A guide to the HARVARD system for IN-TEXT REFERENCING Various systems exist which provide coherent guidance on referencing

and the construction of bibliographies. The important point is that you choose a system that is appropriate to your subject/discipline and use it consistently and accurately. The Harvard system is commonly used in the social sciences. Under this system, the layout of in-text referencing (see below) links directly to your bibliography (see overleaf), giving your reader just enough information to direct them to the full source of the citation contained in the latter. EXAMPLE 1 When you want to simply reference a quote: put the authors name, date of publication and page number together at the end of the quote as below: The realms of theory and reality are most basically linked by the human desire for meaningful understanding of ourselves in relation to the world in which we live: It is social and historical reality that men want to know They yearn for facts, they search for meanings, they want a big picture in which they can believe and within which they can understand themselves (Mills, 1980:24). As this example shows, longer quotations should be should begin on a fresh line and be distinguished by indentation and single-space typing (note that the main text of the essay should be double or 1.5-spaced). EXAMPLE 2 If you want to reference significant words/phrases, or to paraphrase instead: Underlying this universalistic account is the essentialist assumption that sex precedes gender (Delphy, 1993: 5) EXAMPLE 3 If you want to use a quote which has been quoted in an existing text: then you need to state where the quote was cited, as below: Basaglia (1981) seems to have noted the contradiction of the reforms stating that the law can only ever be the result of the rationalisation of a revolt but he goes on to add that it can also succeed in diffusing the message of a practice, rendering it a collective heritage (cited in Sheper-Hughes and Lovell, 1986: 173).

A guide to the HARVARD system for setting out your BIBLIOGRAPHY NOTE: Under the Harvard system, the layout of your bibliography follows on directly from your in-text referencing (see previous) IN ALL THESE EXAMPLES, NOTE THE PUNCTUATION AND SPACING USED The Bibliography appears at the end of the essay and includes all the books referenced in the essay. The authors should be listed in alphabetical order. The information is listed in the following order: For a book Surname of author/editor/s, initial/s. (year), title, place of publication: publisher. For a journal Surname of author, initial/s. (year), title of article, name of journal, volume number (& issue number), page numbers. For a chapter within an edited collection Suname of author, initials. (year), title of chapter, in name of editor/s, initials. (year), title, place of publication: publisher. AGAIN, PAY CLOSE ATTENTION TO THE PUNCTUATION USED AND COPY THIS CAREFULLY IN YOUR OWN WORK EXAMPLES (Note: your bibliography will not be sub-divided under different headings; it will be a single list arranged alphabetically by author surname. The following examples are headed separately to demonstrate the protocols for different source types). Book Butler, J. (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York & London: Routledge. Journal Connell, R.W. (1990) A Whole New World: Remaking Masculinity in the Context of the Environmental Movement, Gender and Society, 4(1), 452-78. Chapter within an edited collection Echols, A. (1983) The New Feminism of Yin and Yang in Snitow, A., Stansell, C. & Thompson, S. (eds.) Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, New York: Monthly Review Press.