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L|st of 1erms and uest|ons

1 ndusLrlal 8evoluLlon
2 MarkeL lorces the interaction of supply and demand that shapes a market economy
3 Lconomlc lndlvlduallsm The doctrine of economic individualism holds that each individual
should be allowed autonomy in making his or her own economic decisions as opposed to those
decisions being made by the state, the community, the corporation etc. for him or her.
4 Adam SmlLh and 1he WealLh of naLlons" Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer
of political economy..WON- argues that free market economies are more productive and beneficial
to their societies.
3 lolssez folte describes an environment in which transactions between private parties are free from
state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies.
6 CaplLallsm is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and
operated for profit.
7 8ourgeols characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture
8 roleLarlaL is a term used to identify a lower social class, usually the working class
9 MercanLlllsm is an economic which holds that the prosperity of a state is dependent upon its
supply of capital; that the global volume of international is "unchangeable;" and that one party may
benefit only at the expense of another
10 CommunlsL manlfesLo" features Karl Marx's and Friedrich Engels ideas for how the capitalist
society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then eventually communism.
11 Marx and Lngels fathers of communist theory
12 Soclallsm is an economic system in which the means of production are publicly or commonly
owned and controlled co-operatively
13 Crlmean War 183436 was a conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of
the French, the British, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a
long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the
declining Ottoman Empire. Russia lost.
14 CaplLallsm Why Lurope and noL Chlna or ndla? Workers ablllLy Lo organlze
made Lhe caplLallsL sysLem work ln europe
13 ndusLrlal 8evoluLlon Why Lurope and noL Chlna or ndla? More urban and
CenLrallzed
16 SLages of Luropean ColonlzaLlon
17 mperlallsm vs ColonlzaLlon mperlallsm the creation and maintenance of an unequal
economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an
empire. CoIonization - is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in
one territory by people from another territory.
18 lreeLrade lmperlallsm "Free Trade mperialism" occurs when market forces are so
unbalanced that one country can economically dominate another. Free trade imperialism was first
used to describe the economic relationship of Great Britain had with its far-flung colonies in the 19th
century. Great Britain was seen as having a stranglehold on many Asian economies who exported
goods to the British sles and other British colonies for prices largely determined by Britain.
19 xenophobla hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers or of their politics or culture
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20 LurocenLrlsm is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective and with an
implied belief, either consciously or subconsciously, in the preeminence of European culture
21 WhlLe Man's 8urden oem by 8uyard klpllng characterization for imperialism that justified
the policy as a noble enterprise
22 ManlfesL uesLlny bellef LhaL usa had god glven rlghL Lo expand from ALlanLlc Lo aclflc
23 ClvlllzaLlonal mperlallsmannexlng lands surroundlng counLry Lo expand
borders of Lhe counLry Lx manlfesL desLlny
24 AngloSaxon is sometimes used to refer to peoples descended or associated in some way with
the English ethnic group
23 Soclal uarwlnlsm "There are underlying, and largely irresistible, forces acting in societies
which are like the natural forces that operate in animal and plant communities. One can therefore
formulate social laws similar to natural ones. These social forces are of such a kind as to produce
evolutionary progress through the natural conflicts between social groups. The best-adapted and
most successful social groups survive these conflicts, raising the evolutionary level of society
generally
26 seudosclenLlflc raclal dlscourse is the use of scientific techniques to sanction the belief
in racial superiority
27 !oslah SLrong He was one of the founders of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply
Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and
immigration. Strong believed that all races could be improved and uplifted and thereby brought to
Christ
28 Admlral Alfred 1hayer Mahan navy offlcer His concept of "sea power" was based on
the idea that countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact;
29 PerberL SpencerSurvlval of Lhe llLLesL" claim that the rich and powerful were better adapted
to the social and economic climate of the time, and the concept of natural selection allowed him to argue that it
was natural, normal, and proper for the strong to thrive at the expense of the weak
30 CubanSpanlshlllplnoAmerlcan War of 1898 although the main issue was Cuban
independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. A series of one-
sided American naval and military victories followed on all fronts, owing to their numerical superiority
in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some of the Spanish infantry units. The
outcome was the 1898 Treaty of Pariswhich was favorable to the U.S.followed by temporary
American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and
the Philippines
31 hlllpplne nsurrecLlon 18991902 was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino
revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine
Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States. USA won.
