IEEE 802.

16 OFDMA PHY

Wen-bin Lin g925629@oz.nthu.edu.tw 07-19-2006

Contents
WiMAX Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference Back up

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802.16 History
The initial 802.16 standard in 2002, operates in the 10-to-66-GHz frequency band and requires LOS towers. The 802.16a extension, ratified in March 2003, allows use of 2 to 11 GHz frequency. It boasts a 50 km range and 74.7Mbit/sec. data transfer rates and doesn't require LOS transmission. Additional 802.16 standards are in the works:
802.16bQuality of service 802.16cInteroperability, with protocols and test-suite structures 802.16dFixing things not covered by 802.16c, which is the standard for developing access points 802.16eSupport for mobile as well as fixed broadband (802.16-2005)

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802.16 Application

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802.16 PHY
SC

OFDM-256

(S)OFDMA FFT: 128, 512, 1k, 2k

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802.16 Duplexing
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Licensed band FFD SSs may be H-FDD

Time division duplexing (TDD)

Licensed and license-exempt band

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OFDM Transceiver

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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference Back up

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OFDMA Symbol Description (1/2)

Based on OFDM modulation Designed for NLOS operation < 11 GHz Frequency domain description
Subcarrier
Type: Data, Pilot, null (guard and DC) Number: 128, 512, 1024, 2048 (at least one)

Subchannel
A set of subcarriers forms a subchannel The subcarriers may and may not be adjacent

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OFDMA Symbol Description (2/2)

Time domain description
Created by IFFT operation of freq. domain symbol Cyclic prefix
Extension before the time domain symbol Collect multi-path and maintain orthogonality Causes SNR loss

CP Tg Ts Tb

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Basic Parameters

ITEM BW Nused n G Nfft Fs f Tb

VALUE 1.25, 5, 10,20

DESCRIPTION bandwidth # of used subcarriers

8/7, 28/25 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 128, 512, 1024, 2048 Floor( n*BW/8000 )*8000 Fs/NFFT = 11.16kHz 1/ f = 89.6us

Sampling factor Guard time ratio FFT size Sampling frequency Frequency spacing Useful symbol time

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Basic Terms Definition

Slot
The minimum possible data allocation unit Requires time and subchannel allocation mode information

Data region
Two-dimensional allocation of a group of subchannels, in a group of OFDMA symbols

Segment
A subdivision of the available subchannels

Permutation zone
A number of OFDMA symbols which use the same permutation formula A subframe may contain more than one zone

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Subchannel offset

Symbol offset

No. of subchannels

No. of OFDMA symbols

Slot

Data region

Segment

Permutation zone

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OFDMA Data Mapping DL, PUSC

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OFDMA Data Mapping UL

Two steps mapping: 1. Draw the data region horizontally (gray sha -dowed zone) 2. Mapping the slot vertically (slot index)

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Subchannel Permutations
Partial usage of sub-channels (PUSC)
Partial employment of cell planning, 1/3 for the right hand example FCH stands for frame control header

c.f. Full usage of sub-channels (FUSC)

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Subchannel Permutations
AMC permutation
Enables efficient resource allocation with optimal transmit power and modulation/coding scheme for each SS in a cell

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OFDMA Frame Structure (TDD)

DL subfram

UL subfram

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FCH and DL_MAP

Frame control header
Contains the DL_Frame Prefix, and specifies the length of the DL-MAP message Transmitted using QPSK rate 1/2 with four repetitions using the mandatory coding scheme sent on four subchannels with successive logical subchannel numbers

DL_MAP
Transmitted with QPSK modulation at FEC rate 1/2. Repetition 0, 2, 4, or 6 The length and FEC is described in the DL_MAP prefix

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Multiple Zones In a Frame

Zone transition is indicated in the DL-Map by the STC_DL_Zone
The maximum number of downlink zones is 8 in one downlink subframe the maximum number of bursts to decode in one downlink subframe is 64

If the BS allocates more bursts or zones, then the SS is required to decode the first bursts/zones until the limit is reached PUSC zone first

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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference Back up

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Preamble
The first symbol of the downlink transmission is the preamble
Three types of preamble carrier-sets Defined by allocation of different subcarriers Modulated using a boosted BPSK with a PN code DC subcarrier is always set to be zero

FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128

Guard-band left and right 172 86 42 10

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Preamble
Frequency domain description
Non-zero pilot tones every 3 subcarriers (DC subcarrier is not modulated) (NFFT guardband*2)/3 bit predefined sequenced is modulated
n = 0 for segment 0 n = 1 for segment 1 n = 2 for segment 2

Time domain description

1, the first OFDMA symbol Implicitly repeats itself 3 times within the basic OFDMA symbol time
preambleCarrierSetn = n + 3* k k = 0...567

n = 0 example

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Downlink FUSC (1/4)

71

12

71

12

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Downlink FUSC (2/4)

