INTRODUCTION TO Biology

1) Biology is the study of life or living organisms. - bios - life - logy - (original: logos) which means study. 2) Importance of Biology better understanding on the functions of human body. better understanding on the causes of diseases and its cure. better understanding on ecology and hence improve the management of problems related to the environment. saving animal and plant species which are facing extinction. 3) Fields of Biology Research - Anatomy (study about structure of living things) - Physiology (study of how living systems function e.g. how cells, molecules carry out their chemical or physical function) - Cell biology - Molecular biology - Genetics (study about human genetics and traits e.g. DNA) - Microbiology (study of life and organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye) - Bacteriology 4) Career Related to Biology Medicine Doctor, nurse, dentist, pharmacist, veterinarian, physiotherapist Biotechnologist, nutritionist, food technologist Estate manager, botanist, agricultural officer Research officer, scientist - Entomology (scientific study on insects - Developmental biology (study of the process by which organisms grow and develop) - Ecology - Zoology - Botany - Taxonomy (science of classification, e.g. human {mammal class}) - Histology (study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants)

Biotechnology Agriculture Industry

5) Characteristic of Living Organism Metabolism: Respiration: Nutrition: Locomotion: Reproduction: Growth: Excretion: Obtain energy for life and activities Breakdown food to obtain energy for growth, movement.... -Sources of energy and growth -Repair damaged tissue Moving from place to place (only for animal) Reproduce offspring Increasing in size Expelled waste from body

Theory of Cell
All organisms are made up of one or more cells unicellular (e.g. bacteria, yeast, amoeba) or multicellular (e.g. human, plants, animals) organisms Cells are the fundamental and structural unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

1) Non-organelle Structures of Cell Plasma membrane (contains jelly-like matrix, contains all components of cell) Cytoplasm (thin layer, partially permeable, flexible) Cell wall (plant cell only) 2) Organelle Structures of a Cell Nucleus

Endoplasmic Recticulum Mitochondrion Ribosom Golgi apparatus Vacuole Chloroplast (plant cell only)

3) Plasma Membrane Separates the content of the cell from its external environment. Regulates the movement of substances entering and leaving the cell. Allows the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and wastes products between the cell and its environment 4) Cytoplasm Maintain the shape of the cell. Acts as a medium for the biochemical reactions occur within the cell Storing chemical substances such as glicogen granules (in animal cells), starch granules (implant cells) and enzymes. Stores a variety of organelle. 5) Cell Wall Support the cell and the plant. Maintain the shape of the cell. Prevents the cell from bursting when too much water enters the cell through osmosis. Allows substances to move through it. 6) Nucleus Contains the genetic material of a cell. Controls the activities of the cell. Produces ribosomes and ribonucleic acids (RNA). 7) Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER) Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum: Transporting the newly synthesised protein. Involve in the systhesis of protein. Provides surface for chemical reaction Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum: Transporting lipids and glycerols. Synthesising lipids and other non-protein substances.

8) Mitochondrion Produces ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Site of energy production through cellular respiration. Contains a matrix of ribosomes , a cellular DNA molecule and phosphate granules

9) Ribosomes Site for synthesising protein. 10) Golgi Apparatus Site for the production of enzyme and lysosome. Produces polysacharides, glycoproteins and secretory enzyme. Storing and modifying carbohydrate and glycoprotein. Transport and store lipid. 11) Vacuole Stores food (Carbohydrate, amino acid) and water. Support herbaceous plants when it is turgid. Stores organic waste (in leaf cells). 12) Chloroplast Contain chlorophyll and hence a site for photosynthesis to take place.