32 arLlLlon of Afrlca this conference was called by German Chancellor Bismarck to settle how
European countries would claim colonial land in Africa and to avoid a war among European nations
over African territory.
33 1he WesL uSa/Canada/ LlLs
34 naLlonallsm political ideology which involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with
a political entity defined in national terms
33 WesLernlzaLlonls a process whereby socleLles come under or adopL WesLern culLure ln such maLLers as
lndusLry Lechnology law pollLlcs economlcs llfesLyle dleL language alphabeL rellglon phllosophy and/or
values
36 roLecLoraLe , it is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against
third parties by a stronger state or entity
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37 Candhl and nehru They were opposite in nature, but they shared a passion for freedom and
justice, and together created a giant of democracy The 20th century produced many remarkable
leaders, but few nations were blessed with a pair quite like ndia's Mahatma Gandhi and his protg
Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi was idealistic, quirky, quixotic and determined, a cross between a saint
and a ward politician; like the best crossbreeds, he managed to distill the qualities of both and yet
transcend their contradictions. Nehru was a moody, idealistic intellectual who felt an almost mystical
empathy for the toiling peasant masses; an aristocrat who had passionate socialist convictions; a
product of Harrow and Cambridge who spent over 10 years in British jails; an agnostic radical who
became an unlikely follower of the deeply spiritual Mahatma. Together they brought a nation to
freedom and laid the underpinnings for the world's largest democracy
38 CLLoman Lmplre LlLs
39 8epubllc of 1urkey
40 ALaLurk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the
first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state.
41 AcL of Secluslon of 1636 1okugawa ShogunaLe prohlblLs Lrade wlLh WesLern naLlons
prohlblLs !apanese from golng abroad Lo Lrade
42 Commodore erry compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of
Kanagawa in 1854.
43 Mel[l 8esLoraLlon was a chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868
44 1reaLy of kanagawa of 1834 Japan's first treaty with a Western nation. Concluded by
representatives of the United States and Japan at Kanagawa (now part of Yokohama), it marked
the end of Japan's period of seclusion
43 Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway inEgypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and
the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows water
transportation between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa.
46 MlscegenaLlon ls the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual
relations, and procreation
47 1he War Lo Lnd all Wars" world war 1
48 Archduke lranz lerdlnand His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-
Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused Germany and Austria-Hungary, and
countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Alliance Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World
War
49 8lack Pand" , is an unofficial name for the secret military society in the Serbian army in
the Kingdom of Serbia, which was founded on September 6, 1901.
[1]
t was a part of the Greater-
Serbia movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing Serb populations
annexed by Austria-Hungary
30 Cavrllo rlnclp Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie,
Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914
31 Luropean Alllance SysLem %he %riple Entente Powers = The UK, Russia, France, Belgium,
Serbia, Canada, Australia, India, Japan, United States (1917), Greece (1917)
%he %riple Alliance Powers= Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Italy, Bulgaria, Otoman
Empire (1915), Mexico (never fought in WW1)
32 naLlonallsmrepeaL
33 MlllLarlsm the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a
strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national
interests
34 ee vs CenLral owers #31
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33 1renchWarfare and ALLrlLlon is a form of occupied fighting lines, consisting largely
of trenches, in which troops are largely immune to the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially
sheltered from artillery. t has become a byword for attrition warfare, for stalemate in conflict, with a
slow wearing down of opposing forces
36 League of naLlons was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris
Peace Conference that ended World War , and it was the precursor to the United Nations. The
League was the first permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to
maintain world peace
37 ArmlsLlce is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. t is not
necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to
negotiate a lasting peace.
38 1reaLy of versallles Lnded war beLween Cermany and allled powersOf the many
provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept
responsibility for causing the war ,3/ to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay
heavy reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers.
39 #42,34;8 Lhe kalser Lhe Papsburgs A was the second and last imperial dynasty to rule
over Russia. B. was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and
the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was a grandson of the
British Queen Victoria, and related to many kings and princes around Europe.C. European family
dating back to the holy roman empire. On November 11, 1918, with his empire collapsing around
him, the last Habsburg ruler, Charles (who also reigned as Charles V of Hungary) issued a
proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role
in state affairs.
