor Yamashita probably doesn't like fish.

(noun)

J;) 0 A. tj ;.f -A

7 1) 7 A. i:' L J: 1o
l:lv t:lv o

That person

is

probably an Australan. i

;.f -A 7 1) 7 A. t \ ' "('' L J: 1

That person is probably not an Australian.

4"'t L

J:

7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. \Ye will, however, concentrate on the present tense

examples in this lesson.

"C"L .l:

-J sentences can be turned into questions (""'-eL .t -? 1;), which can be used to ---? i? <?) ti 7

invite another person's opinion or guess.

E

Which would you say is more difficult, Japanese or Korean?

:: 11.<-

* bh,.: ( , 00 ::: :::

n"$

t:1'b

"

'

--c- L

J:

7 iJ o

The short form of --c L .l: '? is t::; -J . You can use it to cautiously phrase a prediction or
an analysis.

I think Takeshi would be interested in it.

t: It L

tJ:-h" ct
..t1 h

t:.; 7

"' To J.; t

In casual exchanges, you can use --c L .t '? (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as somewhat shorter -e L .t) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said. :/ /, lf1

John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?

t,,,.;.: ( .:

00 -h"h iJ' --c L J:

.::

n, .'it "'C"o
.t

CD c 5 u tfv c9tJ'
A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using -fv c9.

8J

Q : -- 7 L t:: lv "C''Tn'a A : 1; *i I, \ lv "(''T 0

l>t:.1 \ 't;

cz)

7 v -e ::.---

r f'

t J?l,\l L t::

(4)

CJ) 7
t;h.-l.:-1

t.;t

C6) e0 --n{*i..., \ --c---r

\'t;

j:_ a """ L f:: C

U'

(8) "W*

.;=

< L :i L t::

(9) L f:: r 7-. r h ry l T

<n) :vt-k .s n 1 Lt.:

!;?) 1.:
i?ll

B.

Respond to the comments using

Example:

-fvc9.@)

My father's

X t7) lv "'C''T o
.., ..,

(1)

(2)

(3)

-t--c-:7--c-ttJ.o

I received them from my friend.

Itali an ones

My mother made it.

(5)

------

iJ'

.:: \\'It \1Jt "(''T tJ.o

nn

It was cheap.

kind

C.

Pair Work-Your partner has said something nice about what you Respond using -fu c9.

have.

A : -i? t: t G
1:: t

<?

t !v ---c't' o

D.

Pair Work-Make u p d ialogues asking for reasons.

Example: I went to Tokyo last week.

A : B :

-lth..Lwl/::11

;tJit t:1t
I

.l L t o
,,

-- 7
u

L ---c Jft t: 1t <? t !v ---c- 't' h o

1:: id

A : -I!J:h- :J 1) 7J h G *-.t::. !v ---c't' o

1. I am very tired. 2. I have no money.

3. It is not convenient today. (-@-1;{,! \ ')

... )' ? .: h.::.

4. I want to marry my boyfriend/ girlfriend.

5. I am going to Japan to study.

6. He speaks Chinese very well. ('i'OOIJ''..t.:t-e-t)

t:.,,p1,: < ..: : L .t .Y

7. I don't want to watch that movie.

CDI\9* u t.:
f;:_

A.

Describe the following pictures through

using -9-@.

Use "verb+ 9-@" for

(4)

and "adjective+ 9-@" for (5) through (10).

BJ

(1)

Example:

-::>(

1'!: 't' - .l

L t::. o

(2)

(3)

(4)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

B.

Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things and make sentences as in the example. Example:

6
t:

-t tt:.h' G,
t: --..:A.,:..;

1. 1X.>
(TJ

2. 5. 8.

4.

7.

:0* * % t; J: 7
llh,
-j t: -it:

,,6 r=-7..?6 7it?6 :. A... '>!-'1

3.
6.

:J

/ t.o .:1. - 7' - 1 7

"':>/)' t=.

i:t'v\6 J)j t

 1J:fXfvtla:5tiL 'L \c9

A. Using the cues below, give advice to a friend who has a headache. Decide if you should use the affirmative or the negative.
Example:
<T <9 (})

8J

*- 1k <L'
IT)

-+

B : Jb?{fffj '-''A-- "C''T o

ntJ

A
1. ]f- <
li'!'

<-n

*- 1kA--t.:'ti '"? n'''-''"'"'C'T J: o

IT)
'

''to

;rl
*"

2.

Y:

i21ctt:1t <

3. m FJ t:n
{_fJ:-11. ,.z, I.\

<

4. B.

1:f:. 1*-t: L
::: :::

'I'T

Pair Work-Give advice to your partner in the following situations, using -1a;5
t.i'L\L \.

Example:

8 *1;{J: 4=- t: td: f::. \'

!: li/v ::: L:.d ->

8*1;>'J:-t-t:
1: l.ilv :::

8 -*;,._ o:> t.: i? 11: ":) t::. ti 7 1J ,, " ' " ' --c-T J: o
1:

l.d -r 1:::!,

ry f::.\\A--"'(''To
"'?(

Ukl:lv

'""( ' f::."tt*Mf 1,\t:f 'J 1;{\\1,\"(''T J:o ::._

;{_ \

(j:

1. * - L. :, '/
4.

7 t::.''

2. Jf;=> -1-t t::. 1, \

5.

3. if: .t.: i? t t A--n Lt::. . 6. :::.. 8 f, \\ f.:'

.).--:Jir

h -i:-1;{ \\
J)b

7.

1ii 1;{\\f::. \\ fffi 1.1

8.

.nJJ:t;>'"' 'Jf:. k4 <

-li-\ ;b:(,

2:: b

.'<1-i >l L l

Lt::.

9. 1,\ '"'::)

t { t: IJ T I?
L: 1')>: l"i
..: <

..t

C. Pair Work-You are a health counselor. Someone who hasn't been feeling well is at your office. Ask the following questions. Complete this form first, then give your advice using -la;5t.i'L \L '
t;i 1, \ b . J: < tf"\\ j:Tho
!. t
f:.

t;i 1, \ t;i \\ t;i \\ t;i \\ t;t \\

----

c .

J: < Jf*- l -tno

d.
e .

A--t;i A--j:Tn'o
n

:::-\\

t:.

t:.

J: < };5 1k.,Z,. j:Tn'o .;.

: V)

f . f::.tJ'"?&\'j:TIJ'o
T

*M

L:J)Iv

h.
1

-- A-;ftl.f J: < j: -tno l) .t-1 'l r:

. J: < j: -tno
.t

 L 'L \;Rtc:(J)c, l.l*9

A. Connect the two sentences using -(J)c:.
<:lv fv I

BJ

Example:

"\" \"C'''t/1& L l 't 'l"" ;:.

="'"" l.i'

\,\\,\fJ(/')r ... 1& L 1To

'l"" ="'""
ll'

1 . \,\''C"'t/1.\l 't

2. &;_, C7) ! tj t L
;{.< ,,

>i>i"

lr

<

&;_, ry 1 -tt lv / Jt t;:

;!,. -:>IJ

<

&;_, 0 1 -tt lv

3. i!!tj l't L h'--?

kL,.-J
<fiJ'

t: r-t/tl "'C "\ 1 't

-?i"

4. m "( L t;:/t3it 1*-hl L

lhi -'
1.: :: .ti n<'l 1.: Jc

t:

5. iLt-ktjl.\--:::>tJt{JJ"'C-t/A.t;iJi> ry 1 't
6. 7.
-it<

Jlj,:. t=t;s Ji> 0 .i-tt lv / Jtl1fl ,2;. l -tt lv

l: 3.d h L -<-.;:-<J:

L h--1!:-:>

r:-<- :.

Ji> L

t;: 7 A

t;s Ji> 0 l 't/ 1! L l 't

8 . C7) c:'t;{t;, tJ l L

t;: / :/ .::1.- A t;sjk;z;_ t;: "\ -r-t

?)

"'""""" 1

9. T --- 1 L
-5

t;:/ Jtt;{:rm" \ --c-t

JJL
l'f:

B.

Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example.

Example:

h'-tf V' l L f:

h'-tf V'"\ t::. C7) --c ... t3it 1*-h1 L

Lr>.O<n

'i'T

t: o

2. t?fJh'1Ji'"f"\"(\,\1T
3. ;t - b ;; 7 "'CT 5 . if- C7);t1J{b 1;> ry l -tt lv
t:lv
< h

4 . ffl :f 1;>' Ji> 0 l 't

J: i L

C.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1.

(/') "(''' t:f oo

i>tl>i - ( I:,{_ .'

t:1t t: "\ e-t

,,

2.
3.

(/') "'(''' ),_1;{ Ji> 0 l To (/') "(''' h'tf V' 1 L (/') "(''' 411 tL l L t;: o
{?;j

t;: o

4.
5. 6.
7.

(/') --c'

E * t:1.ih f;:
r:

Ilk (

<

J'J 0 l-tl.- /vo

(/') "(".., IJ L l L f;: o

t;

(/')"(" ... W:5tt L "'C "\1'to

A..."t:>.t-1

Ci)t;BltJ:< 15 '':t*ttlv
u"5 l..i <13

A. Look at Tom's schedule and make sentences, according to the example.

Example:

6J

7:00A.M./
.h

----+

r f.,. lv t.:i -1: * t =- 1i < t?-'(> ... \ H;! -tt lvo

L'?l i;

7:00A.M. 8:00A.M. 9:00A.M. 1:00 P.M. 2:00P.M . 3:00P.M. 5:00P.M. 6:00P.M. 8:00P.M. 9 :oo P.M. 10:00 P.M.
n:oo

Ex.

; n

(1) -Jt?ili
-.:

(2) {* t: ili
t: .Y.d
-.:

(3)

-<'! L t"itA.,-ti-''

r 7t::t =-%- -J
" ::... I;L

(4)

$':Z
;Z ' .Z.. J V.X... J V ,,

(5) L L t:1t--? 'l

7-7 Jilj <

(6) -) t? : l)
fr ;(

(7) if;.Ar7r (8) fe!Jt!'t

Lt"A t=.\,

1) - B)t :::..' t.:i Jv 1z""'

1!/v t:

(9) }:;g t:A.

.i. 7, Li\'

(10)

ikiL' !7)
('f
"('/,... -h

P.M.

(11) -) t? t: it h' tt

B.

Pair Work-Invite the partner to do the following things together. Turn down the invitation and give an explanation using -td:( 't5f.>l.\(j-td:l.\.
Example: play tennis

B : 1? J: --? ;1i-@--h{}"' \ lv -c-t o ib L f.: tit* t: ili 1i < 1?-'(> .t \ tt

-? ..:1 :: .f? L:t1);.!1 --c

1. do homework

2. eat lunch
5. go to karaoke

3. drink coffee

4.

study in the library

C. Answer the following questions.

1. 8 *0{--cM L <
=

li;{.

:::

l:t>:O;i

c.:.:

"

'

t J: -lt h,ho

2. 8 * -c-7'@1A..t.iM L < " ' t J: -lt,Z,ho .: .!;{. ,; . ..: < L;{. c.:.: 3. h'-? _: J: ( f::\,\,{,"'('To 1PJ L < \,\tJ:-ltA.,ho -:. . : : 4. iZ.th"u t: * j: -to B L < "' tt l-lt A.,ho
1::: i> :-

6 . -J-i 0 at , 1;;r L 1i <

.:. (::"' t
t':. : ...

"

' t tJ: -lt ,Z, --c L t:: ho

ut=.tcttL cu 5
1<1:

A.

Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (::R.:P). Play the role of a meteorologist

-c1v n J: Ill:?

and tell the weather forecasts for each city. Examples: Tokyo/snow

ED

Jlt* t.i ib L t: --c L

1:::-l:O.d "'""

temperature in Tokyo/around 2oC =' a 1 ..;. m: < ' ar. _._

)'!'.. _,'f.- 0 X\ lllll cl. '
1:::

i C<:i

j.;,{.

:::.. , jji:_
1: !::"

. 0 \, \

..-r-

, L l

city Tokyo Sydney Hong Kong Rome Ex. snow

weather

temperature Ex. around 2oC

(1) sunny (4) rain (7) cloudy

(2) hot
(5) cool

(3) around 30oC

(6) around 18oC

(8) warm

(9) around 20oC

B.

Pair Work-Play the role of a meteorologist. Predict the weather for your favorite city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same thing.

city

weather

temperature

*c6'J(J)
A.

nlvu-s

Using Dialogue I as a model, make skits in the following situations. -Your friend looks sad. -Your friend looks happy. . Pair Work-A and B are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you are available. Refer to p. 245 for B's schedule.

B.

B : *(7) 1ft!
"'''Li

t.\tt.\"(''To BBIB Li''-J "C"Th'o

lf-:>.t 1
U' -:> .:-; b 1:-t;.t -j U'

a tj i; J:

"'?

::Mh,;-i '- \ "C''T o

;t\

* k .:Z. < i; -f>

.: };

A's schedule Sunday Monday Tuesday 'ednesday Thursday Friday Saturday meet friends read books go shopping

C. Role Play-Visiting a Doctor's Office Using Dialog ue ll as a model, act the role of a doctor or a patient. Doctor-Fill out the medical report on p. 245 and give advice to the patient. Patient-Describe the symptoms you have and answer the doctor's qu estions.

Sex: Age:

OMale

0 Female

Symptoms:

0 Sore throat 0 Headache 0 Stomachache D Any other pain

DCough D Fever

0 Allergy (7 v Jv.:-) 0 Others

'

'

Example:

A : *-.0) J1 Ba 8 :-;tt = T.::.

"'''Lwi lf-:>J: -j V' ,,., L l "'''L>i lf-:>.t i 1.1'

'A L j-\!- lvh'o

.h'O ;t''

B : *-.0) J1 aa 8 t.i i? J: --::> c: t..g-. fJi' }" 'lv '"'C'' To *

"' tt 7j:'"' '1v '"'C''T o 8 aa 8 t.i C:'' 7 '"'C''T h o

--:> :i
1:"' .t

.t ;{. 7j:' < : !?L

i?

-j V'

B's schedule Sunday Monday Tuesday vVednesday Thursday Friday Saturday practice karate clean rooms, do laundry, etc, teach English

H e alth
Patient:

and
lv,
li l:

Illn e ss
-r lv e-tn-o

At the Reception of the Clinic

Excuse me, this is my first visit.

Th

:m &0

Receptionist: tJ: "< \, 1:%iE

li It ;(..ll 'l

JL "(
h

< t "< \o

OK. Please show me your health insurance certificate.

Please fill in your name and address on this paper.

*

.: 0)#,1;\ t:-Z 'ijtr 1i?JT . ... \ "( < t3.'

IJh ;1 i.

t.:>>'ll l

lr

...

\0

Patient:

What kinds of medicine are these?

.: ntJ:1PJcry -r---tno <T

;(., l:'

Receptionist: 7-;..J:.t!J--('To
''fo

These are painkillers. Please take one after meals.

ll(

iz1t:j_k/v"('' <
:;: '7>

t3.- "<\o

Patient:

I see.

;bf; ry L f;:o
fl\' t.:

Receptionist: ;1:? * t:o

Please take care.

Useful Expressions for Illness () and Injuries Ot7Ji')

.J'.rl

rm"(''to
It 1)

------

1 have diarrhea. 1 am constipated.

1{&2 "'('To
....:;(., U'
-\tl' ry

------

.i.:t.! "(''To ------ 1 have my period.

1t.7Hi "("To lr ,;,;(.,L l"i

su 7;>' Gb

("" t:) 7 v Jv;f--7;,- Gb

< L
7-;. 7J>' ::B
-

-------

t: L 1.!

ry T

ry

To

1 have hay fever.

I have an allergy to . . .

--

r; '-' ;z,. 1'

!.!-, L;(..

7;>' Gb ry To ------- 1 have rashes.

1t

t.1:f7;>'7;\1)'..\"("To
/)

j.Jf;'te To

To

0 -------

I have a bad tooth.

I sneeze.

------

------

haYe a runny nose.

------

My back itches.

l "'I.Jil l To ------- I feel dizzy.

of. l L f::.o
1.1

I threw up. I am not feeling well.

------

-$]'-7,]'," '--c-to ;:;..,

. b'!.

f> tt -- L l L f::.o
,i; L
l!t:> ;.;

I burned myself. I broke my leg.

Jt. (J) it {JT l L f::. o tt I.Ji L :f L f::. o

I hurt myself.

Useful Vocabulary

!2S (Doctor's office) l.>i'>

l\

J.tfit *+
r.t .;. lr

t,:\ \ lr

l*J *+
---

physician dermatologist

7'*+ ---- surgeon

& f A.*+---obstetrician II1:11- h

.;. <t'lt'' If

11" lr

and gynecologist

7'*+ --- orthopedic surgeon

h

,;:;_ ,;L

*+ ---- ophthalmologist *+
,;.

dentist otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doctor

lf J.*+
1: (J- ,;-

t-O)ftn (Miscellaneous)
t.:.

{ft.4'if --- antibiotic

.: ; -itt '.i:-:>

L "?

-=f- iff-t ---- operation

;;..-; L "'

i.i ---- injection

L I:'"-?

fcl'};il-ltl

1*- + ---- thermometer

l)'l:JfJ"fJ.

Hiragana

------

252

( (

m2 m3

)
-

j]/gj]-j-

Katakana

257

)
-

L \(;:!;(})ttL\"/J'-:J
lZ9

Daily Life

262

_n

.....1..... ,

-l:

f'-..

ft.

7.j

fi3

;g 5

c:t '5

Travel

-------

270

:bt.::!J

ill(J)gfcJ:I..IA ?

My Favorite Restaurant

-----

276

YIJ-t!lv(J)1:.1i''ib

Mary's Letter

----

282

..., _ ------ .,

m8

8*(J)ttJI
I Fo:lv

i:J'll lllv

Japanese Office Workers ---- 28 7

......, _ __ ,

;g 9

A-<!lv(l.)8ia I::"J
-a

Sue's Diary ----- 292

( (

;g I 0

"/J'<! u5

The Folktale Kasajizo ------ 298

ft X
m

II

) 1:1)f!,
t
t;r. Itt::

Looking for Friends ------ 304

+ * 1ft BA m fJt w * rn- 5 *

Tanabata Festival ------ 310

;f$ 1f- 4 1 1 it $ It ;Jf -t

..............................

1]

a 1;"\ ka sa t ta -T:!-. na (i ha i ma ya ':> ra 1 tJ wa : lvn

\...

u ki < ku L ski -t su -J; chi tsu t: ni J. nu u hi )" fu I H.mi C mu I rp yu l) rz ; ru I

t\.
z

......

A.e tt ke {!: se I l te tl ne I he I Jme

""""

}; 0 "- ko .z so

to

(J) no

tl ho t mo J: ; ro 0
YO

tlre

(Refer to "Japanese \Yriting System" on pages 18-22 for more details.)

Ml

CD Hiragana
1. yo
4 . su
7. ta

Practice J: 't =
2. ho
5. ki

A. Choose the correct hiragana.

} t:

t;
._

ti
'-

3.

me

IJ.
.._
-

6/)

6 . chi
9.
e

i;

8.

ro

;;

A.

!v

B. Match the words.

1. 2.

3. JfJh'-\\
5.

l t t .

t t:t ir"

Person's name Akai Nakamura Takahashi Tanaka Morikawa Sakuma Yamamoto Hashimoto
9.

10. J: t . 11. h" t:t --b. 12. }.; h h" . 13. t:th .
-- " 14. '- .,...,) ,
....

-::d l" ;; .

Place name

Gifu Beppu

Sapporo Osaka Kyoto Kanazawa Nagasaki

4. tj L t t

6.
7.

t h" tj L t:th"" b . t 0 h'-b.

8.

< l

15. ""' --::; 16.

t?tf

.,...,) ,

') 0

Chiba

C. What's wrong with the hiragana below? Rewrite the correct hiragana.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

D. Write as many hiragana as possible which contain the following parts. (1)

1
(4)

(2)

t
- ........,

(3)

(5)

(6)

E. Put the

hiragana in the right order to make sense.

Example:
1. 3. 5.

t::.'

t i;

----

t t::.' i;

blvi:' lv tit: lv \ \

------

2.

.:''\ \ .z

------

--------

6.

4. ;{.lj:;i 1; { t::.' \ \ <

CD Reading

Practice

Read what the following people are saying and answer the questions.

1. Who is an office worker?

2. Whose major is Japanese? 3. Who is a high school student?

4. What is Harada's major?

Writing Practice
You received a letter from a Japanese friend. Read it and write a letter introducing yourself.

t> r::

t: t 1v t; 1v r--<r

t t; 1 L- r

1 .z. n" t> J7. ; : r-- <r

o

11

I!

-tt 1v t 1v t .i "' '\ :.-- ? '' J:

L- t r: "'

'\

n{ <

0) "' '\

z." r-- T

; ?td.lv -tt "' '\ r-- T

o

L-

< ;n ?td. n{ "' '\

L- .1 T

-- --"'

---

* c: -t- J: .; L < B t;{1.' L l i' is more polite than c: 1 -t- l .; L < .

