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2007
517.122
22.143
A-13
- -
:
.-. , . .
:
.-. . .,
.-. . .
A-13 . .
1. : /
.:
-, 2007.112 .
ISBN 978-5-93000-045-0
,
, , ,
, , , , . .
, .
ISBN 978-5-93000-045-0
, 2007
c . .,2007
1.
1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.
1.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
2.1. . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
2.3.
. . . .
2.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . 7
. . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . 17
. . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . 24
28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
. . . . . . 31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.
3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
4.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.
4.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
42
43
47
50
53
54
57
. . . . . 57
. . . . . 60
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
63
66
68
70
4.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5. -
5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. . . . . .
5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
76
76
78
82
89
6.
6.1.
6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3.
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
91
93
96
101
103
110
, . ,
, .
, ,
, , , , () . . , , , , ,
.
. , , ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
, . ,
.
, , , , ,
, ,
.
. .
, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
( ), ,
,
,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
41 . .
- .
,
.
. .
1.
1.1.
. ( )
. .
, . . () ().1
, . .2 .
.
l, O,
. O ,
, . M, l, x R
:
(1) O x = 0;
(2) M ,
x := OM , OM OM
;
(3) M , x := OM .
x M .
x R M l:
x = 0, M = O; x > 0, M OM x; x < 0,
M OM x. , (1
. . [11].
2 (15961650) , , . (1637) .
1.
, . [14]):
,
.
, C AB,
c a b A B , . . , A ,
a < c < b.
.
. O.
. ,
, . . ,
, ( Ox), , ,
( Oy). xOy.
y
M
6
(x0 ; y0 ), x0 y0 M
M Ox Oy y0
. x0
M , y0 M (.
1
. 2).
x0
x
O 1
,
. 2.
(. [14]), :
.
, :
(1) ;
1.1.
(2) , .
. X
, . . X R. x X
( ) f y. y
f (x). , ,
X, , , X R,
f : X R. f (x) x f
f x y = f (x) f : x 7 y.
x X . x x0 , . . x := x0 ,
x0 f (x0 ) y0 = f (x0 ). X f .
, y = f (x) (x X), .
: , , , .
.
() : y = 6x + 20.
() :
x
y
10
80
11
88
12
96
13
104
14
112
15
120
16
128
17
136
() : 1, 0,
. .
() : , , , .
y = |x|. ,
(
x,
x > 0,
y = |x| :=
x, x < 0.
() (. . 1):
10
1.
y
3
32
O
. 1.
f : X R g : Y R f = g, X = Y f (x) = g(x)
x X. , , ,
(), y = 2x + 3 (x R); ,
(), y = 8x
(x {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}), ,
2
(), y = x .
graph(f ) f : X R
(x; f (x)), x X; ,
graph(f ) := {(x; f (x)) : x X}.
xOy.
, f : M R xOy (x; f (x)),
x .
. .
(VVI . . .) .
(16431727), , .
, XVII , XVII ,
(15691650) , ; .
,
, . (16011665) ,
1.2.
11
1694 . (16461716),
.
. ,
, . , .
(17071783).
(18051859).
. . . ( )
.
, ( ) [3].
1. .
2. ?
3. .
4. .
5. ?
6. .
7. ?
8. .
1.2.
. R R , y = kx + b
(x R), k b (), x .
y = kx + b.
1.
R.
2. , b = 0; , k = 0;
, k 6= 0 b 6= 0.
3. y = kx + b k 6= 0
x = b/k, k = 0 b 6= 0,
k = 0 b = 0.
4. y = kx + b
k > 0 (. . 3)
k < 0 (. . 3).
12
1.
6
kb
kb
y = kx + b
k>0
y = kx + b
k<0
)
)
. 3.
.
. b = 0,
y = kx
y = kx,
k>0
( ). x
O
, . 4.
(. . 4).
. k = 0, y = b .
, Ox (b 6= 0)
Ox (b = 0).
(), Oy (
Ox) . , , .
y = kx + b, k b ,
.
.
y6
1.
. , y = kx + b, k b , .
1.2.
13
C . l .
1. l (. 5). Oy , , (0; b).
l Ox, y = b.
y 6= b. , , (0; b)
y = b.
y
y0
y1
a)
M 1 N1
x0 x1 O
l0 K
l0
y1
N1 M 1
x0
O x1
y0
6
y0
O
x0
y0
x0 O
)
. 5.
2. l . l
, . . I III
(. . 5) l , . . II IV
(. . 5).
l M (x0 ; y0 ) N (x1 ; y1 ), M N
14
1.
1.2.
15
6
M
y = kx + b
k>0
M
N
M0
x1 O x2
6
y2
N
M0
x1
x2 O
x
y = kx + b
k<0
)
. 6.
.
y = k1 x + b1 y = k2 x + b2 .
, ,
,
k1 , k2 , b1 b2 .
16
1.
() , k1 = k2
b1 = b 2 .
6
C , k1 = k2
b1 = b2 , , . , y =
k1 x + b1 y = k2 x + b2 , . .
y = k1 x + b1
graph(f1 ) = {(x; k1 x + b1 ) : x R} =
y = k2 x + b2
(. . 7).
(x1 ; k1 x1 + b1 ) (x2 ; k2 x2 + b2 ) , x1 = x2 k1 x1 + b1 = k2 x2 + b2 .
k1 x + b1 = k2 x + b2 x R. ,
(k1 k2 )x = b2 b1 , x,
x := 0 , b1 = b2 , x := 1 k1 = k2 . B
() ,
k1 = k2 b1 6= b2 .
. 7a.
C k1 = k2 , (. .
7). b1 6= b2 , (a). , .
, y = k1 x + b1 y = k2 x + b2
. . c 6= 0 , y = k1 x + b1 + c y = k2 x + b2
. , k1 x + b1 + c = k2 x + b2
x R. , (), b2 = b1 + c 6= b1
k1 = k 2 . B
y
6y = k1 x + b1
6
y = k1 x + b1
x
y = k2 x + b2
y = k2 x + b2
)
)
. 7.
1.3.
17
() , k1 6= k2 .
C ,
. () () , k1 6= k2 ,
(. . 7 ).
, k1 6= k2 , , () ()
. B
1. .
2. .
3. ?
4. y =
kx + b?
5. ?
6. y = kx?
7. y = b?
8. y = k1 x + b1
y = k2 x + b2 , , ?
1.3.
. ax+by+c = 0, a, b, c (), x y ,
( 1- )
. a b
, c .
x0 y0 x y , ,
.
(x; y). x y
(x0 ; y0 ),
x0 x y0 y.
.
, . , (. . ). ,
18
1.
.
. ,
, .
.
. ,
, .
(a) a 6= 0 b 6= 0. ax+by+c = 0 y y = ab x cb .
, ax + by + c = 0
y = ab x cb . , , . 1 1.2. ,
, (0; cb ) ( ac ; 0), (. 8).
6
cb
ac
O
cb
ax + by + c = 0
a 6= 0, b = 0
ax + by + c = 0
a = 0, b 6= 0
O ac
ax + by + c = 0
a 6= 0, b 6= 0
a)
. 8.
() a = 0, b 6= 0, 0x + by + c = 0. y,
y = c/b x,
. 1 . 1.2. .
