S TAY N G I N H X A N H

GII PHP THCH NG KH HU V TIT KIM NNG LNG CHO CNG TRNH TI THNH PH H CH MINH

TI NN T KIM G L NG . TIT KIM TIN !

PHIN BN 1: NH PH

c ti tr bi:

Cun S tay ny c nghin cu pht trin bi s h tr kinh ph t B Gio dc v Nghin cu (BMBF) CHLB c, trong khun kh ca d n Nghin cu Siu th Thnh ph H Ch Minh C ch thng nht qui hoch th v mi trng thch nghi vi thay i kh hu ton cu. y l mt phn ca chng trnh ti tr Nghin cu v Pht trin bn vng cho cc Siu th trong tng lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng lng cho cc Trung tm th ang pht trin.

S TAY N G I N H X A N H
GIM CHI PH NNG LNG TNG CHT LNG CUC SNG BO V MI TRNG

Li ta
Ti liu hng dn ny l thnh qu ca nhm lm vic v vn nh thch nghi vi bin i kh hu v cng trnh tit kim nng lng thuc D n nghin cu Siu th ca TP. H Ch Minh, c ti tr bi B Gio dc v Nghin cu ca c, nh mt phn ca Sng kin nghin cu c bit Nghin cu v Pht trin bn vng cho cc Siu th trong tng lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng lng cho cc Trung tm th ang pht trin. Trong tnh trng bin i kh hu, ngun nhin liu dn cn kit v s tng trng kinh t nhanh chng Vit Nam, vn v hiu qu nng lng ang tr thnh mt trong nhng nn tng m bo thnh cng v kinh t v x hi cho nn kinh t ang bng n ny. Vit Nam s b nh hng nng n bi bin i kh hu, do vic xut cc bin php gim nh ri ro v thch nghi vi bin i kh hu l tht s cn thit v khn cp. Trong 3 ngnh c lng tiu th nng lng v kh thi CO2 nhiu nht l cng nghip, vn ti v xy dng, ngnh xy dng l ngnh lin quan v nh hng trc tip n cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi dn Vit Nam. Hin ti, ngi dn Vit Nam, c bit l dn c sng cc vng th ln ang tri nghim nhng ci thin v tiu chun sng. Cc gi tr mi ang c hnh thnh v khi nim cuc sng vi ngun cm hng mi v nhng nng lc mi ang c nh hnh. Nguy c hin hu m cc th ln ang phi i mt l, khi a ra quyt nh xc nh mc tiu ca s pht trin, nhng vn v pht trin bn vng v li ch lu di ca x hi, ca loi ngi, ang b b qua. Mt khc, ngi dn ang tri qua giai on vt gi tng i vi nhng nhu cu hng ngy, trong s l nng lng v cc ngun nhiu liu cn thit khc. Gi c c d tnh s cn tip tc tng. Thm vo , nhng nh hng ca bin i kh hu ang tr nn r rng li vn b gt sang mt bn khi chng ta a ra cc quyt nh v thi quen s dng v tiu dng c nhn. Trong cun s tay ny, chng ti s minh chng c rt nhiu phng php thng minh c s dng khi thit k nh . Nhng phng php ny thng khng tn km, nhng li a ra cho chng ta rt nhiu li ch khc nhau cho c nhn v cng ng. Sau , chng ti tho lun v cc bin php gip ch nh c th tit kim tin trong thi gian trung v di hn. Theo l d nhin, thit k kin trc, xy dng v sinh sng trong mt ngi nh khng n gin ch l vic ti u ho hiu sut nng lng s dng. y l l do ti sao chng ti lm vic trong mt nhm cc nh nghin cu c t chc, t d n nghin cu Siu th ca TP. H Ch Minh. Trong , Tin s Michael Waibel t i hc Hamburg, gi vai tr mt nh khoa hc nghin cu x hi v l mt chuyn gia v chnh sch pht trin, ng Christoph Hesse t i hc Cng ngh Darmstadt chu trch nhim v thit k kin trc v xy dng v Tin s Dirk Schwede t Vin Thit k nng lng Thng Hi c ng gp cho cc ch v hiu qu s dng nng lng v tin nghi vi kh hu trong nh. Rt mong bn c thng cm vi chng ti nu c s sut hay thiu st trong phin bn u tin ny, hoc nu bn c c kin khc v cc vn c nu ra. Chng ti hoan nghnh cc kin ng gp v nhn xt ca bn c cho phin bn u tin ny c th hon thin cho mt ti liu c hiu qu v c nh hng nhiu hn. HCMC-design-handbook@ energydesign-asia.com

TS. KTS. T Lan Ph Cc trng Cc Pht trin th B Xy dng Bin i kh hu v ang l mi quan tm ca ton cu, mi cng ng, mi ngi dn u cn c nhn thc t nhng vic d l rt nh. Nhiu ng gp nh c th to c nhng ng lc ng k nhm ng ph vi Bin i kh hu v to cho mi trng sng ca nhn loi cng ngy cng tt p hn. y l phng php tip cn ca on chuyn gia t cc trng i hc ca Cng ha Lin bang c trong d n Nghin cu Siu th, trong ly TP. H Ch Minh l th im, l mt thnh ph ln nht Vit Nam, ang c nhiu nguy c b nh hng bi tc ng ca bin i kh hu. Sau qu trnh nghin cu vi nhiu xut t tng th quy hoch n cc gii php c th, cc chuyn gia c xut v S tay Ngi nh xanh cho dng nh mt ph (l dng nh chim trn 60% nh ca cc thnh ph ti Vit Nam) vi mc tiu tit kim nng lng ti a. y l mt n lc cao ca cc chuyn gia c, S tay Ngi nh xanh va tip cn c nhiu yu t truyn thng ca Vit Nam va c hng p dng c cc cng ngh thng minh ca thi i, ng thi rt gn gi vi iu kin thin nhin, c th to c s hp dn ngi dn Vit Nam tham kho v p dng khi xy nh. y ch l mt nghin cu nh cho mt thnh ph ln, nhng kh nng nh hng ca nghin cu rt ln nu nh hng triu gia nh ca TP H Ch Minh v cc thnh ph khc ca Vit nam nghin cu v p dng, iu s ng gp ng k cho mi trng sng ca th ni ring v cho s pht trin bn vng ca th Vit Nam v ton cu ni chung.

TS. Phng Hong Kim Ph V trng V Khoa hc v Cng ngh B Cng thng Vn phng Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu xin c gii thiu n bn cun S tay Ngi nh xanh, vi cc gii php thit k nh s dng nng lng hiu qu v thch nghi vi cc vn bin i kh hu Thnh ph H Ch Minh. S kt hp ca vn ha truyn thng, phong thy Vit Nam v thit k hin i c nhm chuyn gia v kin trc v nng lng thuc d n Siu th - TP. H Ch Minh tin hnh nghin cu tng hp qua cc phng din nh a cht, thu vn, kh hu, cnh quan, nhn trc. Vi quan im ngi nh gim thiu kh thi nh knh v thch ng vi iu kin kh hu a phng, tn dng ti u nng v gi, cun cm nang s gii thiu cc gii php thch ng kh hu trong thit k kin trc, x l kt cu v k thut lin quan. S thu hiu ca cc nh nghin cu vi i sng tinh thn v tnh cm ca gia nh Vit s mang n cho bn cc gi cho ngi nh p khng ch bn ngoi hay cng nng hp l, m cn l cm quan thm m tng gc sng, mi lin h vi khung cnh thin nhin. Ngi nh l ni lu gi nhng k nim ca gia nh, l chn i v th gin v cm nhn cuc sng, n cng l ting ni khng li th hin s tinh t ca ch nhn. Hy ngi nh ca bn ni vi th h tng lai v mt cuc sng Xanh!

KS. Quch Hng Tuyn Ph Gim c S Xy dng Thnh ph H Ch Minh Bin i kh hu ton cu s nh hng n mi quc gia, nhng Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc chu tc ng v ri ro ln nht. TP. H Ch Minh c bit phi chu s nguy him t nc bin dng v l lt. Ngi nh xanh l mt trong nhng gii php thch ng vi bin i kh hu v gim thiu kh thi nh knh. Cun s tay ny c coi l mt sn phm ht sc quan trng trong nhim v thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP. H Ch Minh. y l kt qu ca qu trnh hp tc vi nhng ng gp gi tr v n lc rt ln ca nhm tc gi. Nhm nghin cu kho st chi tit v tnh trng thc t ca nh ph ti TP. H Ch Minh v phn tch cc yu t thit k nh truyn thng ph hp vi iu kin kh hu a phng. Hn na, nhm nghin cu p dng cc cng c phn tch hin i xc nh cc gii php tit kim nng lng da trn ti u ha nhu cu, tng hiu qu kinh t v cht lng mi trng sng ca ngi nh hng ti pht trin bn vng ni chung. Cun s tay ngi nh xanh bao gm 12 chng, cp n nhng vn ht sc mu cht. S Xy dng rt hn hnh c gp phn xy dng ni dung mt chng v cc khuyn co cho nhng vic nn lm v khng nn lm khi xy nh. Cc h gia nh, cc cng ty xy dng, cc nh qun l v cc c s o to c th s dng cc khuyn co ny.

Ni dung

Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!........8-11 gi nng lng nhn nh t cuc sng bc tranh ton cnh

Nguyn tc thit k.......................................................12-19 cu trc khng gian thi cng xy dng cng nng s dng

Che chn nng cho cng trnh....................................20-25 la chn mu sc v vt liu cch kin to h thng che mt cc h thng che mt

Thng gi v lm mt...................................................26-29 thng gi t nhin thng gi bng my mc tch hp u im ca hai gii php trn

Cu trc v bc cng trnh..........................................30-33 h thng knh cch nhit

Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng.......................34-37 tit kim nc bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri

Ni dung

Thi v hnh ng ca ngi s dng..............38-43 tim nng t s thay i hnh vi tng i vi tng phng trong ngi nh bin sn thng ngi nh ca bn thnh khu vn

Thit b tit kim in ................................................44-47 iu ho khng kh chiu sng tit kin in un nc nng cc thit b gia dng

9 10

Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng...........................................................48-51 kt cu cng trnh tng, sn v mi bn sc kho v s lnh mnh tc ng mi trng Phng chng ngp lt...............................................52-55 nng trn mc lt cc cng trnh ngn nc l thm nhp (chng ngp kh) cc cng trnh thot nc ngp (chng ngp t) cc ky thut khc

10

11

Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!................................56-61 tm quan trng ca thng gi v khong li vai tr ca sn trong v cy xanh tm quan trng ca mt bng chc nng bp

11 &

12

Ngun..........................................................................62-65 thng tin sn phm ti liu tham kho i tc xy dng ni dung v cng tc thc hin

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1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