1 ? tJ/ytJ-j1

. . . . . . . . . .....................

2]

Katakana

7 a

7J ka
-tj- sa

1 ki
z

7u 7 ku
A su '/ tsu

7 ke
se
......

;f
:1

ko to

-:/" shi

"""'

'/ so

ta -j- na
/ \

1- chi
---

T
"

te

nz

7- nu
7 fu b mu
::J_ yu

;;:("'- ne he /. me V re

/ no

ha

t hi

* ho
mo 3 yo
0

-::? ma

mz

f ya
-

ra
wa

'

rz

J V ru

ro
0

r;J

7
22-24

/ n

(Refer to "Japanese Writing System" on pages

for more details.)

.... (b E t==l

CD Katakana
1.
0

Practice 7
Jv '/
2.
nu

A. Choose the correct katakana.

;t
/
'

'J 7 -f:

7 *

3.
6.

sa

T 7

1jb.
::L

4 . shi 7.
ru

5 . ku

ma

8 . ho

9. yu

:I..

B. Match the following words and pictures.

1. ( 2. ( 3. (
4.

) ?t v / _:t - .A ) -']- - ) 7 7 1 F if -T ) 1f 7 :1''

7. ( 8. (
9.

5. (
6. (

) 1- 3 :J v - / '\ 7 ) :J - t -

10. (
:I..

) 1f / F 1 ''J T ) .A -T - ' ) .A , " /f ''J T 1 t O

) ) )

11. ( 12. (
(c)

v -t: / 7 1 (d)

- .A

(a)

(b)

0
(e ) (f)

( g) (h)

(i)
(j) (k)
(l)

~ ~

C. Match each country with its capital city.

Countries Ca Qital Cities

1. 7 v - 7

;f ?

2 . ;f 7 / ''
3. 7

? / r / DC
..=..
.:::1. -

lJ tJ

7' lJ -

4 . :I.. :; 70 }'
5.

7 b A 7 lv - b.

;f - A }' 7 1) 7 .

7 7 7 Jv / 7- Jv 7'' :r.. / A 7 1 v A

6. A 7.

ry

:I.

- 7 /

1 / F

/ ""' 7 tJ 1 o A r '/ 7 * Jv b.

8 . 7 Jv / 1- / 9 . tJ -}-

D. Word Search-Find the following country names in the box of katakana .

""- T L.. (Vietnam)

"/ / tf ;f - Jv
1- .:r.. A7
"::1

(Singapore)

(Czech) (America) (Sweden)

7 /- 1) tJ
.:r..

- .:y /

.I. 7 7

F Jv (Ecuador) (Mexico)

/- .:\=- "/ "::1

7 7. S/ Jv (Brazil) ;t;'A .::. 7 (Bosnia) .:;f 7

/ y

(Holland)

1 /
Jv

F i-- "/ 7 (Indonesia)

tJ T y (Canada)

7 / y

(Rwanda)

... / F ;f, :/ 7 1 Jv 7 :1 7 -f: lJ 7'' 7 0 7 7 ... ;f - A r 7 ) 7 _:;, :1 ... ... ,. 7 y 7 -r :/ 7 ;;( :/ / 7- ..X ;;( Jv c lJ * A.' y 1 7 ...... Jv tJ -r y ... ,, tJ -f: T :/ c- ;t;' A - 7 7 / tJ'' ;t; - Jv / '\ / y 1 :J" lJ 7 J_ 7 7 F 1
l
_,,

/ y 1..X

:1

1 7""'

:1

r 7 -r y L.
7

.... .... -

Jv ;;(

71

(Thail and)

.:;f - A 7

1) 7

(Australia)

E. Put the katakana in the right order to make sense.

Example:
1.

3. /
5.

r /-

7-

7-

-- -- --

2. =- .::J... ;l -

-- -- -- --

- - --

7 7 -

4. / S/ - :A'

- - - - -- --

-- -- - -

6.

v - 1- r

-- - - - - -- - -

CD Name Tags
Write your name in the box below and make your own name tag.
. . '

Example:

1 7 Jv

Reading Practice
Mary wrote about the things below. Find out which item she wrote about.

1. (

) .:: n t:i b t L C0 -1=- - A.t C0

.:::. .:z. -

3 - :7 / .:\=- - .A C0 ti 7 L -r-t o

ti 7 L --c--t o

t i' 7 L t Gb .i -tt A.to

2.

) .:: n t;i b t:. L (?) L: "C lv L --c-- --; o

::t - A 7
'

) 7 (?) L: "C lv L --c- -t

t:. h' 1, \ --c- -t

3.

) .:: n t;i

Y' .I. lv /v (J) L: L J: "C" To

A """ 1 / .:: (?) L: L J: l:

Ji:> i --lt lvo

7 7 / A .::' (?) L: L J: "(' T 0 4.

) .:: n u ::.; f '/ / 1v (?) < -J --c- -t o t: ti /v (?) < --? l: Ji:>
1 '7
'

i -lt lvo

T (?)

< -J "('' T 0

(a )

(b)

(c )

(d)

g)
(e ) (f) (g) (h)

tiiJ
~

50,000

8,000

Writing Practice
Write about the things you or your classmates own. Use Mary's sentences i n ill as a model.

cM3 il I
001

........... ........... ... . . . . .

* l \(t) O)tt l \fJ\-:J Daily Life

-1 1

- ( 1 1-) one V' 'C

-

-1 /
'

-* ( 1 1- Y) one o' clock Jf-.i.. ( 1 1- _;{, / -l! 1 ) first-year student -"':) (U' t "':)) one --B- (1 y 'f'/) one minute

Cone)
002

.,....

(1)

v):\t:
(two)

'#
003

( 2)

:::_ * (.:::. Y) t\'VO o'clock :::_ Jf- .i.. ( .:::. _;{, / -1! 1 ) second-year student ;::_ "':) ( ,b t "':) ) two .: ;::_ E M C .b -:J tJ tJ Y) two days

;::_ ( .:::. ) two

1S ..
004

......

-tj- /
7:;. -;; (three) J: J:

* ( -!fY Y) three o'clock 3. (-If/) three .i.. ( -1j- / _;{, /-1! 1 ) third-year student 3."':) ( lJ. -:::> -:J) three
(3)

- -

- - -

1!9
005

J: -;;
(four) -:::l

l?E* ( J:: Y) four o'clock l?E ( J:: lv ) four l?E.i_ ( J: ;;t, /-1z 1 ) fourth-year student l?E f] ( 'V 7J '/ ) April '[9 "':) ( J: -:::> "':) ) four
(5) 1 n V1 vq \!9

A
006

\ \ "':)
(five) o?
0 '/

A* ( :f Y ) five o'clock 1i ( -:J) five A "':) ( l.- -:J -:J ) five

(4)

11

)
..
007

.....

t: -;;

'ft:

'ft:a ( 0 'Y t:: '\" 7 ) six hundred 'ft: -B- ( o 'Y '1' / ) six minutes
l ...J..>
...J-

( o 7 ) six

'ft:*

li

( o 7 Y) six o'clock
'ft: "':) ( u -:::> "':) ) six

(six)

(4)

...J-> "'-

1-

i'i

--t
008

--1:::' ( :V 1-/ 7:t. 7:t.) seven --1:::' "':) ( 7:t. 7:t. -:J ) seven
( 2)

--1:::' * ( '5/ 1- Y) seven o'clock

(seven)

--t-

- "1-

/ \ '')

-'(-' -;; (eight)

"'* (;,:f- Y ) eight o'clock -'"'- (J\:f-) eight /\..a c.\ 'Y c: '\" 7 ) eight hundred "'"':) ( -:::> "':)) eight "' (l\ 'Y -!f 1 ) eight years old
( 2)
/ /"-

009

ft
010 01 1

.:1=- .::t ?
:: :: o:>

')r.. (q:- ::z. ? ) nine 1Lat ( ;7 S/) nine o'clock 1L ( ::f ::z. ? -IT1 ) nine years old 1L-;; ( .:: .:: 0)-:>) nine
(2)

(nine)

1L
+at ( S/ ::z. ? 'V)
ten years old
ten o'clock
::z.

+
a

V .:t ? v .:t ''J

(ten)

+ C'V ::z. ?) ten + ( S/ ';/ -IT 1 )

(2)
,..

+ ( c :to)

ten

+
;7 ) hundred
.:=.a (-IT y t: ,.. ;7 ) three hundred

l:: -1' :7 t: -1' 7 t:' -1' 7

(hundred)

a ( t: """a
(6)

a (o '/' c 1" 7 ) six hundred

C-'\ '>' c: ,.. 7 >

-r

eight hundred

012

+
013

-t /

-ii / '

-1- ( /) thousand

....vt (; \ '>' /)
(3)
..... ::!-

.:=.-1- (-IT y -it y ) three thousand

eight thousand

(thousand)

1-

7j
014

7/

-7j ( 1 1- /) ten thousand + 7i ( S/ ::z. ? /) one hundred thousand a7i C t: ,.. 7 y /) one million
(3)
-

(ten thousand)

-y

7j

P3
015

.I. /

a P3 c :: ,.. .p x. y ) one hundred yen

P3 ( x. /) circle
(yen; circle)
(4)

rJ

P3

v
...
(time)

- a ( 1 1- S/ ) one o'clock 1-1<1>* ( .:: c' <b 0) c ) in one's childhood at C c c ) sometimes attt c 1- -7 1 > watch
GOl 1 n R

a-

a..J-

IF-

a:!=

a; *

On this chart, katak ana indicates the on'yomi [pronunciation originally borrowed from Chinese] and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi [native Japanese reading] .)

CD ;lO)**
1J'Iv u

ttlv u5

(Kanji Practice)
(1)
/ '\

i A Read the price of the following items ' n kanji and write it i n n u m bers. .

Example: 1- 3 ::I v -

/ n 1-

(2)

lv T

s 1i. + P3
( (3) t C1) (4) 7 v t:) (5)

-f-/ s P3 \
..

(
7

0 0 0 00

D
OCa:t!Il

0 0000 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00

--t + - ::7 1Z9 -T P3

( )

+ -=- ::7 .:=. -t- P3

( )

B. Write the following prices i n kanji.

Example: 1 . 30 4 . 6 , 070 6 . 42 , 500

5 , 420

li. -T 1Z9 a .=. + P3

2 . 140
5 . 8 , 190

3 . 251

7 . 168 , 000 9 . 57 ' 000 ' 000

8 . 3 , 200, 000

A international exchange student writes about his daily routine. Read the passage n to find out about his schedule and f i l l in the blanks below.

t; t L t.l .;t \ " t : t; -l: at t : B ::.

i To -? t; r- &6

:: ;::-- t.i t ::.

,;t To -'"-at t : f ' \ \I:J \ \ '\ ,;t To Jt.at t : t : t l /v ;::' /v J: 3_

-? L .;t To + ::. at t : t:_' \ " -h < --

at
::1 ;::
" -

t:

<1) h .;t To

r. ,z,

-1::- v ;:'' t .i lv t .;t ::.

To

li

1Z9 a

t :: L J: -h lv --c-- t l lv J: h .;t To

.; -? '!? -h 3t .;t To + * t:: 7 v t:- h .;t To + ..::. at ;:-

!i

li

J:> tl .;t To
. - -- - --
---

-- --

-- -''

7:00 ( 9:00 ( 4:00 6:00 ( ( ) )

watch TV

go to the university

eat lunch

< (Writing Practice)

fJ' :tl.fvlt-P5

Write about your daily routine. Use the above passage as a model.

(4 I
016

)<]7 1) -ZfvO)l.Jvp5J M ary's Weekend

..............................

4J

017

7.}

=- 1;:: .'/

(.f'

8 B1l 8 (.::::.. 1-- 3 ? TJ) Sunday a ( ? 1 .:::.. .::;-) every day (?) 8 Ui ;:!: OYu') Mother's Day a * (.:::.. Ji\ ) Japan 8 c C.:::.. 'Y :- ) diary
3... a

')'

tJ ) three days

(day; sun)

(4) I

E
a * (.:::.. * ) Japan

*
018

;j\ /
t (book; basis)

* ( * ) book

8 * ( .:::.. Ji\ :I) Japanese language tL*- lv (-\b * <b t lv) Mr./Ms. Yamamoto

(5) -

I :t

* *

A
019

/
7.}

::=.. /

3.-A... ( -l]- .:::.. ) three people (2) J /.... J1 lf-la 8 ( 7 '/ 3 ? tf) Monday

a *A. ( .:::.. * y ) Japanese people .:: 0 A. ( ;: 0) V t ) this person -A."('' ( V t IJ t:) alone

(person) J.f':J jf" J

J1
020

"'::)
(moon; month)

J3 (-::::> ) moon
(4)

- J3 ( 1 1- jj '/ ) January

Jj

,13

*
021

tJ 7.} (fire)

j(Bi E (tJ 3 ? TJ) Tuesday j( (U) fire

(4)

. y *
7 ( OZJ. f) water J<.

7]<.
022

7.. 1

7J<.ni a ( .A 1 3 ? tf) Wednesday

(water)

(4)

*
023

-t- 7 .....
(tree)

J 7] 7f 7]<.. *-Hi E ( -'E 7 3 ? lJ) Thursday ;f.. ( ) tree -t * *

(4)

3fi I

.;f- /

f; b

B1l 8 ( :- 3 ? tf) Friday (:BiJ>b.) money

A A b

(gold; money)

(8) /

4-- 4,--

024

025 026

--J i? (soil) 37

" 8 ( F ::r i'J lf) Saturday (-:::> iS ) soil (3) +

HI
_t
r

8"8

(..:=. 7- 3 i'J Lf) Sunday

(weekday) S/ 3 7 (up) 7J
I X.

I _t

08)

027

Lt

(3) l

( -? .:Z. ) top; above .L4- ( 3 i'J A ) good at _t ( ;:;t :7 3 '? ) rooftop }J:_

B B,

If' B", "' 3

3 Bf3 llf? !! " 1 IPtl Bft

r ( G t:=.) under :t1Br ( 1- J.r=t 'Y ) subway T T

r f ( A... t 'l;t) poor at

(down) f- ::t 7 (middle)

J\/

028

~
029

iJ: h

7 00 ( 1- ::1. i'J ::l :7 ) China tf tf7 ( iP) inside S/ ::t 7 tf7 : ( 1- ::1. i'J 71 :7 ) junior high school -Jflf' ( 1 1- ;f, / ::1. i'J) all year around
(4) '

(3)

-=-*.f'

( -lJ- >' J \ >') half past three .f--$3'" (J \ / 7. /) half

17

tP

(half)
(In

(5)

' ,.

this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)

CD 0)** (Kanji
tNv v nlv v'P?

Practice)
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

A. Match the kanji with the English equivalents. 1. 7_}(Bi 8

2. B 8

3. 8 Hi 8 .
4. J1 0i 8

5. Hi 8 6. 7f.. BI 8

Friday

7. -*. Bi 8

Saturday

B. Look at the picture and choose the appropriate kanji for the blanks.

_t

1. v .::z 7 / tJ: t:' Jv O)

(building)

"C" 't

2. 8 *"- * tJ: v .::z 7 / 0) :::: ,, -? :: 1

3. .::z - , \' - tJ: v .::z 7 / 0

--c -t

--c -t
0

CltL I I

0 0 0

? U - * o

Read the memo and answer the questions.

3 . fPJat .:: IJ' ;(. ry .i

(L A.,

2. -7 i? -c- tf .:: tJ: t .i ::.

1.

1} - Cj J: J t: t ::: L .i

J h'o

-t h'o

Jh'o

(-:_ A 1 +. /,v o !Lst " J-;; n'Z 1) 19

(

t t r-t? t r\ , -n \' < 1'' ,!\.' lv J: I L 1 r 1 t] -- l i/-v'c 1 /v

h 1J \ J) -:r "'-:i( J: -7 t

-t ::- -t- - B

Read the following passage about Mary's weekend.

: Bff E t : E *'- CI) t: t t:: t: .:: 7 ;t t : \ ' .i L f o --c t: t t=- "t t: U: ij: L .i L t: o

.:: 7 ;t

i- n IJ" G ,

v A.

7 / \ ' .i

L t:

t: < t .i L t: o : u:
-

a1 a

"'C'' t; "'C ?.:> ""' "' \ .1 L t:

\

t < h. -tt 1;"' 1 :

o

L t:

h -tt -c- B .i

t l1l 7 1J" "' .i L t:

0

E Blf E U: t; i- < t; .i L t :

t; /;" t t; i- < }; .i L t :
o

b t: L ti 7 v e- h .i L t : .:: ti t .i L t : : t J: .,lj. j: L f: o
o

i- nfJ" G , B IJ " Gb t: V'

l

.:: .:: ti

a *-

: 7 L .i L t

II
h -tt }; lv t }; i- < store
11>

sweet bun

late

Arrange the following activities i n the order Mary did.

-7

-7

-7

-7

)
3 . went to a restaurant

1 . studied Japanese 4 . watched TV

2 . bought sweet buns 5 . went to a park

< ** (Writing
iJ' ft/vl.,-5

Practice)

A. You are going out. Write a memo to someone in your house, telling when you will be back and whether you w i l l have dinner at home.

B. Write about your weekend.

(5il I
030

OJ:Z: 5 Travel

-t.L
(3)

..............................

sJ

~
031 032

-+}- /
(mountain)
IJ>b t; b '

( * ) mountain 'i;t.L ( 7 Y -lJ- >' ) Mt. Fuji

l J_

JJ] JG
~
_.t. :

Jl] (ip;b) river

...JJJJ lv (i Lo"b lv ) Mr./Ms. Ogawa

(3) }
)I

(river)

Jl]

1-f:,_;

ft.
-

( 7 Y ::f i:t ) fine

(origin)

(4)

033

r jt
( T Y ::f) weather

ft. ( 7 >' ::f ) fine ( T >' ::f ) electricity

(6)

(spirit)

034

j- /

00
(4)

...

_,._

c:

7\

.t:=

( T >'::f) weather

( 7 >- :::l ? ) heaven -

(heaven)
bt L (I; private)

035

036

{t. (b t::: L, ) I {t.:ir..;k ( V l) '/ :7'1 7i ? )

(7)

r "ft..

7
037

\\

:1 /
(now)
::' t

(t-) * ) now B)t ( ::1 >' J 'i >')

(4) / A A

.... ....

priYate university

5f

5fl- 5f ( J: 7 )
today

4'- 8

tonight
b 7

lB.P lv ( t::: i:tiP lv) Mr./Ms. Tanaka t.LlB Iv ( * t lv ) Mr./Ms. Yamada !. lB !vtJ: Ct::: AAJ:) rice field
(5) l n m m m

(rice field)

038

'*
039

f> A.t :/ 3
(woman) }) .:: y './ (man)

-!J:(J)A. ( ;13 /v iJ:' OYU' t ) woman -J;;ti ( 3 1 ) woman (3) 1.... ll.. :!t::

~
040

(J)A_ (;13 c .:: O) l} c ) man '11: ( 7>-' 1 ) man

' n m fR m m -:]

(7)

Jt
041

7J. 7 './
(to see)
'v '

)L {> ( 6 ) to see JL4!o ( 7 / 7.'/) sightseeing

(7) I n R "" E1

Jt

1T
042

--

:J t)
(to go)

;:f 3 ?

ft \ ( It < ) to go }LZ1t ( / :r '/) bank

(6)

-1t EJ ( -1 1- = 3 ? ) first line

...

1-

r {t 1zy ( v 3 7 r: ? ) cafeteria
+ +

~
043

t :. 37
(to eat)

1z.-...::: {> ( t.: 6 ) to eat

iZ.-...:4!{; ( t.: ""- 0)) food ::
(9) / /' +

1'"

j k

(J)

1 './
(to
drink)

ftt: (O)ti') to drink .k7J-4!o (0) 0)) drink .klii* ( 1 / V .:L ? / 7 /) drunken driving
(12)
/ /' A-

4i

1' j? ti:

On this

chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)

CD *0)**
n' 1v v

A. Using the parts below, make up the correct kanji.

:ttlv vtP?

(Kanji Practice)

Example:

->

Jt 3. b 8.
9.
5.

2. X,. 6.

t.J

lO . ffi
Jz j h :i To

B. Match the following sentences with the pictures. 1.

3.
5. 7.

( ( ( (
(a)

) X.. 1.. 'n Jt :i T o ' ) / '> / / '. - -jf - "" :i T o ) J ! J IJ >' JIJ ry ;i To ) {j" t : {j" ;i To
J(,. .::

2. 4.

( ( (

::r

l::

6.

) O) A 3t" O)A_1J>' I.. \ ;i T o ) 4'- 8 ti ., , ., , 'vr T o

-o:
' I
' 1

(b)

(e)

(c

fS?

) (d

) ) )
1..

(f)

m
2.
10. 6.

(g)

C. Match the kanji with the reading. 5. 1.

( (
(a)

-a 1L 8

..li S

( ( (

) ) )

.:: a

9. (

+a

3.

