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ABBITI0NAL NATBENATICS PR0}ECT

1FFIAN CHAN1HIRA SFFKARAN S ARIF

Auuitional Nathematics Pioject Woik Page

CUNTENT
NU TITLE PACE
INTR0B0CTI0N -
BEFINITI0N
BIST0RY
PART -
PART -9
PART -
F0RTBER
EXPL0RATI0N
-
8 REFLECTI0N
1FFIAN CHAN1HIRA SFFKARAN S ARIF

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INTRUDUCTIUN UF
ADDITIUNAL
MATHEMATICS PRU)ECT
WURK J

The aims of caiiying out this pioject woik aie to enable stuuents to :
a) Apply mathematics to eveiyuay situations anu appieciate the impoitance
anu the beauty of mathematics in eveiyuay lives ;
b) Impiove pioblem-solving skills, thinking skills , ieasoning anu
mathematical communication ;
c) Bevelop positive attituue anu peisonalities anu intiinsic mathematical
values such as accuiacy , confiuence anu systematic ieasoning ;
u) Stimulate leaining enviionment that enhances effective leaining inquiiy-
base anu teamwoik ;
e) Bevelop mathematical knowleuge in a way which incieases stuuents'
inteiest anu confiuence.



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Introduction.
Theie aie a lot of things aiounu us ielateu to ciicles oi paits of a ciicle. A ciicle is a
simple shape of Eucliuean geometiy consisting of those points in a plane which is the same
uistance fiom a given point calleu the centie. The common uistance of the points of a ciicle
fiom its centei is calleu its iauius.

Ciicles aie simple closeu cuives which uiviue the plane into two iegions, an inteiioi
anu an exteiioi. In eveiyuay use, the teim ciicle may be useu inteichangeably to iefei to
eithei the bounuaiy of the figuie (known as the peiimetei) oi to the whole figuie incluuing
its inteiioi. Bowevei, in stiict technical usage, ciicle iefeis to the peiimetei while the
inteiioi of the ciicle is calleu a uisk. The ciicumfeience of a ciicle is the peiimetei of the
ciicle (especially when iefeiiing to its length).

A ciicle is a special ellipse in which the two foci aie coinciuent. Ciicles aie conic
sections attaineu when a iight ciiculai cone is inteisecteu with a plane peipenuiculai to the
axis of the cone.

The ciicle has been known since befoie the beginning of iecoiueu histoiy. It is the
basis foi the wheel, which, with ielateu inventions such as geais, makes much of mouein
civilization possible. In mathematics, the stuuy of the ciicle has helpeu inspiie the
uevelopment of geometiy anu calculus. Ciicles hau been useu in uaily lives to help people
in theii living.








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Definition.
Pi, has the value of .9. In Eucliuean plane geometiy, is
Befineu as the iatio of a ciicles ciicumfeience to its uiametei.



The iatio is constant, iegaiuless of a ciicles size. Foi example, if a ciicle has twice the
uiametei of anothei ciicle it will also have twice the ciicumfeience, C, pieseiving the
iatio .

Alteinatively can be also uefineu as the iatio of a ciicles aiea (A) to
The aiea of a squaie whose siue is equal to the iauius.


.

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History.
Pi oi is a mathematical constant whose value is the iatio of any ciicles
ciicumfeience to its uiametei in Eucliuean space; this is the same value as the iatio of a
ciicles aiea to the squaie of its iauius. It is appioximately equal to .9 in the usual
uecimal notation. is one of the most impoitant mathematical anu physical constants:
many foimulae fiom mathematics, science, anu engineeiing involve .

is an iiiational numbei, which means that its value cannot be expiesseu exactly as
a fiaction mn, wheie m anu n aie integeis. Consequently, its uecimal iepiesentation nevei
enus oi iepeats. It is also a tianscenuental numbei, which means that no finite sequence of
algebiaic opeiations on integeis (poweis, ioots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value;
pioving this was a late achievement in mathematical histoiy anu a significant iesult of 9th
centuiy ueiman mathematics. Thioughout the histoiy of mathematics, theie has been
much effoit to ueteimine moie accuiately anu to unueistanu its natuie; fascination with
the numbei has even caiiieu ovei into non-mathematical cultuie.

The uieek lettei , often spelleu outbiu in text, was auopteu foi the numbei fiom the
uieek woiu foi peiimetei cplc+po, fiist by William }ones in , anu populaiizeu by
Leonhaiu Eulei in . The constant is occasionally also iefeiieu to as the ciiculai
constant, Aichimeues constant (not to be confuseu with an Aichimeues numbei), oi
Luuolphs numbei (fiom a ueiman mathematician whose effoits to calculate moie of its
uigits became famous).