Bn c thn mn, Trong nhng nm va qua, Vit Nam tri qua tnh trng tng gi nng lng v theo d on gi nng lng s cn tip tc tng trong nhng nm ti. y l tnh trng kh khn cho ngi dn Vit Nam, nhng cc bn cng nn bit rng, gi nng lng ti Vit Nam vn cn r so vi cc nc khc, nh c chng hn. Ti c, gi nng lng hin ti l 5,000-6,000 VN cho 1 kilowatt gi v mt s nghin cu d

on mc gi ny s cn tip tc tng thm 60% trong thp k ti. S khng c l do no c th khin gi nng lng ti Vit Nam khng tng vi mc nh vy, m thm ch cn cao hn th. Gi nng lng tng cng l lc chng ta phi ngh n vic lm th no tit kim nng lng trong tng lai. Tt c nhng u t cho vic tit kim nng lng cn phi c nh gi trong mi lin quan vi vic tng gi nng lng. Tit kim nng lng c th c thc hin vi nhiu phng cch

khc nhau. Cch thc tt nht l, trnh vic tiu tn nng lng. Vic ny c th d dng thc hin c bng cch u t vo cc thit b gia dng tit kim in, chng hn nh t lnh, my git, Tivi LCD, l vi sng hoc bng n tit kim in. Ti cc h gia nh, my iu ho khng kh thng c mc tiu th in ln nht. My iu ho tit kim in c th t hn loi sn phm thng thng khong 2030%, nhng khon u t thm ny s c thu hi bi vic tit kim nng lng ch trong vng vi nm. Tuy nhin, khon tin u t cho

Mc tng thu nhp h gia nh ti cc thnh ph ln nht Vit Nam 1999-2008 (Ngun: TNS Vit Nam 2009; thit k: Waibel 2009)

Hy tit kim nng lng: ng lng ph tin ca bn (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

vic iu ho khng kh ch ph thuc mt phn vo hiu qu nng lng ca thit b; phn nhiu ph thuc vo thi quen s dng v thit k ca ngi nh. Cun s tay ny s gip bn thit k ngi nh mang li cm gic thoi mi v c mc chi ph thp khi s dng iu ho lm mt khng kh. Ngun tiu th in ln th hai trong cc h gia nh l nng lng un nc nng. Trong trng hp ny, cc thit b un nc nng bng nng lng mt tri hin c sn trn th trng Vit Nam chnh

l mt s la chn r v kh thi thay cho thit b in. Ti Vit Nam, cc khon u t cho thit b un nc nng bng nng lng mt tri c th thu hi ch trong vng 4-6 nm. Trong tt c cc trng hp ni trn, vi mc tng gi nng lng d kin trong tng lai, cc bn s thu hi c cc khon u t nhanh hn thng qua tit kim nng lng. ng bn khon v iu ny v chc chn, gi nng lng s tng. Ngoi vic tit kim nng lng l mt khon u t hiu qu cho

tng lai, n cn gip bn v gia nh gim s ph thuc vo s thiu ht in v ct in. Chc chn iu ny cng mang li gi tr v n lm tng cht lng cuc sng ca bn. Bn cnh , bn cng s gp phn vo vic gii quyt cc vn v nng lng trong tng lai ca Vit Nam v ca c loi ngi. Bn c th khng c tr tin v iu ny, nhng mt th gii an ton v yn n s cho php bn v con ci bn hng th c nhng thnh tu ca qu trnh pht trin vi nim tin v s hnh din.

Cc biu tng di y dng lm ni bt cc im quan trng trong cun S tay thit k ny:

Gi

Tit kim tin

(Cc cn nguyn ca vn )

Ch

Hy t lm

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

2 4

Khu dn c tit kim nng lng v thch ng kh hu (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

Nh ph hin i Phin bn ny ca cun S tay tp trung vo dng nh ph hin i thng dng hin nay v y l kiu nh vn ang c pht trin nhiu nht ti TP. H Ch Minh. Vi l do ny, chng ti xin c xut cho dng nh ph nh l im khi u khm ph v thc y tim nng cho vic tit kim nng lng TP. H Ch Minh v cc khu vc khc ti Vit Nam. Dng nh ph ny c xy dng trong nhiu thp k trc khi ngi dn khng c iu kin dng my iu ha. Nh ph thng c 4 n 5 tng, c chiu ngang rt hp mt ng v chiu di su v pha sau. Dng nh ny trc y thng dnh cho

cc gia nh ln (gia nh nhiu th h) v c khng gian bun bn ti tng trt. Hin nay, tng trt thng c s dng lm phng sinh hot chung hoc khu vc xe c gii ca gia nh. Mc ch Nhng hng dn c bin son trong cun S tay ny ha hn s lm tng nhn thc v nng lc tit kim nng lng ti TP. H Ch Minh cng nh ton b Vit Nam. Cun s tay cng a ra cc thng tin v cc sn phm, cng ngh v cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc mi. Nhm i tng Cun s tay ny c vit cho tt c nhng i tng c tc ng

n ngi nh nh ch nh, ngi mua, kin trc s v ngi xy dng. Cun s tay s gip cc bn lin quan trong vai tr c th ca mnh to ra nhng ngi nh tt hn, cng nh gip hiu c v trao i c c ngi nh tit kim nng lng, bn vng v c gi tr hn. Cc ch nh s bit c cch xc nh th no l mt ngi nh tt cho h v a ra kin c th cho cc nh cung cp dch v; Ngi mua s hiu lm th no nh gi c ngi nh v vn chi ph nng lng v hiu qu tin nghi; Cc kin trc s v ngi xy dng s c h tr c th p ng c cc yu cu v gii php tit kim nng lng cho cc cng trnh trong tng lai.

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1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

1. Cng trnh thp tng c mt cao 2. Cng trnh a chc nng: thng mi, vn phng v nh 3. Kt cu che nng 4. Khng gian xanh cng cng v hnh lang gi mt

Nh ph hin i ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

Biu m phng nhu cu iu ho khng kh cho thy nhit n t gi cp (do m trong khng kh) v nhit mt tri l 2 dng ti ln nht v i hi chi ph lm mt nhiu nht. Trong khi , truyn nhit qua tng v ca s gip cn bng nhit hiu qu v gip gim chi ph nng lng. Nng lng lm mt hng nm l 395kWh/m2/nm, tng ng vi 250.000 ng/m2/ nm trong trng hp s dng my iu ho thng thng (EER = 2.3), v l 150.000 ng/m2/nm khi s dng my iu ho tit kim nng lng (EER = 3.6).
Yu cu lm mt ca nh ph in hnh khi s dng my iu ho (kt qu m phng, Ngun: Schwede 2009)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

Cc nguyn tc thit k

Gii thiu Cc nguyn tc thit k sau y cho mt th h nh ph mi s gip tng tnh bn vng v tui th ngi nh ca bn. c bit, cc gii php khng i hi ky thut cao s chim phn ln cc gi thit k trong cun S tay ny. Do kh nng ti chnh cng nh ky thut v vt liu xy dng a phng, tt c cc tng thit k a ra u c tnh kh thi cao v c khong thi gian hi vn hp l. Hnh thi v hng cng trnh Hnh thi v hng ngi nh ph ca bn l rt quan trng. Nhn chung, din tch b mt tip xc vi bc x trc tip t mt tri cn cng nh cng tt. Mt mt cc mt ng theo chiu ngn hn ca cng trnh nn hng Bc - Nam (xem hnh bn tri).

1. Cc b mt nh ngn hn cn nm hng Bc - Nam. 2. B mt nh hng ng v Ty c bo v bi cc ta nh k cn. 3. Phn nh ra, mi ht v ban cng l kin trc che nng cho cng trnh. 4. Mi 2 lp c tc dng che chn nng v to thng gi t nhin. M hnh nh ph tit kim nng lng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

Mt khc kh di c bo v bi cc ta nh k cn. Trong trng hp khng th che chn b mt tng hng ng v ty theo cch ny, cc khng gian th cp nh cu thang, nh kho, nh tm phi c b tr y. Ngoi ra, cc bc tng ny c th cu trc thnh 2 lp c khong trng gia thng gi. Cc b mt hng ng v Ty ch nn c t l hng, hn ch m ca i v ca s. Vi cc nguyn tc thit k ni trn, hu ht bc x mt tri trc tip s ch cn xut hin ti mi v b mt tng pha Nam. Nh c th hin m hnh pha phi bn di, mi v tng pha Nam ca ta nh cn phi c vng bo v chng nng. i vi tng trt, phn nh ra v mi ht l b phn kin trc che nng cho cng trnh. Ti cc tng pha trn, ban cng v lgia c tc dng ngn chn v loi b kh nng nh i lu trc khi nhit truyn vo khng gian trong nh. Trn mi, nguyn tc thit k khc c th c p dng. Cc tm nng lng mt tri hoc cc vt liu v phn x 2 lp c th c s dng nh mt b phn chn nng ch ng. Cu trc mi xanh v cc vt liu b mt sng l gii php chng nng th ng. Cc kt

cu nhm t to ra bng rm cho b mt, ng thi lm tng din tch b mt c lm mt vo ban m ln nhiu ln.

ca ngi nh Thit k ca ngi nh phi to li ch t vic thng gi t nhin cng nhiu cng tt. B tr mt bng cn cho php thng gi xuyn phng cho tt c cc khng gian sinh hot. Trong trng hp hng nng v hng gi ch o c mu thun, hng ngi nh c th cn iu chnh li trong khong 0-30 m

Hng v quy o mt tri cho nh ph ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Mt ng pha Nam: kt cu che chn nng nh ban cng, lgia, mi nh v v 2 lp 2. Mi: che nng v chng nng bng cc tm nng lng mt tri v kt cu 2 lp thng gi 3. Mt ng pha Bc: vt liu xy dng nh c th gim nhit d dng vo ban m

4. Mng nh: b cha nc ma v c tc dng lm mt tng trt

4
Vng bo v chng nng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

khng lm mt hiu qu lm mt t thng gi. Do hng gi ch o ti TP. H Ch Minh l hng ng-Bc vo ma kh v Ty - Nam vo ma ma, cng trnh c th xoay nh theo cc hng ny. t c li ch ti u nht v s thng thong t nhin, cc b mt cng trnh nn c nhng trng, ca i v ca s cng ln cng tt. Tuy nhin, bn cnh , phi m bo c h thng bo v hiu qu trnh thu nhit mt tri. Khng gian trong nh cng cn c bo v khi nh hng ca ma, cn trng v nhim khng kh. Ca ht gi vo nh cn c t v tr u gi v ti im thp ca phng. Trong khi , ca gi thot ra ngoi cn c t v

tr cui hng gi v im cao hn trong phng. Nu c 2 ca u c t v tr qu cao nh vn thy nhiu nh ti TP. H Ch Minh, khng kh vn chuyn ng nhng ngi s dng khng thy c hiu ng lm mt. Nn trnh thit k phng ch m ca mt pha. c bit, hnh thi hp v di ca nh ph ph thuc vo thng gi xuyn phng. Vi chiu su n 15 mt, ngi nh vn c th thng gi t nhin. Nh trong hnh pha trn, mt ging tri hay sn trong c th gip tng hiu ng ng khi mt cch ng k.