7.

( ( (

) ) )

3- 8 --t- 8 .:: + a

4.

8.

( (

) )

f\.. 8

1[9 8

11 .

L (g) ... t;

, 1;

(b) .:: .:: 0) 1J (h) 7;. "? t;

(c) .. ' t::. i? ( i ) t. \, \ t;

{j) J: -) t;

(d) }; 1;

(e) t: 0) 1; (k) J:
"?

(f) tj: t;

1;

A Match the following katakana words with the English equivalents. .

1 . ::r - t -

cake

2. :::1 / -tj- - . 3. 7 1 - / 4 . tJ 7 :r.. 5. 7 7 ') 7 .

6. 7-

coffee

cafe
classical concert Vienna

B.

5 S * o
Read the postcard below. Write T for the things she did or does and write F for the things she didn't or doesn't do in Vienna.
1.

3.

5.

( ( (

) see an old castle ) take pictures ) enjoy sweets

2. (
4. ( 6. (

) go to see a ballet ) drink beer at the cafe ) eat at McDonald's

J-t-? ::_ /v l'. fu't'i 1] ' :ft>-t j.{->-',l \ , io :. \ J:. -t)t'1 'L L\ \ l 9 'J-1'__.-ytJ: r1 -t 21-l'- ,r! t:t?-t't 0 ) l h L.: YL;i Lt 1) ,;-Q\_, (' 1..''1 -n'-', 'C 1 t> 4K'v r( Gf f( < lv L GA.- 'k t I) J: lt l k Li.. 1-1 );'VJ <7) J y-t{-( {1 =f J:. LJo l. -//'7 r-r. i '71- Y t l l fJ1'1- ti.'('( < f.vtf) tJ c1 io l.v ' '1) 1J 7:z:-( :J -!::.- J+ io lr- t1<"4:q rctt;\,'l,vfl 0 \19 E H tJ't LJ -q 1 1 s;f-t" J') v i ! L J:? f:l.o
0 o 0 o 0 0 0 o

D
; < ( i\ft1\tft2-5 J l l J.;-1)
, '

JCA.pcA. n

""" J:

Mr./Ms. (used in letter writing) .;; .: but

}.; L ;;

castle again

J:

night

J: f:

C. OJ\- j.... c:!fv=5 1c:t1:i'-rr 1J: i'J'n-* u t.:o Read the postcard below and answer the following questions in Japanese.
1.

0 / '\ - }' ,.{, 'j: (:'' .::_ t : lt \ T i; o

2 . (:'',.{, "(' '"f i; o

3.

C') -) LJ: t : L L t:: tJ o

B b C') t

4. a t.l t : L L t:: i;o t n c: L L t:: i; o

5.

C') t.;t c: 7 "( --t tJo

D
-

... ... ....

mountain "'(" U:,

f \- , .....__ .z, ::.

tough

}.; ft. -c:

Take care.

 5< ** (Writing Practice)

n' :ttlvul1>5

The following are your Japanese friends' addresses in your pocket notebook. Copy their addresses on the postcards and write about your vacation.

-t 'WJ

Jj_ i :t

1i.
t.:..i

rtt
L l

.P I'P <h
i i._ t: h-r ;.;

J:. m -

T753-004 1
T

1 1 2 -0002

.i < t, L th7'L .i
.;:A,

J.r 0 $ JR J.r 36-8

C< i ( l ::. ' ' L h.b

x * fK..-J--. JO J I J 7-7

(M6R I
044

..............................

c:J: fA0) 9f l/A 5Y My Favorite Restaurant

61

jft
045

7.Jh{ L
r?
(east)
:

jfto (u':b l., <- i? ) east exit jJt ('U-:6'> l.,) east ** ( }- ? 4- 3 ? ) Tokyo
(8)
,

f'7

-A

if1

-*

L -+J- 1

~
046

-1? 1
(west)

5 O;: l.,) west ;J.t.5 ( it ::7 -lz 1 )

(6)
-

O;: l., (' i?) west exit northwest r 5 (tJ >'-lf1 ) Kansai region
1 n

5o

iF1

Vt1

8 ( 7}. 7:t 7}. <- t:> ) south exit

m
047

Jj. f:t ;j.

-T /
(south)

m ( ;!j. i;t 7}. ) south mo ffijft_ (7 >' 1-- '/) southeast

(9) 3-t.
-!--

1-1--

3-t
048

:: t := if\ :7
(north)

* 'J

( t;:.) north jft;J.t. ( 1-- ? * ::7 ) Tohoku region ;J.t.it ( * ':J tJ 1 F ? ) Hokkaido
-

n n F1 f!j rn ;J.t. 0 ( t;:. < t:> ) north exit

(5)

:!

:! ...

:!t

<--

;J.t o

0
049

\ i?

-::I t]

( t (' t. ) north exit ;:. A. o ( S/ Y -::1 ?) population ( < t:> ) mouth

\ n 0

(mouth)

(3)

ttl
050

"(" t :: ::.L 'J ::.L " / (to exit) :: 7 ::L tJ

ill ill T ill !$

(5)

ill o (c- \'' t:> ) exit (l" ) to exit Cti-9) to take something out ( ::z. 'Y -lz 4- ) attendance ill ( :;... ::z. '/ ) export + t-p tl: tB

*
051

7o (7}. 7 ) right ' ;loJl- ( ? -lz '/) right turn ;:{; ( -lT :L '/) right and left
(5) J r-

(right)

:{-- 7o

E.

7.Jt ry :: -+t
(left)

; ('U-ti I'J ) left ii.JT (-lf-lz '/) left turn

(5)
-

r ;!:= }i ii.

052

~
053

7/ 7" /

7" /

3i. -$i- ( -::l 7 "Y) five minutes -f--jj- ( ::z. 'Y 7""Y) ten minutes 2f--jj- (!\ "Y 7' "Y) half -$i- ( 7' "Y) oneself
/ /'-...

(minute; to divide) (4)

/.j- -$t
7t: t : ( ;:) ahead

1t
054

/
'-

7t: ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher 7t:il! ( -l! Y V :::r. "/ ) last week
(6)

(ahead)

)-

H-

1-

JL

~
055

1
J

37

7t: ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher j:_ l h ( ? * n ) to be born - t : t.t ( 1 / v 3 "/ ;: 1 1- n once in a life time
'

#- (jj 7 -l! 1 ) student

(birth)

(5)

J-

1-

:7'' 1

*
056

}; }.;

:7 1 (big) jf-7

* C :Y 1 }J 7 -l! 1 ) college student ::k \, \ ( ii:t3 v ) big ::kA (:to t ) adult * ( 7' 1 .r-... "Y) tough (3) r *

057

jfJ

i;i

::k C :Y 1 }J 7 ) university #- ( jj 7 -l! 1 ) student -- U t ;l;t) to study tt (7J '>' :1 "/) school
(8)
'

Oearning)

,,
:1

'"

.....,.

m-. :..r

058

r
m

1f1 -t-
(outside)

7'H (jj 1 1

7 ) foreign country

7'HA. ( jj 1 :1 7 "Y) foreigner 7' ( .::C t ) outside

(5)
/

:;

:Jl

:;

-::1 '7 < t:

-::1''7

7'00 ( jj 1 :1 7 ) foreign courttry o/ 00 ( 1- ::z. "/ :1 7 ) China 00 ( < ;:) country

(8)

(country)

i1

Ff1

J$1

00

(In this chart, katakana in dicates

the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)

CD *0) (Kanji Practice)

1J'Iv (j niv u5

A. Combine the following kanji and make compound words. You can use the same kanji more than once.

B. Indicate where each place is located on the map.

1. 2. 3.

( ( ( (

v ;z

r 7 /

7 Jv7 / 7

: C')tf' t: JtJ ry
1

-r

ffl D (J) f t.f --c- T

o

) o 1 -t Jv * 7 Jv ) tL T 7[. j:_ (J) -) i; )

: C') Jlt o ttl --c , : J.t. D ttl "{ '

-r < li. 7J" < '- '-r-r

'o

7o """'+ 7J"

< '- ' --c- To

4. (
5.

.:: -) lv :

5o 1

T < + li. 7J" <

'- 'rr "'C < t' -:: '-

) :k_

: Jt. D ttl "{ ,

t """' +

\' \. '1T "{ \ f' -:: \. ' a

[e)
b
a

- A..

station
lo exil

d..; ;

.i

"?

-t <

straight

CD clv C. Iv ld.fv (Bulletin Board)

Look at the bulletin board on the next page and answer the q uestions.
1 . If you want to buy a bicycle, who are you going to contact? 2. Where will the party be held? Are you going to bring anything? 3. How do you get to the concert hall?

4.

What can you do for the winter break (from December to January)?

* - A .A 7 4
7 C
1::

7' 7 A
L l -li- ,Z, /;'

Jft:tt Cl) l "C'' ;t - b 7-.. 7 1

-j 11 (

+ .::: J3 -=-+/' 8 C 8 ) '"""" - J3 .=:. 8 ()

;h., '.. \ J l J C1) f {.f"("To

.i \,\ .:" a- H L- L -r < r:.- \,\.,

9 3 7 - 2 6 8 2

20, 000

t ,:; L. \.,-- -ret ( J::

"1"' Aw t> L. -r ( t \.,' -3..

7 "-' I I ) 597- 1 65 1

t iJ- ,Z, : 6 a'""""

t t- "':) n --c --c t , \ , \ --c-- T l !

k [il ! 7J. t C1) t

-(9'J:P:JvA t--- ? :J 7/-v

--c --c < t::.' , \

9 F.l 1 2 El ()
I , 200 P3 A -c 'Y B -c '/

6 : 30 ......

( -tt 7 y-(" \' /

:::1

- t. - )

fl::J :J-Ij-- t--- It\-) v CflBIR 3 ttl o t:rc " 3 :11)

x

. :::1

- t. - )

Mary writes about her favorite restaurant. Read the passage and answer the questions.

IJ lv lv t ?p '""" '-

< A. T ' t: t t:::. \\ l <

-

'{

lv
-

T T
0

t.i j:
\., \

7).

t: T

"('

'

l) \., \ lv 1t \ \ 7 L / :t 7 t '{'' '}; t:o j: \ \ r- A. \., \ \., \ lv (}) v T "(' L -+f T :t t.i 7 A \\ 7 / r"(' / ;fl. lv '{ r- 7 / T '""" :/ U: (}) t j: l }; :t '{'' l t T '< T 1 'v 7 J L lv '{'' 7 '{'' / "(' \., \ 1 7 :/ t.i \., \ T ::L --::::> A 1 A. 7 t 7 / 1 '{ "(' 7 t;;t t:::. l) v t T / 1 1 1k t: }; < r- 7

,.

...

Ttl 0 te

'

l ;fl. T

'{ Cf)
...

ry

(}) t:
-

L
(/)

!
II

'

;lp
""""'

/
:/
' , ,

'

.....

.....

1i. -$1' '

'

, ' ,

'

r1 7 ( v / G '{'' t.i \\ T '{'' 1 T A. 7

0 0

1i
'A 7
v

...

t?

(})

'-

7
-

--

'v \ ""? t

J: 7

cooking

always
everyone

h lv

A. Where is the restaurant?

I

.
I I I I

@ @ X.
.. ...

4
@

. .

B . Circle the food or drink the writer has at the restaurant.

C: 4f o .

A " '\' 7 ''J T 1

e:- -

7 -1 7.. 7 1) A7
-

L.

'7 -1 /

Jv

.:\=-

C. Choose the correct answer.

< m (Writing Practice)

tJ' hlvuP?

A. You are organizing a party. Write a flyer about the party. Be sure to i n c l ude: what kind of party it is, what time it starts, where it is held, what to bring, how to get there, and so on.

B. Write about your favorite restaurant.

(1 I
059

)<]7 1) -fvO)-c_j]\(f.} Mary's Letter

............ ....

060

OS)

.:1=- 3 7

jf.t;f:
1

( 1- '7 4- 3 '7 ) Tokyo -*::M ( 4- 3 '7 1- ) Kyoto

(8)
_._ _,_ \ _,_ n _._ p _._

Jf:-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko

(capital)
'

> "'i

_,_

..

_._

1061 062

Y'

-T c: t c c: c- ) child -*-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko 0-T (:10/v O) C: ) girl 0-T ( :10 t C: 0) C: ) boy -T /. -Jv (f>' V J. -Jv) e-mail
(3)
_,.

(child)

7-

J"

i? \ \
Y' 3 tl

>J ... \ \ ( 1;. \t :) \t ::.) small + ( V s '7 ff 'Y ::I '7 ) elementary school + ( 3 '7 7f 7 -12 1 ) elementary school student
(3) J ..>J ...J ... %:f ( 7J 1 V -v ) company % 7 ( ;t> ? ) to meet %:f Yl (7J 1 V -v 1 Y) office worker
(6) / A A b

(small)
n1

%
063 064

(to meet)
Y' :/
-

4--

5(

:f$:f ( >' -v) shrine (7)

-

%:f (7J 1 -v ) company

(company)

;f

;f- ;f+ ;f
}; X h., (:10 t ? lv) father

1? 1?
7

t: 7

X ( i? 1;. ) father

X-liJ: ( 7 ) father and mother

/ ... ...

065

(father) tJ: U:

(4)

/ -:

y:
};-li): h., (:JoiJ);t> lv ) mother

1;

w/Jj
066

if '

-liJ: ( :2') mother tongue

(5)

-liJ: ( j: j:) mother

(mother)

L..

lJ

C)

!J)

iff

Ti5J

t:::. h

::r t]

\ \ ( t iJ"::.) expensive; high ( ::1 '7 ::1 '7 ) high school ;fst ( ::I '7 ::I '7 -12 1 ) high school
00}
1 ..>1

student
-is" TlJ '*" lnJ --5' loJ

(high)

'*

,:>

,:>

067

068

tt
JiJ:
-n
t'O

:1 rJ

:f.R (ff 'Y :1 l:'J ) school :f.R ( :1 ':7 :1 ry ) high school ;fX ( :1 ? :1 ? -e 1 ) high school student 4' ;fX ( 1- ::z. ':7 ff 'Y :1 7 ) junior high school
(10)
-

(school)

'7 1
( every)

(6)

E ( 7 1 1-- ) every day ( 7 1 V ::1. 7 ) every week B ( 7 1 1'\ / ) every night )t

/

{"'- t7

069

E .:$.. ( * / :1) Japanese (language) 00 * ( .::r.. 1 :1) English (language)

' ,;,.

:t.

li

1ii 4i

(word) 7'' /

(14)

070

071

Y:.. ( 7. / ff 7 ) literature 1'F Y:.. ( -lT 7 7 / ) composition Y:.. ( ;c ) letter; character

l ..i-

"""

Tt

'::"

T 1i 'P 'P

li. 'P 'PI "n l>O

(sentence) -; i... (to return) ti \ \ \ \ ry I,. \

(4)

.::t

072

l)
A

1} (ip ;Z .Q ) to return 1}00 ( 4"- :1 7 ) going home

(10)

::::.. .::L r] (to enter)

.AD ( It ) < is ) entrance .A (ktlt> .Q ) to enter .A..;ft, (v>tt .Q ) to put something in .A (.::I. ::z. ? ) import
/

IJ' IJ""

l)P

fa,. f!- w

(2)

(In this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)

CD (l) **
tNv L/

tl.fv u5

A. Fill i n the blanks with the appropriate kanji.

1.

8 :;$. 8,

-r-

-sTCiJ

-=- 1F-
}.:ll(,

'(. }:

2.
3. 8 :;$.

t. J:
:fj-

t. * : ;J?
< h ), =
__

j To
ry

4 . *-

l f o :ti...

To

-liJ:
iJ -? t -r.,, To

X:

4it
A.
_.lf-.
_......

A.

1z "" t 0 t.i

B. Which new kanji from this l esson include the katakana below?

Example: 1. 3

3.

L.

4. 0

C. What's wrong with the kanji below? Rewrite the correct kanji.

1.

-ll}
-::-
t'O

2.

r> -b TPJ

3.

Jf6.

_.l-

4.

5.

l)*

fA

l-r ' i

I
I

II
I

i" L
7-J. Iv 1t "'"'1;'
I

a little all from .

. .

I
I
I

.P

cram school literature to take (a class) to look forward (to)

X ey:
r ;

"'"'

) t:.. 0 L h. t: i" {>

iJ' t:: t : '"? tt ; to take care of oneself

Summarize what Mary wrote about the fol lowing topics in Japanese.
1 . J ap an:
2 . Her town:

3. Father:

4.

Mother:

5 . Sister:

6. Brother:
7 . School:

(!) J <
fJ'

tl.lv L,tp?

A. Write about the following topics.

1 . a * ';;t/:f" <J) OO t:i
-------

2.

:f" <J) l

-; t;;t

------

3. b <

t;;t

__ __ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _ ___ _ __ ___ _ _ __ _ ___ _ __ ___

4 . ?::: t

t -; t;;t :

------

B. Write letters to your Japanese friends. Describe your town, host family, friends,

and so on.

(
073

E s s o N 8 I L E3 0) J apanese Off i ce Workers ;e

..............................

sj

074 075

1:)

-1 /

%.:f CtJ 1 V 'V 1 >') m ( 7 Y 1 >')

office worker

store clerk

(member)

UO)

'

rt

19

EJ

newspaper

Jt
00

:,.; ::,.-

Jf L I. \ ( t I? L It )
>Jtf:'
'
..._

new

Ji"& ( V /' 7'' y) 1

( V /' tJ Y Y) Bullet Train

??r

(new)

U3)

it

i!

:f ;f : :/ :f :f :1T
>Jtfifl ( V >' 7'./')
newspaper

7'' /

fifl < ( < )

to listen

(to listen)

(14)

r r r f r1 r 1 r, M M M r Jk Jir j j

076

1
077

--:J \ -+J- :'7

(to make)

1-F 6 (-:J < ) to make 1-Fx (:7 7.>') composition 1-F ( -lf :7 1:: /') artistic piece
(7)
I

1
( V .::: c )

1'
job

1 1t 11= 1

1
078

:,.;

1*

(to serve)

(5)

1-

11-

1 (tJ )
fire

079

: =

1* ( V .:: c ) job * ( .:: c ) thing *-* * ( V 3 :7 ) meal

(8)
..,.'T"? "i5" "i5" --,

(thing)

"i5" -=>--

"i5" --:3-

nn

7' /

JtL M;
(13)
-

( 7 /' V 'V ) train ( 7 >' 7 ) telephone

-

( 7 >' ) electricity

(electricity)

r- rr r.r m=-- nr-> w tf> 'f!f iff 'ID'

train

080

< 6 j:

:,.; -\'

lfL ( < * ) car JfL (7'/' V 'V ) I JtL ( T / V -\' ) bicycle

(7)
-

(car)

Fi

t3

j1

081

082

1*
..
' .... ...... .......

-r

;f- .:z. ?

i*t; i;f...,l;. i;f.. E

(6)
l

( T u) to be absent; to rest ( T cl}.) holiday; absence ( ;f- ;:z.. ':7 :/ 'Y ) holiday

(to rest)

1- 1t 1t 1t.

\, \

IT /
(to say)
J:

g 'J ( It ) ? ) to say -=- a "*' i5 ;0 -r ( -'j / :J7i :7 ) linguistics

(7)

-=-

083

=-

* L'

...::-'

-=-

rt

-=-

i5

;:.*
084

t- 7

fe
Q4)
'

( J: u) to read ( }:' :7 S/ s ) reading books

-

(to read)

-,:

;:;

ii

-a--

ii

-?+ ii

-?-:1ii

i,-:1"'

-:r

,.... r %

-:r

-:1-

l:B J
085

t:J t

iB '

l il ( 7 S/ :: i:t ) mysterious ' (9)

' n TT1 'Ff1 iB iB iB I iB I iB

(to t> ") ) to think

(to think)
"'? ._,

'h lA
086

:;

;x_ ( "'? r!) next 'b 1A-f;r:: ( :/ :/ 3 ) one's second daughter

(6)
'
J
'

(next)
1j t :

,, J

'

1PJ

il lv

JA. (i;tlv .::. / ) how many people (7) I

( T;t ;: ) what

)y ;x_ I * ( i;t lv '/)

what time

(what)
On

1- 1 r- fi

this chart,

katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)

CD OJ
tNv Li

n lv v?

A. Using the parts below, make up as many kanji as possible.

Example:
1.

g
Jt& ,

.X.
2.

X
3.

:)(
a
4.

5.

6. 0

B. Match the following phrases with an appropriate verb.

1.

. 11: ;

2 . 7 :/ ;;f

3 . 1

. 1*- t:

"'"* t; 6%

4. a *- t. }; t L ;; '- \ c::

5 . 7J v -

6.

7.

'llll :

. )

"t {>
tY '

7 7 7..

M <

0 {>

A. W-7 - , B*AIDtt * o
lj>')

Read the following questionnaire.