, ,
(0; c/b) . ,
(x; c/b),
x (. 8).
1.3.
19
() a 6= 0, b = 0, ax + 0y + c = 0.
x
x = c/a y
. y, x.
, Oy (c/a; 0) .
(c/a; y),
y (. 8).
() , a b . a = 0, b = 0, 0x + 0y + c = 0.
c 6= 0 ,
. c = 0 (x; y), ,
xOy .
()() 1 . 1.2
.
2. ax+by+c = 0, a
b , . ,
, .
ax+by +c = 0 . , , , , , . ,
ax + by + c = 0 6= 0, ,
.
1. .
2. a, b c ax + by + c = 0?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
20
1.
7.
?
1.4.
.
,
.
(x0 ; y0 ),
.
.
,
.
. l1 l2 ,
a1 x+b1 y+c1 = 0 a2 x+b2 y+c2 =
0, , ai , bi , i = 1, 2 . , ,
. a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 c1 , c2 ,
.
(1) l1 l2 ,
, a1 = a2 , b1 = b2 c1 = c2 .
C , , . . a1 = a2 ,
b1 = b2 c1 = c2 , l1 l2 .
. l1 l2 . l1 l2
, 1.3 () a1 6= 0, a2 6= 0, b1 = b2 = 0 (c1 /a1 ; 0) = (c2 /a2 ; 0),
, c1 /a1 = c2 /a2 . c1 = 0, c2 = 0
:= a1 /a2 . c1 6= 0, c2 6= 0 := c1 /a1 .
. l1 l2 ,
1.3 () a1 = a2 = 0 := b1 /b2 6= 0, c1 = c2 = 0, := c1 /b1 = c2 /b2 6= 0,
c1 6= 0, c2 6= 0.
.
1.4.
21
22
1.
(4) l1 l2 ,
a1 b2 6= a2 b1 .
C , . , (3). B
.
.
:
(
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0,
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0.
(1.1)
a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 c1 c2 .
l1 l2 a1 x+
b1 y + c1 = 0 a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 .
(1.1)
l1 l2 . .
() (1.1) , a1 = a2 , b1 = b2 c1 = c2 6= 0.
, 1.4 (1) l1 l2 .
() (1.1) , a1 = a2 ,
b1 = b2 c1 6= c2 6= 0. 1.4 (2)
, , .
() (1.1) ,
a1 b2 6= a2 b1 . 1.4 (4) l1 l2 , .
1. (1.1) , (), (), () :
a1
b1
c1
=
=
;
a2
b2
c2
b1
c1
a1
=
6=
;
a2
b2
c2
b1
a1
6=
.
a2
b2
1.4.
23
2. , a1 , b1 , a2 , b2 , c1 , c2 .
a1 /a2 = b1 /b2 , , , .
a1 /a2 6= b1 /b2 , O(0; 0).
c1 = 0, c2 6= 0, a1 /a2 = b1 /b2 ,
, ; a1 /a2 6= b1 /b2 .
3. (1.1)
, :
1)
l1
l2
2)
a2 = 0,
6l2
l1
b2 = 0,
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0,
a2 x + c2 = 0;
3)
(
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0,
b2 y + c2 = 0;
6l1
l2
4)
l1
l2
b1 = 0, a2 = 0,
a1 = 0, a2 = 0,
b1 6= b2 ,
(
a1 x + c1 = 0,
b2 y + c2 = 0;
b1 y + c1 = 0,
b2 y + c2 = 0;
24
1.
5)
6l1
l2
b1 = 0, b2 = 0,
a1 6= a2 ,
a1 x + c1 = 0,
a2 x + c2 = 0.
1)3) , . . . 4- 5- , b1 6= b2
(a1 6= a2 ), ; b1 = b2 (a1 = a2 ), ,
[1].
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. , ,
?
5. , , .
1.5.
1. , )) ? .
a)
1.5.
)
25
)
2. ?
) y = 5x + 2;
) y = 3x;
) y = 45 2x;
) y = 3x2 + 1;
) y = 2x + 5x;
) y = 6;
2
) y = (3x + 2)/6;
) y = xx + 1;
( 2
x
+ 1, x 6= 0,
) y = x
1,
x = 0.
( 2
ax +(a+b)x+b
+ 1, x =
6 1,
x
) y =
b a,
x = 1.
3.
))?
)
6
1
0,4
0
3
4.
( ):
) y = 4x y = 4x 3;
) y = 2 y = 6x + 4;
) y = 0, 5 + 2x y = 3x;
) y = 7x 12 y = 63,5x
0,5 .
5. , :
26
1.
) 2x y + 3 = 0;
) 5x 4 = 0;
) 3x y + 1 = 3x y 1;
) x + 3y = 50;
) y 5 = 0;
) 2x2 + y = 15;
) 12 x 3y 3 + 1 = 0;
) 7x2 2 = 0.
6. (2; 1)
2x y + 3 = 0.
7. 4x y + 3 = 0.
8. , 3x + y 2 = 0
x/2 + y/6 1/3 = 0 .
9. , B(1, 3);
10. , (0; 4)
y = 3x.
11. , :
) (1; 2) (3; 4);
) (1; 2) (2; 1).
12. :
(
(
(
2x 4y = 6,
2x + 3y = 5,
x + y 2 = 0,
)
)
)
x 2y = 3.
3x 4y = 6;
x + y 3 = 0;
13.
:
(
3x y 1 = 0,
2y x 12 = 0.
14. ,
:
(
x y + 1 = 0,
x y + 2 = 0.
15.
(
2x + 2y 1 = 0,
4x 4y + 2 = 0.
1.5.
27
16. a b,
, ,
:
(
(
x + (a 1)y = a,
ax + y = 5,
)
a)
3x ay = b + 2.
x + 2y = b 3.
17. a,
, :
a) y = 2ax 1 y = x + 3,
) y = ax + 2 x + y = a 1.
18. a, :
) 4ax + y = 2 x + ay = 1 III
(x < 0, y < 0);
) y = x 2 y = 2x + a 1 IV
(x > 0, y < 0).
2.
2.1.
. ,
, . .
, . , ,
l, , :
1) l, ;
2) A B ,
l, AB l;
3) A , C , AC l (. 9) [4].
l
B
6 A
C
)
. 9.
(x; y) ,
ax + by = c,
ax + by > c ax + by < c.
, A B , AB ,
ax + by = c; A C ,
AC ,
ax + by = c.
( ).
A0 A1 c -
2.1.
29
yt = (1 t)y0 + ty1 .
C , A0 At Bt A0 A1 B1
(. 10),
A0 At
A0 Bt
=
= t.
A0 B1
A0 A1
y6
y1
A1
At
y(t)
y0
A0
Bt
B1
A0 Bt = xt x0 A0 B1 =
x0 x(t)
x1 x
O
x1 x0 , xt x0 = t(x1 x0 ), xt = (1 t)x0 + tx1 . . 10.
,
yt = (1 t)y0 + ty1 . B
ax + by = c, (x; y)
, ,
, , ..
, ax + by = c,
: ax + by > c ax + by < c.
3. l xOy
ax + by = c. ,
, , ax + by > c,
, ax + by 6 c.
C , A0 (x0 ; y0 ) A1 (x1 ; y1 ) , l,
,
(ax0 + by0 c) (ax1 + by1 c) < 0.