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Ging tri c tc dng thng gi t nhin 2. M thng v c ca gia cc phng to gi xuyn phng 3. Tng hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc c c t b nc trong nh (lm mt on nhit) 4. Bc tng xanh cng gip tng hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc

2 1 4

2 1

3
Ging tri xanh cho nh ph (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

B cc khng gian ni tht B cc khng gian ca cc phng cn phi xem xt n mi quan h gia nhu cu s dng v ti nhit ca phng. Tt c cc khng gian c s dng thng xuyn vo ban ngy nn c b tr ti phn pha Bc ca ngi nh. Bp v phng n, cc khng gian lm vic kiu vn phng v cc phng tr em cn c b tr ti v tr ny. Nhng phng ny khng nht thit phi c bo v thm bi mt khu vc ngn nhit nh mt nh pha Nam. Hn na, nn s dng kt cu nh ca tng ngoi tht lm tng kh nng gim nhit vo ban m. Bp v phng tm, l cc khng gian to thm ti nhit v m, cn c phn cch khi cc khu

Mt bng tng trt (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

vc sinh hot v t cui hng gi ca cng trnh hoc sn trong kh thi thot trc tip ra bn ngoi. Mt bng b cc cc phng chia ngi nh thnh 6 khu vc c lp m vn c th s dng iu ha khng kh mt cch ring bit. Mi khu vc c th c lm mt ti mt nhit theo ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, ngi nh cn c thit k sao cho d chu nht khi c gi thng thong vo nh.

Mc ch chnh l gim thiu vic s dng my iu ha nhm tit kim nng lng v tin. Ging tri c t ti v tr trung tm ca ngi nh, lm tng chuyn ng v y khng kh nng trong nh ln pha nh mi. Mt ci h nh tng trt v cy xanh trn tng khu vc li i s b sung hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc (lm mt on nhit).

Mt bng tng trt a chc nng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mt bng tng 2: khng gian sinh hot chung v lm vic (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

Phi cnh tng trt th hin vic s dng linh hot cho chc nng (bn tri), ca hng hoc vn phng (bn phi) (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mt bng tng 3: Khng gian sinh hot v sn thng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mi che nng, cc tm nng lng mt tri v vn trn mi (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

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2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Cn h 1: cho 1 gia nh 2. Cn h 2: cho 1 gia nh 3. Li vo cn h 2 4. Sn thng xanh

Mt kiu nh ph c vng bo v chn nng ng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

4
Gi : Gi b mt tng tip xc vi hng chiu trc tip ca mt tri cng nh cng tt. To ra vng che nng bo v ngi nh khi tr nn qu nng. Nguyn tc thit k quan trng nht l to ra thng gi y trong nh. Mt bng tng phi cho php thng gi xuyn phng. Trnh b tr tng ngn vung gc vi hng gi. Mt bng sn cn chia ngi nh thnh cc khu vc c lp iu ha khng kh cc b khi cn thit.

3 1

Mt kiu nh ph dnh cho 2 gia nh c li vo ring bit (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

18

2. Nguyn tc thit k

Hy t lm Bn cn b tr tt c cc phng c s dng thng xuyn vo ban ngy ti phn pha Bc ca ngi nh. B tr h nc nh ti tng trt v cy xanh trn tng ging tri lm tng hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc.

Ch

Tit kim tin

Trnh thit k cc phng ch m ca 1 pha. Tm che di ng v ca chp nn c s dng nhng phi ch v chng c th lm cn tr thng gi t nhin.

Lm theo cc nguyn tc thit k c bn ni trn s gip gim ti nhit ca cng trnh mt cch ng k m khng tiu tn bt c mt khon u t hoc vn hnh b sung no. Mc ch chnh l gim thiu vic s dng my iu ha, nhm tit kim nng lng v tin.

4 3 2
1. Ca hng v vn phng 2. Hnh lang li vo kiu ban cng pha ngoi 3. Cc cn h 4. Sn thng xanh Mt dng hnh thi dy nh ph c li vo t pha ngoi (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

19

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Che chn nng cho cng trnh

3 2

4 1

1. Kt cu che nng: ban cng, lgia v mi ua. 2. Che nng cho sn thng. 3. Che chn nng bng cc tm nng lng mt tri v cu trc v 2 lp to thng gi bn trong. 4. Tng xanh v vt liu xy dng nh lm mt nhanh chng vo ban m.

Chn nng v to bng rm cho nh ph (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Gii thiu i vi kh hu ti TP. H Ch Minh, do lng thu nhit mt tri, cng trnh lun cn nng lng lm mt. Do vy, ngi nh v cc phng trong nh cn c che chn nng. Nhit mt tri c truyn vo cng trnh theo 3 cch. Cch u tin l thng qua cc phn m ra ngoi trong sut nh ca s, ca i v ca mi. Cch th 2 l thng qua dn nhit t pha ngoi b mt kt cu c ca cng trnh vo bn trong. Cch th 3 l nh cc lung khng kh nng trn vo bn trong t cc o nhit xung quanh ngi nh. C 3 cch ny u c th gim c

tc ng nh cc thit k thng minh. Khi , nhit trong nh v chi ph lm mt c th gim i mt cch hiu qu bng nhng phng thc th ng. Nguyn tc thit k Hng i mt tri thng kh ng nht ti TP. H Ch Minh, ch c thay i nh gia nhng thng lnh v thng nng. Mt tri mc vo bui sng t hng ng, sau nhanh chng ln cao v ln pha ty. iu ny cho php s dng h thng kt cu che chn nng c nh.

Theo truyn thng, ti khu vc kh hu nhit i cc ngi nh thng lp t tm chn thong cch mt khong pha trc ca ly sng v thng gi, cho php chiu sng t nhin, thng gi v gim lm thu nhit mt tri nh bng rm v i lu. Cc kt cu nh ra dng mi v ban cng cng ang c s dng ph bin che chn nng cho b mt hng Nam v Bc ca cng trnh. Trong trng hp bt buc phi c cc phn trong sut hoc m ra ngoi tng pha ng v Ty. Cc b mt tng ny cn phi che chn nng bng h thng mn chn

20

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

ng hoc tm che nng di ng. Nu c th, cc cng trnh cn c xoay theo hng ph hp p dng ti a cc nguyn tc: m ca ti cc mt ng pha Nam v Bc v hu nh ng kn ti b mt pha ng v Ty. Do h thng di ng thng t hn v yu cu bo tr nhiu hn trong qu trnh vn hnh, kt cu che nng c nh c a chung hn trong cc tng thit k tit kim nng lng thit thc. Trc ht cn s dng h thng che nng bn ngoi trnh thu nhit mt tri trc tip vo phng. H thng che nng bn trong khng th c tc dng ny. Nu cng trnh khng qu cao v ti trng gi khng qu ln, h thng che nng bn ngoi l s la chn tt nht. C th s dng h thng kt cu che nng c nh v c th chu c ti trng gi. trnh tng nhit do dn nhit qua cc phn kt cu c ca ta nh, 3 nguyn tc sau y c p dng. Nguyn tc th nht l che nng to bng rm: cc kt cu pha ngoi cng trnh c che chn nng bi mn chn, cy xanh, cc b phn khc ca cng trnh hoc cng trnh khc. Cch ny s lm gim c mt lng nhit i vo cng trnh. Nguyn tc th hai l s dng nhng mu sng cho cc b mt pha ngoi cng trnh phn x nh sng mt tri v khng lm nng tng.

Cc phng thc kt cu che nng cng trnh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

21

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Nguyn tc th 3 l gim dn nhit ca tng. iu ny c th thc hin c thng qua vic s dng kt cu tng 2 lp vi lp m khng kh gia lm cn tr vic dn nhit, hoc thng qua vic s dng cc vt liu c dn nhit thp, chng hn nh vt liu cch nhit hoc b tng bt. Nhit do cc lung gi qu nng gy ra th c th c gim i bng cch to ra cc khu vc tin nghi vi kh hu quanh cng trnh, chng hn nh s dng mu sng, cy xanh v cc yu t nc nu c iu kin.
Cc v d v kt cu che chn nng v to bng rm cho nh ph v cn h (Ngun: Waibel 2011; Schwede 2010)

Gi

Che nng cho cc khng gian bn ngoi, pha trc ca i, ca s v cc trng thng gi. S dng mu sng cho va h v trng cy ci pha trc v sau nh. S dng mu sng phn quang cho tng ngoi tht v c bit l cho mi nh trnh tng nhit mt tri lm cho cc phn ca ngi nh tr nn qu nng.

22

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

nhit ln ta nh v to ra gi mt vo trong nh. Hy trng tht nhiu cy ci vn trc v sau ca ngi nh.

thit k hin i th khng ph hp vi kh hu ca TP. H Ch Minh. Vic che chn nng khng c lm gim kh nng thng gi ca cng trnh; phi m bo cc thnh phn che nng vn cho php thng gi v chiu sng t nhin bn trong cng trnh. Trnh cho cc phng khng s dng trong nh b tch nhit v nhit s truyn sang cc khu vc c s dng, gy nng bc, kh chu v cn nng lng lm mt. Cn m bo cc khng gian l thin, chng hn nh khu vc cu thang, phi c che chn nng v thng gi hiu qu.

!
Vng gim nhit pha bn trong b mt cng trnh (Ngun: Hegger, TU Darmstadt 2007)

Ch

Che chn nng c th lm nh hng n chiu sng t nhin bn trong nh. Vic che chn nng khng c ngn ht nh sng ban ngy m ch lm gim ti nhit do bc x mt tri. Tuy nhin, nh sng chiu vo nh qu nhiu v cc ca s ln nh vn c s dng trong

S dng vt liu c dn nhit thp, kh nng gim nhit nhanh v khng truyn nhit vo bn trong nh.