1 . 1 * '0 A r v A 1; ry -t -2 . J: < 1 L T h "o D J: < T

:.< l = .d " v: ;, :_

Y /7 - r
0

'

3 . 1 '0 k, 1PJ L T o

D t: t:'' T

I!

/7-

questionnaire stress

1 ( - lv :: J.: 1 ) '"'"' C1) i ('"'"' C1) ib )

overtime work after .

A vA

..

B. How would you answer the above questions?

Read the report below and answer the questions.

E :J.f.. O) %:f tt. ill O) lfr "('' , ,, n-M ft lv "'(' \ \ .i T iJ ..

f '-' " "C '-' " h lv t: Ql "C v " .i To h lv t: "( t rt "C '-' " '-' " .i To ;:
t:J "?/)

L U: 7 / 7 - f"j: -? "C , %:f +A.. t: M .i L t;: o

.i f .. 11 0) -A v -A IJ ry .i i" i7 "J M .i L t o :JL A.. tJ: l tJ: ;:
'-'

"J ;t .i L t o 11 i7 :*. "'(' , 1*-h iJ .i ry t: '-' "J % -? "C "' " ;:

=t t \ ' "" h.. :<A.:<.ti

.i L t o ;)( t : , I l < L .i T i7,. J M .i L t;: o .::. A.. tJ: I l < ;: "C '-' " .i L t;: o ;)( t: 11 0) -- M L .i T i7"J M .i L t;: o A.. U:
n

I 51 h t::ft < J % -? --c '-' " .i L t;: o .:: A.. tJ: I tJ

t

;t 7 t : :ft < J

;: L t;: o --t- A.. t J: It n --c '-' " i7,. b , * t : '-' " J -? --c "' " .i L t o
-?ir \ ' ;(.

E :J.f.. O) %:f tj t;: < lv 1 L

' * t3. I \. \ .i L t;: 0

"( '

A v A t s ry .i T

t3.' 1J:.

G , 1*-h tJ: M t L .i -1!- lv o 7 / 7 - L "C , E :?.f.. cry %:f tJ: "C t

t \ ' "-h..

II
about; regarding to to be tired first of all

'"'"' t : -? \ \ '""( tl, '""( \ \ ; ( -? htl, '""( \ \ ; )

;i -r

;j(_ t :

;t .; ( :: f: ;t .; )

to answer secondly lastly

B:i t : ( \ \ :: t : )

( a) 1. 0 7-.

r v /.. il{<b 0
o

----

A.

(b) J: < :7 't o ( c) t t'' :7 T

"A-C<. J;"i

----

A. A.

----

----

A. A.

____

<
tJ'

nlvu$5

Make a q uestionnaire and ask several people the questions. Then, write a report based on the result.

(9 I
087

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

.......

A--t5_fv0) a PG Sue's D iary

C-:>

1=088

-:J' '

1=-mr c :t -e /) A.i\1. 1=-mro/ ( :::t-tf / 1- .::I.. '/ )

(4)

1=-l ( ::l ::i)

P.i\L;

in the afternoon

in the morning

(noon)

089

-:J'' c}) 1

'""" <7){. ( 0) tV:> t ) after . . . 1kJS ( -:) L- -? ) back; behind

P.M.;

1=-1k ( --:J' --:J')

!::;:...

q:in the afternoon 1 (" 1l t : ( 4J- 1 --:J' ;:) lastly

( &? t -c-)

later

(after)

(9)

.;

flU

' .! -

j: ;Z

- /

Wr ( i :Z ) before; front .Z Wr (7j: i ;Z) name

' ,,

I'} 1=- ( ':1 --1! / )

. .

1 1f

1ffi' 1
A.i\l.

(before)

090

~
091

(9)

;>( 1
(name) L JS

Wr (7j: i :Z) name 1f .Z ( ::z. '/ 7- 1 7j:) famous

.)

ll

ij

ijl

.;!.Lijlj

.Z ;f1] ( ;1. 1 V ) name card

(6)

8
092

g \ ' ( G -? It l) white

:7

!7

/\7
(white)

8 *- (l' -7 V ) blank sheet

(5)
/

FlU
' 093

Gb th r;

Pfu ( <:b 3fJ ) rain PfuJ't ( '/ .::\=- ) rainy season ,ij
-

f1

Crain)

094

tJ . 3

I <
00)

(8)

#.
....,

("IJ) < ) to write ( V 3 ) dictionary

..=r

m fh m m r,m

(to write)

jj:

::l.. tJ
(friend)

Jx.t - ( t b t! i? ) friend =. l:Jx. ( V / ::z. '/ ) best friend

-

-.;;3--=-

jk

jk '

jj:_A.. (::z. '/ / ) friend

(4)

r i7

jj:_

095

ra,
,,

t;

1, \ f:3. '

*M ( :Y :JJ /) time .:: at M (..::: :Y :fJ /) two hours A.M (..::: / 7 / ) human being M ( 2b 1.t t!.) between -M < 1 'Y ':./ :1- ? n Y) one week
U2)

(between)
096

r1 r1 r , ft, rn, rA, ra,

I, \ ;(.

097

tJ
(house)

( l.t X.) house (:h '/ 7 ) family ( -:3 1?) house; home
(10)
'

l'

r---

r?

*
098

U: li
7

t.i fi L

*i" (tj:f;tj') to speak - Ot l;t L-) talk; story 1[- ( T / lJ ) telephone - (:JJ 1 lJ) conversation
U3)

(to speak)

.;,.

.;:

-,:

ii

.;:.--

ii \ **

y
099

'j" ;:
i" <
(little)

Y 3 T/

1' L ( T :: L-) little 1' fi \, \ C-t < i;t l.t ) few

(4)
1 f1 f1'

1' --7 ( V 3 7 V 3 7 ) a little

'

t!;100

..)
:J

l5"" \ ( .b l.t ) old (for things) 'o/ l5" ( 1- :1- 7 :I ) secondhand

(5)
-

(old)

71

t!1

0
101

L
1(to know)

o oA.
(8)

( L- ) to know ( 1- :Y /) acquaintance

!J

< 71

......

( < ) to come 3ki i" C * 't) to come *- fi \, \ ( :: t;t l.t ) not to come *-11! ( 7 1 V :1- '7 ) next week
"<7

(to come)

(7)

:;:L

(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun ' omi .) y

A. F i l l in the blanks with the appropriate kanji. 1 . .: 0) 1. \ T

-1'"

'/

t.l.A

P3 --c- L t::. o L """ 1 L t::. o

8 J' m]

8 1' ra,

9'0

2.
3.

1, \ 7 - ::t-
- at

-T - 7

l L f::. o
L 1 To

4. 8 *

B. Choose the most appropriate word for each blank.

L 2.

t; t &) 1 L --c o ;ft. 0) 8 t::. \ \ '1. " \

---

t; ::t- b --c To
1 To

----

-t- *" ;:: .; J?

+- J1 .::. + .n. a ( )

r-m

j - * fa, \'' t-y \ \ 13- Jir \ \ t

j.; lvf.J< (
o

1.}

;:

''

.; ;>( 7 1)

Cl) -n- "?

-

a < '1: "'

:k

\ \ '/t t --? t

;l

7 1)

Cl)

;l\ A 7 7

1)

Cl) tL *
b l::: l.t;V

t : % --? t o

j? :X. h-- tJ: n{ < -- Jd: \ \ A. t --? t o --c BJt ;:'' tJ: Iv t o jS lv t J: I M t JtJ 0 Jd: h-- n {J c: i "? '1: \ \ t n {.. t < h-- ;:

i? 1C -5 h "'? t::. o
'l .t: 'i 'J l.t:'i f

"( ,.
IJ

t 3ftl h J: -=t- t ' ?::: ; -)

l.i'.4-

.:: tj: lv Li ?::: 'l t

"

n \ \ t: t 0) t b

1.4.-

B _::'' tj: lv 0)1jL_ )t

"'?

B '-' " L t;

..

:::r(" L h "'? t::. o

f (/) :

?::: 'l t h'-t \ f'o ;1. 7 1} - 0) ;j\ _A 7 7 ::_ 1} - tj: ?::: "( t L /v -t-

t ::.

1v tj: -- L -5 \ " ?::: -t "'?

"' \ .; "' \ .; i;t L t ::.

"'?

t o lv tj: ?::: 'l ::.

0

;c L

--r \ " t::.

a c. ;t; .A

( t : "? ) 7 7 1) -

diary in the morning host family excellent food

\,\;;j \,\;;j lj:

T
f l "'C

various to have a talk and

-T-lf.r.:P ::_''1? f -]

A. Put the following pictures in the right order according to Sue's diary.

(
(a)

(
(b)

)
( c)

(d)

( e)

B. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true.

1. 2.

( ( ( ( ( (

) ) ) ) )

A - :: A., tJ: ?:1 '- ' t C0 t G -? t o ::. }.; X :: A., t J: -1:t 1J V' < < '"( ' -1:t '"(
l.f;, \, \

.; 0

3.
4. 5.

B ::_'' tJ: A., tJ:M t t;t h ' -? t 0 )t ::. A - :: ,.z, tJ: }; -tif :: ,.z, 0 #s lJ i t t 0 ' t;t 1; > -? t 0 ::.
l "i ')

' ) ;R. 1J i .f < ; 1)

-

6.

:: ,.z, 0 * A r 7 -r 1J

0 .z -wr tJ: tL m t- 0

Read the following letter.

; ,

4- 1 1 i'-7 t' Jf) I } v \' t ) 2"::i' ,.;t_ L r () 1 t' t'- <1) L-JJ "71' -tlj" I Lt 7 --( l l YJ 1-I) \37-f-0 t } j: 7 l) "&_ / ;\'J {! Jv 7J \', J:J-l:E lv rJ) lj .t ] t) l J. [1 tJ h'v ' L1J' ? 1 -c''g o .t( 11- n'G , t 0 l cf) 1) \' t ) "\ , j L- f:: t i t 2it l \f :2 t d)1 q tJ- o t\' 7 1 , ,1J\( < t :: *- -c < r, l \ 1 1 ') '7 I 0) J::; t L 7-:; t 9(o 1 v '1 1 1]\ C) , dJ} Jv (J. 'v \ l l 9 o
tJ;: 8 l X
I

: II :

I
!
!

i
I

'

-t - J

::- tJ '\.. 8 /Z-

{ b.
_

fr

I _ll

Jlt. B (-1!- /v t -?) 0 .l: 7 lv '- ' i" :G

the other day dormitory to show someone around

A. What d i d you do yesterday? Write a journal.

B. Write a thank-you letter to someone.

-- - - - - - - - - - - -- ---- -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- -- - - - --- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - ' ' ' ' ' ' '

Useful Expressions for Letters and Cards:

'II \ .; 'II \ .; }; -lt b : ij: ry L f::. o

lri,t:;

(Thank you for everything. )

1* : "? t t "'(

< t :: 'II \
t I1J :

(Please take care of yourself. )

}.; 'II \ "'('' (J) L 7-;. : ( ::.. :: " \ .i T)

"

L "'( 'II \ j: To (I am looking forward to seeing you.)

o o

"-J }; 60 -e t -?

(Congratulations on . . . ) (Happy Birthday )

}.; f::. lv t J: 7 7.!'}.; "'(

l ( 0;!11 1
1 02

/J\0'L/5 The

...........................

10

Fol ktale

Kasajizo

1i
103

-t .:z. 7
(to live)

1i.t? (Ttl') to live 1i.PJT ( .:z.. '/ S/ 3 ) address

( 7)
)

1.:>- 1t 1:f 1i.

iE
104

:...-- 3 7
t:::. t::'
(right)

J? iE A ( iJ S/ 3 '/ 7f '/ ) New Year iE L " \ C t.: ti G 1.t )) right

(5)
-

iF

.LE
this year

if105

::[., /

.=.. ( / :t, / -1 ) third-year student ( Z: t G ) * ( 7 1 :t, /) next year ( t G ) year

(6)
/-c:

(year)
J

-r

if

'jt_;
106

/ '\' 1
(to sell)

1G ; ( -:? ) to sell % (;\1 7 /) stand;

( 7) + -:i= -:i= I

stall
-:i= ,..-> '::!= '::!=

, tl '

Jl
1 07 108

-/;>

-) Cn -:? ) to buy \ \4!o (/J' l.t ) t 0)) shopping

(to buy)

lBJ

f- .3 7
(town)

1 lmr ( j: i? )
(12)
'

r->

.......

.,..,.,

=n ft w w y; Ji

town
3

:l.tt11BJ ( t.:. Sif> +

3

'/ ) Kitayama town 1B m1BJ

1BJ-fz ( +
( 7) )

'/ + 3 '/ ) mayor of a town m m

fz
1 09

-!;> '

-fz \ \ ( iJ! l.t )) long

-fzJ1j ( + 3 '/ T / ) one's first son
I

f- .3 7
(long)

( 8)

.lL

-t- -t- .&_

it

1?

:@. ( 0ZJ. i? ) way; road

F7
(way)

( S/ 3 F '/ ) calligraphy *-:it ( .:z.. '/ F '/ ) judo :l.t:@. ( It -:; 7J 1 F '/ ) Hokkaido

:!":it
'

(12 )

"

;1--

t1

11

1t

- !"

1 10

11> ' m? a -\? '/

(sno,y)

( 19> ) snow Jf ( -e '/ ) new snow

Ql)

'-

,=.

r=r

r<r

,;F.

,;f.>

m?

m? I

m? =!

111

,m. 3

t :

iL
1 12 113

l) 'j

iL ( t.:.-:J) to stand @JiL::k ( :1 :7 l) 'j )l 1 jj' ;/' ) national university :fL.iL tx ( l) '/ :1 7 :1 7 ) private high school
(5)
l ...l-

(to stand)

r-

Tr

:iL

1 -'A t

:;

'/) oneself -$)- ( -::./ 7 h ( S/ F 7 -1> ) automobile jf ( S/ 7 / -1> ) bicycle

(6)
)>

(self)

f1

19

(:f

4- ( :1 /'V) tonight

J: J:

( J: ) night o/ ( J: i;tiP) midnight

(8)

(night)

'

......

......

{7

-K

114

&;) T 3 rJ
(morning)

)1 ( &? ) morning 4-A O:t ) this morning ( 1- 3 7 3 :7 ) breakfast .A

(12)

....

!;

li

Jl;

)] n }j

115

t :;
(to hold)

t ( -:J) to hold t -? "( < ( -:J ""C < ) to bring r1Tt tfo ( 3 -::.; t: :/) belongings
(9)

t-

.{....

{9:

(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kzm'yomi.)

CD O)
tJ'Iv v

nlv L.,5

A. Add strokes to the kanji below and turn them into new kanji from this lesson.

Example :
1.

2.
6.

_t a

5.

:iL

3.
7.

'

4. 8.

B. Write each antonym in kanji. 2.

4.

'tb

C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji from the list, and add hiragana where necessary.

1 . 111J --c--

_____

3.

*! -e t.l *

shopping

L j: L t o have

___

--c .,. \ j To
snow was long was standing live

(are) sell(ing)

' A. Answer the following questions.

3. (Picture 2) .: (J) B t \ ' lv <:::: B t.f lv h{ .: (J) (J) A. (main characters) "1:''

C:::'' lv A. t: <::: I 'v \ .;!:

Th

>0

t'' lv 515 L "1: 'v \ ; <::: I \ \ .;!:

1.1?

L "' l: Jl, .: 1

Th

>0

B. Read the Japanese folktale "trts: l/5" on pp. 302-3.

C. Put the following pictures in the right order.

( )

(a)

. . . .. z ill.

(b)

(c)

Jv

(d)

( e)

(f)

t. h L t.' h' L h-

once upon a time bamboo hat

if

J? .iE J? t t?

New Year's year

rice cake to sell sad mountain road guardian deity of children snow to put (a hat) on a person's head oneself

%6

h' t:t. L ,

it
ri!P 3

\, \ IJ->. ' lv h :f 1L h h iE L -_::) t t ""' }3 f= "( \, 'I \, 'I \, 'I :f t7) L Jl :f lv lv f= t : L U: f= ? (: h ij: C ry 1ffl J? \, \ A.. :f j:; ti L C tt c t ::. ?r:'' "( lv
0 '-. '-. ' 0 0 '-.

----,

L :f ;c h f= J L t7) tJ f= t: h qw ""? ;c lv "( < U:

0 '-. '

\, \

h h C t \, \
'-.

----,

'

\, \

h t

"(

t ?c'' '7

,..__,

t : '"'-' 1; - .)-\t 6

6
\ \ \ \ .:. r

b -lt

t h L C

"(''

F ()

( .:. .:it. )

to take off good deed voice door to be surprised happy

f =

lv c h tJ

\, \

lv ti j:; iE }3
r7)

'

(f
""?

l__

'-.

1f-? < -t 6
L b -lt "IJ.

lv ti h t

t ::.

h f= 0 t A..
..1/'

L :f L

ry

<

t'

lv lv U: \, 'I
....

c t7) -d::" ,: J" ;t L fk :f 'j L

IJ'

\, 'I
'-

lv ti h tJ

'-.

f=
<

< h C lv ;c ?9= )
"(
""?

t7)

f= c
0

l__

f=

lv t: h C

--

\, \

lv

'-.

f=

:f L

lv t7) * :f

?r:'' J

D. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

t - n t 'h t "' ' 1v 0 1.1 - Yr t> ij: 1.1- '? f 0 ::. :_

lrl.':l

}.; t "' ' lv C:: }.; t.:f cf:> lv U: }.; 1d t:; t::.- -:> f o :_

0 t:f -e B t.:' "' ' 1v tJ: B L ?c'' -J 1v --J Jt f 0 :_ }; tJ' cf:> lv {j: }; t }.; t t:; L "' \ lv lJ: :Jt L "' ' 7.7 , --? # -:> -c "' ' f o :_
\- \

B t "' ' 1v tJ: B t.>c-,- -J 1v : n' % '? f 0 :_

7.

6.

}; t f'' -) lv {j: }.; f < lv t '"? -c f 0 :_ :_

;:ii.:l

lv 0) f! l3fj \- \ -c ' h ' ij: L < iJ '? f:_ o

8.

\- \

lv c:: }.; tJ' cf:> lv 0) }.; iE J'l {j: c:: -c t l h ' '? f 0 :_

--, ...,.
'-

}; 1) (J) t 1; \, \ ti A tj: lv "':::> l!7 ti "'(" \, \ L

--

--,

"':::>
-

"

}; }; b t I t' t
\, \

--,

,m. 3

"':::>
"
-

t::. -t (J) h{ h" "

"'('
'

"':::>
"

1; 7 t : lv lv b ti lv ti t' ' --, f b 1J: ti b t '"'? 1PJ 7 t

' ---'

' f f \ \

t:p

(J)

L_

lv < 5 7 I =. A.. "':::> t ' \, \ h{ _.l-- (J) " lv /' lv "':::> J " ;I? A (J) \, \ -lt 0 f'' t "':::> J1J L_ lv 0 :iL
1m
'"-:="
---

f "'(

?c'>

--

'"-:="

L J f ::. 5 0 lv '"'? ti "'( "

--

-- t::.

"'(''

--

(J)

J:.

j:; t f''
J
--

h"
J1J

h"

--

t:

h{
-lt lv L t ::.

u L "'( < \, \ f ::. 0 s L t ::. -lt 0 lv

'""?

1;
,.,) >
' , ,

t;

L_

lv t:

h"

"'(''
0

-lt .i L

ll:f1

t ::.

,.,) >

' ,,

-lt

L t ::.

1) ti iE }; 1; ;I? ;I? Ji J1J L ;I? t tJ lr '"'? t::. t t .t:l "'('' \, \ 1; '' 0 -d: I \, \ 1( \, \ % h -t L 0 \\ '"'? tJ: lv t_. ;I? lv lv "'( 1; n- h" " t '"'? ti -lt U: L ;I? L " f'' ::. -& lv 1) }; t \, \ tJ' 7 \, \ "(' t h" lf- J1J ' L i? ::>" h (J) lv ti lv t:p i! t::. t:!f 3. 0 f' '""? 1( h t U: t : I L_ }; "'( I iE .i 7 ;I? " \, \ t "':::> Ji i? t ' "'( \, \ lBJ t (J) i: \, \ 1) t : }; -t h" 0 -d: lv lv % "'('' t ti L i? "'('' L 1; t : t::. t t" 11: ;I? 0 '"'? tJ' t - 1t ::. J1J 0 L ..... j:; "'( J1J t \, \ < -lt \ \ lv h{ tJ: L ' t t::. ::. lv L h 0 "'('' lv t::. 1i. < 0 L "'('' L lv ::. t::. j:; J1J "'(' lv t t" 0 0 ,.) > tJ' L \, \ =.' '""? t J1J t::. A.. ti L "'( n \, \ ti lv j:; t ::. t
--,
-----' --' ----' -

h"

._

?c''
J
'

<

;f"l.fvl.-5

Choose one topic from the list below and write a story about it. For example: What do people d o on these days? Do you have good memories? Do you know unusual tales about these days?

nh. L <- ! ' '

ff

t ;h- t:"-1

8 (Birthday)
U'

(Thanksgiving Day)

1 3 8 08fi 8

...........................