60 8olshevlk 8evoluLlon The October Revolution in Petrograd overthrew the Russian Provisional
Government and gave the power to the local soviets dominated by Bolsheviks
61 Colonlal 1roops 1roops of colonlzed counLrles who foughL for mperlal
counLry Lx ndlans flghLlng for 8rlLlsh emplre Colonlal baLLles ln Afrlca
beLween allles and axls colonles
62 Women's rlghLs no ldea whaL Lhls ls
63 Woodrow Wllson's 14 olnLs
O There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries.
O Freedom of the seas in peace and war
O The reduction of trade barriers among nations
O The general reduction of armaments
O The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers
O The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations
O The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany
O The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine
O The readjustment of talian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality
O ndependence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
O The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia
O Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the
Dardanelles
O ndependence for Poland, including access to the sea
O A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to
great and small nations alike."
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. 1he road Lo WWCauses 1reaLy of versallles %he size of Germany's military was
severely restricted.Germany lost territory in Europe and was forced to give up territories from its
overseas colonies.Germany was ordered to pay $33 billion in reparations (war damages).%his left
Germany with grievances. In the Great Depression, which hit Germany early in 1930,
unemployment was at terrible levels. Hitler made it his responsibility to defy all of the charges
made on Germany through the %reaty. He re-armed the nation, built up a massive army, re-
militarized the Rhineland, and threatened neighboring states. It was obvious he was preparing for
war.
the main .auses of WorId War II were nationalistic tensions, unresolved issues, and resentments
resulting from the First World War and the interwar period in Europe, plus the effects of the Great
Depression in the 1930s. The culmination of events that led to the outbreak of war are generally
understood to be the 1939 invasion of Poland by Germany and the 1937 invasion of the Republic of
China by the Empire of Japan.
63 nazlsm and lasclsm Facism
isa radical, authoritarian nationalist political ideology.
[1][2]
Fascists advocate the creation of
a totalitarian single-party state that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation
through indoctrination, physical education, and family policy including eugenics.
[3]
Fascists seek to
purge forces and ideas deemed to be the cause of decadence and degeneration and produce their
nation's rebirth based on commitment to the national community based on organic unity where
individuals are bound together by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and
"blood".
[4]
Fascists believe that a nation requires strong leadership, singular collective identity, and
the will and ability to commit violence and wage war in order to keep the nation strong.
[5]
Fascist
governments forbid and suppress opposition to the state.
[6]

Nazism- a unique variety of fascism that involved biological racism and antisemitism.The Nazis believed
in the supremacy of an Aryan master race and claimed that Germans represent the most pure Aryan
nation. Nazi= FAR RGHT.
66 lasclsm vs Communlsm Fascism is a form of government, Communism is an economic
system. A truly Communist society is virtually impossible to achieve because there will always be an
element of that society that wants more than their share or feel that they should be in control. That is
why communism, in practice, has resulted authoritarian governments which have much in common
with a fascist state.
67 Chamberlaln's AppeasemenL His policies of avoiding war with Germany have been the
subject of intense debate for seventy years among academics, politicians and diplomats. The
historian's assessment of Chamberlain has ranged from condemnation for allowing Hitler to grow too
strong, to the judgement that he had no alternative and acted in Britain's best interests. At the time,
these concessions were widely seen as positive, and the Munich Pact among Germany, Great
Britain, France and taly prompted Chamberlain to announce that he had secured "peace for our
time".
[3]
Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his
signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region
of Czechoslovakia to Germany. When Adolf Hitler continued his aggression by invading Poland,
Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939
68 MoloLov8lbbenLrop nazlSovleL nonAggresslon acL Slgned ln 1939 t was
a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to
remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. t remained in effect until
22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union
69 1PL AxS vs 1PL ALLLS Axls Germany, Italy and Japan, Albania, Bulgaria, Finland,
Romania, %hailand, Hungary, Croatia and Slovakia. ALLIES 8rlLaln usa lrance Canada
AusLralla Chlna oland Creece neLherlands 8elglum Czechoslovakla Luxembourg norway
?ugoslavla
70 Cash and Carry Lend Lease allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the
recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming
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all risk in transportation. The purpose was to hold neutrality between the United States and
European countries while still giving material aid to Britain, exploiting the fact that Germany had no
funds and could not reliably ship across the British-controlled Atlantic
71 CperaLlon 8arbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
during World War that began on 22 June 1941.
[10][11]
Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis
powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front.
[12]
n addition to the large number of
troops, it also involved 600,000 motor vehicles and 750,000 horses.