Hy t lm Cy xanh xung quanh nh s gip lm gim nhit khng kh bn ngoi nh nh s che chn nng v hi nc. Khng kh xung quanh cng trnh mt hn s lm gim ti
Cy xanh ti ban cng (Ngun: Linh 2010)

23

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Tit kim tin

Kt cu che chn nng l thc t v hiu qu tit kim nng lng lm mt trong nh. nh sng t nhin l cch chiu sng hiu qu v d chu nht, do , ngi nh cn m bo c che nng, thng gi v chiu sng. Hy lun ng h thng che chn nng khi bn khng c nh.

tng mt ng xanh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

Ngi nh mt tri c che chn nng hon ton ti TU Darmstadt / Germany (Ngun: Hegger, 2007)

Vng gim nhit (Ngun: Hegger, 2007)

24

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

1. Bc x nhit (pha ngoi) 2. Tng cy 3. Khong trng thng gi 4. Tng (bn trong) Cng ngh mt ng xanh (Ngun: Browne 2004) Chi tit kt cu (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mi chp che chn nng (Ngun: TUD archives, 2008)

V d ti Chile (Ngun: Browne, 2004)

V d ti thnh ph H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel, 2011)

25

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Thng gi v lm mt

1. ng chuyn ng khng kh t do: cho php thng gi t nhin 2. Ca s c th ng m thng gi xuyn phng

4 4 2 1 2 2

3. Gi to t qut 4. Khu vc khp kn dng my iu ha 5. Ngn lung khng kh t khu vc sinh nhit

5 3

Thng gi t nhin ca nh ph (Ngun: Schwede, Hesse 2010)

Gii thiu Cc cng trnh ti khu vc kh hu nhit i nh TP. H Ch Minh cn c thng gi do 3 nguyn nhn. Th nht l cung cp khng kh trong sch t bn ngoi vo nh. Th hai l y khng kh, hi m, mi v nhng thnh phn c hi khc t trong nh ra ngoi. Th ba l do khng kh lu thng s lm cho vi kh hu trong nh tr nn d chu hn. Trong cc cng trnh khng dng iu ha m c thng gi t nhin, lung gi vo nh s lm mt v tng cht lng khng kh. iu

ny l ng trong hu ht cc thi im ti TP. H Ch Minh. Tuy nhin, vi cc khng gian s dng my iu ha, vic trao i khng kh trong v ngoi cn c theo di v hn ch n mc ti a nhm trnh tht thot nng lng lm mt ca my iu ha. So vi thng gi t nhin, kh nng cung cp khng kh trong lnh, cng nh trao i khng kh trao i khng kh, hi m qua s dng ra ngoi, i vi khng gian s dng my iu ha l thp hn. Vic m bo cht lng khng kh trong nh khng nht thit phi duy tr nhng lung gi ln vo mi lc.

Nguyn tc thit k i vi kh hu nhit i m, thng gi t nhin l mt cch thc rt hiu qu, gip tit kim nng lng v to tin nghi vi kh hu d chu trong nh, do vy, cch thc ny phi c m bo thc hin thng qua cc gii php thit k cng nhiu cng tt cho nhng cng trnh mi. Cc thong rng v mt ng thot khng kh t do nh ging tri cn c thit k, nhng lung khng kh ny cng c th chn li c bt c khi no s dng my iu ha.

26

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Khoanh vng cc khng gian trong nh thnh cc khu vc s dng iu ha v khu vc khng s dng iu ha da trn m hnh thng gi hn hp l cch thc thch hp m bo v ti a c tin nghi vi kh hu trong nh m vn tit kim nng lng. Khi khng c gi t nhin, qut c th to ra gi lm mt khng kh. K c khi c gi, qut c th vn c s dng thm lm mt. Trong nhng cng trnh hin i, ngi ta thng la chn lm mt bng my mc. Vic ny cn phi kim sot t c yu cu tin nghi vi kh hu cn thit. Cc thit b tit kim nng lng cng cn c la chn. Cc h thng lm mt ny cn c hiu sut hot ng cao.

Kh nng tch t bn trong

Thng gi xuyn phng v thng ng

Thng gi gia 2 lp mi V tr tng khng ph hp

Gi Thng gi t nhin i vi thit k thng gi t nhin, ca i v ca s phi d ng, m. Ca cng cn phi rng gi i vo v ra, nhng cng cn phi tht kn c th ng li khi s dng my iu ha. Gim lng khng kh trao i bn trong v ngoi; bt kn cc ca v cc cu trc mt ng khi s dng iu ha.

V tr thng gi xuyn phng qu cao

V tr tng ph hp V tr thng gi xuyn phng thch hp

Ht gi b sung

Gim tng ngn bn trong nh

Cc dng kt cu thng gi t nhin (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

27

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Gim ti nhit Phn cch cc khu vc c ti nhit ln bng cc tng ngn v li thng gi ring bit. B tr cc khu vc c m cao, mi v cc yu t c hi cui hng gi. S dng cch thot kh t nhin hoc my ht khi thit k bp, cc phng t v cc khu vc khc c ti nhit, m. Gim kch thc cc phng bng cc ca i hoc vch ngn di ng. La chn vt liu: s dng vt liu khng mi v gim thiu vic s dng cc vt liu c th to ra yu t c hi v bi bn trong nh. S dng theo nhu cu H thng iu ha cn c iu khin theo ng yu cu c th bt ln khi cn v tt i khng s dng nng lng khi khng cn thit. Cc qut ht gi cho cc phng m t v nh bp cng cn c thit k c th kim sot c theo nhu cu. Cc qut thng gi cn c cng tc in c th d dng ng kn li khi khng c nhu cu. Thit k ni tht S dng cc vt liu ni tht mt m, c nhit dung v dn sut ln

Thi gian cn iu ha khng kh cho nh ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel 2009), My iu ha thng c bt trong phng ng v iu khin bi ngi dng khi cn thit.

Cc dng iu ha khng kh cho nh ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel 2009) Thng gi t nhin vn l cch thc iu ha khng kh ph bin.

28

4. Thng gi v lm mt

1. Thng gi xuyn phng 2. Thng gi ng 3. Ca s lt

4. Ca chp gp

Phng thc thit k thng gi bn trong (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

s gip c c cm gic mt m v d chu trong nh.

To cc khng gian trong nh c tin nghi vi kh hu tt m khng cn s dng iu ha. Nhng khng gian ny phi c che chn nng, thong gi, c vt liu mt, nh v c to cm gic thoi mi.

Cc trng thng gi cn c thit k c th kim sot, d dng tip cn v vn hnh v c s dng hng ngy.

Hy t lm Cy xanh quanh nh s gip gim nhit khng kh bn ngoi nh tc dng che nng v nh hi nc. Khng kh lnh hn quanh nh s gip gim ti nhit ln cng trnh v to ra gi mt thi vo nh. Trng tht nhiu cy xanh v cy bi vn trc v sau nh. S dng qut (nh qut trn, qut gn tng) to gi mt. Khi s dng my iu ho, c th s dng thm qut in o nhit. Qut c s dng nh l mt cch iu ha khng kh bn t nhin v tit kim nng lng.

$
Ch

Tit kim tin

Cc ca s, ca ra vo, kt cu tng rt cn kn kh c th kim sot lng trao i khng kh bn trong v ngoi. Cc ca s v ca ra vo cn c ng kn, tt c cc khong trng, vt nt v ch ni cn c bt kn. Cc khe ng ti ca s v ca ra vo cn c kim tra thng xuyn m bo kn kh, thm ch cn thay mi duy tr chc nng.

Khng bao gi ca m khi s dng iu ha. Cn lun ng cc ca ra vo v vch ngn trong nh ngn cch khng gian s dng iu ha. Vn hnh iu ha theo yu cu, ch bt khi bn s dng phng. ng t my lnh nhit qu thp. Trc ht hy s dng thit b che chn nng v ca chp gim nhit trong phng.

29

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Gii thiu Lp v bc bn ngoi cng trnh c tc dng ngn cch khng gian trong nh vi bn ngoi. V th, n c tc dng bo v cc khng gian trong nh khi cc nh hng ca mi trng vt l nh gi, nhit nng, lnh v ma, cng nh cc hin tng kh hu khc nh l lt hay bo ct. N cng to ra s ring t cho ngi nh, trnh bn ngoi c th nhn vo v ngn gim s truyn m thanh t trong nh ra ngoi v ting n t ngoi vo trong nh. N cng gip m bo an ton, an ninh, trnh trm cp, t nhp, bo v ti sn ca ch nh. ng thi, lp v bc cng rt cn c thit k c th to ra mi lin h gia bn trong v ngoi nh, nhm to mi trng tin nghi cho ngi s dng lin quan n nhng yu t ht sc quan trng nh chiu sng, thng gi, tm nhn ... Lp v bc cng trnh khng ch l b mt ca cng trnh m n em li cm nhn v thm my v thng c thit k phn nh a v x hi ca gia ch.
Khng kh lt qua khe ti ch ni ca tng, khi i lu s lm mt bc tng, gy ra nm mc c hi v gy hng hc cho cng trnh (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

30

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Nhiu b phn ca cng trnh tham gia vo vic to ra cc chc nng ni trn v do v bc cng trnh c cn nhc thit k da trn cc yu cu ny. ng thi, cc b phn ca cng trnh c gn kt vi nhau nh th no l ph thuc vo cc chc nng. Chng hn, k c khi khung ca v tng c cht lng cao, khe h gia khung ca s v tng vn s l im yu gi, ngm nc v ting n nh hng n cng trnh. Thit k hp l cho cc im ni v thi cng cn thn l ht sc quan trng m bo chc nng hot ng tt cho cng trnh. Nguyn tc thit k Kn kh Khi cc khu vc trong cng trnh c lm mt bng iu ha, vic thng gi phi c kim sot. Cc mi ni gia cc b phn cng trnh cn phi gim thiu v c bt kn mt cch cn thn. Cng trnh phi c xy dng bo m kn kh. Cch nhit Phi gim thiu truyn nhit t
V bc cng trnh 2 lp c tc dng chng nng, thng gi gi cho nhit khng vo bn trong ngi nh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

bn ngoi

bn trong

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5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

V d ti khu dn c mi TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel 2010)

Kt qu iu tra v cc kt cu c trng ca cc d n nh ph mi (Ngun: Waibel 2009)

Nh ph ang c xy dng, gch nh c s dng cch nhit (Ngun: Waibel 2010)

32

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

ngoi vo trong nh. Vt liu c dn sut thp nh b tng hoc gch nh nn c s dng lm vt liu cho tng. Lp cch nhit b sung c th c gn vo kt cu cng trnh, v lp cch nhit ny cng phi c bo v trnh nc v cc tc ng vt l khc lm hng. Nc v m Kh hu TP. H Ch Minh c m khng kh cao v ma ln thng xuyn. Do , lp v bc cng trnh cn c thit k c th chu c nc v m. Nc chy cn phi c a ra bn ngoi cng trnh mt cch hiu qu thng qua nhng thit b, kt cu c bao kn. c bit, khi ni tht cng trnh c lm mt ti mt nhit qu thp (khng tit kim nng lng), cn trnh tch t hi m ti cc kt cu bng cch s dng cc lp kn kh v chng m b mt m hn ca lp cch nhit. kn ca lp bo v ny cng cn c bo tr mt cch cn thn. Che nng v tm chn nng Vic hp th nhit mt tri lm tng mt phn ln nhu cu lm mt, nn nh hng ca bc x mt tri cn c gim thiu ti a. Do , tm chn thng thong, mi nh v cc kt cu che chn khc cn phi c lp t che nng cho cc b phn c v rng ca cng trnh.