1 1j

Looking for Friends

116

4=117

"(

.:t

Chand)
1;>.'7-J. 1;7.).

(4)

+ ( 7J .:z.. ) singer +** (""CiJ]j.) letter + (""C) hand + ( .:z.. ? ) sign language J:..::j=- ij ( 3 7 X ) good at .=-

*
118

(iJ]j.) paper + ( ""C iJlj. ) letter ;fo ( '7 ) Japanese paper

QO)
l

if-

(paper)

r.

t
119

-t
:J r';

.: 0)

7 1i (T ) to like t ( ::1 7 1 ) good will

(6)

#. 7 7-J.

#."

#,(

#.f *'*

( ;: 0) h) liking; taste

(favorite; to like)

1Ji
120

i? 'h '

.:t- /

lftp!f ( q:. / 3 ) neighborhood lft \ ( i? iJ < ) nearby ll.lft ( 1 q:. /) recently 4' iftJft ( 1- 7 q:. / 1- 7 ) the Middle and Near East
.:z..

.,. f

(near)
;( --'f

(7)

-"

r-

JT

'fr

iJT

1ft

BA
ffl

ji) 'h '

IDtBA ( -e 'J ;J. 1 ) explanation

(8) 1 n H

BA 8 ( 19 G t..:) tomorrow

BA I.- \ (t.biJ, :Q it) cheerful; bright

121

(bright)
t:'' 3 ry

8)

BJ] Bfl BA m
( e: 3 7 q:. ) illness

mm

ffl ( .:z.. 7 t: 3 7 ) serious illness .m ( q:. .:z.. 7 c 3 7 ) sudden illness

( c 3 7 1 /) hospital

Cill; sick)

QO)

1 22

r- r r- r- w= m rn ffl

F*
123

-1 /

Cinstitution)

mFJt C e: 3 7 1 Y ) hospital .:kF ( :$" 1 jJ 7 1 /) graduate school Jt fJt ( t: 3 7 1 /) beauty parlor 1 QO) F r F" F,.,., Fo f FY f)t
'?

1 7 ~
..I. -1

i ( .::r.. 1 jj) moyie

itS ( .::r.. 1 jJ 7J /) movie theater ( '5 '"? :Q ) to be reflected (9)

I n H B B g.-. UP-

(to reflect)

BJt

124

@j
125

tf

tJ 7
(picture)

(8)
-

(x1 7i) movie U f n ) painter n m

t ( 7 1 7J :7 )
f!f w mi @j

plan

~
126

7 t::.

tJ

7 ( ? t.: ? ) to sing ( ? t.:) song f ( 7J 'V :.L ) singer 00 (' :J. ':! 7J ) national anthem
(14)
;T' "

(to sing)

Of

1 '

1 ,..

1 "'

$
127

1,. \ i;
(city)

J l l Ortf (;O>;b <-- ':> V) Kawaguchi city rtf -& ( V 1- 3 7) mayor rtf1r1T ( V :7 v 3 ) city hall rtf t (It t> i') market
(5)
'

11

'$

FJT
128

r :: .; t:'' :: .;
(place)

:/ 3 3

\ .; \. \ .; lj: FJT (It) ::S It ::S id. t ;: ::S ) various places :iftpJT ( :t YS/ 3 ) neighborhood 1i.r1T ( Y ;I_ 7 'V 3 ) address -7 r1T ( ?'' 1 c: ;: ::s ) kitchen
\

(8)

-:;

__.,.

ff

pf

fff

~
129

"""'- /
--:::> ?::::

?iT :G (>':f- 3 7 T ) to study &0 -'G (-:> t tJJ ) to try hard ifJ Ij: ( ::f >' >' l;t) diligent
(10)
/ h

(to make efforts) .:t 3 7 -:::> J:

<'

.;z,

'

JL >h )fa

5
1 30

-- 7
(strong)

?iT :G (>'::f 3 7 --t ) to study ?i \. \ ( -:J It) strong ?l't"t lj: ( :::f 7 Y 3 ? id. ) obstinate
UD
-. ::>

A ?

?f'

? 5

?$ 5

?!

1f
131

::L tJ
Jt;
(to exist)

if .Z lj: (.:::z. 7 1 /;t ) famous if# ( .:::z. 7 lJ 3 7 ) toll; fee

if -'G ( tb ) to exist
(6) / r

:1 ;;f) if 1f

l) 3

t::. tf '
(travel)

1t ( 1) 3 :::1 7 ) travel qz-g ( 1) 3 7J >') inn -A.,qz (lf t IJ t.: 7.f) traveling alone
(10)

'

.).

.l-

}j

}j'

}j,_ }jr Jit }jf Jitz

On this chart, k atakana indicates the on'yorni and hiragana indicates the kun'yorni)

A. Combine the parts below to form the new kanji from this lesson.

B. Put one kanji in each box to make compunds.

(1) I
0 tt5JJ
Lot>lv :::.

(2) 1----+---- <3) I :rr -- '-I rJT

___J 1 IP5

(4) ! I F;t I II

A. rc(;:*;t "L < t .= \o (Answer the following questions.)

2 . &b 7J: t: t.1*l --c-- ;,R t.: t:, :i-- L f: ;- &b .1 -tJo ;.R t.: t:, L --c " ' A. : t : + * 1!" ,- ' t 1J &tJ ry .1 T 1J o
"':) ..... ..:- ._ .. '1 -::

1 . &tJ 7J: t: ?) oo t : t.;t ;.R t.: t:, 0 *I;- &tJ .i T IJ o

I!

L.,

-- ,

c:

L.,-1

t ts lf ? < t L' .: d: O::

:k .:=. Jt. .i. "f' To
'tt k l..

"f' T 0 A $' - './ IJ " :k-Jtt --c-- , 1:f:. 0 8 t : t.;t , 7 .::. A L t:

,

F9 Li 7 7

/ AX

< t cL' ! 4-i "'C'' T

0

Jl] D $ t : 1i. lv "'('' \, \ j: T 0

7 7 r r 7 7.7 "f, 1* 0 8 t.;t --e

-+t ''J 7J - L f:

in: < ?) n J t : rr .i T o H *- t.1 7'00

L --c " ' .1 To 7J 7 ;;t 7 t : t J: < 1T .1 To ,Ji_ l, \ "? L J: t : '(f' ,i -tt" h,IJo
:: "' - ::n ;z..-r ?) . .; .:

1f 0 1; lJ: A, f * < f ' ::: \, 'o _: {;}. 8)1

.:. - :; .;

(23/ )

L ' -=> o ''/ :: L \

l.t (;:J\/ t' *ttAdJ' 7 "f Cl) {f "C'' ,

"i 0 -=f --c -T o
ft.
o

.:f 7 -
L .J:

"(

f:. tJ :_

*-b 1j
-t

I,

\ A_o {
lrh -? 1::

7_} <
I,

*- t.! -=t t : 1j ry t :.
0

-&. " ' A. {f --c T o

--c " ' j

t i' < U: #HJG t : fh <16

(:: I -? "( I, \ j T
-

(:: " \ -?
-c

t : / \'

To ut. t.l
L ,,
;z.

F 7 1 7 (:: B;Itt --c To

V L

/ F ry j -tt

A..- -

n ;- ::1 /

-tt

t:

" ' -::>

L .J:

t: 1t j

bt: i:>

tp #
\'

(26/ )

- ?) ( 1 8 /:i<-)

IAl
river girlfriend cheerful hobby band

L .J: -J !

"' (ti L
-k ( j:; ,z, lj: )

-3 )

looking for . . . woman man outdoor activities near place

)I

( t; .:: ) 77 f7

1/t::k
B }J

\, \

( I.J Gi) t J: )

!ft. <

i'l!!"*- ( L 11> h )
/"/ F

C. O(O)Aid:t.: c :91J'o O)A0):8'ffii 1fi L' "L < t.:<!L 'o

1. The person who is 18 years old

2. The person who is a college student 3. The person who likes movies

( (
( ( (

4.

) ) )
)

:: lv :: lv :: A..:: lv

The person who likes climbing mountains

5 . The person who is looking for a girlfriend

) :: A..-

1 . 7Jf :: lv u (::'' A..- 1j A ;f- - '/

;z.-r

j T'

2.

hT

7Jf :: A..- 0-W- r, t.!M--c -tt;'o

1tl\.. t l v

3. .P # :: A..t tJ: (::'' A..- A_1;{

" h t" .,

"('' T tJ'o

5. !RiJ m tj -FJ : t ... , ; -? i: l.. ' l T t.J o

j-; , ,.
t :

E.

(!l, \o

""

, v

1J 1// lvlct *<!/vi:=F* ld=o

;l:::>t.c

=FIv c \

rl:*;t L: < t c
t-::>t.A.. ;:.t:

"'C'' Ttlo ;f t.1 7J -J- 77''A._ O) : -To - JJ t : E -*" t : 3R L t:: o -t-1 t : i --::>
<7)(:1'

t.l t 66 L "'C o It Jt L t:: o ;f t J l l o Y:P t: ti lv - , \ To 11tr1T

:<".., L 'hi

E -* {-> E -* 5c 1 t 1! L "'C "' \ To ;f t 7 7 F 7 h :k f ,,

.;: ;{., l.r

7>H lt.l,
t :it <

E -* - t .1 , t:: &; ry tz 1t L "'C "' \ 1!- lv h ,

--:)

/ n'' if - Jv {-> -= .:z. - :; - 7 /

t:: ry , -:;; ry L t:: ry T O) ht "'C'' T o tz:ff t f ' To r t : if --::> t:.

t ry "('' -t

:: -*"A.. O) f i? t < lv 1'F --::> "'C , E -* ' \ \ JS '-' ' JS 1i L t ' ::

"'

C1)=1f 1i ry t Jt t:: '- \ "'C'' T o A if - '/ t.l/ " A 7 \ I --::>

"(

l5" \, \ j:; .!(> i$ JL t \, \ ; --::> ::

n,
t.: h.- t.:

:.: n h G '- \ ;s '- \ ;s 1i rtf

'J

h -s ry T
0

ht "'C'' T o E

"(

\, \ T

)
'
.

E*

\, \ -t

J: h --::> t:: G ' }; . < -

--..,.{, L:

\, \ 0

' ' ! ' '

; JJ +- E
n v / 7- -

.
:
.

'

1ft. FIT x1t.

neighborhood

;f$;f ( t t "\"' ) 0 ( "J 0 ) }.; ( }.; ""' t)

shrine festival reply

c;; ;-) -

culture fishing

"J

 <

:ttlv u19>5

A. t .:5W O)=Fm1d:w * u J: 5 o
'" u5

( 12 1 M
t :.:"/J. fd:t :.:
1 32
...

t 5' Tanabata

Ch L

Festival

...........................

121

{f ( tn'J> G) old times {f (tl'iJ) G i G ) old tale

(8)
-

(ancient times)

4-

+r

3..

133

3.. 1

3.. n

3.. A

134

1f /.Z (tl'iJ) V fi' iJ> G) once upon a time A. /.1 (U' c 7.J c ) people /.1 ( It ) 0 1_, ) 0 ) various a#f /.1 ( c c: ) sometimes (symbol of repe/7 /.Z tition of a kanji) (3) / 1;h / (God) lj '/ rJ (early) }.; (to get up) -? L .:f .:z. rJ (cow) ":) 1;' (to use) l. t: li't: (to work) F? :,/ /

f$
1 35

f$;f ( Y Y -v ) shrine :fi .f (iJ)?:J.. t!: ) God :filt ( Y l- 7 ) Shinto religion

'

(9)

lf136

(6)

Oiv) early .!f. T {J Oi .to T {> ) to get up early .!f..$}} ( 'J 7 1- 3 ? ) early morning

.!f.'-' \
1

;f.

:fn ;f-R :fs *

~
1 37

; (.to {> ) to get up .:: T ( .to ::. T) to wake someone up ir. T {J ( 1) 'J T {J ) to stand up
(10)
-

.!f.

;:!:

-r

-l

4
1 38

4 ( ? G ) COW 4;jL ( :: _:z_ 7 ::=. _:z_ 7 ) milk

(4)
'

;1_ t

4 ( :: _:z_ ? : < ) beef

!::=..

1
139

1t -? ( ""J iJ) -? ) to use ::k.1t ( 1 ) ambassador 1tffl r;f ( 3 7 7- _:z_ 7 ) "Occupied"

(8)
I

1f h

1fh < ( tj: t:. I? < ) to work 1fh ( c t ;ft.: I? ) both husband and wife working for a living %'1fh ( 0 7 r 7 ) labor (l3)
I

1-

1' {n {i:i 1Ji 1

r r f fo f , ft fw fj ffJ ffh

140

it
141 142

'"'?

v/
(to link)

it;f'V( ')w :f> (-::J h -cv .:Z. .Q ) to take home 001! ( :I 7 v /) United Nations it1;;f.. ( v / ::f ':7) consecutive holidays
.:z.

UO)

'!!! if!! it

hh

''/

.81] t : ( 'Y <:) not in .8'J n :f> (;b iln .Q ) to separate 4(-lj-'/ ) particular t$'] ( 1-- 7 'Y i:t.) special discrimination $'] /.Z t : ('Y 'Y <:) separately
(7)
1 '["? "' ""

(to separate)

$'

$'J I

&
143

A,J. ( :I >' F ) near future -1_ ( 1 -T F ) once (;t / F) temperature .:=.. +J. ( -tt >' .:z. ':7 F ) 30 degrees
(9)

(time; degrees)

~
144 145

t;
-e ;f(red)

r f= r= F fF 75 }$.. " \ ( il!":dH )) red ( Gb 7J>) red color -t? "\"' lv ( ib iJ' "t.:> lv) baby ill ( -l! ::f F ':7 ) the equator -t ( ::f ':7 ) the Red Cross
__,__

'

.:z.

(7)

B
t1
(blue)

T- it iff 4f t" (Gb:to) blue color . .... \ ( Gl) :B t- )) -- ( 1 ;::f, ::;_,-) youth
+ .:=..

...

blue

- -

(8)

f- -Tt -ff t( -'T ::f ) scenery

I, \ ;;

/ .:1=(color)

/37

@. ( 1.- ) 0 ) color @. /.Z ( 1.- ) 0 t-) 0 i;t.) various -ff- @. t @. ( 1-- 7 3 7 ) characteristic
(6)
"' n

.q.,

<$

(In this chart, kalakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)

CD 1l!!0)
tJ'fv Li

tLiv u5

A. Match the read ing, kanji, and translation .

Example:

t.; L

1.
2. 3.

4.

5 . ch

b c n .; )

--::> ( -? )

j:; ( .; )

t.i ( '-' \)

. *' .
j_

. 4 .
a

. -t .

.!f.

to use . cow to get up early color ancient times to separate blue red

. .

6.

7 . \- \ ;;

8. -? L

<h j:.;

$1J

. 1t .

B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below?
2.

3.

tJ

4.

7-

C. Which new kanji from this lesson shares the same component as each pair of
kanji below?
Example:

,ij

'WJ
2.

W
3.

1. 13:. 1 @ t; $7
"k.1J.
A.

it 1ft

7j tz

I<!"k.

A. (picture) <: < t L'o nla:fclt.:cmL'* 91.J'o t:i$70) E3 1::i1= *9o O::
t.:t.J:I;t.t.:

"( ' -tt 'Jw ,Z, "('' tj L =. L (:: t

t=. "(
0 t

t : tj ' \,. \ "( "( ' t tj -tf 1-f ' ,Z, ,Z, fj: L fth t=. o L t ,Z,

ry

-lf

t:

--

-J<;t f; .: "'?

J.....

$1]

tj "(

'

"'('' -tt

tt t: it
\,. \

tl, }; fj: < U' "( tj

t =.

t=. t 0 \,. \ 1 "'? *

U

J.....

.:::.. --c--

"'

L -:J

J:

tl (/) ' ' "C L J J ] t; U' \,. \ "('' (/) L ft;J t. tj (:: L t :. =. U' t=. 0 1 t 0 V' t : =. =. 1i. fj: tl' L t l ,Z, !Jj ' L "'C'' (/) tj tj \,. \ J..... Mi'! :hi 4 ; L J..... JL 1 "'('' --::) "'? ' t t L t0 =. "( ' WI L m (J t=. tj .:::.. "'(', It o J..... };
\,. \

fth

=.

tj f; "'? "( "( t \,. \ t L t=. "'('' 0 '

E3

J..... *
\,. \ "'<

-iii: ry 7;{
U' ' }] "'('' .!f. L 0

"( ' J(.. t: m ' tj };

1 ,Z, "'('' L 0

'

"' \ t=. < }; t =.

0 "( ry tj V' t=. h{

L < =. t:.- - ---, "' \ "C -tt ' ,Z, tj - 1? 1 !_ }; ' % t : }; t - ry L -iii: "'C'' :. tt v t a L "' \ t : "' \ 1t ry =. .i - t t "'? U' % 0 tj iJr. t =. , 0 .:::.. "' \ T l.t. ij: --c "'? 0 ' \,. \ t ' "( U' J..... "( }; h{ \ \ ry .:::.. --t "' \ 1J t =. J..... 7 ly \ fj: \,. \ t l' h " U' o t \\ L b L =. (/) (/) ' 0 .MiJi "'('' tj \\ t =. tj 0 \,. \ t: V' t ;c ;c s ;c =. tj }; ' tl, fj: 1 h"' ry }] a u t =. t tl' ij: V' ' --t t=. (:: L t: "('' J(.. J1 1? I 1 "'? % t : (/) --t tj (/) "' \ --c-- v 1w n 1 t a --c ' =. (/) (/) itt =. T 0 t l' fj: ft;]t. t : 6 <

 $ .i :!!
( {; T 60 )

the heavens; the sky God daughter serious ;) to \YeaYe one . . . ( ; 8 adult to find
one day)

; ( t-; .:: ; ) i!h "( 1) ;

i.ft

to get angry to take back

to cr:r

<

( t:.: < )

.i t 60 i';i
t.i t:

1.7 .-.b l. \ f -J i';i -Sf ! : -.11_ '"" .i --c t : I. \ (1J>'I,. \) tJ' i';i -) ;fJ.,. t: 1? ""'-' i';i t: lv - <
A. .?<

pitiful
once a year

; ( t? ( t? i';i)
(

; """'

by . . .
"ish to be realized
we

:kA.

...It "? tt ; 0 11]

foJ .::

.i 0 1.7>'.-.b)

the Milky \Yay

the other side; oYer there

1 ( t; .:: 1 ) t)

and so forth
strip of fancy paper

4
m ( !J: f :

CO\Y
farm

people

.!:}
. _.f
. lr_ . {!.. :: :: :. -lt. . _(:{ .t:r .. r:r_ -. : : . -

..

/.:-. ; : *
.

f:,

. tr

<tr _. _. .:, .-

.,; .

q" --A---r / w .
z:). . . . --.
. .

* ;

. . .. : '
.

>

. .'C1

*
1t

a- :

>t "

5. t: 7 L

"Z {L t.: i? t.l--t 5 0 E t : t.: lv ::: < t : " ' Th'o

t :.

:.. .::t:.

,t :; ;

<!<C Vv 1 ._ .- Japanese-English
316

<L Vv 2

.. .,_

English-Japanese
329

1J'9'

IJI>

Numbers
342

Conjugation Chart
344

 < L \Ju 1

a n e s

g I i
'ft L1

h
L2

iO)r<tl.-.tFO)[A]-g o
Items at the end of each entry indicate the fol lowing: - 5 )2:$ - # (Conversation and Grammar section)

0) 0) *L\

urn . . .

that . . . (over there) apartment L7

Y J\- 1--

tt ' '

sweet

'ft L12
the Milky Way L3

* O)il\b IY.>
iifu

0 Jll
rain

WG L12-II

* + negative IY.>il' '3':Q '

not much it rains

(Reading and Writing section) G L \ i5:-:J (Greeti ngs) (s)

......

II

*:J5b. (Supplement)
(number of

ill F &JJmm(wed:J.) excercise in the Reading and Wr iting section)

y )l. l) 7J
65

iifu ;i;'l ; t

'ft L8 : L1, : L2 'ft L8

G

'ft L8

U.S.A.

)Jt 1

to wash Thank you.

il- C: 5 ' :Q

tiC:5 Z:: ti' L\*9

there is . . . one . . .