A0 A1 , A0 A1
l , , At ,
30
2.
yt = (1 t)y0 + ty1 .
At l, ax + by = c, . .
a((1 t)x0 + tx1 ) + b((1 t)y0 + ty1 ) = c.
(1 t)c + tc = c,
t(u v) = u.
t
u v. , u 6= 0 v 6= 0,
A0 A1 l.
t, 0 <
t < 1 , u v .
, u > 0 v > 0, 0 < t < 1
(1 t)u + tv > 0; u < 0 v < 0,
t (1 t)u + tv < 0.
, u v < 0 (. . u v ),
u
, t = uv
t(u v) = u , , 0 < t < 1. , ,
|u|
u
, t = uv
= |u|+|v|
, 0 < t <
1, .
, A0 (x0 ; y0 ) A1 (x1 ; y1 )
, l,
,
(ax0 + by0 c) (ax1 + by1 c) < 0.
2.2.
31
.
, l , 1 2 . A0 (x; y0 ) 1 , l, ax0 +by0 c
. , ax0 + by0 c > 0.
A1 (x1 ; y1 ), l.
A1 (x1 ; y1 ) 1 , , , ax1 + by1 c > 0; A1 (x1 ; y1 )
l, ax1 + by1 c = 0;
A1 (x1 ; y1 ) 2 , l, ax1 + by1 c < 0. , 1
ax0 + by0 c > 0, 2 ax0 + by0 c 6 0. B
1. .
2. .
3. ?
4. xOy , ax + by = c.
2.2.
.
ax + by < c,
ax + by > c,
ax + by 6 c,
ax + by > c,
a, b, c , x y , . ,
.
(x0 ; y0 ), x0 y0 x y ,
.
.
M (x0 ; y0 )
xOy (x0 ; y0 ), . -
32
2.
. ,
, .
.
1. . , .
2. , .
3. ,
. , . O(0; 0), .
, . , , , ,
. .
1. ,
( ),
.
, .
1. x < 2.
. x = 2 , , (2; 0)
x < 2
, x = 2 (. . 11).
2. 2x y > 3.
. ,
2x y = 3.
(. . 12).
O(0; 0)
. 0 > 3,
2.2.
33
,
( O(0; 0))
. 2x y > 3
, .
6
y6
3
2
O
3
. 12.
. 13.
. ax + by 6 c x y.
1. b = 0, ax 6 c. ax = c ,
( ac ; 0).
, a > 0 , , a < 0
, x = ac
(. 13).
6
c
b
c
a
(b > 0)
(a > 0)
. 13.
. 14.
2. a = 0, by 6 c.
by = c ,
(0; cb ).
34
2.
, b > 0 , , b < 0
(. 14).
1.
?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. .
2.3.
. ,
.
, .
.
. , ,
,
.
. .
.
, , , , (. . 15). . , :
.
2.3.
y
2
3
O
1
O
2
35
. 15.
, ( , ) ,
, (. 16),
(. 16) ,
AB AA0 BB 0 (. 16).
y
3
2
2
3
1
O
1
)
A 2
A
1
O
1
. 16.
,
, , (, . .
21, 23).
.
1. .
2.
.
1. :
36
2.
(
x < 0,
2x y 6 3.
.
3
O
2
3 A
(. 1, 2 . 2.2),
,
F
. 17.
(. . 17). DAF DA.
2. :
x > 0,
y > 0.
. ,
.
y
12
10
8
6
2
O
12
. 18.
0,2x + 0,3y 6 1,8.
10
. 19.
0,2x + 0,1y 6 1,2.
2.3.
37
12
12
4
O
12
. 20.
0,3x + 0,3y 6 2,4.
P
Q
2
O
R
6 8
. 21.
2.
x = 0 ,
Oy, ( ).
(1; 1). , ,
, (1; 1)
x > 0.
y = 0 ,
Ox, :
( ). (1; 1). , ,
(1; 1) y > 0.
, .
. 21 , OP QR O(0; 0),
P (0; 6), Q(4, 5; 3), R(6; 0).
38
2.
3. :
x + y > 250,
5x + 3y > 900,
x > 50,
x > 0,
y > 0.
. , , , ,
, , I .
, . 22.
y
400
400
2,5x + 10y > 1250
300
200
O 100
300
500 x
400
O 100
400
5x + 2y > 900
300
500 x
300
x > 50
200
100
O 100
100
y
6
500
300
200
x + y > 250
300
200
100
300
500 x
100
O 100
300
500 x
. 22.
3.
2.4.
39
.
( ), , P QRS
P M SN (. . 23).
500 M
400
300
200
100
O 100
300
S N
x
500
. 23.
1. ?
2.
?
3. ?
4. ?
5. .
2.4.
1. :
) x > 5;
) y 6 3;
) x + y > 10;
) 2x + 3y 6 12;
) 3x 6y > 2;
) 25x + 10y 125 > 0;
) x > 0;
) y > 0.
40
2.
x > 0.
4. xOy,
:
(
(
(
0 < x < 1,
x + y < 3,
x > 2,
)
)
a)
y > 1;
x y < 1;
y 6 3;
x > 0,
x + y > 0,
0 < y < x + 2,
) x < 1,
) x y < 0,
)
y < x + 2;
x < 2;
x 2 < 0;
) x < y < x + 1;
x
y
> 1.
5. , :
)
2
1
0
1 0 1
0 1 2
7. , , A(5; 2):
) 3x 4y + 1 < 0;
) 7x + y 16 > 0;
) 4x + 5y 11 > 0;
) 15x 12y + 71 6 0?
8. A(1; 6)
:
(
(
4x 6y + 1 > 0,
3x 4y + 1 > 0,
)
)
x + 3y + 8 < 0.
2x + 5y + 7 > 0;
2.4.
41
9. (x; y)
x + 2y > 3,
2x y 6 1,
x > 0,
y > 0;
, x2 + y 2
.
10. a
x + y 6 3,
x > 0,
y > 0,
x + 2y > 2,
y + 4x 6 a;
?
11. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
12. , . 15, 16.
3.
.
-
.
.
,
.
, . , ,
, , .... . , , -
, , , ,
. ,
.
.
1. . , , , . . , , .
. , .
.
2. , . ,
.
3.
3.1.
43
. , , , .
4. . , .
5. . , ,
[16].
, ,
. .
.
3.1.
.
:
1. . (, ). , ( ) (), .
2. .
, , . .
.
3. .
.
,
,
.
[19].
. , 70 24 , 30
60 . 96 ?
. , ,
, .
, -
44
3.
.
a ,
b . 1
c .
.
24 (a + 24b) ,
70 . 70 24
24 70 c = 1680c , , a + 24b = 1680c.
, 30 60 ,
:
a + 60b = 1800c.
96 a + 96b ,
x . 96xc
, :
a + 96b = 96xc.
,
. x.
a + 24b = 1680c,
a + 60b = 1800c,
a + 96b = 96xc.
,
: 36b = 120c.
c = 0,3b.
c , a +
24b = 504b,
a = 480b.
c a ,
480b + 96b = 28,8xb
576b = 28,8xb. , b,
x = 20.
: 20 .
3.1.
45
, ,
(a, b, c) , . ,
, .
.
.