Vi mc tiu ny, mi thng thong b sung c th c s dng pha trn sn thng hoc vn trn mi. Vic che chn nng lun phi c thit k m bo thng thong dn nhit nng t trong nh ra ngoi mt cch hiu qu. Knh H thng knh c th c rt nhiu chc nng. Mt s h thng knh c tc dng bo v chng nng v lnh; mt s c thit k c th ngn nhit mt tri nhng cho php nh sng i vo cng trnh. Trc y, knh phn quang hoc gng c s dng, nhng ngy nay, cc h thng tinh vi hn c th cho php ngn nhit bc x, nhng ng thi vn c nh sng t nhin v vn nhn xuyn qua c.

h thng knh chng nng trong thit k v m bo cc ca s c thi cng, lp t theo ng thit k. Trong iu kin kh hu nng m nh Vit Nam, khi thit k lp v bc cng trnh, cn c bit lu hiu c cc thi quen v tng tc vt l gia cc lp v cc b phn ca cng trnh.

Ch

Cc mi ni gia cc b phn ca cng trnh s nh hng n chc nng lp v bc cng trnh, do cn ch vic thi cng phi tht chun v cc mi ni phi kn khng b nh hng bi nc, gi, bi v ting n. H thng knh l thnh phn c chc nng quan trng ca lp v cng trnh. Cn ch khi la chn

Mt ng xanh (Ngun: Waibel 2010)

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6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Cc thnh phn ca bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)

Nguyn l My nc nng nng lng mt tri (SWH) hot ng theo nguyn l i lu nhit t nhin v hin tng hiu ng lng knh bin i quang nng thnh nhit nng v by nhit thu gi lng nhit ny. Thnh phn chnh ca SWH l b phn thu nng lng mt tri. Nng lng mt tri c hp th ti b mt thit b s un nng nc, do qu trnh i lu nhit t nhin, nc nng i ln nh hn s nm pha trn bnh bo n, nc lnh i xung nm phn di bnh. Qu trnh ny din ra lin tc cho n khi nhit trong bnh bng nhit ca nc ti thit b hp th. Vic to ra nc nng khng ph thuc vo nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi m ph thuc vo kh nng hp th nhit ca thit b nng lng vi cc tia bc x nh nng mt tri. C ba loi ng thu nhit, 1) Loi thu nhit bng ng nha tuy gi r nhng hiu sut thu nhit km, ch thch hp ti cc tnh pha Nam. 2) Loi ng thy tinh chn khng. N c gi thnh va phi v c s dng ph bin nht. 3) Loi thu nhit bng ng ng. N c hiu sut cao, bn nhng gi thnh cao.

34

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Hiu sut ca SWH dng ng thy tinh chn khng c ghi nhn l cao hn so vi SWH kiu tm phng, nhng kh nng chu p sut, chu sc nhit v bn c hc l khng tt nh SWH kiu tm phng.

vn chuyn nc nng khong cch va phi c th dng ng nha PPR, hoc ng kim loi, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp khong cch khng ngn th c th dng ng nha PVC loi tt.

so vi mt ngang. Nn la chn dung tch ca bnh bo n ph hp vi s ngi trong gia nh s dng. Vi h thng dung tch 200 lt c th dng cho khong 5 ngi. Nn thit k ng ng dn n u ra cng ngn cng tt. Ngay sau khi lp my mt ngy ngi s dng nn kim tra li ton b h thng, nu thy r r, phi yu cu ngi bn khc phc ngay. Nn t bnh nc lnh cao hn hoc t nht l bng cao u vo ca h thng.

Nguyn l thit k / lp t H thng phi c t v tr hng c nng v khng b che khut. H thng phi c duy tr ngun cp nc n nh.

Nn Nn chn my nc nng nng lng mt tri t tiu chun DIN EN 12975 v ISO 9459-5. Nn t thit b thu nhit quay v hng Nam chch Ty 15 l tt nht, gc nghing khong 25-30

V d v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Cce 2011)

35

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Ch

Kh hu nhit i min Nam c th cung cp nc nng 365 ngy. Tuy nhin mt s vng kh hu cn nhit i min Bc khng t c yu cu ny. Do vy, ngi s dng nn cn nhc chn SWH c bnh cha dung tch ln hn m bo ngun nc nng cho nhng ngy khng c nng.

Khng nn Khng c dng bm bm thng vo bnh bo n. Nu bm thng vo s xy ra hin tng v ng chn khng ca bnh nng lng hoc ngun nc lnh i xung theo ng ra ca bnh bo n. Nu ngun nc nhim phn hoc nhim nng th khng nn dng my nng lng mt tri v nhit cao, tnh n mn ca nc tng rt mnh, thm ch c th n thng bnh inox. Nn t bnh nc lnh cao hn hoc t nht l bng cao u vo ca h thng.

Kt qu kho st v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Waibel 2009). a s ngi s dng c bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri u khng nh quyt nh ca h l rt hu ch v s vn tip tc lp t, cuc kho st cho thy ngi dn c kh nng tit kim c t 100.000 n 250.000 ng mi thng.

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6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Tit kim tin

S dng SWH c th tit kim khong 944 kWh/h gia nh (4 ngi/h gia nh) Thi gian thu hi vn vo khong 4,4 5,6 nm. N cng c th gim c 2 nm (i vi thit b c cng sut l 150 lt) trong iu kin ti u. S dng SWH ng gp trc tip vo vic ct gim in nng trong gi cao im.

Thit k h thng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)

37

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

Gii thiu Chng ta hy cng xem bn c th thay i g tng cn phng trong nh mnh! Mc d, vic s dng cc thit b tit kim nng lng, cc vt liu xy dng thn thin vi mi trng v kin trc xy dng tng th l nhng cch tt nht gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng v tit kim chi ph ti a, nhng thi v hnh ng ca ngi s dng vn l yu t c bn to ra nh hng ln v lu di ti hai mc tiu trn. Mt trong nhng bc d nht m mi ngi sng trong ngi nh c th lm l thay i nhn thc v bt u t nhng hnh ng n gin ca chnh bn thn mnh. Nhng thay i nh ny khi kt hp vi nhau s cng to ra tc ng ln. Ngi nh ca bn xanh ti mc no l ph thuc vo chnh bn. Phng bp Phng bp l mt trong nhng ni c s dng nhiu nht trong nh v do cng l mt trong nhng khu vc tiu tn nng lng v nc nhiu nht. Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu cch thay i thi quen trong phng bp v gip tit kim cc ngun nng lng.

6 4

2 5

Kh nng tit kim nng lng trong mt phng bp in hnh (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

38

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

1
Ra chn a trong bn nc x phng v trng trong mt bn nc lnh khc. Cch lm n gin ny c th gim i mt na khi lng nc s dng trong nh bp. Ti s dng nc ra rau c qu ti vn cy.

4
Kim tra xem ca t lnh c ng kn khng bng cch kp mt t giy vo ca t ri ng li. Nu bn c th rt t giy ra d dng th tc l giong ca t cn phi thay hoc lm sch.

2
S dng li tt c cc loi ti ni-lng ng hoc lm ti rc. Nn c hai thng rc: mt thng ng rc hu c v mt thng ng cc loi khc (nu c th th tch ring giy v ni-lng ti s dng hoc ti ch). Ti s dng li rc hu c lm phn bn cho vn rau nh bn.

5
Lm sch gin lnh ca t lnh mi thng mt ln. Gin lnh thng c t ng sau hoc pha di t lnh. Ch rt in t lnh trc khi lau chi.

6
K t lnh cch tng v t xa cc ngun nhit. iu ny gip t lnh khng phi tn nhiu nng lng hot ng. thc n ngui trc khi cho vo t lnh, ng qun y np thc n li.

3
Dng loi ni c kch thc ph hp khi nu nng v ni cng nh s cn cng t thi gian lm nng. y vung ni khi ang un si v vung ni s gi nhit v gip n chn nhanh hn.

39

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

5 3 2

Cc bc gim tc ng ti mi trng trong phng khch (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

Phng khch Phng khch l ni bn dnh nhiu thi gian nht cng bn b v gia nh, cn phng ng l ni thoi mi nht trong cn nh. c hai cn phng ny, c rt nhiu cch gip gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng m vn gi nguyn c tnh thoi mi v tin dng.

2
ng ca chp hoc ko mnh ngi nh c mt. nh nng mt tri chiu thng vo ca s khng c che chn c th khin ha n tin in nh bn tng 20%. in) c th chim 10% lng in nng ca nh bn.

5
S dng nh sng t nhin v phng php chiu sng tp trung mt im thay cho vic chiu sng ton cn phng. t n ng gc phng lm sng phng m vn gim c chi ph.

3
Khi tri mt, hy m ca thay v s dng iu ha.

1
Mt ci qut s gip bn cm thy mt hn 3 C. Qut s dng t nng lng hn my iu ha v nh th s gim lng in nng tiu th. Tt qut khi khng trong phng.

4
Rt cc phch in khi khng s dng hoc tt cc cng tc in. in tiu th cho cc thit b trong trng thi ch (tt nhng vn cm

6
Tt tt c cc bng n, my iu ha, qut, v cng tc in mi khi bn ri phng.

40

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

1 3

Phng ng (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

Phng ng

1
Trnh lp iu ha ni c nh sng mt tri chiu trc tip. t iu ha nhit cao, c gng duy tr bng hoc hn 26 C. Mi ln tng thm 1 C l bn tit kim 7% nng lng. m bo mua iu ha ph hp vi kch thc ca cn phng. trn ca s v pha cnh ca ging. Ci t ch ng (Sleep mode) v hn gi iu ha t ngt na gi sau khi bn i ng. Tt iu ha hon ton khi ri nh, k c trong mt thi gian ngn. nng lng v bn gp 10 ln, c th tit kim 66% in nng trong ton b thi gian s dng. n LED thm ch cn tit kim nhiu hn.

4
Sc pin in thoi ngay sau khi bn v nh thay v cm sc c m.

2
Khng lp t my iu ho ngay pha trn u bn khi ng v n s nh hng n sc kho ca bn. Bn nn lp t my iu ho pha

3
Thay bng n trn bng n LED (n i t pht quang) hoc n CFL (n hunh quang). n hunh quang so vi n thng c sng tng ng, nhng ch tn

5
Sn tng mu sng, tng mu ti s hp th nh sng v i hi nhiu thit b chiu sng hn, do tiu tn nng lng hn.

41

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

4
Hy lp t vi hoa sen chy chm tit kim 3 lt nc mi ln tm. Nu bn khng tm mua c loi vi hoa sen ny, vi loi thng thng, bn ng vn ht c nc chy khi s dng.