The name of the uieek lettei is pi, anu this spelling is commonly useu in
typogiaphical contexts when the uieek lettei is not available, oi its usage coulu be
pioblematic. It is not noimally capitaliseu (B) even at the beginning of a sentence. When
iefeiiing to this constant, the symbol is always pionounceu like pie in English, which is
the conventional English pionunciation of the uieek lettei. In uieek, the name of this lettei
is pionounceu pi.

The constant is nameu because is the fiist lettei of the uieek woius cptcpctu
(peiipheiy) anu cplc+po (peiimetei), piobably iefeiiing to its use in the foimula to finu
the ciicumfeience, oi peiimetei, of a ciicle. is 0nicoue chaiactei 0+C (uieek small
lettei pi).

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PART I

Cakes come in vaiiety of foims anu flavois anu aie among favouiite uesseits seiveu uuiing
special occasions such as biithuay paities, Baii Raya , weuuings anu etc. Cakes aie
tieasuieu not only because of theii wonueiful taste but also in the ait of cake baking anu
cake uecoiating.

Find out bow matbematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write
about your findings.

Constructing tbe structure of a cake
These cakes aie maue by using uiffeient sizes of ciiculai pans, then stacking the bakeu cake
sections on top of each othei.

You aie to plan foi a cake that will seive between anu people.
O The weuuing cake must feeu between anu people.
O You have uiffeient sizes of pans of you can use. ( All pans have the same height )

i = cm i = cm i = cm i = cm



O Each layei of cake must iemain a cylinuei
O You can stack layeis. Each layei can then be sepaiateu anu cut inuiviuually.
O Each layei of cake will be cut into sectois that have a top aiea of exactly cm



O
You may have some left-ovei cake fiom a layei


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Example of 50 cm
2
top area of sector

O
0ne sectoi feeus one peison.

O
Youi final ingieuients list must be piopoitional to the ingieuients list pioviueu
foi you.


By using the theoiy of aiithmetic anu geometiic piogiessions in Chaptei Foim , the
concept can be useu to


O Beciue on how many layeis of each size of cake you will neeu foi youi cake. H
O Show how you can cut the layeis of the cake into equivalent sectois having a top
aiea of cm

each, in oiuei to feeu between anu people.
O Complete the ingieuients list by iuentifying the quantities neeueu foi each
ingieuient in the cake.








1FFIAN CHAN1HIRA SFFKARAN S ARIF

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Work and calculations to determine tbe
ingredients of tbe cake


Baking a cake offeis a tasty way to piactice math skills, such as fiactions anu iatios, in a
ieal-woilu context. Nany steps of baking a cake, such as counting ingieuients anu setting
the oven timei, pioviue basic math piactice foi young chiluien. 0luei chiluien anu
teenageis can use moie sophisticateu math to solve baking uilemmas, such as how to make
a cake iecipe laigei oi smallei oi how to ueteimine what size slices you shoulu cut.
Piacticing math while baking not only impioves youi math skills, it helps you become a
moie flexible anu iesouiceful bakei.


O Calculate the piopoitions of uiffeient ingieuients. Foi example, a fiosting iecipe that
calls foi cups cieam cheese, cups confectioneis sugai anu cup buttei has a cieam
cheese, sugai anu buttei iatio of ::. Iuentifying iatios can also help you make iecipes
laigei oi smallei.

O 0se as few measuiing cups as possible. Foi example, insteau of using a cup, use a
cup thiee times. This iequiies you to woik with fiactions.
O Beteimine what time it will be when the oven timei goes off. Foi example, if youi cake
has to bake foi minutes anu you set the timei at :, the timei will go off at :.

O Calculate the suiface aiea of the pait of the cake that neeus fiosting. Foi example, a sheet
cake in a pan only neeus the top fiosteu, while a sheet cake on a tiay neeus the top anu
foui siues fiosteu. A iounu layei cake iequiies fiosting on the top, on each layei anu on
the siues.

O Beteimine how laige each slice shoulu be if you want to seive a ceitain amount of
people. Foi example, an 8 by inch sheet cake uesigneu to seive people shoulu be
cut into slices that measuie appioximately by inches.

O Auu up the cost of youi ingieuients to finu the cost of youi cake. Estimate the cost of
paitially useu ingieuients, such as floui, by ueteimining the fiaction of the containei
useu anu multiplying that by the cost of the entiie containei




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Initial draft of tbe cake


















i = cm
i = cm
i = cm
i = cm
h = cm
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PART II
Best Bakeiy shop ieceiveu an oiuei fiom youi school to bake a kg of iounu cake as shown
in Biagiam foi the Teachei's Bay celebiation.


cm

V cm
) If a kilogiam of cake is has a volume of 8 cm

, anu the
height of the cake is to be .cm, calculate the uiametei of the baking tiay to be
useu to fit the kg cake oiueieu by youi school. | use j

Answei:
Volume of kg cake = Base area of cake x Heigbt of cake

8 x = {.]{ ]` x


{.] = { ]`

8.8 = { ]`
= 9.9

d = 8.8 cm






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) The cake will be bakeu in an oven with the innei uimensions of 8. cm in length, .
cm in wiuth anu . cm in height.

a) If the volume of cake iemains the same, exploie by using
the uiffeient values of heights, cm, anu the coiiesponuing values of
uiameteis of the baking tiay to be useu , V cm. Tabulate youi answeis.