:
, , . , 1
40 ., 1 20 .
300 500 .,
? ,
?
. x y .
40x + 20y .
300 500 ., . .
40x+20y 6 500 40x+20y > 300.
x y (x > 0, y > 0) ,
,
x 6 y 6 3x.
, :
40x
+ 20y > 300,
x 6 y 6 3x,
x > 0,
y > 0.
. :
2x + y 6 25,
2x + y > 15,
x y 6 0,
y 3x 6 0,
x > 0,
y > 0.
46
3.
,
. 2.3., (. 24).
y
6
ABCD, 25
20
.
B
15
, 10 A
. , C
: x = 7, y = 10 x = 6, y = 9, . .
5
D
7 10 ,
O
5 10 15 20 x
6 9 .
(5; 15). . .
5 15
. 24.
.
[18]. ,
A, B, C. A
B 3 : 5, B C
1 : 2, A C 2 : 3.
,
A, B, C 3 : 5 : 2?
. , - . P , A B
3 : 5. , a
A b B, a + b = P ab = 35 .
Q ,
A, B, C 3 : 5 : 2, a, b, c , a + b + c = Q ab = 35 , cb = 52 .
. x
, y z . a b
A B, x .
a + b = x ab = 35 , a = 83 x, b = 85 x.
, y
y/3 B 23 y C. , , z
25 z A 53 z
C.
A 83 x+ 25 z
. B 58 x+ 31 y, C
3
2
3 y + 5 z .
3.2.
47
, A, B, C
3 : 5 : 2.
3
2
3
8x + 5z
5
1 = 5,
x
+
y
8
3
5
x + 31 y
= 25 .
2
3
y
+
z
3
5
, ,
20
, y = 2z, x = 20
3 z. , x : y = 3 : 2,
20
y : z = 2 : 1, 3 : 2 : 1,
, , 20 : 6 : 3.
: 20 : 6 : 3.
3.2.
.
,
.
, (. 1.1).
.
:
1) ,
, ;
2) - ,
,
;
3) , . . ,
, , - .
:
(
).
,
.
48
3.
, , ,
, t = 0, . ,
, ,
.
.
x6
.
x(b)
. x(t2 )
,
x = x(t)
x(t1 )
x(a)
. x(t)
O a
t1
t2 b t
t, a 6 t 6 b, . .
a b.
. 25.
x : [a, b] R
.
(. . 25).
t1 t2 , a 6 t1 < t2 6 b. x(t2 ) x(t1 )
[t1 ; t2 ]. , , ,
.
, , ,
. , , [t1 ; t2 ], [t01 ; t02 ] ,
t2 t1 = t02 t01 , x(t2 ) x(t1 ) = x(t02 ) x(t01 ).
:
? , , ?
. ( ., , [14]).
4. f ,
[a; b] R, 0. -
3.2.
49
50
3.
,
[t1 ; t2 ]
:
x(t2 ) x(t1 )
v=
.
t2 t 1
, t2 > t1 . Ox (x(t2 ) > x(t1 )),
,
(x(t2 ) < x(t1 )), .
, x(t1 ) x(t2 )
[t1 ; t2 ] ,
.
,
. S, . . S = |x(t2 ) x(t1 )|. t := t2 t1 ,
: S = vt.
[5]. A B . B 27 ,
A 12 .
AB?
. t , v1 v2 . , I
v1 t, , II v2 t.
, v1 v2 ,
t:
(
v1 t = 12v2 ,
v2 t = 27v1 .
v1 = 32 v2 , t . , t = 18. ,
, I AB 18 + 27 = 45
, , II 18 +
12 = 30 . : 45 ., 30 .
3.3.
,
-
3.3.
51
. .
S , .
D , .
. , ,
, ,
, . .
: D = f (p), p .
,
,
: S = g(p), p .
, f ,
g .
,
.
f g
. , f g , . .
D = k 1 p + b1 ,
S = k 2 p + b2 ,
k1 > 0, k2 < 0. D
(. . 26) S (. . 27), , p > 0.
S
D6
D = k 1 p + b1
S = k 2 p + b2
0
. 26.
. 27.
, .
, Q,
(. 28).
52
3.
, . ,
, . . ,
.
Q
6
D = f (p)
Q D1
Q S2
Q0
Q D2
Q S1
S = g(p)
P2
P0
P1
. 28.
. 28 ,
P1 P0 , QS1 , , QD1 , , . . . .
, . . P1 P0 . .
P2 P0 , QS2 , ,
QD2 , , . . . , ,
, , . . P2
P0 . ,
3.4.
53
,
.
3.4.
. .
. . , . .
. , , , ,
, , . .
,
, .
: Y , C ,
I ,
. :
Y = C + I.
C Y . Y C, ,
C = f (Y ) .
, C = f (Y ) , . .
C6
C = kY + b,
C = kY + b
k , , b
0
Y
, . .
( ). ,
. 29.
0 6 k 6 1.
. 29. k b
. I . , I, k b
54
3.
, . Y C, , . . () .
Y C:
(
Y = C + I,
C = kY + b.
C ,
Y = kY + b + I,
(1 k)Y = b + I,
b+1
.
Y =
1k
, Y . , C
C=
k(b + 1)
+ b.
1k
.
3.5.
1. 1 30 ., 1 40 .
, 200 .?
.
2. 120 . , 20? . .
3. 5 . ,
6 .
3.5.
55
II, IV V , 12 , III V , 16 .
I IV ?
4. 6 ,
6 , I, II, III VI 12 .
II, III IV , 8 ,
IV, V VI , 24 .
I V ?
5.
A B, 30 .
2 , 2,5
. 2
, , 3
. ?
6. , ,
14,7 .
80%, 24%,
21,42 .
?
7. 1 20 . 15%,
25%,
18,2 . ?
8. ,
30 ,
1 . 20
, 3 20 .
.
9. , , ,
4, 3.
, 8, 7.
.
10. ,
A 4/5 B .
B A,
8 B.
56
3.
, B 50 ,
A.
11. , , . , , 3 . ,
7 . ,
4%,
5%. .
: 3) 16 ; 4) 12 ; 5) 5 3 /; 6) 10, 26, 11, 16 ; 7) 1,2
8 ; 8) 18 12 /; 9) 71; 10) 50, 150 200 ; 11) 35:12.
4.
4.1.
, ,
( ) ,
, .
- ,
()
, . . .
.
.
, .
, , .
, 3.1
: ( ),
, .
, : 1) -
X,
; f , X, ; C X,
( ).
58
4.
, x0 C, f (x0 ) ()
{f (x) : x C} :
x C f (x) min (max).
f , C
,
. ,
, .
, .
: , .
.
. , , .
, , ,
x, y, z . . . x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . ,
() . ,
.
. ,
.
. , ,
. ,
ax + by + cz + . . . a1 x1 + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + . . . ,
(,
. .)
( , . .).
4.1.
59
. , , .
,
.
.
. , . , (a, b, c, . . .
a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . ), . ,
.
. ,
.
. (1912
1986) , . .
1938
. , . .
. 1939 .
, . ,
,
. , . . . .
,
. 1959 , ,
, 1942 .
.
, 1940- ,
. , . ,
60
4.
. . . 1947 . , -,
. . . . , ,
, . . . 1950
. . , ,
, .
