1.Material Engineers use knowledge of Materials science to design New products that wont fail, Process to development to material.

2. InterrelationshipComposition>Processing>Structure >Properties>Performance. 3. Materials which are ionically bonded tend to have these two mechanical properties: Hard and Brittle. 4. Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ionsthat best describes ionic bonding. 5. Adjacent atoms share electrons; each atom assumes a stable electron configurationthat best describes covalent bonding. 6.Positively charged ion cores are held together by a sea of raveling valence elctrons-that best describes metallic bonding. 7.Weak bonding that arises from atomic or molecular dipolethat best describes secondary Van der Waals bonding. 8.Magic Numbers are Nobles Gases2,10,18,36,54,86. 9. CsClIonic and GaAsCovalent. 10. A non Crystalline Material is one which There is no long range order in the crystalline structure. 11.A plane in a crystal lattice which has high atomic packing factor (APF) will- Be most likely to deform, protecting the neighboring planes from slipping. 12.Anisotropic Material- Have material properties that are dependent on crystallographic direction. 13. Diffusion Material transport by atomic motion. 14.The two condition that are necessary for any atom to move through the mechanism of diffusion (vacancy and interstitial diffusion) -- The diffusing atom must have an empty space near to it in the crystal lattice , the diffusing atom must have enough energy to break existing bonds. 15.The four conditions that are necessary for vacancy diffusion are: the Host atom and the impurity atom must have similar electronegativity, the host atoms and the impurity atom must have similar valences, the host atom and impurity must be similar in size, the host atom and impurity must have the same crystal structure. 16.The condition that is necessary for interstitial diffusion is: the diffusing atom must be small in size, relative to atoms in the crystal lattice. 17. J=D(dC/Dx) --- J represent the rate of material transport though a unit area, D represent diffusion coefficient, (dC/dx) represent concentration gradient. 18. All other factors being equal, increasing the concentration gradient will cause the rate of diffusion to:--Increase 19. All other factors being equal, increasing the temperature will cause the rate of diffusion to:--Increase. 20. stiffness-resistance to elastic deformation 21.ductility- measure of the plastic deformation that has been sustained at the time of fracture. 22. yield strength- stress at the onset of plastic deformation. 23. hardness- resistance to localized plastic deformation. 24.toughness- a combination of high strength and ductility. 25.When we desire to increase the strength of a material, we choose an mechanism which will: bind the dislocations so that it is difficult for them to move through the material. 26. How is strain hardening explaineddislocations multiply and obstruct each others ability to move. 27.How is solid solution strengthening explainedsubstitution or interstitial atoms find positions that reduce the lattice strain energy, discouraging motion of dislocation. 28. How does annealing reduce the strength of a metal- Dislocation density is reduced. If the process continues, grains recrystallize to an unstrained state. 29.How is grain size reduction hardening explained since grain boundaries inhibit dislocation movement, increasing the number of grains strengthens a polycrystalline material. 30. Which are more likely to cause sudden brittle failureLong, Sharp-Tipped cracks. 31.high fracture toughness value indicate that the material is:-- strong and ductile and will resist cracking under stress. 32. in real metals, plastic deformation occurs at much lower applied stresses than predicted by theoretical bonding strengths this is because of the presence of DISLOCATION in the crystal lattice. 33.To prevent the plastic deformation in metals we try to bind the DISLOCATION in the crystal lattice. 34.The goal when softening metals through annealing is to reduce the number of DISLOCATIONS in the crystal lattice. 35. In real metals fracture occurs at much lower applied stresses than predicted by theoretical bonding strengths. This is because of the presence of microscopic or macroscopic flaws in the metal. 36.Which dependent on material propertiesKIC<Ysqrt(a). 37.Which equation is used to predict the stress at a crack tip?--m=20sqrt(a/t). 38.Which equation can be used to predict the critical stress required for crack propagation?- KIC<Ysqrt(a). 39. the subscript 1 in KIC indicates that the equations is valid for Mode I crack displacement. 40. In a metal, annealing is used on strain hardened metals to increase this mechanical propertyductility. 41.in a metal, cold working can be used to increase this mechanical propertystrength. 42.Failure of structure that are subjected to fluctuating, cyclic stresses is termedfatigue. 43.The recovery stage of annealing causes these changes in atomic structuresmall changes: number of point defects decreases, dislocations move to lower energy positions. 44. The recovery stage of annealing causes these changes in material Propertieselectrical conductivity is restored. 45.The recrystallization stage of annealing causes these changes in atomic structureNew strain free equi dimensional grains replace grains which had a high dislocation density. 47. The Grain Growth stage of annealing causes these changes in atomic structureAtomic diffuse across grain boundaries: strain free grains grow large at the expense of other strain free grains. 48. The Grain Growth stage of annealing causes these changes in Material properties: ductility increases greatly. 49. It is easier to tear open a notched bag of chips rather than an un notched bag of chips because in the notched bag, the notches concentrate the tearing stress so the bag experiences higher stress than is applied. 50.The ESCHEDE, Germany train accident has been attributed to: -- Fatigue failure of the train wheels. 51. The ALOHA AIRLINES Flight 243 disaster has been attributed to:-- Fatigue failure of the fuselage panels due to repeated concentration on ground and expansion in air cycles. 52. The failure mechanism which is responsible for the majority of engineering failures is fatigue failure. 53.The failure of structures, which are, subjected to fluctuation, cyclic stresses are termed ---fatigue failure. 54. Fatigue failure usually occurs at low stresses. 55. If a part will be subject to cyclic stresses, one way to increase the fatigue life of that part is to: --polish the surface to eliminate scratches introduced during machining o the part.--- introduce residual compressive stresses in the part by case hardening it.---introduce residual compressive stresses in the part by shot peening it.eliminate sharp edges in the shape of the part. 56. For the primary creep, the strain rate is initially hight and the levels off. The decrease in is because---of the effects of strain hardening. 