Answei:

First, form tbe formula for d in terms of b by using tbe above formula for volume

of cake, V = 9, tbat is:


9 = {.]{dJ]`b

=


= d`


d =







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b) Baseu on the values in youi table,
i) State the iange of heights that is N0T suitable foi the
cakes anu explain youi answeis.

Answei:

b < cm is NUT suitable, because tbe resulting diameter produced is too

large to fit into tbe oven. Furtbermore, tbe cake would be too sbort and too

wide, making it less attractive.



Heigbt,b {cm] Diameter,d{cm]
. .
. 9.98
. 89.8
. .
. 8.
. .9
. 8.8
8. .99
9. .8
. 9.8
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ii) Suggest the uimensions that you think most suitable foi
the cake. uive the ieasons foi youi answei.
Answei :
b = 8cm, d = .99cm, because it can fit into tbe oven, and tbe size
is suitable for easy bandling.


c) i) Foim an equation to iepiesent the lineai ielation
between anu V.

Bence,
plot a suitable giaph baseu on the equation that you have foimeu. | You
may uiaw youi giaph with the aii of computei softwaie j
Answei:
9 = {.]{ ]`b
9J{.]b =
= d`
d =
d =
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log d =

log d = log b + log .
Log b
Log d .9 .9 .9 .9 .9







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ii) (a) If Best Bakeiy ieceiveu an oiuei to bake a cake

wheie the height of the cake is . cm, use youi giaph baseu on the
equation that you have foimeu.
Answei:

b = .cm, log b = ., log d = .8, d = .8cm

(b) If Best Bakeiy useu a cm uiametei iounu cake tiay, use youi
giaph to estimate the height of the cake obtaineu.
Answei:
d = cm, log d = ., log b = ., b = .8cm

) Best bakeiy has been iequesteu to uecoiate the cake
with fiesh cieam. The thickness of the cieam is noimally set to a unifoim layei of
about cm.

(a) Estimate the amount of fiesh cieam iequiieu to uecoiate
the cake using the uimensions that you have suggesteu in
(b)(ii)

Answei:

b = 8cm, d = .99cm

Amount of fresb cream = VULUME of fresb cream needed {area x beigbt]

Amount of fresb cream = Vol. of cream at tbe top surface + Vol. of cream at tbe side

surface

Vol. of cream at tbe top surface

= Area of top surface x Heigbt of cream

= {.]{ ]` x
= cm

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Vol. of cream at tbe side surface

= Area of side surface x Heigbt of cream

= {Circumference of cake x Heigbt of cake] x Heigbt of cream

= {.]{.99J]{8] x

= 8. cm

Tberefore, amount of fresb cream = + 8. = . cm


(b) Suggest tbree othei shapes foi cake, that will have the
same height anu volume as those suggesteu in (b)(ii). Estimate the amount of
fiesh cieam to be useu on each of the cakes.

Answei :


. Rectangle sbaped-base {cuboid]










9 = base area x beigbt

base area =

lengtb x widtb =

By trial and improvement, = x . {lengtb = , widtb = ., beigbt = 8]
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Tberefore, volume of cream

= {Area of leftJrigbt side surface]{Heigbt of cream] + {Area of frontJback side

surface]{Heigbt of cream] + Vol. of top surface

= {8 x ]{] + {8 x .]{] +
= 9 cm
. Triangle-sbaped base














9 = base area x beigbt

base area =
x lengtb x widtb =

lengtb x widtb =

By trial and improvement, = 9 x {lengtb = 9, widtb = ]

Slant lengtb of triangle = {9` + `]= 98.


Tberefore, amount of cream

= Area of rectangular front side surface{Heigbt of cream] + {Area of slant

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rectangular leftJrigbt side surface]{Heigbt of cream] + Vol. of top surface

= { x 8]{] + {98. x 8]{] +

= .8 cm


. Pentagon-sbaped base











9 = base area x beigbt

base area = = area of similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon

tberefore:

= {lengtb x widtb]

= lengtb x widtb

By trial and improvement, = x 9 {lengtb = , widtb = 9]

Tberefore, amount of cream

= {area of one rectangular side surface]{beigbt of cream] + vol. of top surface

= {8 x 9] +

= cm

(c) Baseu on the values that you have founu which shape
iequiies the least amount of fiesh cieam to be useu.