.
. , 1966 . ,
: . . 1939 . , 1960 . 1975 . .
- (
. ) .
,
.
4.2.
.
.
, :
, K X .
,
.
. , K X,
, , K X,
.
1.
, 1 A 0,2 , 0,2 K 0,3
X; 0,3 .
: 1 0,3
, 0,1 0,3 X; 0,3 .
, 1 , 1 . ,
4.2.
61
5 6 .
:
,
, .
1.
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,3
0,3
5
6
x1
x2
1,8
1,2
2,4
, , : , , ,
.
, , , :
1) , 1,8 ;
2) , 1,2 ;
3) , 2,4 .
,
.
.
:
x1 , ;
x2 , .
(x1 ; x2 ) .
. ,
, 5x1 , (. . ). ,
62
4.
6x2 . ,
(x1 ; x2 ) (5x1 + 6x2 ).
,
, .
.
1. .
, 1,8 .
(x1 ; x2 ) 0,2x1 , 0,3x2
. :
0,2x1 + 0,3x2 6 1,8.
2. .
, 1,2 . (x1 ; x2 )
0,2x1 ,
0,1x2 .
:
0,2x1 + 0,1x2 6 1,2.
3. X. , 2,4 . (x1 ; x2 )
0,3x1 0,1x2 X. ,
:
0,3x1 + 0,3x2 6 2,4.
4. .
, x1 x2 :
x1 > 0,
x2 > 0.
(x1 ; x2 ),
,
().
,
:
(x1 ; x2 )
4.3.
63
. , :
0,3x
+
0,3x
1
2 6 2,4,
x1 > 0,
x2 > 0.
4.3.
x2
6
(. 30). 12
8
: 6 P
(4,5; 3)
,
Q
2
R
. ,
x1
2
6
10
O
,
(x1 > 0, x2 > 0).
. 30.
. ,
, . . 2.3.
.
. 30 . OP QR O(0; 0), P (0; 6), Q(4,5; 3), R(6; 0).
, .
(. 31).
, .
64
4.
,
z = 5x1 + 6x2 .
, z.
z . z. , , z = 15,
5x1 + 6x2 = 15, N (3; 0) M (0; 2,5).
, 15. . 31 M 0 N 0 M 00 N 00
, z = 30 z = 45.
x2
8 M 00
5x1 + 6x2 = 45
M0
4
M
2
5x1 + 6x2 = 30
N0
N
O
5x1 + 6x2 = 15
N 00
x1
8
10
. 31.
(. 32).
M 0 N 0 , M N , M 00 N 00 , M 0 N 0 .
,
, , ,
. M 00 N 00
OP QR, . .
, , z = 45
OP QR. , M N
( - )
, V W ,
OP QR (. . 32).
, Q(4,5; 3), V W , . 5 4,5 + 6 3 =
40,5. , V W 5x1 + 6x2 = 40,5.
4.3.
x2
65
10
6
V
P
Q(4,5; 3)
R
O
x1
6 W 10
. 32.
, (4,5; 3) , 4,5 A 3 B.
.
x2
x2
z = 18 6 P
z = 2x1 + 3x2
z = 15
z = 12 4
Q
z=9
6 P
4
2
O
2
2
)
R
6
x1
* z = 2x
1 + x2
R
x1
2
4
6
z = 6 z = 10
z = 8 z = 12
. 33. .
(. 33). , Q(4,5; 3)
. , (. .
) . ,
P Q. z = 2x1 + 3x2 (. .
33,). V W (. . M N , -
66
4.
), P Q.
P Q .
QR z = 2x1 + x2 (. . 33,).
QR ,
.
4.4.
.
,
. ,
1 2 ().
(). , ,
, , . , 1
2 , 2.
.
2.
1
2,5
1
5
1
41
x1
2
10
1
2
0
35
x2
1250
250
900
50
, ,
. , (, ) :
1) , 1250;
4.4.
67
2) , 250;
3) , 900;
4) , 50.
,
. ,
.
.
:
x1 (.) 1 ;
x2 (.) 2 .
(x1 ; x2 ) .
. . 1 41,
x1 . 1 41x1 . , x2 . 2
35x2 . , (x1 ; x2 ) z = 41x1 + 35x2 .
, .
.
1. . 1250.
2 , , x1 .
1 x2 . 2 2,5x1 10x2 . ,
(x1 ; x2 ) 2,5x1 + 10x2
:
2,5x1 + 10x2 > 1250.
2. . 250. , (
) , 1 2
. ,
(x1 ; x2 ) x1 + x2
:
x1 + x2 > 250.
3. . 900. , x1 . 1 x2 . 2
68
4.
x1 + x2 > 250,
5x1 + 3x2 > 900,
x1 > 0,
x2 > 0.
4.5.
. 2.3 ( 3)
.
4.5.
69
. ,
. 2.3, M
400
,
P
300
.
200
Q
R
100
,
S . 34. , O 100 200 300 400 500 x1
. 34.
.
. ,
( ).
. , . 34 ( ). , ,
P QRS P M SN . P , Q, R S :
(
5x1 + 2x2 = 900,
x1 = 50, x2 = 325;
P :
x1 = 50;
(
x1 + x2 = 250,
1
2
x1 = 133 , x2 = 116 ;
Q:
3
3
5x1 + 2x2 = 900;
(
2,5x1 + 10x2 = 1250,
2
1
R:
x1 = 166 , x2 = 83 ;
3
3
x1 + x2 = 250;
(
2,5x1 + 10x2 = 1250,
x1 = 500, x2 = 0.
S:
x2 = 0;
x2
500
70
4.
, (. . - ).
,
V W ,
, P QRS (. . 35).
x2
6
,
z = 21525 M 00
Q 133 13 ; 116 23 ,
600
V W ,
500
.
z = 14350
400 M 0
z = 9360
41 133 13 + 35 116 23 = 9550.
P
300 V
V W
200
41x1 + 35x2 = 9550.
z = 4100
M
Q R
, 100
(133 13 ; 116 23 ) ,
S N 00 N
W
N0
x1
O
100 200 300 400 500
133 13
. 35. .
. 1 116 23 .
2 .
4.6.
OP QR (. . 30) , P QRS
P M SN , (. . 34).
: , , . ,
, . . , (
,
, ) .
4.6.
x2
71
500
400
300
200
100
O
M 00
QR
M (300, 200)
M0
x1
. 36. .
P , Q, R S (. . 36). ,
,
.
. 30 O, P , Q R.
M (300; 200)
(. . 36).
: 300 . 1
200 . 2 . ,
1 , M
M 00 = (100; 200), . , M
M 0 = (300; 50) 2
. . ,
,
, . . P QRS. ,
.
:
, , .
. , .
a)
O (0; 0), P (0; 6), Q (4,5; 3), R (6; 0).
, .
4.3 (. 3).
72
4.
3.
P
Q
R
S
(0; 0)
(0; 6)
(4,5; 3)
(6; 0)
50+60=0
5 0 + 6 6 = 36
5 4,5 + 6 3 = 40,5
5 6 + 6 0 = 30
) P , Q, R S.
, . 4.
, z = 9550
Q (133 13 ; 116 23 ), . . ,
. 4.5 (. 4).
4.