2
C nhiu cch tit kim nng lng trong phng tm (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

5
Mua loi giy v sinh ti ch v khng c cht ty trng.

Phng tm Phng tm l mt trong nhng ni tn nc nht trong nh. Ch cn nhn thc c thi quen s dng nc v vi mt vi thay i nh, bn c th tit kim c ngun nc, tin bc, ng thi bo v mi trng.

2
Thng xuyn kim tra vi c b r nc khng, nu c th phi sa ngay lp tc. Mt vi nc r r 01 git nc/01 giy c th tiu tn 945 lt nc mi thng, l cn cha tnh n chi ph tiu hao nng lng.

1
Kho vi nc khi ang nh rng, ra mt hoc co ru. Hnh ng ny c th tit kim 7-12 lt nc mi pht.

3
Lp t bnh nc nng bng nng lng mt tri nu c th. Nu khng th ch nn bt bnh nc nng 5-7 pht v tt ngay khi khng dng na. Lng in dng un nc nng l ngun nng lng tiu th tn nht trong mt h gia nh.

Phng tm (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

42

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

Hy bin mi hoc ban cng nh bn thnh mt khng gian xanh bng cch trng cy. Mi nh l ni tt nht trng rau v to ra mt tc ng ng k v mt mi trng cho ngi nh bn v thnh ph bn ang sng.

Tn dng khng gian tng thng (Ngun: Linh 2010)

Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh s: H nhit cho ngi nh v cho c thnh ph bn ang , do vy cng s gim nng lng tiu th trong mi h gia nh v tit kim tin bc Lm gim nng kh CO, NO2, O3, PM10 v SO2 Lm gim pht thi kh CO2 C thi gian s dng lu gp i mi nh thng. Trng cy xanh trong nh l mt trong nhng cch tt nht iu ha nhit , nng cao cht lng khng kh, gim thiu chi ph nng lng v to ra mt khng gian sng tt hn. C th truy cp vo s trang web bit thm v cch trng cy trn mi nh: http://rausach.com.vn http://khuyennongvn.gov.vn
Sn vn xanh trc phng bp (Ngun: Linh 2010)

43

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Thit b tit kim nng lng

Gii thiu Nng lng s dng cho cc thit b in nh bn ph thuc phn ln vo cht lng ca thit b, tnh trng ky thut v tng ng gia nhu cu s dng v hiu sut thit b. Mt s loi thit b ny tt hn loi khc l do thit k v cng ngh c s dng. Nhiu trng hp, hiu sut ca thit b b gim i khi vn hnh do khng c bo qun tt hoc vn hnh sai. Khi s dng thit b qu lu hoc sai cch thc, chng s tiu th nng lng nhiu hn v do , gy ra lng ph. S lng thit b in trong nh bn thng xuyn tng ln, v mi phn ca thit b u tiu th in nng v lm tng gi s dng, thm ch c khi s dng cc thit b tit kim in. Chng trnh dn nhn Tit kim nng lng bng cch s dng thit b tit kim in l d thc hin khi bn bit cch xc nh cc thit b . Hiu qu nng lng c th so snh c da trn nhn cng sut v hiu sut. Mt chng trnh dn nhn tit kim nng lng cho cc thit b in gia nh nh bng in, chn lu, my iu ha v my nc nng cng ang c gii thiu ti Vit Nam.

S lng thit b in tng ti 100 h gia nh Vit Nam. S lng tng s lm cho nng lng tiu th tng cho d s dng bt c cc thit b tit kim nng lng no. (Ngun: ng Hong c Hunh, Trung tm Tit kim Nng lng, thng 2, 2011)

44

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Chng trnh ny cng ph bin v hiu qu nhiu nc trn th gii. C 2 loi nhn nng lng Vit Nam: (1) nhn so snh, so snh hiu sut ca cc thit b khc nhau. (2) nhn cng nhn, nhn ngay ra c sn phm tt nht. ng thi, chng trnh ny s ph nhn cht lng sn phm nu sn phm khng p ng c yu cu hiu sut tit kim nng lng ti thiu. Tuy nhin, cch khc gip tit kim nng lng khi dng v lp t thit b, l: Khng s dng qu nhiu bng in khi chng khng gip bn nhn r hn; lp t cc thit b in lm mt ti v tr khng b chiu nng, mt m v thng thong. Hn ch thi gian s dng my nc nng khi m bn khng cn nc nng c ngy m ch s dng khi tm vo bui sng. Cng tc bo qun thng xuyn l rt quan trng khi s dng cc thit b mt cch hiu qu v gi cho chng lun trng thi tt trong mt thi gian di.

V d ti Vit Nam Nhn nng lng (Ngun: Nhin 2011)

45

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Gi Khi bn mua thit b in gia dng, cn m bo: Ngh ky lng trc khi mua cc thit b mi. La chn thit b thch hp nht cho mc ch ca bn. C th kim sot theo nhu cu s dng. C th bt ln khi cn v tt i khi khng s dng n. Khng tiu tn nng lng trng thi ch. Lun tm nhng thit b c hiu sut tit kim in nng (hoc t nht l c thng s nng lng). Lun la chn thit b c hiu sut tit kim in nng cao hoc c nhn tit kim nng lng. m bo bn bit cch thc s dng v c hng dn vn hnh thit b mt cch tt nht. Yu cu v tho lun v tit kim nng lng vi ngi bn hng v cng ty lp t thit b.

Bo qun thit b lun tnh trng tt (thay v lm sch b lc,)

Hy t lm S dng cc thit b in mt cch thng minh. Lp thit b bm gi gim thi gian vn hnh. Thay b lc ca h thng iu ha v thng gi nh k (vic ny d dng v hiu qu v tit kim gi nng lng).

nhn nng lng cho qut, bng n, my lnh, my nc nng v cc thit b in gia dng khc s c ban hnh trong nhng nm ti. Nhng cc bn ng ch i, hy l ngi s dng thng minh ngay t by gi.

Tit kim tin

Bn c bit l dng bng n tit kim nng lng c th gim 70% mc tiu th in? iu ny s gip gim 10% ha n tin in, tc l 55.000 VN. Mc ny l khong 0.5% mc thu nhp trung bnh ca h gia nh hin nay. Do hin nay cha c nhn tit kim nng lng cho my iu ha khng kh, ch s EER (hiu sut tit kim in nng) thng s ky thut s gip la chn thit b iu ha tit kim in. Trn th trng Vit Nam c nhng sn phm c mc tit kim nng lng trong khong 2.3 n 3.6. (Ngun: Chng trnh th im dn nhn tit kim nng lng v tiu chun v nh mc nng lng ti thiu cho my iu ha khng kh, bo co v nhim v 3, thng 3, 2009).

Ch

Cch thc ph hp tm kim thit b c hiu sut cao l xem cc nhn nng lng. Trc y, cc nhn nng lng My v chu u c th tm thy trn cc thit b in Vit Nam. Hin nay, chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh h thng nhn nng lng ring ph hp vi iu kin a phng. Tuy h thng ny vn cn ang trong qu trnh pht trin (nhn Ngi sao nng lng Vit), cc

46

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Mc tiu th in trung bnh l 370 kWh/thng, ha n tin in l khong 536.200 VND/thng cho ngi nh khng s dng thit b chiu sng tit kim in; Mc ny s gim c 10% chi ph tin in hay 55.000 VN bng vic s dng thit b chiu sng tit kim in. Vi mc thu nhp trung bnh l 10 triu ng (500 US$), mc tit kim ny l khong 0.5% thu nhp ca cc h gia nh hin nay. (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

Bng n hunh quang Compact v bng n si t (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

Mc tiu th in trung bnh l 370 kWh/thng, ha n tin in l khong 536.200 VND/ thng ti ngi nh khng s dng thit b iu ha khng kh tit kim in; Mc ny s gim 17% chi ph tin in hay 94.000 VN bng vic s dng thit b tit kim in. Vi mc thu nhp trung bnh l 10 triu ng (500 US$), mc tit kim ny l khong 1% thu nhp ca cc h gia nh hin nay. (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

47

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Gii thiu C rt nhiu phng thc xy dng v s dng vt liu cho nh ph bn la chn. Cc gi sau y s gip tng cht lng v tui th cng trnh, ng thi tit kim nng lng v gim chi ph.

nhit , cu trc bao che da trn h khung kt cu cn c thm lp cch nhit. Cn ngn nga s hnh thnh nm mc trn tng v n c hi cho cng trnh v c th nh hng n sc khe ca bn.

Nguyn tc thit k Vic s dng kt cu khung truyn thng lm h kt cu ngi nh, bn s c th b tr mt bng sn t do v linh ng. y cng l cch tip cn c bn cho mt h thng xy dng sinh thi v kinh t. H khung kt cu phi theo mt h thng kch thc thi cng 3 chiu to ra cc khng gian chung v ring t ph hp trong ngi nh. Bng cch tiu chun ha quy trnh, chi ph c th c gim i mt cch ng k. iu chnh khung kt cu ra sau hay v pha trc cho php to ra kiu kin trc bao ln, mt phng thc n gin che chn nng. Cc nh dng v sp xp xen k kiu sn thng hoc cc phn nh ra dng ban cng v mi ua l rt hiu qu. gi mt bn trong cng trnh, gim thiu vic bt buc phi s dng iu ha v trnh gradien

Tng trong nh ph cn lm bng gch khng cha cc thnh phn ha hc c hi v khng bc ra cht c hi. Vt liu xy dng truyn thng c th ci thin p ng mt cch d dng cho cc tng thit k hin i. Cc loi gch t nung hoc gch tro bay (btng nh) l cc loi gch thn thin vi mi trng c s dng ti Vit Nam. Gch tro bay cha 50% t, 20% ct, 10% xi mng v cc cht gia c. Loi vt liu ny khng ch gim gi thnh m phng thc sn xut cng rt c hiu qu.

Kt cu khung ca nh ph (Ngun: Hesse, 2009) 1. Cc mng 2. Tm sn khng thm nc (white tank) 3. H kt cu khung V d cc loi gch tro bay (Ngun: The Modern Green 2010)

48

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Gch tro bay khng cn phi nung nhit cao nh gch nung thng thng nn khng thi ra kh carbon. Vi nng lng tiu th thp, gch tro bay ch cn c nn v lm kh trong vng 2 tun. Vt liu tre c th c s dng vi nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Vt liu ny rt tt lm cnh chp, vch ngn, ca i v khung ca s. Vt liu tre dng nn rt cng v bn, thm ch c th s dng trong phng tm hoc ngoi tri.