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Pentagon-sbaped cake, since it requires only cm of cream to be used.

PART III

Finu the uimension of a kg iounu cake that iequiies the minimum amount fiesh cieam to
uecoiate. 0se at least two uiffeient methous incluuing calculus. State whethei you woulu
choose to bake a cake of such uimensions. uive ieasons foi youi answei.

Answei:

Metbod : Differentiation

Use two equations for tbis metbod: tbe formula for volume of cake {as in QJa], and

tbe formula for amount {volume] of cream to be used for tbe round cake {as in QJa].

9 = {.]r`b H {]

V = {.]r` + {.]rb H {]
From {]: b = H {]
Sub. {] into {]:
V = {.]r` + {.]r{ ]
V = {.]r` + { ]

V = {.]r` + 8r
-


{ ] = {.]r - { ]
= {.]r - { ] -->> minimum value, tberefore =
= {.]r

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= r



. = r

r = 8.

Sub. r = 8. into {]:

b =

b = 8.

tberefore, b = 8.cm, d = r = {8.] = .cm

Metbod : Quadratic Functions

Use tbe two same equations as in Metbod , but only tbe formula for amount of

cream is tbe main equation used as tbe quadratic function.

Let f{r] = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake:

9 = {.]r`b H {]

f{r] = {.]r` + {.]br H {]

From {]:

f{r] = {.] {r` + br] -->> factorise {.]

= {.][ {r + ]` - { ]` ] -->> completing square, witb a = {.], b = b and c =


= {.][ {r + b]` - b` ]

= {.]{r + b]` - {.]b`

{a = {.] {positive indicates min. value], min. value = f{r] = -{.]b`,

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corresponding

value of x = r = --b]


Sub. r = --b into {]:

9 = {.]{--b]`b

b = .

b = 8.

Sub. b = 8. into {]:

9 = {.]r`{8.]

r` = .89

r = 8.

tberefore, b = 8. cm, d = r = {8.] = . cm


I would cboose not to bake a cake witb sucb dimensions because its dimensions are

not suitable {tbe beigbt is too bigb] and tberefore less attractive. Furtbermore, sucb

cakes are difficult to bandle easily.








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FURTHER EXPLURATIUN

Best Bakeiy ieceiveu an oiuei to bake a multi-stoiey cake foi Neiueka Bay celebiation, as
shown in Biagiam .












Biagiam

The height of each cake is . cm anu the iauius of the laigest cake is . cm. The iauius of
the seconu cake is % less than the iauius of the fiist cake, the iauius of the thiiu cake is
% less than the iauius of the seconu cake anu so one.

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(a) Finu the volume of the fiist, the seconu, the thiiu anu the fouith cakes. By compaiing
all these values, ueteimine whethei the volumes of the cakes foim a numbei patteins.
Explain anu elaboiate on the numbei patteins.




Answei:

beigbt, b of eacb cake = cm

radius of largest cake = cm

radius of
nd
cake = 3 smaller tban
st
cake

radius of
rd
cake = 3 smaller tban
nd
cake

, .9, ., .99.
a = , r =
V = {.]r`b


Radius of
st
cake = , volume of
st
cake = {.]{]`{] = 8.

Radius of
nd
cake = .9, vol. of
nd
cake = .8

Radius of
rd
cake = ., vol. of
rd
cake = 88.

Radius of
tb
cake = .99, vol. of
tb
cake = 9.99

8., .8, 88., 9.99, .

a = 8., ratio, r = TJT = T JT = . = .8




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(b) If the total mass of all the cakes shoulu not exceeu . kg, calculate the maximum
numbei of cakes that the bakeiy neeus to bake. veiify youi answei using othei
methous.
Answei:
Sn =
Sn = , a = 8. and r = .8
=

- .8
n
= .99

. = .8
n


og.8 . = n

n =

n = .

tberefore, n =






1FFIAN CHAN1HIRA SFFKARAN S ARIF

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CUNCLUSIUN
In tbe process of conducting tbis pro|ect, I bave learnt tbat perseverance
pays off, especially wben you obtain a |ust reward for all your bard work. For
me, succeeding in completing tbis pro|ect work bas been rewarding enougb.
I bave also learnt tbat matbematics is used in almost all our daily
activities witbout our knowledge as well as tbe awareness in daily life,
from tbe most simple tbings like baking and decorating a cake, to designing and
building monuments. Besides tbat, I bave learnt many moral values tbat
I practice. Tbis pro|ect work bad taugbt me to be more aware and understand
tbat matbematics is at work in all my activities and I'm now confident wben
doing sometbing especially tbe bome works given by my teacber. Moreover I've
learnt to be a more disciplined student wbo is punctual and independent.