Thank you. (polite)

'ft L4
we L12- II on foot

'ft G

:QL \f :!. 5 d:> L \ il'L \ il' L' It t5:

Y 'J I'- I' Y

4:- 1

r, a

between

L4 L4 we L11- II

:Q L n: :tt

to meet; to see (a person) outdoor activities blue red

J7 Jv/\1 1-Y ':..1 7- 1--

'!.Ji' ' ' 't

'ft L10
L4

part-time job questionnaire

that one (over there)

1f \ '

;iff \ '

t k $Jl

BA ; \ \ cheerful
fall

'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)

'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)

we L11- II L6

WD L8- II

'ft L2

A.Jfcl:L\g:Q

l*J T ;

to show someone around

'ft L10

WG L9- II

1m It ;

to open (something)

morning

Z:: [j:A_, -:::> <: u u fc.

t Z:

JHiip
leg; foot

: L3
breakfast L3 L4(s), L8 L1

L\L\

good

L3 good child L8 L3 L10(s) L9

(.,\I, \;t (.,\I, \Z: L\1,\Z: C:: L \3 L \;{_

No.; Not at all.

the day after tomorrow

Jt

:PVJ71thr Jg> 5

tomorrow

7 :/ 7 -Gtt 1E
L2

'ft L7(s}, : L12

Asian studies

' ' \ ,.:y't 1

good deed to say

we L10-II

'ft L3, 'ft L4(s)

home; house

over there

ti3\

-;:

to play; to spend time pleasantly

t . t . il'L \ :::. :::. t . * :::.

llJ!

B1.1' \ '
head

'ft L6
warm L7(s) bright; smart; clever L10

1' I) :A
L\ < L\( b L \ u "\'=' L \g L \t <:'

-t., \n

.ft ,:..

b ound for . . .

Britain to go how much

L1, 'ft L2 L3 L2 L1, L10 mean-spirited L9 L5

.ft < if
chair

doctor H. L2(s)

t . *il' :::. 'L\L\ t . 6 u L \ :::. :J L \ :JL\ C:c c:J:t t :::.. 1;:

ll}i ;l;t \ ' \ ' if L \ '

new

L \ L/;b:Q (t el:) L \ tfJ' u L \ L \t . L \ :::.

'ft L7

\'

'ft L5
L5 L5 L1 1 , we L8-II

hot (weather) hot (objects) late r on

''

(-O)) C:
you

:ffll \ '

. <

tt L \ '

busy (people/ days) L6 L12

to hurry

hurt; painful eating) G

after (an event) L6

L \t . t :::. :!.n*9 L \ 'b il"'-:J

Th an k you for the meal. (before January one o'clock

-

1l --c JL -k$

'ft L4
L7(s) L7, L7(s)

(my) older brother (my) older sister

L \t:; L/

'ft L4(s)
L1, L1(s) L4

L \ 'b l/ il'N

one hour

L\'bluttL\

i.

first-year student

L1

L\'bfu(;: L\'bc L \ 'b lct'lu --ff

- 1 : - zt
best

once a year

L12- II
L10
last car; tail end

;t L \f.)' ;tL\ ;t;t ;t

I?D-:7'5.b
@I
yes

aerogramme movie

L5(s) L1

L3

L \'blct'lu5 v -3 L \ 'b lct'fu* ;t L \-::> L \-:>fJ' L \ :>ts: L \ L \ ? v J: (;: L \-::> -::>

when

- .t!Ht. .; -.f} iltr

English (language)

L10(s)
first car; front end

L1
station

L10(s) L3
the fifth day of a month one year old together

LL(IJ!JIJ!J)
P3

L10, L6- I L3

language lab

-;tfu L4(s) ;tfuU-::>

L1 (s)

. .

.n. 8

ta

yen

L2 L2, L2(s)

pencil

-K.t 1 :
fiye

L5 d5 L \ v L \
G G
delicious

.n. -?

L9

L2

L \ ? <:*9 L \?,3\fu L \-:>t, L \6Q L\* L \Jj. + *-. -'0always dog now

I'll go and come back.

L \ ? <: b? v L \

Please go and come back.

one minute

L1(s)

d:>-5'3' < 1.i 1Jl. round tiip L10(s) d5d5L \ ' there are many . . . L12 SSL \

L12, L6- ID L4 L1 L11(s), L12

younger sister

d51J'c!fu

71"-.A I'-- 5 ? Australia L1, L11 :_t h., mother L1, L2,
L7(s)
Welcome home. snack; sweets money

:k

''

large

L5

;g'*

meaning

d51J';t 0 f cJ:c!L \
L1, L2

G
L11 L10

L \t,5 c (c!fu) L \ b ? v L\*tt L \ 0 (''b L \ L\ L \-3

A.. o

M;.( :_t h-)

d:>t:J'v d51J' d:>

B;l.-t }.; 1:-

L7, L7(s) L10(s) L4

L6
rich person

Welcome (to our store)

d51J''b 'b d5 < c!fu d:><:c!lv d:><: d:>c!l:t d5 v;t

entrance

1:- 'I?
wife

to get up

L3

(a person) is in . . . ; stays at . . . to need

:_t h., t:i -t A,; }; ili

L7(S)

L8 L9 L9-II

child

f3i L7(s) L12- II

L3 L6

color

to get angry sake; alcohol

L\-3L\-3f cJ:

Yarious

d5 liL \c!lu 5 5 fu 5;t 5v 5 v-3 5 1=. 5 "k. 5 5 'b 5 'b 0) ;: 5b"O)V'c 5J7. 5 5fu ; 1G
t J:. uh-uh; no on cow

grandfather

L7(s) L1 1 ,

Jc .:{.

to teach; to instruct New Year's

L8

d5 v J: 5 1J'::> d5 v 0 d5 v -3 d:>tL \ d:> t <

}; if.

L4

L10- II
buttocks

L12- II
back

L7(s)

1i.';
song

L4 L11 L7 L3 L7(s) L7(s)

};1;. 1 \ ' il <

castle

L5- II
L10 L6, L4- III L8 L1 2

5-t-::> < ift 1

to tell a lie

slow; late

L7
to sing

(do something) late

t:> t < fcJ: d5 1::: L \ L/(;::: d5'5 d5 ? c d:> L: b

L8

ll < 7j: }) :fr.. :;f: l :

husband

to be late (for) Get well soon.

home; house; my place

1 t;, <l) -f 1 t;, <l)A.

L5
to sell sea

(my) child husband

}.; 7z

green tea

L3

L7(s)
restroom

d5 L: b L \ a3c5<!fu
to drive to do physical exercises

L10- II
L8

}.; .:t iJI:. ' '

temple

L2

L4
father

uh-huh; yes

BX: :_t h.-

L1, L2, L7(s)

younger brother

5fu<:fu9 5fuc59

ilT ilT

d5 c 5 c ( c! fu) d5 C <:
man

* ( :_t h.,) L11- II

L1, L7, L7(s)

L9

d:)(: ;:: O) ;:: d:)(: ;:: O)(}c d3 C: C: (., \ d3 C: C: v d3C:t J: d3c d31d:f.J'

!JJ (1)-f

boy

L11 L7 L4(s) L4(s)

f.J'(., \fv fJ'(., \=t,O) fJ'-5 fJ'-5 fJ'x 9 fJ' X fJ'S

L11 L1, L1, L7, L2 L6, L7(s) G L6

!JJ (l) J-...

flH

stairs

L10(s) L4 L11 L6 L3 L9(s) L10

man

the day before yesterday the year before last

!OJ 1

:It 1

\ '4fo
to buy

shopping

L4

to own (a pet)

iii

*.. A.

adult

L1 2 - II L9

to dance

stomach

L?(s}, L12
older brother

trn

j\f,

it&T
face

to return (things)

to go back; to return

L?(s}, L10

J:f.J'f}9< d3f d3 t: I.,\ fv d3:tdxfv

to become hungry

fJ'd3fJ''d3l \ fJ'tf< fJ'fJ' fJ'=t:ic fJ' < :f < fJ" < ttL\ fJ" ( P IJ ' -fJ'(j'::> fJ' :$:" ;lit -T JJl.Jf? fJ' fJ' v fJ' v $ fJ'tf fJ'r< fJ't ;:::. H :! 3:

ro! 1;1-f '

science

to look pale

I? JL A.}; A..

L1 L5(s)

L7, L7(s)
older sister

to take (amount of time/money)

registered mail

L7(s)

to write

L4 L1 L10(s) L7 L10

d3:tdt.J"l \ v * 9 (-) d31<f(li)c!fv Slcf:d:: -5 S13, -3

, please.

student

grandmother; old woman

Good morning.

Slcf:d:: -5 rr(., '*9 };Jag };i[&:$=

1t it

fJ'If (6D1J'tl) 1;

student discount

to put on (glasses) for . . . months

Good morning. (polite)

bath

L6
to take a bath

umbrella

L2 L10- II L1 1 L11
to catch cold

d313,-?l:lcf:L \ Sl"\.fv l../ d3fvC: -5 Slifx Siht->11 s=t5 S=t b s=t b-\? d3d:: <: d3 1J SP d3fvtJ" < d3fvitfv d3fvf J:
-!;:;

}; JJl. g r : A.
reply

bamboo hat

L1 1 - II L9 L9

snack; sweets singer

};-#-

boxed lunch to memorize

-=!-

cold

L12
a

d3 * fv l../ $ -5 . 1

S\Yeet bun

L4- III L4 L5 L8

f.J'tf V' <

half? 7.t <

family shoulder

L12

}; Ji
iii a '

souyenir

L7
bookish expression

to think

L7(s) L11(s)

<5 =5 v --3 U

interesting

1J'f (., \l. \l. \f.J'i':: .:: fJ'tcih"b .Ftit

IJ t ' i \ ' :.0 :.

one way

rice cake toy

L10- II G

L11
Good night. to swim

L10(s) L7

d3t->9iht J:L \ i;K (

'

fJ'? ;:: fJ-.. ? ;:: -5

L9

parenthesis

L11(s)

L5 L6

fJ'-::> ;:: 1.,\I.,\ fJ'c fJ'f \ J:(.,

L9

great-looking

-*t;b

M: ry i.I.JR

to get off music

corner

school

L3

(something) ends

fll

L6(s) L7(s) L12- II u o- n L10

L3

P'i

wife

spa; hot spring

fJ'f J:5 fJ'fcl: v l \ fJ':td

to be realized

woman

L1 1 - II
girl

Sfvf J:O) ;:: d3fv1J:O)V'c

-!;:: (1) -f

L11 L7

L\'

sad

money

L6
rich person girlfriend

-!J:: (l)J-...

woman

fJ':td=t !> fJ'O) l../ fJ'Icf.fv

% i? 1 -!J:: &:

L12, L1 1 - II

bag

L2, L2(s) L9
tO put (a hat) on a person's head

-fJ'7J -7-/ tJ"(., \;:: < fJ'(., \::> fJ' l \ v -f.> t.J"
but

or

L10
curtain

fJ'iS\75;
L2(s) L11

Kabuki

L7, L5- I1

i:J'J3\tt f-I::::- :Z) \ fJ'iS fJ'ih

L1, L8

7'H!l

L10- II
to put on (a hat)

foreign country ga te

L7 L12-I1

:f..

e9:.tL

L10(s) L7 L10(s)
office ''-orker coupons

Jl

hair

L7, L7(s)
God

company

fJ'ih* fJ'ih fv tJ )1.. 5

fJ'l \ v -f.> l\fv fJ'(., \9-5 1tfv

@1

::f J

:f$ 1
,,ife camera

L7(s) L8

fJ' 5 U tJ 5 7t 7 -fJ'6 -fJ'6

:k HI 8
karaoke

Tuesday

L4, L4(s)

--cr

"W

to cut

LS LS L9(s) L9(s)
nonsmoking car

LS L6
#- t : -:> It L7 - II

--a tt L \ (fcl:) -cr/vt.. \ -rr lv t.. \ -rr 1v 5 --cr lv L.i J:

beautiful; clean

because

. .

jft jftq :iftpff

gold silver

from . . .

L9, L7-II

fJ'6 t:: l;:-cr-::> lt fJ' i tt n1

river cute

--crtvxlv u "P

1H.t111bank

L10(s)

to take care of oneself

L2
L1 1 - II
to get nervous

to bon-ow

L6

neighborhoocl

fJ'n
fJ' :t>

boyfriend

L12

--crtv'b J: 59

5t5R T
Friday

L12

L1 1 - II

-a/viet-:> 1:-
--cr lv 5 U

blonde h ai r

L9(s) L4, L4(s)

fJ'P L \ L \ tJ'IvfJ' fJ'/v < fJ'/v L.i fJ'/vlcfL \

L7
pitiful

1:-B 8 i

fJ'P L \ t 5 f c:J: DH

L12- II

ophthalmologist Korea

L12{s)
< 5-cr fL 1J fLat
air

@I
5l!f !:.-fT-

L1, L2 L6 L10 LS

L8 L4(s) L1{s)
to take medicine

kanji; Chinese character

< fJ' -:> < L.i <g

September nine o'clock medicine

fJ'/vlv (f c:J:)

M if

easy; simple

Cheers! (a toast)

L9 L9

< 9 O)it; -crL \ L \ --crct:>Jv -cr< --cr< --crtt-::> -crt :::.

:l.t

t. '

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guitar yellow

< t::. ! t t g " ':;? ::.

L9(s) L12 L3

colloquial expression

L11(s)
. . .

temperature (weather)

< 1:: 1.. \ (-) < 'b < -:::> < 1;: <U < =6
o

Please give me

L2

to listen; to hear
to ask

mouth shoes

L7{s) L2 L7 L7{s) L12

LS L10

*ft I m

season

country; place of origin neck

north

L6(s) L9
cafe

=9-cr-:> "L --cr-=> ,3\

cloudy weather

--cr-:>7:./v "W1'"W 1'f

1;5
ticket

L2 LS, LS(s)

-<:'6 1..\ 5

about (approximate measurement)

postal stamps

L4
class

LS
ticket vending area

L4 L9{s) L3 L7
credit card

--cr-=> ,3\5 let' -cr(J)5 --crdJ B'f 8 56>?

"W 1'f 1C j
yesterday to decide

1)-/
< < * -*

green

L10(s) L4, L4(s) L10 L10(s) L1(s) L1(s)

to come car

:fo-p /7
--cr 5 5 --cr 5 L\ --cr 5 ,3,fv --cr J: 5

L.t< L\

gray

L9{s) L1 0
black

camp

L11
express nine years old nine minutes

l..t :::J 'Y 1'-- tJ - I' ,I! 1. '

rr fL/k. fL"" n

L9, L9{s)

4- 8

today

L3, L4{s)
textbook

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;)'&itt

economics

L1, L2

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L6 L7

injury

L12{s)
surgeon

brothers and sisters

ljfJ' It lt9

?rH 4-l WiT

L12{s) LS L2{s) L6
would be fine.; eraser

o;f;_t;:&,

to be interested (in)

this morning

L12
"-'.ft 13 .:t. \ '
line number
.

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. .

L11(s) LS

to tum off; to erase

last year

L4(s)

It -=> 5 c9 lt-:> lv9 lj d:: 5 U '-::>

Mi.t$l --c -t T JJ lljl 8

That

disgusted with; to dislike

That wouldn't be necessary. to get married

L6

to put on (clothes above your waist)

L7

L7

Monday

L4, L4{s)

l:t fvtJ'g 11'fv ( t c:J:) 11/vt.i' fci:!.\ ' lt'fv-t;?

to have a fight; to quarrel

U1 L5 U2

Z.. ;b l. \ Z.. fvlj-::>

Hii \ ' A, }j

frightening

L5 L11 L4(s), L8 L4(s), L6 G G L7 U, L2

7[. J 1 J!.

healthy; energetic

Z.. lvtJ' ? :ti

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A,AA
concert

this semester

Jt l.l:>j: \ '

don't look well

this month

development

L5(s)

L9 L9 L3

::::=\
-;::: -;:::

! }:::::
L1

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this week

A,!$. A,B Jt

near future

language

'Z.. f vl:51;:1:

Good afternoon. tonight

in . . . time; after

. . .

L10

Z.. ?fv Z.. 5 Z.. 5

ml

park

L4
airmail

Good evening. comenience store computer

Z.. 5 ( 5 ?Jfv Z.. 5 Z.. ?ttl.\ Z.. 5 t < 0 .: Z.. ? t.:: < t u c:J: Z..

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L5(s) L1 L1

high school

:::J / I::: .:J.. - 9 L12(s) L5(s) L5(s)

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high school student antibiotic

Z.. 51tl.\,3\? l./::>

tt.i.'.it

glossy finish mat finish

surfing

L5 L1, U(s) L8-II

/J#:.

. .

years old lastly

voice coffee gold

L10- II L3 L9(s) L4(s)

ooi%
black board international tions rela-

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soccer fish

::J - 1:: ::f-Jll I' ;:jj'-::>

wallet

L2 L9

L2
essay; composition

1i J3

May

z.. < '(! (, \tJ'Iv l:tl. \

Z.. < l'fv Z.. Z.. ;::: ;:::
here

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sake; alcohol

L3 L4 L3 L9 . . G L4(s) L4(s) L4(s) L5- II L5

L1

-if '.!1 :t.J -

L10

, A&. !
P.l.

L2(s)

a little while ago

L4 L1
the ninth day of a month nine
1L 8 7 "? L

Mitt

magazine lonely
.

9'-

<!?Jul.\

L\' ;f!!t

Z.. Z.. (J)tJ' Z.. Z.. (J)-::> ;: (!l. \ ;::: t; ;:tffv z.. t.: ;: t.: ;::: 5 -t:-5
Ji*

L4(s)

-if -<! <!ctl.\

to cut classes

L11

L9 U(s) L?(s) L9- II U(s)

Mr./Ms.

li/fff.

five years old five o'clock

*\'

cold (weather) Good-bye.

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-=-*

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HI.

husband

* Jj *-U! *-

the month after next the week after next the year after next

L1
in the morning

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answer

L11(s)
L8- II

Mr./Ms. .

. .

L1 L4(s) L8- II L1(s) L1 (s) L8

1):.

to answer

..=. }j 7 ..=.

!\ larch

excellent food

L9-II

overtime work three rears old

2:'5 -t:-5 <! Thank you for the meaL (after eating) G ;: 5 G this person (polite) L11 ;: "5-::> Q:J. Z.. C: u Z.. c Z.. (J) ;:l;:l:fv ;:,3,fv - ;::: -3 Z.. (J) ;::: -3 + e?. A, itf-*
this . parcel this year child

three o'clock

L1 (s)
That's too bad.

L5(s) L4(s), L10

<! fv v ? ,3\fv <! fv,3, Li fvtJ' (!fv,3ilv <!fvl9 ..=.

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thirty minutes

c!lv=ldlvc9=/d ; -c-t:tt

L4 L1 0 L4 U(s) L4

obstetrician and gynecologist

. .

L2
rice; meal

L12(s) L1(s) L9

these days

three minutes

f]i 1i -'if

-lY -t

to take a " alk

five minutes I'm sorry.

;:d)fvf c:J:<! l. \

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L3

- t; u l.\

ll'!r

o'clock

L1 L12

z.. n

this one

L2

1;-

match; game

u :t.i' r> Lttrtt t d:

1.1:. 1)' ry '

date/time something is ready

u $ 5 cfv L/ fP 5 (;::f.j' L/ 5 1;: L/ L/ fP 5 (;:13,fv

last train

L10(s) L1(s) L4(s) L1 (s) L1(s)

L5(s)

L/5td:tJI31/v

:;)

":.! ;(

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jeans

happy

u:f.J' ' lt:f.J ?

tJ!iH

L2

L10- II

+--!:-$] '"

seventeen minutes

-t::: '*

-t,::: J3 -t.::: $1

December twelve o'clock

dentist April

L12(s) L4(s) L4 L1, L8 L9 L2, L2(s) L5

twelve minutes

l!9 J3

L/ $ 5 fv/L/ $ 5 ':)fu
eighteen minutes

- L/:f.J'iv u It iv

;\
1:;:.

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-f-A$1-

hour

L1(s)
weekend

exam

u$ 5* L/ $ 5 J:: ':) :f.J'

Y!-*

L3
day of a

Lt ;:: C:
L/ u J; L/t'5 ut .::
T

job; work; occupation dictionary

u 9"1J' (fcl:)

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-tl!9 8
-tl!9$!

the fourteenth month

L4(s) L1(s) L1(s)

lH'

quiet

L/ 5 d:: /vl3\fv

fourteen minutes sixteen minutes

guardian deity of children under --!:

L10-II

L/ $ 5 -3 ':) 13\fv L/ $ J; 5 L/ $ <

+ $1class

L4
July

ft L11

Lt't5:f.J''

L4(s) L1(s)
I know

V 5 L/
u=biv

--!: * 'f;. M

cram school

seven o'clock

u $ < t t.. \ .=
L7

U ':) C:{.. \*9 lt C:: l.\tt L/ C: iv u

o "? "{ \ 1 l 't

question

ffi*! .:.!-...