P
Q
R
S
(50; 325)
(133 31 ; 116 23 )
(166 32 ; 83 13 )
(500; 0)
41 50 + 35 325 = 13425
41 133 31 + 35 116 32 = 9550
41 166 32 + 35 83 31 = 9750
41 550 + 35 0 = 22550
, , ,
, . ,
m-
m
B := {x = (x1 , . . . , xm ) : 0 6 xi , i := 1, . . . , m}
2 ! m = 100 ,
.
,
.
-, . . .
4.7.
73
4.7.
1. .
60, 50. C1 2 . 10 1 8 2 .
20 1 5 2 . ,
:
200 1 80 2 . .
- ,
, . .
. ?
) .
) .
2. , (
1 2 ) , .
,
, 5.
5.
1
3
6
4
x1
4
4
2
8,5
x2
14
18
27
) (. .
1 2 ), .
) .
) , . .
3.
( ). ,
74
4.
, . ,
( )
, 6.
6.
(./)
25
28
35
(./)
40
35
25
, , 20 .
30 . 50 60 . .
200; 140
175 . , .
, .
) .
) .
) .
4. ,
. ,
, 300 . 250 . .
, ,
, -, - ( ).
2 - 1 ;
1 - 3 .
. :
1)
40 - ;
2)
45 ;
3) 12 .
,
?
) .
4.7.
75
) .
5. :
8x1 + 6x2
5x1 + 2x2
2x1 + 4x2
3x1 > 15,
5x1 4x2
x1 > 0,
x2 > 0.
max,
6 60,
6 4,8,
6 40,
) .
) .
) .
) .
5. -
5.1.
, , ,
( )
, . , . 4.6.
(. .
) ,
. .
-, 1947 . . .
- , .
1.
.
2. ,
.
3. , .
, 4 5 (
), 6.
4. ,
, , .
5. . ,
3 4. , 6.
6. , .
.
5.1.
77
?
1
:
(,
)
:
( )
?
4
?
,
?
5
. 37. -.
6
-
78
5. -
- , .
- :
,
. (. 6.3) -
.
5.2.
. , ,
. -
, , . -,
(, ) .
. , . , , 0,2x1 + 0,3x2 6 1,8
:
(
0,2x1 + 0,3x2 + s1 = 1,8,
s1 > 0.
s1
.
(. . x1 = 0, x2 = 0), s1 1,8.
.
, . , , x1 +x2 > 250
:
(
x1 + x2 s1 = 250,
s2 > 0.
5.2.
79
s2 .
.
(x1 = x2 = 0), x1 + x2 s2 = 250
s2 = 250, s2 .
, ,
. . :
(
x1 + x2 s2 + a1 = 250,
s2 > 0, a1 > 0.
x1 = x2 = s2 = 0, a1 = 250, a1
.
. , 3x1 + 2x2 = 50,
x1 = 0 x2 = 0,
0 = 50. a2 :
3x1 + 2x2 + a2 = 50.
x1 = 0 x2 = 0 a2 = 50.
.
.
, M ( ).
. 4.2 4.4 .
. ,
s1 , s2 s3 (
, ).
, .
0, 2x + 0, 3x + 1 s + 0 s + 0 s = 1, 8,
1
2
1
2
3
0, 2x1 + 0, 1x2 + 0 s1 + 1 s2 + 0 s3 = 1, 2,
0, 3x1 + 0, 3x2 + 0 s1 + 0 s2 + 1 s3 = 2, 4
80
5. -
. , , . , , :
x
1 + x2 > 250,
x1 > 0, x2 > 0.
s1 s2 (
) a1 a2 . ,
. .
. -
.
, . m n, . - , . m
, n m . , ,
m. .
, , .
5.2.
81
7.
()
O
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
x1
x2
s1
s2
s3
0
0
0
0
9
6
8
4,5
6
4
0
6
12
8
0
0
0
3
2
4
1,8
0
1,8
0,6
0
0,6
0,2
0
0
1,2
1,2
0,6
0
0, 4
0,6
0
0, 4
0
1,2
0
2,4
0,6
1,2
0
0,3
0,6
0
0,15
0
0
. ,
, . s1 , s2 , s3 , x1 x2 . , 10
: ;
10 , 7. ,
7 ( ). x1 = 0 x2 = 0
s1 , s2 , s3 .
M1 , . . . , M9 , .
, 10 4
, , .
, , 8.
8.
O
M1
M5
M7
x1
0
0
6
4,5
x2
0
6
0
3
s1
1,8
0
0,6
0
s2
1,2
0,6
0
0
s3
2,4
0,6
0,6
0,15
82
5. -
- ,
( ) . , ,
. , . (. . 38).
x2
12
M2
10
8
M3
M1
(4,5; 3)
M9
M8
M7
M5
M6
M4
8 10 12
x1
. 38.
O M1 M1 (0; 6)
36 = 5 0 + 6 6, M5 (6; 0) 30 = 5 6 + 6 0.
M1 M7 (4,5; 3). .
5.3.
.
, . ,
(. 9).
5.3.
83
9.
.
,
(
)
B
P
Q
s1
0
1,8
s2
0
1,2
s3
0
2,4
cj
zj
(cj zj )
(,
)
x1
0,2
0,2
0,3
5
0
5
s1
1
0
0
0
0
0
x2
0,3
0,1
0,3
6
0
6
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
0
. (-)
(3 5 , ),
. , . .
Q. P , . . ,
. B . ( ) ,
. .
; cj .
zj . , ,
, , cj zj .
.
zj . . ,
: . , , x2 :
84
5. -
1) s1 0,3,
0,2x1 + 0,3x2 + 1s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 = 1,8;
2) s2 0,1,
0,2x1 + 0,1x2 + 0s1 + 1s2 + 0s3 = 1,2;
3) s3 0,3,
0,3x1 + 0,3x2 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 1s3 = 2,4.
() :
0 0,3 + 0 0,14 0 0,3 = 0, s1 , s2 s3
. , x1 s1 , s2 s3
0,2, 0,2 0,3 ,
: 0 0,2 + 0 0,2 + 0 0,3 = 0.
, . , , . .
zj . zj , .
-
, .
.
, cj zj , (, ,
).
cj zj , x1 , x2 , ,
5.3.
85
. ,
.
, , , .
-.
. ,
cj zj , , .
x2 , ,
6 .
.
Q . , +.
( )
, . .
Q x2 , : 1, 8/0, 3 = 6;
1, 2/0, 1 = 12; 2, 4/0, 3 = 8. ,
, , Q/x2 . , 6, . ,
s1 .
10.
B P
s1
0
s2
0
s3
0
cj
zj
(cj
Q
1,8
1,2
2,4
zj )
x1
0,2
0,2
0,3
5
0
5
x2
0,3
0,1
0,3
6
0
6
s1
1
0
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
0
Q/x2
6
12
8
-. , ,
86
5. -
. , , ,
, cj , zj cj zj . ,
,
. 0,3.
.
, Q,
.
. Q.
:
1. ,
, . , 0, 1.
2.
( ).
3. ( );
.
,
. , , . ( ) :
.
.
11.
()
:
x1
x2
s1
s2
s3
6
1,2
0,6
0,6
2/3
0,2
1/15
2/15
1
0,1
1
0
10/3
0
1/3
1/3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
5.3.
12.