[13]
Planning for Operation
Barbarossa started on 18 December 1940; the secret preparations and the military operation itself
lasted almost a year, from spring to winter 1941. The Red Army repelled the Wehrmacht's strongest
blow, and Adolf Hitler did not achieve the expected victory, but the Soviet Union's situation remained
dire. Tactically, the Germans had won some resounding victories and occupied some of the most
important economic areas of the country, mainly in Ukraine.
[14]
Despite these successes, the
Germans were pushed back from Moscow and could never mount an offensive simultaneously along
the entire strategic Soviet-German front again
72 earl Parbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the mperial Japanese Navy against
the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941
(December 8 in Japan). The attack was intended as a preventiveaction in order to keep the U.S.
Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast
Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States
73 Alr ower ln WW is the use of military aircraft and other flying machines in warfare, including
military airlift of cargo to further the national interests as was demonstrated in the Berlin
Airlift. $trategi. air power is the bombing of enemy resources (by bombers); ta.ti.aI air power is
the battle for control of the air space (by fighters); .Iose air support is the direct support of ground
units; navaI aviation refers especially to the use of aircraft carriers.
74 1he CreaL Alllance who ls ln lL? Great Britain, United States, and the Soviet Union
73 Cenoclde and Mass Murder PolocausL Cermany exLermlnaLlng Lhose who
weren'L Lhe perfecL Aryans A8 8omblngs on clvlllans ex nazl bomblng
lrance allles bomblng Cermany usa dropplng bombs on [apan
76 1he llnal SoluLlon" and 1he PolocausL" was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of
the systematic genocide of European Jews during World War , resulting in the most deadly phase
of the Holocaust. Mass killings of about one million Jews occurred before the plans of the Final
Solution were fully implemented in 1942, but it was only with the decision to eradicate the entire
Jewish population that the extermination camps were built and industrialized mass slaughter of Jews
began in earnest.
77. Consequences of WW Many millions of lives had been lost as a result of the
war.Germany was divided into four quadrants, which were controlled by the Allied Powers
the United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union and itself was one of the
survivors. The war can be identified to varying degrees as the catalyst for many continental, national
and local phenomena, such as the redrawing of European borders, the birth of the United
Kingdom's welfare state, the communisttakeover of China and Eastern Europe, the creation of srael,
and the division of Germany and Korea and later of Vietnam. n addition, many organizations have
roots in the Second World War; for example, the United Nations, the World Bank, the World Trade
Organization, and thenternational Monetary Fund. Technologies, such as nuclear fission, the
electronic computer and the jet engine, also appeared during this period.
1: The End of the European Age.
2: The rise of the US to superpower status.
3: The expansion of the Soviet Union and its rise to superpower status.

4: The emergence of the Cold War.
5. The beginning of the nuclear age.
6: The rise of nationalism and independence movements in Asia and Africa.
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7: A renewed effort to secure lasting peace through international organizations.

78 arLlLlon of Cermany Lhe Allies divided "Occupation Zone Germany"
into four military occupation zonesFrench in the southwest, British in the northwest, United
States in the south, and Soviet in the east.
79 8lpolar World World domlnaLed by Lwo superpowers uSA uSS8
80 WesL (ndusLrlal CaplLallsm) ndustrial Capitalism is characterized by the increasing use of
machinery to maintain an economic balance through its production processes
81 SovleL 8loc (Soclallsm and Communlsm)1he communlsL naLlons closely allled wlLh Lhe
SovleL unlon lncludlng 8ulgarla Cuba Czechoslovakla LasL Cermany Pungary oland and
8omanla whose forelgn pollcles depended on Lhose of Lhe former SovleL unlon
82 nA1C ls an lnLergovernmenLal mlllLary alllance based on Lhe norLh ALlanLlc 1reaLy whlch
was slgned on 4 Aprll 1949 1he nA1C headquarLers are ln 8russels 8elglumand Lhe
organlzaLlon consLlLuLes a sysLem of collecLlve defence whereby lLs member sLaLes agree Lo
muLual defense ln response Lo an aLLack by any exLernal parLy
83 Warsaw acL The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist
states inEastern Europe. t was established at the USSR's initiative and realized on 14 May 1955,
in Warsaw.
84 8erlln Crlses he U.S.S.R. provoked the Berlin Crisis with an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal
of Western armed forces from West Berlin culminating with the city's /01,.94 partition with the
East German erection of the Berlin Wall.