Bn cn bit l c th c s khc nhau rt ln v cht lng ca ca s. Ca khung nhm thng s dng ch c 1 lp s gy ra r r nng lng nhiu nht cng trnh. Ca khung g vi knh 2-3 lp s gip duy tr nhit khng kh mt m bn trong nh. Nhm c s dng lm khung ca cng gy ra rt nhiu vn , ch yu l gy truyn nhit t ngoi vo trong nh rt nhanh chng. Mc d y l vt liu c th ti ch nhng li

i hi rt nhiu nng lng sn xut. Vi mt lng sn phm l 1 kg nhm, 8,5 kg kh carbon s c thi ra mi trng. Trc y, v thm ch hin nay, knh trng gng v phn quan vn c s dng phn x nh sng mt tri ra ngoi. H thng knh hin nay c cc lp ph trong sut c tc dng ngn nhit mt tri nhng vn cho php nh sng t nhin vo phng. Lng thu nhit mt tri qua ca s cng phi c xem xt khi la chn loi ca s lp t, c bit khi kt cu che chn nng khng hiu qu.

Tm sn bng tre ca nh my The Bamboo Factory ti Vit Nam (Ngun: www. thebamboofactory.com)

Tc dng hu ch ca vt liu ny l hon ton thuyt phc. Tre c tc pht trin nhanh chng, thc s c ngha nh mt loi g a phng, c gi thnh r v gy t kh thi carbon vo mi trng do vn chuyn gn. Tre cng hp th lng carbon ioxin ln v thi ra nhiu oxy hn hu ht cc loi cy xanh khc.

3
1. Cnh ca lt 2. Khung cch nhit 3. Knh 2 lp Mt ct ca s (Ngun: Euro-window, TP. H Ch Minh)

49

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Mt yu t chnh ca vt liu xy dng bn vng l gim thiu vic s dng cc ha cht c hi. Cn phi trnh nhng ri ro nh kh c hi thot ra t nha, sn, vecni, thm, g ngm formaldehyde. i vi lp ph tng, nn s dng sn nc khng cha ha cht lm long. Thay vo , va trt xtuc c nh bng s r hn v d bo qun hn. Bn c th lm sch tng bng ming bt bin v lp sn c th hng nm m khng cn sn li. Nn nh rng, ngi nh sinh thi khng ch c ngha l s dng t nng lng m cn phi d bo qun. D nhin, cc loi nha khng c cng c th l vt liu c ch. Chng hn, ngi lp mi c th lm t cc loi nha nh ti ch. Mt vt liu rt c bit l cy xanh. Cy xanh c th trng ngoi nh to vng bo v, to bng rm v to ra lp lm mt cho khng kh i xuyn qua v i vo lm mt cc khng gian bn trong nh nh quy trnh thng gi lm mt on nhit. Ti thnh ph nhim nh TP. H Ch Minh, li ch ca cy xanh l rt r. Cy xanh lm sch bi bn khng kh, chuyn kh carbon thnh oxygen, v cung cp khng kh trong lnh cho mi trng. Vic s dng cy xanh nhiu nhn chung mi trng hp

s gip to ra vi kh hu tt hn cho mi ngi trong thnh ph.

S dng kt cu 2 lp trong trng hp khng th lp t kt cu che chn nng. To trng, ca s v ca i rng thng gi c tt hn. S dng vt liu a phng nh gch tro bay hoc tre nn. Hn ch s dng cc loi vt liu c thnh phn ha hc c hi.

Gi La chn loi kt cu khung chnh ca cng trnh cho php b tr mt bng sn t do v linh hot. Thit k mi nh v ban cng che chn nng.

6 2 3

1. Tng xanh v cy trng ti ban cng 2. Rau v cy c 3. Kt cu mi xanh 4. Tm che nng 5. Tm nng lng mt tri 6. Cy ci, cy bi v tre

1
Vn hu ch trn mi (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)

50

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

S dng cc phng thc xy dng v vt liu c th d dng bo qun v c tui th cao.

7

Hy t lm Xem xt cc khe gia ca s v tng. R r kh ng ngha vi r r nng lng, v gy lng ph tin. C rt nhiu loi bt bt kn thn thin vi mi trng c coi l bn vng, khng ch do chng gip ci thin vic tiu th nng lng, m hp cht cha cc thnh phn c th ti ch hoc ti s dng. S dng cy xanh che chn nng, lm mt, lc khng kh v cung cp oxy.
3 6

5 2 4

1
Mt ct nh ph in hnh (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)

1. Chng thm cho khung kt cu

Ch Gi cho khng gian m chnh ca ngi nh c thng gi; mt khc, khng tht thot nhit t cc khng gian s dng iu ha. Vic s dng tng v ca s cch nhit l rt quan trng, thm ch c pha bn trong nh.

2. Tng lm bng gch tro bay 3. H thng mt ng cch nhit 4. Sn v vch tng bng tre 5. Ca s knh 2 lp cch nhit 6. Sn khng c cht c hi 7. Vn trn mi hu ch

Cn m bo cc thnh phn mi nh, bao ln c cch nhit trnh cho chng tr thnh nhng cu truyn nhit. Lun nh rng khi phn chia khng gian trong nh theo cc khu vc lm mt, bn cng cn xem xt n tt c cc yu cu v xy dng c lin quan.

51

10. Phng chng ngp lt

10

Phng chng ngp lt

Gii thiu Ngp lt ngy cng xy ra thng xuyn v nghim trng hn ti TP. H Ch Minh trong vng vi nm gn y. H thng a cht thu vn th khng ch b nh hng bi triu cng, m cn bi cc cn ma to ngy cng tng, v l v t cc khu vc thng ngun. Tuy nhin, cc nguy c v mi trng ca TP. H Ch Minh a phn l do thay i kh hu v pht trin th. Nh v khu dn c thng khng c thit k ph hp m bo ngn v chng ngm nc ma, cng nh khng c cc h thng thot nc hiu qu rt nc vo cc thi im mc nc ln cao. t tr khng thm thu nc ngy mt tng do th ha cc khu vc ngn v thm nc trc y lm gim cng sut tr, thot nc l v nc ma ca th. Mc nc mt cao, h thng thot nc thng nhim v khng m bo, lm tc thot nc chm v gy ra ngp lt ti cc khu vc trng. Ngp lt lm trn nc bn ra t h thng cng rnh, gy nhim nc, to ra dch bnh, hy hoi nh v cc cng trnh c s h tng. Ngp lt do thy triu cng gy ra hin tng nhim mn, lm hi cy trng v ma mng. Cc phng n chng ngp lt Ni chung, vn ngp lt phi c gii quyt hiu qu trn din rng (cp thnh ph v khu vc) bng mt chin lc cn bng cc phng n ky thut khc nhau nh xy dng h thng knh mng, iu, hoc bo v cc khu vc m ly v ng bng ngp l. Di y s gii thiu mt s phng n c bn x l chng ngp lt cho nh v cc khu dn c. Nh Nng tng hm/ tng trt

Khu dn c Nng trn mc lt Cc cng trnh ngn nc l thm nhp (chng ngp kh) Nng mt ng v/ hoc ta nh

Ngn nc c nh Tng trt ngn nc ( iu) hoc tm tm thi hoc c nh thi (tng chn l) Tng trt c s dng tm thi chng lt iu v ng ng thot nc, bm nc

Cc cng trnh Cc con ng thot nc ngp chng l vi cc (chng ngp t) tuyn thot nn Cc ky thut khc

Gii thiu v cc gii php bo v l lt (Ngun: Eckert 2011)

52

10. Phng chng ngp lt

Nng nn ng v/ hoc nn nh Nng nn ton b khu vc dn c hoc nng nn cc ta nh l bin php ph bin cc khu mi ti TP. H Ch Minh. cc khu dn c hin hu, c th nng ng ni b, hm, nu nn ng khu thp hn ng ph chnh, hoc thp hn mc ngp nc.
ng p v ng bo v b sung Qun 8 TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)

Ch
1 2

Nn tho lun vi chnh quyn tin hnh hot ng ny mt cch hp php, cng nh tun theo theo cc quy chun thit k v yu cu ky thut. Nc t cc con ph v ta nh c nng ln c th s chy xung cc khu vc xung quanh lm nh hng ti cc khu vc dn c ln cn.

Hy t lm Nng tng hm/ tng trt Nu tng hm hoc tng trt nh bn thp hn ng ph chnh, hoc mc ngp in hnh, tng hm/tng trt c th phi nng ln mc an ton ngp lt. Bn c th t lm, nhng s tn km v phi m bo s dng cc nguyn liu chng thm nc. Ch x l nc ng t h thng thot nc.
3 3

1. Nng sn 2. ng dc v bc thang 3. Hm chng lt V d v cc cch thch ng c bn (Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)

53

10. Phng chng ngp lt

Nguyn vt liu Gi thnh (ng)

Tit kim tin

Vn Ti ct Xi mng Gch (A) Si Cht dnh/keo dn

~10,000-20,000/tm ~50,000-100,000/ti ~ 50,000-70,000/bao ~110,000/m2 ~75,000/khi Di 100,000/l Thit k c bn chng nc xm nhp (Ngun: Hng 2010)

Bin php bo v c nh/ tm thi p p v chng nc dng l bin php chng l c nh. Tuy nhin, cc bin php ny kh tn km, cn quy hoch chnh xc v ch c chnh quyn thnh ph mi c th thc hin c. Cc tng chng lt di ng c th d dng xy dng ti v tr nhng p ngn nc xy v ngi dn a phng c th t lp t trong trng hp b lt.

Ga thnh chi cho vt liu chng lt (Ngun: Hng 2010)

Tng chng lt di ng c lm bng h thng dm ngn nc cho cc cng trnh cng cng (Ngun: IBS 2010)

Tng chng ngp lt tm thi hoc c nh Tng trt hoc tng hm c th c bao kn bng cc tng chng thm nc/ chng ngp c nh hoc di ng. Cc tng ny phi cao trn mc ngp nc in hnh t nht l 50 cm. Cc ch bao kn c nh s hn ch li vo ta nh. Tng trt c th c bt kn tm thi nh cc cng/ca chng lt. Tuy nhin, chng kh tn km v cn kim tra thng xuyn m bo chng hot ng tt.

Hy t lm t cc chng ngi vt ngn nc vo l mt gii php ph hp v r tin cho tt c cc h gia nh. C th t cc tm vn g hoc cc chng ngi vt khc ngay trc bc ca. C th dng cc vt liu bt kn chn thm cho kht vo khung ca. Nn s dng cc loi sp bt kn cc l hng. Cc bin php khc ngn nc l s dng ti ct, , xi mng v gch.

Bt kn cc ch h c nh hoc di ng (Ngun: ICPR 2002/www.floodpanel.com)

Ch

Vt liu bt kn c th g ra v c th dng li c sau khi s dng. Cc ti ct, gch, xi mng, c th s lm hng mt ngoi ca nh.