Q
x1
x2
()
6
2/3
1
2,4 0,3 0,3
()
1,8 0,2 0,3
: 0,6 0,1
0
87
s1
s2
s3
10/3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
cj .
.
zj . ,
P :
2
2
+0
+ 0 0,1 = 4
3
15
z(x2 ) : 6 1 + 0 0 + 0 0 = 6;
10
1
z(s1 ) : 6
+0
+ 0 (1) = 20;
3
3
z(x1 ) : 6
z(s2 ) : 6 0 + 0 1 + 0 0 = 0;
z(s3 ) : 6 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 = 0.
cj zj . zj cj .
( 13).
13.
( 1)
B P
Q
x1
x2
s1
s2 s3 Q/x1
x2
6
6
2/3
1
10/3
0
0
9
s2
0
0,6
2/15
0
1/3
1
0
9/2
s3
0
0,6
0,1
0
1
0
1
6
cj
5
6
0
0
0
zj
4
6
20
0
0
(cj zj )
1
0
20
0
0
88
5. -
14.
( 2)
B P
Q
x 1 x2
s1
s2
s3
x2
6
3
0
1
5
5
0
x1
5
4,5
1
0
2,5
7,5
0
s3
0
0,15
0
0
0,75 0,75
1
cj
5
6
0
0
0
zj
5
6
17,5
7,5
0
(cj zj )
0
0
17,5
7,5
0
, P ,
P (x2 ) = 6 , P (x2 ) = 0.
: x2 = 6, s2 = 0, 6, s3 = 0, 6.
z = 5 0 + 6 6 = 36. , 1, ,
.
4 5. , , ,
x1 , s2 . ,
7, (. 14).
14 : x1 = 4,5, x2 = 3,
s3 = 0,15. z = 5 4,5 + 6 3 =
40,5. , ,
.
.
- . , , . . ,
. ,
. , ( .4.3).
.
. ,
, , .
14
, , -
5.4.
89
.
5.4.
1. -:
) 8x1 + 6x2 max,
4x1 + 2x2 6 60,
2x1 + 4x2 6 48,
1x1 > 5,
3x2 > 5.
) 2x1 + 4x2 + 1x3 min,
1x1 + 2x2 1x3 > 5,
2x1 1x2 + 2x3 = 2,
0 6 xj (xj := 1, 2, 3, 4).
2. .
5x1 + 4x2 min,
) .
) , .
90
5. -
) -.
) - -
.
) 2x1 + 62 + > 60.
?
3. .
5x1 + 3x2 min,
4x1 + 2x2 6 10,
2x1 + 2x 6 8.
) .
) 1x1 > 2.
) , .
) , 1x1 1x2 6 1.
6.
6.1.
. , ,
.
, .
.
,
-
.
, .
,
, ( ), ( )
Y ( ) Z. , , , .
. . 15.
,
, ?
, , , ,
.
92
6.
15.
- -
- Y ()
- Z ()
. (.)
1
1
7
3
4
2
1
5
5
5
3
1
3
10
9
4
1
2
15
11
x1
x2
x3
x4
15
120
100
.
. : x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , xk , k
(k := 1, 2, 3, 4).
.
,
:
z = 4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 .
. :
1x1 + 1x2 + 1x3 + 1x4 6 15;
Y
7x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 6 120;
Z
3x1 + 5x2 + 10x3 + 15x4 6 100.
,
, . . xk ,
:
0 6 x1 , 0 6 x2 , 0 6 x3 , 0 6 x4 .
6.2.
93
, :
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 max,
1x1 + 1x2 + 1x3 + 1x4 6 15,
7x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 6 120,
3x1 + 5x2 + 10x3 + 15x4 6 100,
0 6 x1 , 0 6 x2 , 0 6 x3 , 0 6 x4 .
6.2.
, , . :
? .
. ,
,
,
.
. 2
4 2 -, 7
Y 20 Z;
16 .
(). , ,
.
, , - , .
. 1
(x1 = 5), 5 , 35 Y 15 Z;
20 .
94
6.
1
(x1 = 2,5), 2,5 -, 17,5 Y 7,5 Z;
10 .
( )
. ,
. : -
, ( )
, .
, () , .
.
[16].3
v0 = 30 / = 45 ; S
.
, . xOy, O
, , x ,
y (. 39).
y
6
V0
. 39.
, , :
x = tv0 cos ,
y = tv0 sin
gt2
,
2
3 1968 .
6.2.
95
t , g = 10 /2 .
. t x , :
y = x tg
2v02
x2 g
.
cos2
() x x0 = 0 (v2
) x2 = S = g0 sin 2 ( ).
v0 , y = x 90x2 , S = 90 .
: y = x 90x2 , S = 90 .
, : , , ,
.
.
.
. 100 . . . ,
20 , 4 ., , 35 ,
6 ., , 50 , 9 .
,
?
1/5 .,
6/35 ., 9/50 . :
6/35 < 9/50 < 1/5. , ,
.
I
II
III
20
35
50
4 .
6 .
9 .
I
1
1
5
II
1
6
35
III
1
9
50
100 . , ,
, . ,
16 6 . 96 .
4 ., .
16 35 + 20 = 580 .
96
6.
, . -
: 15 , 10 .
.
, .
, 16 6 . 1 4 .
580 .
: , .
, , , .
.
x, y z I, II III . x, y z, 4x+6y+9z 6 100 S = 20x+35y+50z
.
4x + 6y + 9z =
,
6
35 S
4
3
6
6
S+ x+ z >
S,
35
7
7
35
6 100, S 6 583 13 .
6.3.
-
1. (.
5.2). s1 ,
6.3. -
97
s2 , s 3 :
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 max,
1x1 + 1x2 + 1x3 + 1x4 + 1s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 = 15,
7x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 + 0s1 + 1s2 + 0s3 = 120,
3x1 + 5x2 + 10x3 + 15x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 1s3 = 100,
0 6 x1 , 0 6 x2 , 0 6 x3 , 0 6 x4 .
2. s1 , s2 , s3
. :
x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 0, s1 = 15, s2 = 120, s3 = 100.
:
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 =
= 4 0 + 5 0 + 9 0 + 11 0 + 0 15 + 0 120 + 0 100 = 0.
, . 5.3.
16.
B P
Q
s1 0
15
s2 0
120
s3 0
100
cj
zj
(cj zj )
x1
1
7
3
4
0
4
x2
1
5
5
5
0
5
x3
1
3
10
9
0
9
x4
1
2
15
11
0
11
s1
1
0
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
0
0
1
0
0
0
Q/x4
15
60
6 32
zj P , .
3 ( 1). , ,
. ,
. , 4.
4 ( 1). 11 x4 . , x4 .
98
6.
? ,
Q x4 .
6 23 , s3 .
.
5 ( 1).
. (. . 19),
s1 , s2 x4 :
.
) (. . 11
, P , 15. P 11 x4 .
) (. .
) 17:
17.
()
x1
x2
x3
1
5
1
3
2
3
x4
1
s1
0
s2
0
s3
20
3
15
20
3
1
5
1
3
2
3
1
15
25
3
4
5
2
3
1
3
1
15
1
15
) (. .
17) 18:
18.