There are two variable and constant pilot set Mapping all pilot first, where the remaining subcarriers are used to define data subcarriers Allocate data subcarriers (48 subcarrier/subchannel )
Partition the remaining subcarrier into groups of contiguous form Each subchannel consists of one subcarrier from each of theses groups The exact allocation is according to a permutation formula:
subcarrier(k, s) = Nsubcahnnel nk +{ ps [nk mod Nsubchannels ] + PermBase}mod Nsubchannels

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Downlink FUSC (3/4)

Nsubcarriers
f pilot allocation

GP0 GP1

remaining subcarriers

GP47

divide into groups

S0

S1

SNsch

extract one from each group

constant pilot set

variable pilot set

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Downlink FUSC (4/4)

Subcarrier index belongs to the corresponding subchannel Subchannel Index For PermBase = 2
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Downlink PUSC (1/4)

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Downlink PUSC (2/4)

Dividing the subcarriers into Ncluster physical clusters containing 14 adjacent subcarriers 2. Renumbering the physical clusters into logical clusters
1.

CL = RS ((CP + 13* DL _ PermBase) mod N cluster )

3. Dividing the clusters into six major groups (2048 example) G0: 0-23, G2: 40-63, G4: 80:103 G1: 24-39, G3: 64-79, G5: 104-119 4. Allocate the pilot subcarrier first, the remaining subcarriers are used as data subcarriers Increasing index

time pilot data

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Downlink PUSC (3/4)

Nsubcarriers
PC0 PC1

2 OFDMA symbols Physical clusters (14 subcarriers) Renumbering sequence

LC24~39 LC24~39 LC40~63 LC64~79 LC80~103

PCNcluster

LC0

LC1

LCNcluster

Logical clusters (14 subcarriers) Divide clusters into major groups

LC0~23

LC104~119

G0

S1

G23 G0

23

G0

G23 G0

23

G0

G23 G0

23

S0

Same process as FUSC permutation

SNsch

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Downlink PUSC (4/4)

Allocation Example
FFT size: 2048 Major group: G0 PermBase: 2 subcarrier index subchannel index
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UL subcarrier allocation (1/3)

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UL subcarrier allocation (2/3)

Tile based allocation The subchannel is constructed from six uplink tiles, each tile has four subcarriers The allocated frequency band shall be divided into 420 tiles Divide the 420 tiles into six groups, containing 70 adjacent tiles each Tile(s, n) = 70 n+(Pt[(s+n)mod70]+ UL_IDcell) mod 70

Increasing index time pilot data

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UL subcarrier allocation (3/3)

Nsubcarriers

3 OFDMA symbols

T0

T1

G1

TNtiles

divide subcarriers into tiles

G0

G5

divide into groups

S0

S1

SNsbc

extract one from each group

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Tile index Subchannel index Increasing index

time A subchannel
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Mini-Subchannelization
An uplink subchannel is composed of six tiles, while mini subchannelization will be created by:
Concatenating multiples of 2, 3, or 6 subchannels Allocating traffic for more than one SS on this concatenation

There are 4 possible mini-subchannelization

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AAS Support (1/2)

Indicated by IEs in the DL and UL broadcast maps AAS zone
A contiguous block of OFDMA symbols Defined permutation Defined preamble structure May contain an optional Diversity-Map scan zone (D-Msz)

AAS frame structure

Consists of subchannels PUSC, FUSC, oFUSC permutation
Two highest numbered subchannels of DL frame may contain D-Msz

AMC permutation
The first and last numbered subchannels of AAS DL zone may contain DMsz A 2 bin by 3 symbol tile structure is used

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AAS Support (2/2)

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Optional Diversity-Map scan(1/2)

AAS-DLFP (Down Link Frame Prefix)
A robust transmission of the required BS parameters
Enable SS initial ranging SS paging and access allocation

QPSK-1/2, 2 repetitions Start with an AAS DL preamble Specified the permutation of AAS UL Zone Transmitted in a D-Msz may not carry the same information Supports the ability to transmit a compressed DL-MAP IE Not randomized

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Optional Diversity-Map scan(2/2)

AAS preambles
Training information in both UL and DL AAS zone Preceding all data allocation and AAS DLFP in AAS zone Made exclusive for UL(1-D) and DL(2-D) Length is specified in the AAS_DL_IE Either time or frequency shifted

AAS DL preamble
Formed by concatenating the original preamble sequence Used for the burst is a subset of basic preamble Occupies 9 subcarriers in AMC allocation

AAS UL preamble
Similar with AAS DL preamble

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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference Back up

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OFDMA Ranging
The MAC layer shall define a single ranging channel Ranging channel
One or more groups of 6 adjacent subchannels PUSC Tile structure 8 adjacent subchannels for optional (AMC mode)

The indices of the subchannels that compose the ranging channel are specified in the UL-MAP message
1. Initial ranging 2. Periodic / BW request ranging