L7- II
ft L5, L11(s) L12(s) ft l1(s) ft L11 L1(s)

homework operation

u $ Ll $ u fP Lliv L/ $ ':) c!l.\ u $ ':) u iv l../ $ ':) 13\fv lt $ 131 u fP (lj

-'f-i;!it

L11(s) L10(s) L2 L10(s)

ENT doc

husband

L7(s)

g,;t

reserved seat bicycle

1 Jli-

-t + 1:! .if

ten years old coming from ten minutes

Ltd.l
L/lcl: L/ U:f.J' l../13\fv

:9t ciQ

to die

L6

;/(

departing second

lf 4 H 1-

otorhinolaryngologist; tor

o"*-

.:E-!lw

housewife hobby

L1 L11 L1 O(s) L8

L12(s) L10- II
Municipal Hospital

u J; 5:f.J'l. \g u J; 5 :f.J'

oneself

l_,(ljfvlJJ; 5 l. \iv u61J r> u61J L/ "\"> u "\"> uiv u "\"> t5 J; 5

:; -p :; deadline

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ft L11(s)

L6

Ll J; 59" (t J:)
u J; 5 6 l.\
L6 L2 L4 L11

l.l J; 5 Lt r.> Itlv

i 13

-?511'-'t

% L11-II
to in troduce

New Year's

L11, L10-II . .

r,r .t:> ; j :!F

shirt

4 *1<: -E

J:.-'t

JftJiqf.

(boarding) ticket
.

skillful; good at future

L11

to close (something)

u J; < c5 u r> u

cafeteria; dining commons

then . . . ; if that is the case, . . . picture; photograph

L7
buttocks
o

L7(s)

;f-&

president of a company

u r> *itiv :}co

ry ;! -\t A.,
L9(s)

I do not know
L7

L7

L10

to get to know silver castle

L/ fP 5 l. \ t5:f.J' L/ fP 5 l. \'t5 L/ L/ fP 5 l. \ t5 (;:: t5 L/ fP 5 l. \ ':) c! l. \ L/ fP 5 l. \ ':) 13\fv ' L/ fP 5 :f.J' - u fP 5 1J'iv L/ $ 5 ;:: 131iv
L/ 5 c!/vl3\lv

+-*

+- J3 +- B

November eleven o'clock

ft L4(s) L1(s)
day of a

Sl JIJ/\u -3 lt -? l. \

ift .X

L5- II L9, L9(s) L9(s) L8

black and white

the eleventh month

8\'

white

L4(s) L1(s) L1 (s)

u -3 < -3 - Liiv

+- $1ii!M

+-

8 -

eleven years old eleven minutes

Ll-3 L/-3(1j

+ Jl

!-...

1: 7;, 1: 7;, Jt ;
L1

to stare (at)

people

October

L4(s) L10 L1(s) L1(s) L1(s)

uiv:f.J'ivitiv uiv Z::: 5 l../ iv l../ f.>

t1Hk t

Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"

for . . . weeks

ft L9

l./ 5 5131/v

-t:!L$1-

ninteen minutes

+ li. -$] '"

+ :=.. !

fifteen minutes thirteen minutes

* H

1:%

traffic light shrine

L6(s)

uivtt(t J:) uiv!ct'l. \9 uivJ3\iv

L/ $ 5 L/ :; .:1.-.:::Z..
L/5tt

+*
juice

ten o'clock

L1 (s) L10(s)

L12
ge n ral admission seat e

1 m

'*ITM

!,leT ; /-... *

tJi-l;JJ

L11 - II
ft L7 L12 L1 ft L2
to worry

kind

newspaper

Llivl. \tJ' <

anthropology

== == J = == == (S F ==
9l\ d:: 5 U A rJ I -7/ A-1\9 (f J:) A =f.9 (' 9 < 9;: v 99-'vl\ J:) 9"L(f A 1--. 1/ A t .!<
ski

7f_Bll 8

Wednesday

L4, L4(s)

t5 Li9 t5 c9 -t 5 c9tl

{wi*'T
That's right.

to clean
L1

L8 L3

Sweden

L1 L4 L5

supermarket

That's right.; Let me see.

fond of; to like

t < -:J -t ;: -t v "L -t(J) -tiel:'

i!i!

special delivery

L5(s)

L9 L6

there

L4 L11, L9- II L2 L?(s) L?(s)

right away
ver

and then . . .
near

L11
a little

that

1' l

L7-II L1 0 L12

L4
(my) grandfather (my) grandmother

l\' -!"
stress sports

cool (weather) fantastic

-t,3, -tl -t:h

;f.ll .X:. ;f.ll

L8- II
L3
SOlTY.

that one and

L2

Aif'{-'Y
9cr;g:tt1v 9it 9 9;b 1i.t.'

t:htl' G
G

then

L5

Excuse me.; I am
to live slide

L7

A 5.-f I'

L5(s)

9 I 'Y t-- 9 '.-( f {., \;Bivl:tl \ .::

L6

to go on a diet

L11 L12(s) L1 L1

to do

L3
to sit down

1<!>-1N.H

thermometer

l.i

t t.,\tJ"<

*.rif

college; university

t l, \t.J' < L \lv1tL \ .: t cl\t.J' < ttL\ ttl \tl'-:J j:_ ii5
life; living

j: *f *-. \ '

graduate student
L5

*.i"j:_ 7d:: ;k :kt .!< *

college student to hate It is

L1, L8

L10

f l,\Gt.,\() c t \ li 5,3\ L t cl\9Z!(t J:)

L12

ttl \l:tl \I1'1J' tt l \ li ttl \it ttl\ l:tlv tttJ'l,\ 1!!- i!9:5; Ji'Ul

1f:7H
politics

orthopedic surgeon

okay.; Not to worry.;

L5 L5

L12(s) L1 . L1 2

Everything is under controL

very fond of; to love

grade (on a test,

etc.)

f .:{.,\"Ll,\ t .:fJ'{., \ t ctJ'G f < ts.lv .:

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usually

L3 L6, L5- II

1tJ! *
world

vouchers; zone tickets

t L \1'\lv ( f .:: J)

tough (situa tion)

L2 L4 L4
.

L10(s) L1 0

expensive

so; therefore
many; a lot just . . . ; only I'm

tttJ'' f tJ'l, \ .: tttl"V'( l,\ tt

cough

",f t;: \ ' "f! t;:i!&\ ' "

L12

tall

L7 L7

short (stature)

cl:t -t t .:t=.l '* -;:)

. .

L11

h ome .

G L6 L11(s) L5

tttJ"c tttJ' i:tO ttg:t.,\ ttlvlj'-:J ttlv Li -:J ttlv v 5 ttlvttl \ lf<t !t f. \'

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back by all means

to cough

L12

:ft "'?

to stand up

L?(s) L9 L12 L4(s), L9

t c;t(;f .: t .:(J) v l,\

for example

l\'

fun

narro;Y; not spacious last

f (f) vibl::9 (-tg) .:

to look forward (to)

L .;. t: T L7- II
to smoke

7t. Jl 7t E ]L j:_ 7ti!!

month week

the other day last

L9- II
L4, L4(s) L1 L3

f .:(;f;:1ct95 f .:,3\lv t .:/'\.t,(J) t .:r:.. t .:n f .:lv

L8
who

f tJ .: '?& -? ::
food to eat

L6

"71 .-..::. lj!.

probably; ma ybe

L12

teacher; Professor . . .

't'""'-4
L2

L5 L3 L9

t!lvt!lv + negative ttlvttlv v 5 ttlvt.: < 9 ttlvl;f-:J ttlvt,lv 1(; r,

not at all

7L /{ i!! );\:afT
major

the week before last

L4(s)
to do laundry
first

word; Yocabulary

t .:lvt!.< t clvf J:

strip of fancy paper

L12-II
L5

rleparting

L10(s)

f lv Li 5 U .::

tEj;. El

bi1ihday

L1

husband

L?(s)

:r- t-'51.. \ 1.. \ '5fJ'( '5fJ'7:.-::J '5 < 9.Q

date (romantic, not calendar) tape L2 to go out L4 L5

L3

+ \' ift ( :le Ti9;.

7-7
small L5

cfJ'If.Q ctJ"
c<''5

:: IJ It 7.> -'t :: 0
test letter exit

near place sub"ay

WG L11-II
L10 L11

c.Qt.:lt -c G J: -5 7 A t-7:.-:::> t -5

as much as possible L10(s) probably; . . . , right?

L12 L12

if!'] T 7.>
(my) father green tea

to be late (for an appointment) L7, L7(s) L3 brown L9(s) L12(s) L1, L2

'5'5
'5

ti L5
to help -r t.,

?t

.:f-1i: 1
tennis

L6

'5 1.. \1,. \ '5 1P 5 < '5 1P 5 G '5 J; ? c

-?t \ ' <1' 00 i.iM

a little

7-=A

L3 j:;j(; "'( L4 Take care.

China L3

c!cl:, d':>l'11vc

injection

L5- II

7J\- t'-c=E.

department store

7':.13\(
but

+
L3

gloves L4

L10

-:Jl. \t::'5

-B

the first day of a month

L4(s)

7:. 6 c.Q

't :: 7.>

temple

-::J fJ'I.. \97:.:t.l ;>( 5

1 \ \ #f "'( jJ
L5(s) L6

to appear; to attend; to exit L6- I

L9,

disposable camera

-::J fJ'-5 -:JfJ't't.Q

to use

-:JfJ'tt ?:.L \.Q

n -r ' 7.> L6
secondly desk

to be tired L11

WG L8- II

7 t:
7:./v

TV

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next

7 1::::7-b.
7C. -Ziv """' ,n,
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ti L2(s), L3
video game . . . points weather electricity L6

to get tired

the heavens; the sky L11 L5

L12- II

:J -:::> (;:

;:k_

l:k t : ;fJL 1'1' 7.>

L8- II
.

clv
L10(s)

-:JIcl:-:J < X.

;xt;i """'

next (stop), L8

. .

c :fv clv G cfv'5 cfv;b

L2(s), L6 weather forecast L8

L2(s), L4

C:lv d:: !a:-5

't .!li 'it il!!. 't

'JC. t R
train battery

-:J( .Q

to make

L6 L5(s) L1 to make a phone call L6

-::J if.Q to turn on L6 -:J 5 fJ";b.Ql. \ .g.;:,; \ '

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inconvenient; to have L12 L7

telephone

a scheduling conflict

clv;bfJ'If

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fh&':J 7.>
wife boring

to work for L7(s) L5

-:J*

-:::> * 6 fcJ: L \

-:::>/9) f:: l.. \

-::JD

"/it t::. \ '

cold (thing/people) to take back

L10

c - C: -c
I'?

door

L10- II
L4 L12 . . . degrees (temperature) L2(s)

fishing

WG L1 1 - II lt n -r J.> WG L12 II
-

together with (a person)

"""'

::>tl.C::: f.J'X.-@

"-

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to bring (a person)

L6

door

c5 G L'
C: + hand L7(s)

why

L4 L2 G L3 'ice to meet you. L2 L10 L4(s) L4

c-s(-)

llere it is.

c5d:: G < c5 c9fJ' c -5 =5 c 5 f.> ? 7:. cd3 cd3fJ' c

-c

b y (means of transportation); with (a tool) L1 0

Ilow about . . . ?; How is . . . ? how; by what means

Thank you.

C:l. \lflv T Yi? ':J

.;tAA
T-shirt

commuter's pass L7

L10(s)

+ *

ten

L9 the tenth day of a month sometimes L3

:r 1 A :J disco L8 7:.1.. \;tdl. \f \I.. \fJ't:: "'( \ \ p \ \ >d: -g \ \ :;0 c:J:l.

polite expression L11(s)

+B * "<

when . . . ; at the time of . . .

cc

C:ltL \ c ;:: C: ;:: t> C: ;:: -3 C: ;:: -3 c C: v c'b6

t+
hi'- &

watch; clock L2
barber's

L2

where

L10

i'IT

place rear

L8 L9 L2
X..

l::t.J'If?t;{. ::::: 1.! fl Wr two months l;:tJ':J ::::: fl February L4(s)

1;: t>fJ' (t el:) 1;: < I::L \
lively L5

ago

L4(s)

by the way

L10- IT
library L10 super express

C: v J;. fJ'fv

@ tg q .

which which very F 4

C: -::> t!' 5 C -:> b

C:<:=t

L1 O(s)

l :: fu l;: 'b
(;: u 1:: Li
i1!i

:::::

meat

L2 L1(s) L12 for two to three days L1(s) L1 L4(s)

two years old

::::: ;.. 8
'"est

L6(s)

L10 L5 L4 L2 L10 L10 L8 to stay (at a hotel, etc.) friend L1 L3, L4(s) L4 L1 1 , giiJ L?-II Saturday

::::: *

ct D cJ:
c(J)

1:: Li l;:i:fu

two o'clock

::::: at .:f

half past two

next

l:: li 5 J: -:> fJ'

::::: -t- 1!9 8

the twenty-fourth day of a month 24-print roll L5(s) L1(s)

which . . . tomato

c(J)<' S L \

how much; how long

1-- 'Y 1-C:

:3.'b C: =t t cJ: 5 U C:

1:: Li 5 J: fu L \ C t:)

24l.Jl

is i {, t=. -t? Bi 8

I::: Li -:> 13\tu

1;: 'b J: 5 U -1;:-:JL\"L

:::: + n8 Bfl 8

t\Yentr minutes

Sunday

L3, L4(s)

about; regarding to diary

L8-II

1' 5 -1' ?' drive L11 :fa {, to take (pictures) li {, {,

(;: -::>
1::13,fu 1;: lfu

8 c
::::: $3'

L9-II
L1(s) L1 L1 L1

two minutes

C: C:

to take (a class) ; to get (a grade) to take off gilj l1 0 - II L2 L5

en

which one

C:lvtr clv1;J.

1-- v-'T-

L2

1:: =5-:::>

r::lfu 8 * Japanese language l::lfulifu 8 'f.A. Japanese people

1"T4?1
baggage L6 L?(s)

8 ?.j;;. Japan

sweat shirt pork cutlet

1::: &;. 5 1a:'5

-it: #;

'"ife

L2

-l;:- fJ',3\tt

to put (a hat) on a person's head

what kind of . . .

-l;:fu
f \:t.J' cJ:L f cJ:fJ' f cJ:fJ''L \ f < cJ: t <9 cJ: f cJ:-:> -t cJ:c f cJ:L\ cJ:f f cJ:-:> cJ:t
R 9>

L10- II
A.

[counter for people]

L? L9

1::: /vfJ' ' l*ln

physician L4 L? long to cry summer and so forth
-t '?

A. 1.1 { JiJ {,

to be popular

L12(s)

inside

-& \ ' iir. (

to lose

========F==
:1'-.jj '
negative L5(s) wish L4 to haYe a fever L10 L3 L1 L10 L12

L12- II
L8

tlfJ'L \

\' It tli
cat

L12- II

L12

t,l ;::
tltJL \
L1(s) L1(s) L? L4(s)

t.l-:>ti'

1.!{ JiJ {,
sleepy

L12- IT
L9

-t
-l::: $3'

D \ '

seven years old seven seYen minutes something 1PJ t L8

tl

1;J.1;J.,3,fv
1;J.I;:fJ' 't,J.(J)fJ' t cJ:.:Z 1d. 6 5

-tlfu

{,

to sleep; to go to sleep . . . years

-tllvttL \

. . . year student

Mil
-1::: 8

1;J.I;: =t +

negative

not . . . anything

the seventh day of a month name to learn L10 h at L1 L1 L11

J - 1-(J) c (})Ia;'

notebook throat

L2 L12

iltr 'lD 1 1PJ

-(J)c because . . .
L12

1;J.

to become
w

(J)cfNJ'tJ< 1t {,

t:il: <

to become thirsty L11

L12

1d.lv/f cJ:I;:

to climb

c!<lVvl<lll

(J)Jj.:Jo(J) (J)t; (]) ikt: 1ft; (J)YJfJ'x

ik.H-4
*- IJ ;{.

drink

L5

l:tt llv -l;ilv J\/

;ft ""'*

sunny weather

L12

to drink

L3
transfer

half

L1
number . . .

L10(s) L5

L11(s)

to ride; to board

bread

L4
number

!;ilv-5 lcflv2:11v I Em
tooth

L1 L3

ll>t1ar dinner
handsome

L?(s), L12 L8 L8

}\/-Ifb. (fa:) ....... (;t'Juitlv J\/' J\/ I'

pants band

L5

)\-7--{(I,\
yes

party

"-'1:-1*

track number. .

. L10(s)

/\-/\(:f. .:J..IL \L\-3 lci'l.\Z'Iv ( I,\ lf.j' I< I v JJ(@. ?tl.!i A.; 'i:

barbec ue

UO

L1
gra y kiosk to enter postcard

L11- II
hamb urger

L9(s) L10(s) L6 L5, L5(s) L7

)\/ J'i..-tJ-

L3

1:::? J 1:::-JI.t "OfJ' v

L9

piano

L9 L11

to put on (items below your waist) chopsticks

beer

L8
(something) begins for the first time

>It 5!j! <

east

L6(s)
receipt

I v* I Lib>) "L lucY.> J\'A lt;::lj lt;:t5 lt.: 6< lt.:: {td3 l'btJ'::> l'b l.i lt5'3'1v lei'::> 1-:::>fJ' 1:::>:1, \ l-.::>t3\lv 11J: 11J: 11a:9 J\j !let 1,\ 1,\ < 165 $
57 bus

-?! ; :f7J "'( -!!;

L5

"0-fJ';;{.I:tlv V'<

71.:{.

L5(s)

L12

to play (a string instrument or piano)

I vcY.>a: v Z'

How do you do? to begin

L9

L8

u-;:: 5 "0 [..,,3\

ft;fl!t

airplane

L5

:J... L): IJ

it has been a long time

J\'AZ'I,\ m

r\.::Zi
farm

bus stop

L4

L11

L12-II
L1(s) L11
to weave

t::::i'.::?-.'A "0-t=. L12-II

business

L1, L2
art museum

.::.-t- if < A -"-*

A-jJ-

twenty years old to work

Ul.i :JfJ'Iv "0-tO:: YJ 1.)':t> U-:::J < 09 1:::: -T:;t "0 c V'c::>
A.

{ijq'&
L4

L11

left

t.i f::. .ti\

A ugust

il!1

left side

L6(s)

L4(s) U(s) L1(s)

to be

surprised

L10-II

eight o'clock

video tape; VCR person one

L2(s), L3

eight minutes

L4 L9
first people

X (wrong)

L11(s)
pronunciation

-"?

!:Jd31v

*:--t.::. -t- 8 -"-lt A-7;'flower

n ose

L11(s)

"0-c:JIY.> "0-cUc "Oc "Oc c

--? El A.

L6(s)

the twentieth day of a month

L12-II
L7 L4

L4(s)
eight years old eight minutes

-A.
-

one person
A. "'(

L1(s) U(s)

alone

1t l.

L12 L?(s)

L12(s) ?)-,3,fJ' l.tllH u-a; (1J:) BR not busy; to have a lot of free time
dermatologist

L5
to have a talk

11J:[.., {tg T if}:

Md:T.'6

L9-II

U5l,\lv UJ:-5{,\Jv UJ:5

??.f.lt fflF.i1:

beauty parlor hospital

L10

to speak; to talk

L3

L4 L9, L12(s)

panoramic (my) mother

L5(s) L?(s)

illness; sickness

V'J: 5 l.i lv "0 lv

L10

it!

standard Japanese

\' i!\' .!f- < t.b.-7

early fast

L3
L7

L11(s)

1ar

lunch

L3

(do something) early; fast to pay

Ulv I::/?

flight

L10

L10

pink

L9(s)

spring

L10

========@8==
71 Jvb
film

Jt\-,b:;.!J?

homesickness

L12

It\-b"A71'
(a;fJ'(;: I< (a; It fv

homestay; living with a local family

L5(s)
letter

L8
anything else
I (used

13, 5lJ ct 13, < /3,f=.? J3,fc.?t!.> 13, fJ 13,--:::;5 13,--:::JfJ' /3,fJ9"? nR

t-t1
.::. "?

L5(s)

L11(s) L5 L5(s) ...

clothes two
.::. "? .::.A

L12 L9
second

by men)

-f*.F1i:

insurance

L6(s) L7 L11(s) L4(s)

-liflJI:P5

'"'"'

two people
.::. A f"?

It\ "A t-- 7 J1 2 /t\7 Jv

(a;fv
hotel book

L11-II host family L11, 7'C L9-II

looking for

two people each

L4 L2, L2(s)
*a-c-tf.1
Really?

iti!i.
.::. 8

local
.::. 8 '

L10(s)
hangover to

the second clay of a month

ta;fvc?c9fJ' (a;fvf.> *&

L6

/3,--:::JfJ'd:: l. \

L12 be on the heayY L7

bookstore

L4

13,(::-:> C:: l. \9 13,(:: J3,tJ.7Yfv J3't.l 13, 13,(.,\ 13,-3 /.1'} , ;.\.