Ca chng lt ng v m ca chng lt ti tng trt ca thnh ph Hafen Hamburg

54

10. Phng chng ngp lt

ng ph chng ngp nc vi cc li thot nn Cc ng ph v ng hm c th c xy dng nh knh o tm thi, c th tr nc ti khi xy ra l ln. ng ph v va h s khng s dng c khi b lt, nn cn c thm cc ng thot nn khi vt qua mc lt an ton. Tng trt s dng tm thi chng lt Tng trt chng lt (p lt nn v tng, lp t thit b in trn mc nc lt) tm thi c th b ngp nc nhng khng h hi nng.

iu v ng ng thot nc C th xy h thng bn ngoi nh ngn lt. ng ng thot nc cng c tc dng, nu nc lt trn ln t ming h ga bn trong nh. Bm nc S dng h thng bm nc l cn thit nu khu dn c c bo v bi h thng iu, nhng l lt tng ln do h thng thot nc ni b trong thi gian c triu cng. H thng bm nc cng cng l mt phng tin tt bm nc t khu dn c ra knh o hoc sng.

Cc li thot khn cp c nh

Tng v sn chng thm (Ngun: www.lsuagcenter.com)

ng ng thot nc (Ngun: Hng 2010; Waibel 2011)

55

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

11

Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Gii thiu Di y, bn s c cung cp tng quan v nhng ci m bn nn lm v nhng ci bn nn trnh, lin quan n thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng lng cho nh ph ti TP. H Ch Minh. Mt s yu t c x n c th khng thuc trch nhim ca bn m ca c quan hnh chnh a phng hoc cc cng ty pht trin nh. Nu bn nhn thy hin tng ang lm sai, ng chn ch trong vic trao i vi cc c s c lin quan. Cc chuyn gia c uy tn t S xy dng TP. H Ch Minh xc nhn ni dung ca chng ny.

Khng nn !

Nn !

Khng c hnh lang phc v cc b, khng c thng gi.

C hnh lang phc v cc b cho php thng gi gia 2 dy nh, to ra i lu nhit v thng thong.

Xy dng qu ti v ln xn pha trn khu vc sn trong s khin khng m bo thng gi v khng to ra kh i lu.

Sn trong gip tng cng thng gi cho ngi nh.

56

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Mt tin ngi nh khng c, ban cng, v thit b che chn nng dn n ti nhit mt tri ln, tng nhu cu iu ha khng kh, v gy lng ph nng lng.

Mt ng ngi nh c lgia, ban cng v h thng che chn nng. Kt qu l gim lng thu nhit mt tri, tit kim iu ha khng kh v gim lng ph nng lng.

Nu nh bn khng c ging tri/ sn trong, bn s khng c chiu sng t nhin v phi dng chiu sng nhn to, thm ch vo ban ngy, gy lng ph nng lng.

Sn trong/ging tri gip chiu sng t nhin v thng thong cho cng trnh.

57

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Cy xanh trng li i b em li bng rm cho ng ph v va h, gip gim nhit v tng gi tr cnh quan. Ngoi ra, cy xanh cng mang li nhng li ch b sung nh: che nng cho khu vc xe dc ng khu vc xanh nh c th l khng gian chung cho cc hot ng cng ng Khu vc c nhiu cy xanh c th h tr cho nhng ngi bn hng rong. Bng cch ny, nhiu ngi s c c hi tr nn quen thuc vi khu vc ny v gp phn lm tng sc sng th.

Khng c khong li, khng c cy xanh v sn trong b che kn, ngi nh d b lm nng v thit k th tr nn thiu thng nht.

Dy nh ph ny c khong li. Thm vo , cy ci cng gp phn to ra mi trng vi kh hu tt.

58

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Ging tri trong nh ny khng c cy xanh v h nc nh lm mt.

Ging tri vi khu vc cy xanh to tin nghi vi kh hu.

Mi khng c h thng un nc bng nng lng mt tri.

Cn lp t h thng un nc bng nng lng mt tri bt c ni no c th.

59

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

S dng knh mt lp trc tip v rt nhiu iu ha.

S kt hp gia knh v tng xanh s gim nhit bn trong

Thit b cn nhiu in nng: ht mi nh bp/ Khng tn dng nh sng t nhin.

Tn dng nh sng t nhin/ Han ch s dng in.

60

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

S dng qu nhiu n c in nng cao, dn n lng ph in nng.

S dng bng n tit kim in.

Ngun ca cc bc nh trong Chng 11: S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh.

61

12. Ngun

12

Ngun

i tc xy dng ni dung

TS. Michael A. Waibel Khoa a l kinh t, i hc Hamburg Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, CHLB c ThS. KH KTS. Christoph Hesse Khoa Kin trc, i hc cng ngh Darmstadt El-Lissitzky-Str.1, D-64287 Darmstadt, CHLB c TS. Dirk A. Schwede (PhD, USyd. AUS) Cng ty energydesign (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd. Chifeng Road 63, 200092 Shanghai, China ThS. Vn Nguyt Gim c Quc gia Live & Learn S 30, ng 32/26, ng T Ngc Vn, H Ni, Vit Nam ThS. KH Ng Th T Nhin Vin ng dng Cng ngh B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh 25 L Thnh Tng, H Ni, Vit Nam

Ky s Phan Trng Sn Phng Pht trin th, S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh 60 Trng nh, qun 3, TP. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam KTS. Trn Thu Hng Khoa Quy hoch th, Trng H Kin trc TP. H Ch Minh 196 Pasteur, qun 3, TP HCM, Vit Nam Ky s Ronald Eckert Trng i hc BTU Cottbus Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 1, D-03046 Cottbus, CHLB c trang web: http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/

62

12. Ngun

Vn cy trong nh ph (Ngun: Linh, 2010)

Cng tc thc hin

S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam Cc Pht trin th, B Xy dng, H Ni, Vit Nam Cc Qun l Nh v Th trng Bt ng sn, B Xy dng, H Ni, Vit Nam Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia v S dng Nng lng Tit kim v Hiu qu, B Cng thng, Vit Nam Vn phng kin trc a phng: NQH Architects, TP. H Ch Minh v Kin trc s Lai The Duy, TP. H Ch Minh Trng i hc Kin trc TP H Ch Minh, Vit Nam

Ni dung ti liu c xc nhn bi cc c quan c thm quyn:

63

12. Ngun

Thng tin sn phm

S tay ngi nh xanh: Gii php thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng lng cho cng trnh ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Phin bn 1: Nh ph (bin tp:) Hesse, C., Schwede D. & M. Waibel 2011). 68 trang.

Ti min ph
Trang web ca d n D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh. Bn ting Vit:
http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/ 2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf

Bn ting Anh:

http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/ 2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf

Trang web ca Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu (VNEEP): Bn ting Vit:
http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf

Bn ting Anh:

http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf

64

12. Ngun

Ti liu Tham kho

Deutsche Energie Agentur (2010): Machen Sie dicht: Energiesparen in Gebuden. Mit wenig Aufwand viel erreichen: Richtig heizen, dmmen, lften, 42 trang. Deutsche Energie Agentur (2003): Modernisierungsratgeber Energie, Kosten sparen, Wohnwert steigern, Umwelt schonen, 57 trang. Hesse, C. (2009): Phase 1 report on the analysis of locally established housing typologies. Report, 60 trang. Hesse, C. (2009): Phase 2 report on concept design proposals and draft guidelines for energy- and climate efficient housing typologies. Report, 40 trang (A3). Schwede, D. (2009): 1st report: results of the computational simulation study on energy-efficiency measures in the design of a modern Vietnamese Shophouse in Ho Chi Minh City, 22 trang. Waibel, M. (2009): 1st report on the awareness, behavior, acceptance and needs of energy-efficient structures and goods among middle- and upper-class households of Ho Chi Minh City. Survey Report, 108 trang. Waibel, M. (bin tp) (2010): Climate Change and Sustainable Urban Development in Vietnam (K yu hi tho: Bin i kh hu v Pht trin th bn vng ti Vit Nam). Proceedings of a Conference organized at Goethe Institute Hanoi, 14-15 September 2010, H Ni, Vit nam, 376 trang. Cc vn bn php lut c lin quan: Lut s: 50/2010/QH12: Lut S dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu do Ch tch Quc hi Nguyn Ph Trng k ngy 17/6/2010, 16 trang. Quyt nh s 51/2011/Q-TTg: Quyt nh quy nh danh mc phng tin, thit b phi dn nhn nng lng, p dng mc hiu sut nng lng ti thiu v l trnh thc hin do Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng k ngy 12/9/2011, 5 trang. Ngh nh s 73/2011/N-CP: Ngh nh quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu do Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng k ngy 24/8/2011, 29 trang.

Dch thut v hiu nh

V Phng Linh, Ng Th T Nhin, Michael Waibel.

Ngun nh
Christoph Hesse (1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 48, 50, 51), Dirk Schwede (11, 13, 22, 26, 44, 47), Michael Waibel (8, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36, 45, 53, 54, 55), Ceyhan Cce (35), Ronald Eckert (52, 54, 55), IBS (54), ICPR (54), Vu Thi Phuong Linh (23, 43, 63), Live & Learn (38, 40, 41, 42), Ngo Thi To Nhien (34, 37, 45), Stephanie Druskath (53), www.floodpanel.com (54), www.lsuagcenter.com/ (55), Thu Hang Tran (54, 55, 63), S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh (56-61), Enrique Browne (25), Prof. Hegger, TU Darmstadt (23, 24) Eurowindow, HCMC / Vietnam (49), The Modern Green (48), The Bamboo Factory, Vietnam (49)

Li cm n
Cun s tay ny c dch v xut bn vi s h tr v hp tc ca S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh, Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu, Phng Thng mi Chu u ti Vit Nam v D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh c ti tr bi B Gio dc v Nghin cu c.

65

Tn giao dch quc t: TRANSPORT PUBLISHING HOUSE 80B ph Trn Hng o, phng Trn Hng o, qun Hon Kim, thnh ph H Ni. Phone/ S in thoi: +844-3942-3346; +844-3822-1627; +844-3942-4620. Email: nxbgtvt@fpt.vn; Website: http://www.nxbgtvt.vn Chu trch nhim xut bn: L T Giang Bin tp: Phm Quang Hun Thit k: Christoph Hesse, Dirk Schwede, Michael Waibel
In 3.020 cun, kh 21 x 29,7 cm ti Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti. ng k k hoch xut bn s: 1252-2011/CXB/1-140/GTVT. Quyt nh xut bn s: 166/Q-GTVT ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2011. In xong v np lu chiu thng 11 nm 2011. ISBN: 978-604-76-0030

NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI

CHNG TRNH MC TIU QUC GIA V S DNG NNG LNG TIT KIM V HIU QU 54 Hai B Trng, Hon Kim, H Ni, Vit Nam in thoi: +844-2220-2412 Fax: +844-2220-2412 Email: vptknl@moit.gov.vn Website: http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn