MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2.

005 Thermal Fluids I Fall 2005 Problem Set 8 Solution Problem 1

a) Find the maximum and minimum pressures achieved in the cycle. First of all, we should get a general idea of what kind of cycle is executed by the system. We know it starts in state 1 with the piston pushing against the high pressure stops at some unknown pressure P1. The gas then cools and the pressure drops to P2, where the piston just stops pushing the stops. There is no change in volume through this process. The gas continues to cool slowly and the piston drops in a quasistatic manner. Therefore the pressure remains at P2=Patm. Once the piston reaches the bottom stops, it is in state 3. A ball is placed on the piston and the gas is heated until the pressure exerted on the bottom stops is again zero. The pressure is now elevated to P4=Patm+mballg/Ap, while the volume is unchanged. The piston now moves up until it just touches the upper stops again. The ball rolls off the piston, and since the gas cannot now lose energy, the piston pushes against the stops. It is now back in state 1. A rough sketch of the process is shown below.

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P P1=P4 =Pmax P2=P3 =Pmin 4 1

V3=V4 =Vmin

V1=V2 =Vmin

Therefore, from the fact that the piston strokes are carried out in a quasistatic manner: m 1kg 9.81 2 mball g s Pmax = Patm + = 105 Pa + 4 20 10 m 2 Ap
Pmax = 1.05 105 Pa Pmin = Patm = 105 Pa b) Sketch a PV plot of the cycle and label the relevant temperatures. We can now define the pressure and volume at every stage. We also know the temperature at stage 3, T3=325K. We apply the ideal gas law in stage 3 to find the mass of helium present. Recall that for helium, R=2078J/kgK and cv=3153J/kgK. PV 105 Pa 103 m 3 m= 3 3 = RT3 2078 J 325K kgK
m = 148 106 kg Using the ideal gas law at each stage to solve for temperature we find: PV T= mR T1 = 682.50 K

T2 = 650 K T4 = 341.25K So the PV plot now looks like:

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P
1.05x105Pa T4=341.25K T1=682.5K

105Pa

T3=325K

T2=650K

10-3m3

2x10-3m3

c), d), e) & f) Find the heat and work transfers for each process. Starting with the work transfers, we see that there is no volume change for processes 1-2 and 3-4. Therefore: W = PdV

V1 = V2 and V3 = V4 So W12 = 0 J W34 = 0 J Processes 2-3 and 4-1 are constant pressure processes so: W = PdV

W23 = Pmin (V3 V2 ) = 105 Pa (103 m 3 2 103 m 3 ) W23 = 100 J

Similarly : W23 = 105 J The first law and energy constitutive relations can now be applied to the gas for each process. As an example, consider process 1-2. U 2 U1 = Q12 W12
W12 = 0 J Q12 = U 2 U1 = mcv (T2 T1 ) = 148 10 6 kg 3153 Q12 = 15.17 K J ( 650 K 682.5K ) kgK

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We could alternatively use the following constitutive relation to find the change in internal energy, and hence the heat transfer: c Q12 = U 2 U1 = v ( PV2 PV1 ) 2 1 R Using the first law and the energy constitutive relation for each step of the cycle gives us the following results: Process Q W U (J) (J) (J) -15.17 1-2 -15.17 0 -151.66 2-3 -251.66 -100 +7.58 3-4 +7.58 0 +159.24 +264.24 +105 4-1 g) Find the net work done by the engine. The net work done by the engine is the product of the work of all the individual processes. Wnet = W12 + W2 3 + W34 + W41 = 0 J 100 J + 0 J + 105 J
Wnet = +5J The net work is positive, indicating that the machine does work on its surroundings.

h) Find the net heat transfer for the engine. The net heat transfer for the engine is the product of the heat transfers of all the individual processes. Qnet = Q1 2 + Q23 + Q34 + Q4 1 = 15.17 J 251.66 J + 7.58 J + 264.24 J
Qnet = +5 J Writing the first law for the entire cycle, we see the following: U net = Qnet Wnet = 5 J 5 J U net = 0 J There is no net change in internal energy over the cycle, which is what we would expect.

i) Part i defines a control volume for the engine, thermal resistances and thermal switches. The entropy transfer across this boundary occurs at the temperature of each reservoir. Q Q Q Q Q i = 1 2 + 23 + 34 + 41 = -0.449 J/K Ti TL TL TH TH (There is a net entropy transfer out of the control volume.) j) No, the cycle is not reversible. Entropy is generated in the thermal resistors.

Problem 2 a) P-V diagram

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T-S Diagram PS8 2.005 F05

b) Modeling the system

1-2: Reversible Constant Pressure Cooling

2-3: Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer

3-4: Reversible Constant Pressure Heating

4-1: Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer c) Find expressions for QH, QL, Wout and efficiency For a cycle:

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U = Q W U = 0 0 = QH + QL Wout Heat transfer into the cycle (QH) occurs in process 4-1. Use the Second Law since the stage is reversible. S1 S 4 = Strans + S gen
S gen = 0 Strans = QH TH

T P T P S1 S 4 = m c p ln 1 R ln 1 = m c p ln H R ln L T4 P4 TH PH Q P H = mR ln H TH PL PH PL Heat transfer out of the system is found in a similar manner. S3 S 2 = Strans + S gen QH = mRTH ln S gen = 0 Strans = QL TL

T P T P S3 S 2 = m c p ln 3 R ln 3 = m c p ln L R ln H T2 P2 TL PL Q P L = mR ln H TL PL PH PL Looking Again at the First Law for the cycle, we can solve for the work output. Wout = QH + QL QL = mRTL ln Wout = mRTH ln PH P mRTL ln H PL PL

PH PL Find the thermal efficiency of the ideal Ericsson cycle. Wout = mR (TH TL ) ln

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Wout Wout = Qin QH mR (TH TL ) ln mRTH ln PH PL PH PL

TH TL TH This is identical to the efficiency expression for the Carnot cycle.

d) Find QH, QL, Wout and efficiency Using the expressions developed above with the values given in the problem, we find: Wout = 793 J QH = 1190 J QL = 397 J

= 0.67
Problem 3
CV 1 CV 2

a) If we apply the Second Law to CV 1 and use the fact that the process within this control volume is reversible and adiabatic we get S A + S B = 0
T2 P T P R ln 2 c p ln 2 R ln 2 = 0 T1 A P1 T1B P1 We use the ideal gas law and the fact that the total volume is constant to obtain an expression for the ratio of the final to initial pressure in terms of the final and initial temperatures. c p ln

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PV1 A = mRT1 A 1 PV1B = mRT1B 1 summing the above equations gives us P1 (V1 A + V1B ) = mR (T1 A + T1B ) PV2 A = mRT2 A 2 PV2 B = mRT2 B 2 summing equations gives us P2 (V2 A + V2 B ) = mR 2T2 thus P2 2T2 = P1 T1 A + T1B The final temperature is T22 2T2 c p ln 2 R ln =0 T1 AT1B T1 A + T1B ln 4 R (T1 AT1B ) T2
2 c p 2 R
cp

(T1 A + T1B )

2 R

=0

cv + R R cR T2 = 2 v (T1 AT1B ) 2 cv (T1 A + T1B ) cv T2 = 295.77 K

b) The total work extracted from gas in cylinder is found by applying the First Law to CV 1: U A + U B = Q W Q=0 : mcv (T2 T1 A ) + mcv (T2 T1B ) = W W=34.195kJ c) If the heat engine is not allowed to communicate with any other thermal reservoir which is at a temperature different from the final temperature of gases A and B then the maximum amount of work has been extracted from the cylinder consisting of gas A and B. No more positive work can be extracted from the heat engine. d) The process within CV 2 is also reversible and adiabatic. If we apply the Second law to this control volume we get

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SC + SD = 0

C ln

T2C T + C ln 2 D = 0 T1 T1

T12 T2C Using this result and applying the First Law to CV2 we can solve for the final temperature of Block C: U C + U D = Q W T2 D = Q = 0; W = 70000 J 70000 T2 D + T2C = 2T1 + C 2 T1 70000 + T2C = 2T1 + T2C C 70000 2 T22C 2T1 + T2C + T1 = 0 C 70000 2T1 + C + 70000 2 2T1 + C 4T1 2
2

T2C =

T2C 142 K T2 D 633 K

Problem 4

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CV 1

CV 2

a) Applying the First Law to CV 1 gives us an expression for Qh dU = Q W dt dU = 0; W = 0 dt ! Qh = Aqsun hA (Th Tair ) where the process is assumed to be at steady state and Newton Law of cooling is used to quantify the heat loss from the solar collector to the environment. The maximum efficiency of a heat engine operating between to thermal reservoir is given by the Carnot efficiency: T max = 1 c Th Therefore the efficiency this Stirling engine is T W SE = = 0.2 1 c Qh Th Combining this result with the expression for Qh given above results in an expression relating the work output of the Stirling engine to the temperature of the solar collector.

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 T W = 0.2 1 c Qh Th T ! W = 0.2 1 c ( Aqsun hA (Th Tair ) ) Th The temperature of the solar collector when the output of the engine is a maximum is T T dW ! = 0.20 c2 ( Aqsun hA (Th Tair ) ) 0.20 hA 1 c = 0 dTh Th TH
! qsunTc TcTair = 0 h ! qsunTc Th = + TcTair h Th2 Th(max power) 339 K

b) The Maximum power output of the generator is T ! W = 0.2 1 c ( Aqsun hA (Th Tair ) ) Th

Wmax = 122.4 W
c) The maximum efficiency for solar power to electric power conversion is W total_ max = max = 0.012 ! Aqsun

Problem 5

a) First Law: Ucycle=0=QH+QL-Qi Second Law: Q Q Q S cycle = 0 = H + L i + S gen,cycle TH TL Ti S gen 0 QL TL (TH Ti ) QH TH (Ti TL )

QL = 4 .8 QH (For a description of an implementation of this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_absorption_refrigerator)

b)

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