57. For the secondary creep, the strain rate levels of and remains relatively constant, This is because --- there is a trade off between strain hardening and recovery. 58.For tertiary creep, the strain rate is initially low and then increases sharply, the increase is because ---- of grain boundary separation and a decrease in cross sectional area. 59.The steel structure which is prized for its great strength and toughness istempered martensite. 60.The steel structure which is comprised of layers of ferrite and cementite is ---pearlite. 61.The hard, brittle steel structure which is produced by a diffusionless transformation from austenite is ---martensite. 62.The steel structure which is usually unstable at room temperature , unless alloyed with elements such as nickel---austentie. 63.The second most abundant element on earth is ---silicon. 64. The compound having the chemical formula SiO2 is ---silica. 65 The synthetic polymeric compound which forms oil, gels and rubber is ---silicone. 66. if a metal part is subject to creep in high temperature, ways to decrease the rate of creep include--- crystallize the metal in a columnar grain structure that will be parallel to the maximum stresses, select metals with high melting temperatures, select metals from among the super allys, crystallize the metal into a single crystal. 67. the term polymer comes fro the Greek plymeros meaning ---Many parts. 60. As molecular weight increases, the melting temperature of polymers tends to increase. This is because --- VAN Waals forces between chains increase as molecular weight of the polymer increases. 61.Thermosettting polymers are those which--- cannot melt. 62. For polymers Van del Waals forces are those which act between neighboring polymer chains. 63.Most polymers are semi crystalline. 63. Shellac is derived form--- excretions from the lac beetle. 63. LDPE is the abbreviation for low-density polyethylene. Indicate which molecular structure controls this low density --- The polyethylene chains are linear. 63.HDPE is the abbreviation for high density polyethylene indicate which molecular structure controls this high density ---The polyethylene chains are branched 64. LiCl is ---Ionic, F2 is ---Covalent 65. Metal+Metal Metal; non metal +non metal non metal or covalent molecule; metal + Non metal ionic salt. 66. For which combination of metals do you expect diffusion to be the faster(d): a) Al in Fe at 900C ,b) C in Fe at 700C, c) Cr in Fe at 700C, d) C in Fe at 900C. because diffusion is faster at higher temperature, interstitial diffusion is faster than substitutional diffusion. 67. List all elements that you expect to be capable of interstitial diffusion in Al: CHON.

68.sketch an example of and edge dislocation. Show a generalized crystal lattice, assuming simple cubic structure. 69. Crystallographic direction --- if is arrow so [110] and families of plane <111> and if are planes so (101) and family of planes are {101}. 70.Youngs Modulus (E) is a measure of The stiffness of a material, the slope of the elastic portion of a stress strain curve. 71. A non crystalline material has a less ordered crystal structure than a crystalline material. 72.List two of the three factors that have greatest effect on steady state diffusion ratestemperature and Concentration gradient. 73. A plastic material is being subjected to a tensile load. Under the loading what changes are made to the crystal lattice and the interatomic bonds when the load is applied?Bonds are given such a high stress that it take less energy to break and reform a new bunt. 74. Compared to the loaded state, what changes do we expect in the lattice when the load is released?Lattices wont be uniform, will have extra planes, the new bond due to plastic deformation remain (are permanent) . 75. when a large number of dislocation are intro the crystal structure. The lattice strains.begin to repel each other, and the material becomes stronger. 76. After drawing, how do you expect the wires properties to have charged because of the drawing process?The diameter is reduced and the strength is increased. 77. Your client wants you to find a process to restore the original material properties of the wire without changing its dimensions. What process will you recommend to restore the original material properties?--- Annealing because is process in which a material is exposed to an elevate temperature and that is to soften and increase the ductility of a previously strain hardened means that a material have a high temperature, the material is soft and the material can be restored. 78. Geared- Up inc has hired you as a consultant to design steel helical gears. The steel must be relatively ductile during fabrication of the gear, bu the gear must be strong and tough when put into service. You are supplied with a steel which has ideal properties for fabrication. NO you must find a way to strengthen the steel after the gear is fabricated. a) What process will you recommend to strengthen the gear after ii has been fabricated?cold working by shot peening the material. b) What effect will this process have on the atomic structure of the steel?--- shot peening would create more dislocation in the steel, which would case the atoms to make less, also compressive strain surface. c) How does the change in structure affect the material properties of the gear?strain peening the steel would create compressive stresses on the surfaces which would make the material less likely to get crack and fail and would strengthen the steel. 79.The annealing process is used to increase the ductility, electrical and thermal properties of a material. 80. Below, list the three steps that a metal undergoes during annealing.. recovery one change in material properties during electrical properties, recrystallization one change in material properties during softer decrease stiffness, grain growth one change in material properties during ductile. 80. Which these crystal structures tend to be brittle?HCP fewer layers for slip = more brittleness. 81. Which of these crystal structures tend to be ductile?--- FCC and BCC because FCC and BCC have a relative large number of slip system. 82. A material that has a high Kic value is --- tough and more likely to resist fracture. 83. Write the equation which helps you determine the fracture location---m=2osqrt(a/). 84. List all parameters from the equation that directly help you determine, by observation, which micro crack will fail first:--a=crack length and Pt = radius of curvature of the crack. 85. the failure of structure that are subjected to fluctuating , cyclic loads is termed fatigue. 86.Time dependent permanent deformation under elevated temperatures and static loads is termed Creep. 87.The Aloha Airlines disaster occurred because of