In the process of user code detection, the BS gets the channel impulse response of the code, thus acquiring for the BS vast information about the user channel and condition

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Initial / Handover Ranging

The initial ranging code
For initial network entry and association Initial-ranging transmission shall be performed during two or four consecutive symbols

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Initial Ranging Structure

The BS can allocate two consecutive initial ranging slot, the SS transmits two consecutive ranging code within 4 symbol time

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Periodic / BW Request Ranging (1/2)

Periodic-ranging transmissions
Sent periodically for system periodic ranging

Bandwidth requests transmissions

For requesting uplink allocations from the BS Sent only by SS that have already synchronized to the system

Two ways to perform the ranging:

Modulate one ranging code on the ranging subchannel for a period of one OFDMA symbol

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Periodic / BW Request Ranging (2/2)

Modulating three consecutive ranging codes (starting code shall always be a multiple of 3) on the ranging subchannel for a period of three OFDMA symbols

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Ranging Codes (1/2)

Pseudo noise code produced by a PRBS
Polynomial: 1+x1+x4+x7+x15 Initial seed: [L] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 [M] s6~s0: UL_PermBase BPSK transmission Code length: 144 bits

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Ranging Codes (2/2)

Selection
There are 256 available ranging code Each BS use a subgroup of these code The group of codes will be between S and (S+N+M+L+O) mod 256 (cyclic manner)

14

15

25 26

39

40

57

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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference

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Channel coding

Repetition
R = 1, 2, 4, or 6 Group-wise of the encoded and interleaved block Lower code rates of 1/4, 1/8, and 1/12 by repetition of 2, 4, and 6 of a R=1/2 encoded block

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Randomization
Randomizer
Generator polynomial = 1 + x14 + x15 The randomizer sequence is applied to information bits Initial value for HARQ: [M]011011100010101[L] LSB MSB

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Encoding
Mandatory: convolutional encoding (Tail biting) Optional: ZTCC, BTC, CTC Concatenation
Performed in order to make larger blocks of coding where it is possible. Not exceeding the largest supported block size for the applied modulation and coding

For CTC, the concatenation, interleaver, and HARQ support are defined separately

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Convolutional Coding
Forward Error Correction
convolutional code with w/wo puncture
Tile biting encoding

Block turbo code Convolutional turbo code Low density parity check code

Rate = K=7 G1 = (171)oct G2 = (133)oct

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Interleaving
Interleaver
All encoded data bits shall be interleaved by a block interleaver with a block size Two-step permutation
1. ensures that adjacent coded bits are mapped onto nonadjacent subcarriers. 2. insures that adjacent coded bits are mapped alternately onto less or more significant bits of the constellation
Input order output order

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Modulation (1/3)
Subcarrier randomization
In all permutations except uplink PUSC and downlink TUSC1, the pilot signal are boosted 2.5 dB over common data tones The pilot signal are generated by a PRBS with the polynomial x11 + x9 + 1

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Modulation (2/3)
Data modulation
QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM(optional) Re-modulated with the random sequence used to generate pilot signal ( 2*(1/2 - wk) ) Power is normalized to unit

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UL ACK Channel
Provides feedback for Downlink ARQ
One ACK channel occupies half subchannel
3 pieces of 4x3 uplink tile in the case of PUSC 3 pieces of ex3 uplink tile in the case of optional PUSC

1 for NACK, while 0 for ACK (ACK encoding)

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Channel Quality Measurements

Implementation of the RSSI and CINR statistics and their reports is mandatory
RSSI Measurements
Not necessarily require receiver demodulation lock Offer reasonably reliable channel strength assessments

CINR Measurements
require receiver demodulation lock Provide information on the actual operating conditions, including interference, noise levels, and signal strength

As channel behavior is time-variant, both mean and stand deviation are defined

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RSSI and CINR Measurements

Unit of mean and standard deviation
Quantized: 1dB RSSI: dBm (-40 ~ -123) CINR: dB (-10 ~ 53)

Relative (absolute) accuracy

RSSI: 2(4) dB CINR:1(2) dB

The estimation methods are both left to individual implementation, while the standard give the possible methods:

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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control Reference

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Reference
IEEE Standards
802.16-2004 802.16-2004/Corrigendum D3 802.16-2004/Corrigendum D5 802.16e-2005

Intel Technology vol.08 Standardization and Specifications of Standardization and Specifications of WiBro PHY Fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile applications for 802.16-2004 and 802.16e WiMAX networks

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Summary
IEEE 802.16 Introduction
Comparison with 802.16d(2004) Duplexing

OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure

Basic term definition Frame and FCH introduction

OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation

FUSC, PUSC AAS support

OFDMA Ranging
Initial ranging, periodic ranging Ranging code

Channel Coding and Control

Randomization, channel coding, modulation

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Thank you

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