()
x1
x2
x3
x4
s1
s2
s3
20
3
1
5
1
3
2
3
1
15
120
40
3
2
5
2
3
4
3
2
15
320
3
33
5
13
3
5
3
2
15
6.3. -
99
, :
19.
( 1)
B
P
Q
s1
0
25/3
s2
0
320/3
x4 11
20/3
cj
zj
(cj zj )
x1
4/5
33/5
1/5
4
11/5
9/5
x2
1/3
13/3
1/3
5
11/3
4/3
x3
2/3
5/3
2/3
9
22/3
5/3
x4
0
0
1
11
11
0
s1
1
0
0
0
0
0
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
-1/15
-2/15
1/15
0
11/15
-11/15
Q/x4
125/12
1600/99
100/3
19 , :
x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 =
25
320
20
, s1 =
, s2 =
, s3 = 0.
3
3
3
:
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 =
20
25
320
220
= 4 0 + 5 0 + 9 0 + 11
+0
+0
+00=
.
3
3
3
3
3 ( 2). cj zj 19, , . ,
. ,
4.
4 ( 2). cj zj 9/5 x1 . , x1 .
Q x1 .
125/12 , s1
. ,
.
5 ( 2). . ,
x1 , s2 x4 (. 20).
, ,
. :
x1 =
125
55
4550
, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 =
, s1 = 0, s2 =
, s3 = 0.
12
12
12
100
6.
:
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 =
55
455
1105
125
+ 5 0 + 9 0 + 11
+00+0
+00=
.
=4
12
12
12
12
20.
( 2)
B
x1
s2
x4
P
4
0
11
Q
125/12
455/12
55/12
cj
zj
(cj zj )
x1
1
0
0
4
4
0
x2
5/6
-7/6
1/6
5
31/6
-1/6
x3
5/12
13/12
7/12
9
97/12
11/12
x4
0
0
1
11
11
0
s1
5/4
-33/4
-1/4
0
9/4
-9/4
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
-1/12
5/12
1/12
0
7/12
-7/12
Q/x4
25
+
55/7
3 ( 3). cj zj , 20
. ,
; 4.
4 ( 3). cj zj 11/12, x3 . , x3 .
Q x3 .
55/7 , x4 20
.
5 ( 3). . , x1 , s2 x3 :
21.
( 3)
B
x1
s2
x3
P
Q
4
50/7
0 325/7
9
55/7
cj
zj
(cj zj )
x1
1
0
0
4
4
0
x2
5/7
-6/7
2/7
5
38/7
-3/7
x3
0
0
1
9
9
0
x4
-5/7
13/7
12/7
11
88/7
-11/7
s1
10/7
-61/7
-3/7
0
13/7
-13/7
s2
0
1
0
0
0
0
s3
-1/7
4/7
1/7
0
5/7
-5/7
6.4.
101
. :
x1 =
55
325
50
, x2 = 0, x3 =
, x4 = 0, s1 = 0, s2 =
, s3 = 0.
7
7
7
:
4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3 =
50
55
325
695
=4
+50+9
+ 11 0 + 0 0 + 0
+00=
.
7
7
7
7
3 ( 4). cj zj 21, , .
, . , ,
x1 =
55
325
50
, x2 = 0, x3 =
, x4 = 0, s1 = 0, s2 =
, s3 = 0.
7
7
7
695
7 . 6.
6. ( 21)
cj zj , .
, .
, , : Z (s1 = s3 = 0), Y
120 s2 = 73 47 .
6.4.
1. (. 6.1) ,
,
:
) 1 3 (, x2 = x4 = 0);
) 1 4 (, x2 = x3 = 0);
) 2 3 (, x1 = x4 = 0);
) 2 4 (, x1 = x3 = 0).
102
6.
2. . 6.1.
-, ,
, :
) 14x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 11x4 ; ) 4x1 + 5x2 + 9x3 + 8x4 ;
) 4x1 + 5x2 9x3 + 11x4 ; ) 4x1 5x2 9x3 11x4 .
[autonomous consumption] ( ).
[additivity assumption]
, ,
,
.
[divisibility assumption]
, , .
[algorithm] , .
[basic variable] ,
.
[basic solution] m n (n > m)
m , , n m .
- [block diagram, flowchart]
,
.
[convex set] , : ,
, .
104
[graph of an equation] , .
[graph]
(x; f (x)), x X.
[Cartesian coordinate system]
( ) .
[Cartesian coordinates] ( ) (x0 ; y0 ), x0 y0
Ox Oy . x0
, y0 .
[discrete programming]
, .
|feasible solution] , .
() [nutrient problem]
;
.
[resources allocation problem]
; .
[surplus variable] , .
[artificial variable]
, , -.
[operational, operations research]
, , , .
[iterative method] , ,
105
,
.
[iteration]
( )
.
[canonical form] , ; ,
.
() [profit (cost) coefficients]
, ; ,
.
[extreme point] ,
,
.
[linear optimization
model] , .
[linear function] R R, y = kx + b (x R), k b (), x
.
[linear inequality] ( ) ax + by < c, ax + by > c, ax + by 6 c,
ax + by > c, a, b, c , x
y .
[linear programming]
, ,
.
[linear equation]( 1- ) ax + by + c = 0,
a, b, c (), x
y .
106
[mathematical model] , .
[mathematical programming] ,
.
[coordinate method] ,
( )
( );
.
[national income] , ,
.
[nonlinear programming]
, ,
.
[uncontrollable parameters] , ,
.
[feasible solution space (area)]
.
[constraints] , . ()
.
, ,
. .
[basic solution] .
[optimal solution]
; . . ,
() .
107
[slack variable] , .
[half-plane] ,
l : 1)
l, ; 2) A B
, l, AB
l; 3) A , C ,
AC l .
[consumption] , , ,
, , . .
[marginal propensity
to consume] .
[supply]
; ,
( ).
() [isoprofit (isocost)
line] , (,
) .
[rectilinear motion]
.
[orthogonal coordinate
system] , .
() [orthogonal
coordinates] , .
[function] X , . . X R. x X
( ) f y. y f (x). , ,
X, , , X R.
[equilibrium] ,
.
108
[equilibrium] , , . .
,
.
[solution of a system of
equations] , .
[solution of an equation] ( x y)
(x0 ; y0 ) , x0 y0 x y .
[simplex method] ,
, .
() [system of linear
inequalities (equations)]
(),
.
[propensity to consume] , .
[demand] ;
, (
).
[optimization theory] , ,
.
[theory of extremal problems]
, .
[input-output (technology)
coefficients] ,
, .
109
[control, management] , , , .
[decision variables]
, . ,
.
[supply function]
.
[demand function] .
[objective function] ,
, ,
.
[integer programming]
, ,
,
.
[extremum] .
1. : . 8 . . / . . , . . , . . , . . .2-
..: , 2003.287 .
2. : . 7 . . / . . , . . , . . , . . .3-
..: , 2002.285 .
3. : 8 .: . .
. . / . . , . . ,
. . ., . . . ..: ,
1995.256 .
4. . . . 89 : . . /
. . , . . , . . ..: ,
1991.415 .
5. / . . ..:
, 2004.639 .
6. . . . 1..: , 1972.
335 .
7. . .
.: - , 2005.160 .
8. . . ..: , 1969.
464 .
9. . . : .
..: -, 1997.208 .
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