;.\. "'? '( ' T

side to gain weight surface mail

L7 L5(s)

t.l'ci-1
winter print

G5G5 okay; so-so L11 - (., \ '"'"'tt [counter for flat objectsJ l. \ l J I;P 5 4f1!! every week L8 l. \ (;: 15 4f 8 eYery day L3 (., \(;ffv
BJt
front every night

L5

ship; boat

L10

L8 L5(s) L5 L12
to take a bath

71) / t-7Ltit/ t-1!1. g

L3

-;5"\'

olcl(thing) present bath

;{_
fJ''

lltr

L4
to turn

!lb1.1:
serious first of all again

L6(s)

L6 L6 L11- n L1, L7-II L11(s)

1./t!.>fd:
9"

L12- II

13,-3(;:(;il.\ J3\fvfJ' 13\fvfJ-,< /3\fv(;f? X11::. Y:. X5f.

J!l,g t:A.
culture literature grammar

L8-II
not .

L5- II

t::. + negative

15
? ?f)

8lJ

town; city
to wait straight

..yet L8 L4

==========
1"\.-:J -1"\.-:J /'\, (td:)
page

i"? ry

L4 L6(s), L6- I L11-II

-:> 9 <::

L6 . . . L11(s) .. L8
clumsy; poor at .

festival

page number

-c to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time) L5 -cl;:

C.
by

T-4-

"\?(;: + negative /'\,f.> 1"\./ ':} &

pen room

t:

not ... in particular

. ..

u2- n L2(s), L6 L5(s) L4-Ill L11(s)

counter

L7 L5
to study

window o

C.<:'15 L3 fv 1./ I;P 5

L2, L2(s)
1 T
lawy er

0 (correct)

1'\fv=t: ct 59 1'\fv;:: lJ 1'\,fv 1./ 1'\fv C 5 1'\fvfJ (fd:) 4Hi. -#- 3

1t:;f1]

sweet bun

L1 L9 L7
d:J.=/:1 ::Ia
right ::6'1!\1]

i!&::fl:

:reply

L11- II L4
right side

boxed lunch
convenient

d:f=cifJ''t:J d:J. 1./fJ'l.\ d:J.97]<..

L6(s) L7

.E.'
\Yater

short (length)

L3
light blue

(a;511fv 15 u -(a;?tf.>fv

1i g t"l!i-t

dialect hat; cap

L11(s) L2 L10(s)

d:J.9-'l.\-3 d:J-9-?d:J. d:J.tt d:J. "? fJ' ;;!;

7]c. iilill
.=. 8
store

L9(s)

lake

L11 L4(s)

'"'-'1iiiii

serdng ... areas

L4- Ill

lt\-b platform

L10(s)

the third day of a month

Ct.f-::>lt.Q {}j.?-::> Ct.fc Ct.ftJ.Ct.f {}j.{}j. Ct.f'f->(j' {}j..Q Ct.ffvf 1f Jt

all

Jt "? !t
.:=. ":?

to find

L12- II

'f->l_.,l,\

easy (problem); kind (person) inexpensive; cheap (thing) holiday; day off; absence to be absent (from); to rest to be thin

fl:: L5 fl:: L5 fl:: L5 fl:: L6

three green

fl:: L9 fl:: L9(s) L6-lll

f lJ

Ct.ftJ.fv

lv
south ear

everyone

f.>gl,' *' 'f->get.f f:f.h f.>gctJ f:f.<L'

-f->ttC::L\*9 'f->tt.Q -f.>?-::>
A"?

fl:: L6(s) fl:: L4 fl:: L3

fl:: L7

fl:: L7(s)
souvenir

to lose weight eight

fl:: L7 fl:: L11, L5-II UO-II

L9

to see; to look at; to watch

'f->*
-f->61)-Q

..L

mountain

fl:: L9, L7- II fl:: LS

'f->*Ct.ft5 'f->.Q

..Lit
to quit

mountain road

{}j.fvfc

all (of the people) together

fl:: L11
L5

to do; to perfom1

ctJL \fJ' ctJ;:: 5

the sixth day of a month

fl:: L4(s) L10-II

5Ufvnd:: < 56fJL \ (tJ.) 56fJL\L/fv n U 61) lii

11:JfJ'v11:Jt:J'v fa) .: ")

1\"--z

once upon a time

f,j 1f
1f;.._

post office

L2

the other side; over there

famous

LS UO

L12-II
ctJ9"fJ'vL\ ctJ96fJ ctJ ? -::> cttl n <tt>n i
"?

celebrity

L '
six

difficult

fl:: L5

snow

fl:: L12, L10- II fl:: L6 L7(s)

L11

daughter

L12- II

?<

slowly; leisurely; unhuiTiedly finger dream

fl:: L9 fl:: L7(s) fl:: L9(s)

breast

'jl{

purple

J:5fJ' 61)
El

AS

the eighth day of a month business to take care of if you like

L4(s)

eye

fl:: L7, fl:: L7(s)

glasses

J:5 1./ J: <

J: 1./

m*

L12

6fJtJ'tl )(=.:::r.-

D!HJ!

fl:: L7

d::f:J'? 1::. b
1!9*
1!9 8 1!9 "?

fl:: L7 fl:: L1(s)

menu

fl:: L2

often; much

fl:: L3 L4(s)

four o'clock

J:? fJ' =D5

already

the fourth day of a month four

fl:: L9

J:?-::> J:ctJ J:'f-><

Thursday

fl:: L9
fl:: L3

=D59<' =D < J:5U =D v=D v =Dt5 =D-::> =Dt5 -3 fv ti<f-? 1:,? C: L\ <

very soon; in a few moments/days

it iL' t%-fJ 1iZ

to read

fl:: L12 *-Hi 8

resenration

fl:: L10 U(s) fl:: L1(s)

fl:: L4, fl:: L4(s)

fl:: L4

J:.Q

night

L6, L5- II
four years old four minutes

Hello? (used on the phone)

J:fvL\ J:fvJ3\fv

1!9 1!9 -$t

rice cake

L1 0- II fl:: L7 fl:: L6 fl:: LS

L6
to take (something) to bring (a thing)

of course

to carry; to hold

;;f-::> -c \' < 't -::> "C < fl:: L11

bL\ti'?n bL \(j'-::> bL\1..;5 bL\;t.:lfv

**:Jtij * J3 * *

next semester

fl:: L10

=D? C:: < .Q to C: =t,O) =D65

next month next week next year

fl:: L4(s), fl:: LS

more

L4(s), L6

thing (concrete object) to get (from somebody)

L12 L9

fl:: L4(s), fl:: L6

I':P5f.f'(9-@ 'f->n*v 'f->n 5 -f.> L\ }; :Jllf L

JN;)(. reprint

*T W * j:_

to study abroad international student

fl:: L11
fl:: L1

fl:: L5(s)

I':P5 f:J' < ttL\ d:: 5 d:: 5 '!f ;ff l.!

baseball

fl:: L1 0

dormitory

L9- II L6-III

Jf *-

vegetable

fl:: L2

cooking

 J: 5 9-@

#J.!T
traYel

to cook

LS

< <! l.' <v ?1"S\fv

'f:;. ;;&

six years old

si.-.o'clock .: six minutes

L1 (s) L1(s)

J: ;: 5
fv-;::.

rr apple

LS

*
'f:;.'-

L1(s)

L10

)[1-b..>(-1---

roommate

L11

9-{ 7 t>fl'l.' t>fl'-@

''"ife

L?(s)
young

\'

L9 L4 L12 L6

to understand

tl.l.'

example

L11(s) L1' L2 L4 L11(s)

to practice

t>f.J'tl.-@ t>9tl.-@ ;bt;:: u ,ft. t>t;:: u f;::'5

$Jn ;$;/'L I :fl. t.: i?

to bad

to break up; to separate to forget; to leaYe behind L12- II

n=cr u

J!t :R

history restaurant K!.

1/.::::ZI---5/
tl.fvu 11> 5

L1
we

exercise

tl.fvu!1>59-@

*-T f

L10

t>t.:-@ ;b.Q l.'

51! . \ '

cross

L6(s)

1// 1---7'/

X-ray

L12(s)

<tJ'--:J
'f:;.fl
June

@! ===

L12

L4(s)

.C

a- ( L\Ju 2

g I

a n e s

aJWO)d:J..l'O)pgg9 o
Items at the end of each entry indicate the following:

apple April

fvc
vf.J\:::>

uo
1!9

L4(s)

art museum

<Jv11>-::>f.J'Iv

mn
L5

L11 L12

. )(:$
(Conversation and Grammar section)

as far as (a place) Asian studies ask

'i'f<

-*.?::

as much as possible

C''i'f t.:: lt

(lj
(Reading and Writing section)

7':i7'111vl1>5 L5 L3

7 :17'9E

L1

llfl < -c-3

G l, \:) (Greetings) (s) *::J5b (Supplement) I

at about attend
in the

II

IIIF&I(MDJf'i'f)
(number of excercise Reading and Writing section)

at the time of . . .
C'

C:
L9

L4

::1:!

August Australia

lcl:t5f.J\:::>

-"

L4(s) L1. L11

71'-.::ZI--57

==(
about
-

1::::: -:::> t. \c
L4
t'9Jf

back

5v-3

L4

L8-II

back bad bag band bank

ttt.J.f.J'
bL\

lftf> -

L7(s) L12

about (approximate measurement)

-<"St.\

baggage

absence adult

it..;.

L5

l::::: t.:::> f.Hh L6 f.J'I"j,fv L2, L2(s)

tJ'<:!

absent (from)
d3C:tc:

9ct *.J.....

it-t: L6 L12- II
L5(s) L11, L8-II L10

bamboo hat

L10- II
L2 L8 L10 L10 L6

/\/I' lvZ.. 5

L11-II }R.fT

aerogramme after . . . again air airmail airplane alcohol all

I7D-:7'5b.

-;::::

barbecue barber's baseball bath L5(s) battery beautifu I L8

1\-r\...:::J..C:Z.. 11>5

after (an event)

*.tc

(O))c': {q)H L5- rr

L8

lt-& ( J?) 1!t g 'lti1!!.

Jf$;J(.

< 5'i'f

:<!
oz.. 5'i'f

(d3) ,3,-3 C'fvt5

Z..5< 5<Jiv

Jilti.:<!1 ifufff,l

L5(s)

L5 L3

be on the heavy side ,3,c'::Jc::L\*9

:k?"C\'lt
L10

L7

(d3)<:!1t 0?) iil Jflvt.J. L9,L7-II

:ttl.' (t.J.)
-f.J' 6

L5

beauty parlor because . . . because . . . become beer begin best

tc:

<JJ:5l.\fv

Ffr:

all (of the people) together Jffvtc:c:: alone U'C: c:: -J..... -c L4 already always

L6 L12

-(J)C'
uo L11

t.5
l. \:::>'!:.

L9 L12, L6-lll L1

t:-Jv

A.M.

ctflv

T-iltr t:tLf.J'G
t-v-c

lcl:vd.>
l. \t:;l"j,fv

&0; -:fif M

L8

and so forth and then and then (get) angry answer answer antibiotic apartment appear

-t.J.c

L12- II
L5

(something) begins between bicycle birthday black L1 L12(s)

lcl:v*.
L10 L4

.i 7.>

L9

L11,L9-II

t.v.::
v<::lvv'f>

d3Z..

;t

L12-II
L8-II

L2 L5

z..tcX.
z..tcX.

L11(s)

tcfvvJ:.5<J

IDE. s

< -3l.'

,, '

L9, L9(s)
v-3 < -3

anthropology anything else

ufvl. \f.J\<

J.....Ji:*
#i:.4hjf

black and white black board blonde hair

z.. ?ttl. ''3\::> V:>

z.. < lcffv =i'ffvlcf-::>

-.f&. 1:Je

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Thursday

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twentieth day of a month, the twenty minutes twenty years old twenty-four-print
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twenty-fourth day of a month, the

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. .

C:(])
ctl

L2 L2 L9, L9(s)

7' :"- IJ tJ 1 1
t l \L"l'

L1, L2

which one

u-3l'
t ;:_;tt C:? uL" s < ts.lv 1:J'f cl:l' 1.J'd7ts.lv -::> *

8\'
L4

.:k!.

L2
!v

aoF====
various VCR very very
l \ -3 l \-3t c: '"f->ts.l' L9- II

L7(s)

1*1 *

L7(s)

t: 771" crt.
9 ;:: <

L2(s), L3
Jf*-

L7(s) L7(s) *

vegetable

L2

L5 L11
f ;!_LY9'(!-(t c:)

I;: J: 5 13:5

L7(s)

'J47
*C: ,3,1-;P tlt.J'l'

L7(s) L2(s), L6 L8

very fond of very soon video game video tape vocabulary voice

.:k*f
L6 L9

L5

window winter wish

=t. 5 9 <" t:-T;:;t

t ::lv ;::

L12 L2(s), L3

jf. , -<:>

T- v t:-7-b.

L12- II
L10

with (a tool) woman woman word work work

Jji.

slvt c:

L11- II
* 0 A. L9 L1 , L8 L11 L7

;:: x_

J'E

L10- II J.!
L10(s)

"Sivt:J.O)u-c
.iji. u ;:: e:

vouchers

itl\01:tfv

t ::lv ;:: ld: t:: 6 <

i !l!l <

TI-<L Vv 2 <1111
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

work for world worry write wrong

-:::> c66.@
ilt W-

i!Jth
L1 0

L7 fi L12

. . . years o l d yellow . . . yen yesterday yes yes yes you

x.x.

-c!L\

!it.

L1, L1(s)

ttt.J' L\

L\L\

Jit @. '

L9(s) L4, L4(s)

GlvfcfL Y98 1J' <

ET
L4

-X.Iv
0)5 L1 L1 L8

P3
a'f s

L2

(X)

< ld:'-::>

L11(s)

X-ray

L-Y I-- 7'/

L12(s)

ld:L'

5/v t c. J.t

L4

year

cu

1-

L10- II

W-*1 L4(s)

young

tlf.J'L'

'

L9

younger brother younger sister

s c 5 c ( <!lv) L \ =b 5 c (<!lv)

* < :: A.., ) ( :: A.., )

L1, L7, L7(s) L1 , L7, L7(s)

year after next, the year before last, the . . . year student . . . years

<! G L\tlfv L4(s) sec u L10

-tl/vttL \ 1-

1-

L1

-t1fv

zone tic kets

tt L \ 0 Itlv

@t==
! .!

L10(s)

It
fJ'

N u m b e r s

regular

h -+ p
" \ -:? p

h --+ p/b
" \ -:? p

p
( 1. \ -:? )

1
2

" \ i?

" \ -:?

t:
10 J: l0
--

3 4
5

J:

J:

'-

6 7 8
9

IS <
U: l? L i? L i?

IS -:? p

IS -:? p

( IS -? )

IS -?

( tj: -:? p)
< <

tj -:? p

( tj:

-:?

t.:i-:?

vp -) t vp -J
10 F lv
:Z 4

10 how
many

L vp -:? p L vp -:? p p

? <> -

t vp -:?

L vp -:?

b *
sticks
,!A.

*
o 'clock

ityear

:4

....

--- -" - :/ -page

...___

h-
lesson
t

.f

dollars

month

minute

m on ths

P3
yen

* M
ho urs

l 4 L r

Jf- M
years

I_J...., r;-/_

_ ;.A,..;....

"'-'{
cups
ll

.! . \

;f / -

minutes

pounds

tx
sheets

! \\

A_

. :;..

"'-' IZ
animals

::.

;;. \

people

tinzes

!$_
degrees

!::"

"" E
hundred

' .,

"'-' i
small items

"" T
ten

..:: .::

"'-' 7i

;; f._

ten thousand

This chart shows how sounds in numbers (1-10) and counters change according to their combination.

1. Hiragana indicate the sound changes in numbers, and alphabets show the changes in the initial consonant of counters. 2. ( ) means that the change is optional. 3. An empty box means no sound change occurs.

kg I, \ -?
I,

s \ "?

sz
I, \ -?

t \, \ "?

special vacabulary for numbers V' t:. --? -- t --? ::::. --? I, \ t ""l? ::::. ., . ---::; ;h. -? 1; J:
--::>

(f t:_ ry ., , t ry ::::.

1 2
3 4

h. -? --? J: -? --?
\, \ --? --?

1;

\, \ -:? ;? >

/ /
/

5 6
7 8 9 10

;; "?

-? --? t: t: --?

' \, \ 1; t: (J) il' J: -) I;>

.:: .:: (J) iJ
>

t:t -?

tj -?

U -?

tj -?

-? "'?
.:: .:: (!) --?

L l1> -? g '"'-' f
floor
hl

l: !1> -?

L l1> --:> z

t ).> -?

t:. }.; \, \ < --?

t:. }.; n'

/ / / /
people
::.<,

'"'-' /
cents
L<i lrh-

"-' Jt.
shoes
-Ith.

-< (

'"'-' iA
letters
l?ri if>

-:,.;

//
date

how
many

small items years of age

'""' *f

It h.

""'il!M
weeks
-:>

"-'fthousand

"-J T EI
street address

ct. t.i f t:, ::. (20 years old)

cf. t tP

houses

'"'-' -lflT
books

).._ -) l -? 1.1 (three or more ( 14) people)

cf.
,....__

l.i--:::> 1.1 (20)

1: t
vp

years of age

-"Jjj;
;r,

\ \

J:

"?

1.1 (24)

: i?
(how many)

J!Jifi
tr:J 5 OJ:5

o n

o n

C h

verb types

dictionary forms

long forms

te-forms

short past

short present neg.

1rr.

T;

1rr.

--

< .;

ru
u

f ""' .; .:

I I I
I I

(masu)

1 I

short past neg.

(L. 3)
L .i T .i T ""' .i T ""' " " .i i " "-' i? .i T

(L. 6)
L "'C

(L. 9)

(L. 8)

(L. 9)
::. L .;; '::> f .::. .;; '::> f ::. .--..., I; "? f ::. b t;;: I; '::> f .: f t;;: I; "? f .: .:

.;;
.i -?

I I I
I
I
I

"'( .--..., "'( "'(

I I

Lf .: .: f .--..., f .:
,...___, '::>

"'--'

---:;

f.: f.: f.: f .:

I I I

L "" .::. \. \ "'--' \ \ "-' b \. \ .--..., f " \ .: .--..., \. \ \. \

I
I

u
u

"-' --? "'C '"-J ---:; "'( '"-J --? "'C

,...___, "?

!I
I

'"-J

.; .;

""" ry .i i"
'"-J

.--..., "?

'"-J t;;: I; , "'? f .:

*

u
u

ry .i

i"

,...___, "?

I; "'? f .: .i I;
"'?

l t:

"-' .l:J. .i i" """ lf .i T

,...___,

lv "'("

""' lv f:: ""' lv f ' 3. '""' lv f::

.--..., _i \ \ .--..., t;f " \

,...___,

f .:

--):
L

.--..., lv --c ""' lv --c

.--..., " \ "'(

.--..., '.f' I; "? f::.

u u
u

I
I

"'"' t : .i

i"

I; <

""' .i -t ""' .i T '""' :i i" ----.. L .i T

"\ <

u u

" " <

I
I

.--..., "'?

"'(

I
I I

'""' \. \ f .:
x

'"-J \ \ "'--' /;' \ \ .--..., .;; > \. \ .--..., .;; \. \

I
I

,...___,

I;, "'? f.:

.--..., I;, I; "'? f .: .--..., I;' I;, "? f ::. '""' I; { I;. "? f .:

. ,...___, "'?

t .:

.--..., \. \ "'(" ----.. L --c

.--..., " \ f: :: '""' L f ::.

ti i"

'""' ?J: \. \

.--..., I;' "'? f.:

are exceptions.

The forms \\;th

About the Authors

Eri Banno is currently Associate Professor of Japanese

at Okayama Un iversity, Japan. She graduated from Nanzan University in Nagoya and earned her M.A. at St. Michael 's College, Vermont. She has taught Japanese at Nanzan University and Kansai Gaidai University. Her publications include 80 Communication Games
for Jap anese Language T eachers (The Japan Times).

Yutaka Ohno is cu rrently Associate Professor

at the Education Center for International Students at Nagoya University. He earned his M.A. in linguistics at Sophia Un iversity in Tokyo, and has done post-graduate work at the Un iversity of Massachusetts, Amherst. He has taught Japanese at the University of Massach usetts, Amherst College, and Kansai Gaidai U niversity.

Yoko Sakane (Yoko Ikeda) is cu rrently Associate Professor

at International Student Center at lbaraki University, Japa n . She graduated from Morningside College, Iowa and Kansai Gaidai University, and earned her M.A. in comparative literature at Pennsylvania State Un iversity. She has taught Japanese at the Eastern New Mexico Un iversity, Pen nsylvania State University, and Kansai Gaidai University.

Ch ikako Shinagawa is currently teach ing Japanese

at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She graduated from Aichi Prefectural Un iversity in Nagoya and the Un iversity of Arkansas, Little Rock, and earned her M.A. in Japanese at the Un iversity of Wisconsin, Madison. She has taught Japanese at the Un iversity of California, Irvine, and Kansai Gaidai University.

II III II
9784789009638

II 1 111 1 1
1 920081 030002 I SBN4-7890-0963-7 C0081 3000E

AN I NTEG RATE D COU RS E I N

ELEMENTARY JAPANESE