83 8erlln Wall was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany)
starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and
from East Berlin. Wall came to be known the "ron Curtain" between Western Europe and
the Eastern Bloc.
86 ron CurLaln symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two
separate areas from the end of World War in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989.
87 Cuban Mlsslle Crlsls was a confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United
States in October 1962, during the Cold War. n September 1962, after some unsuccessful
operations by the U.S. to overthrow the Cuban regime (Bay of Pigs, Operation Mongoose), the
Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number
of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and RBMs) with the
ability to strike most of the continental United States
88 nuclear ueLerrence Deterrence theory holds that nuclear weapons are intended to deter
other states from attacking with their nuclear weapons, through the promise of retaliation and
possibly mutually assured destruction(MAD).
89 ConLalnmenL as a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall
the spread of communism, enhance America's security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino
effect".
90 MAu MuLually Assured uesLrucLlon use of nuclear weapons would lead Lo
Lhe annlhllaLlon of boLh uSA And uSS8
91 ueLenLe (1972)ueLenLe was a permanenL relaxaLlon ln lnLernaLlonal affalrs durlng Lhe
Cold War raLher Lhan [usL a Lemporary relaxaLlon (Lhe socalled Lhaw) ueLenLe ls a Lerm
usually assoclaLed wlLh Lhe relaLlons beLween Amerlca 8ussla and Chlna
92 korean War was a mlllLary confllcL beLween SouLh korea supporLed by Lhe
unlLed naLlons and norLh korea supporLed by Lhe eoples 8epubllc of Chlna
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(8C) wlLh mlllLary maLerlal ald from Lhe SovleL unlon 1he war was a resulL
of Lhe physlcal dlvlslon of korea by an agreemenL of Lhe vlcLorlous Allles aL Lhe
concluslon of Lhe aclflc War aL Lhe end of World War
93 Wars by roxy is a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for
fighting each other directly. While powers have sometimes used governments as proxies, violent
non-state actors, mercenaries, or other third parties are more often employed. t is hoped that these
groups can strike an opponent without leading to full-scale war. Proxy wars were common in
the Cold War, because the two nuclear-armed superpowers (the Soviet Union and the United
States) did not wish to fight each other directly, since that would have run the risk of escalation to
a nuclear war (see mutual assured destruction). Proxies were used in conflicts
in Afghanistan, Angola, Korea, Vietnam, the Middle East, and Latin America.
94 LxporLlng Lhe 8evoluLlon port of revoIution is actions by a
victorious revolutionary government of one country to promote similar revolutions in other countries
93 CounLerrevoluLlon a revolution directed toward overthrowing a government or social
system established by a previous revolution
96 Creen 8ereLs and eace Corps 10th Special Forces Group was responsible, among other
missions, to operate a stay-behind guerrilla operation after a presumed Soviet overrunning of
Western Europe, in conjunction with the program that later became controversially known
as Operation Gladio. Through the Lodge-Philbin Act, it acquired a large number of Eastern
European immigrants who brought much area and language skills. As well as preparing for
the Warsaw Pact invasion that never came, Vietnam and other areas of South Vietnam, El Salvador,
Colombia, Panama and Afghanistan are the major modern conflicts that have defined the Special
Forces.
97 A 1hlrd World 1he nonAllgned "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial
integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle
against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign
aggression,occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and
bloc politics."
[3]
They represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and 55% of the
world population, particularly countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World.
98. 1he lall of Lhe SovleL 8loc.- Fall of berlin wall in 1989, East Germany removed travel
restrictions to democratic east Germany.. The revolutions of 1989 marked the death knell of
communism in Europe. As a result, not only was Germany reunified in 1990, but soon, revolution
spread to the Soviet Union itself. After surviving a hard-line coup attempt in 1991, Gorbachev was
forced to cede power in Russia to Boris Yeltsin, who oversaw the dissolution of the Soviet Union.The
collapse of communism in east central Europe and the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold
War. The U.S. long-term policy of containing Soviet expansion while encouraging democratic reform
in central and eastern Europe through scientific and cultural exchanges, information policy

99 Consequences of Lhe Cold War %he NA%O , Warsaw pact, Korean and Vietnam war
100 CloballzaLlon describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures
have become integrated through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely
associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the
international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread
of technology, and military presence