Bruce Bartlett - On Unitary 2-Representations of Finite Groups and Topological Quantum Fi Eld Theory

arXiv:0901.3975v1 [math.
QA] 26 Jan 2009
On unitary 2-representations of nite groups and topological quantum eld theory

Bruce Bartlett
A thesis submitted in fullment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of Sheeld Department of Pure Mathematics Oct 2008
Abstract
his thesis ontins vrious results on unitry PErepresenttions of (nite groups nd their PEhrtersD s well s on pivotl strutures for fusion tegoriesF he motivtion is extended topologil quntum (eld theory @pAD where the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite group is thought of s the PEtegory ssigned to the point9 in the untwisted (nite group modelF he (rst result is tht the rided monoidl tegory of trnsformtions of the identity on the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite group omputes s the tegory of onjugtion equivrint vetor undles over the group equipped with the fusion tensor produtF his result is onsistent with the extended p hypotheses of fez nd holnD sine it estlishes tht the tegory ssigned to the irle n e otined s the higher tre of the identity9 of the PEtegory ssigned to the pointF he seond result is out PEhrters of PErepresenttionsD onept whih hs een introdued independently y qnter nd uprnovF st is shown tht the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion n e mde funtoril with respet to morphisms of PErepresenttionsD nd tht in ft the PEhrter is unitrily fully fithful funtor from the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegory of unitry PErepresenttions to the tegory of uniE try equivrint vetor undles over the groupF he (nl result is out pivotl strutures on fusion tegoriesD with view towrds onjeture mde y itingofD xikshyh nd ystrikF st is shown tht pivotl struture on fusion tegory nnot exist unless ertin involutions on the homEsets re plus or minus the identity mpD in whih se pivotl struture is the sme thing s twisted monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identity funtor on the tegoryF woreover the pivotl struture n e mde spheril if nd only if these signs n e removedF
Dedication
To mom and dad, granny and gramps, nanny and pa!
Acknowledgements
pirstly my hertfelt thnks goes to my supervisor imon illerton whom s hd the gret fortune of lerning so mny ides from these lst three yersY he hs een my mentor nd my friendF s wish to thnk ll my fellow rouses of wths inmtes for the good times tht we hdD nd ll the postgrdsD present nd pstD the young 9uns nd the old gunsF es fr s work is onernedD s wish to espeilly thnk the lols9 hvid qepnerD tmes grnhD ul fukinghmD elmr uidD hve ternD iugeni ghengD om fridgelndD i nith nd ihrd repworth for stimulting onverstions nd for helping me t vrious points during this thesisF s would like to knowledge wihel hulmn D xik qurski nd om veinster who hve helped me with vrious tegoril notionsF s m lso grteful to ott grter for ptiently explining to me the movie moves needed in eppendix gF s m sinerely grteful to tohn fez whose olumn his eek9s pinds9 hs hd suh profound e'et on meD nd to rs hreierD whom s ount myself very luky to knowF s would lso like to thnk tmie iryD wthieu enelD prnk xeumnnD rellen golmn nd teve vkF pinllyD s would like to knowledge the support of the ixellene ixE hnge hemeD s well s the qlsgow wthemtil tournl rustF
Contents
Abstract Dedication Acknowledgements 1 Introduction

IFI IFP IFQ IFR IFS IFT PFI PFP fkground F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F erifying Z(S 1 ) him Z(pt) in the (nite group model he PEhrter funtor is unitrily fully fithful F F F ghrterizing pivotl strutures on fusion tegories F gomprison with previous work F F F F F F F F F F F F F yverview of thesis F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
3 5 7 13
IQ PI PP PS PU PV QP QR QR
2 Geometry of ordinary representations
PFQ PFR PFS PFT PFU QFI QFP QFQ
rolomorphi hermitin line undles nd kernels F F F F F F F F he fergmn kernel F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFI he fergmn kernel vi modes of propgtion F F F F PFPFP he fergmn kernel s the lrge time limit of the het kernel F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PFPFQ he fergmn kernel s pth integrl F F F F F F F F F PFPFR he fergmn kernel nd oherent sttes F F F F F F F F he tegory of line undles nd kernels F F F F F F F F F F F F he geometri line undle over projetive spe F F F F F F F F en equivlene of tegories F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F nitry representtions nd equivrint line undles F F F F F qeometri hrters of equivrint line undles F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PErilert spes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F he PEtegory of PErilert spes F F F F F F F F F F QFQFI ghrterizing liner Efuntors F F F F F F F F QFQFP he rilert spe of nturl trnsformtions W
31
QS QU QV QW RI RU SI SR
3 2-Hilbert spaces
H Etegories
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
59
TH TI TT TT TV
IH
CONTENTS
QFR
QFQFQ nitry equivlene for PErilert spes F F F F F F F F QFQFR proenius lgers from PErilert spes F F F F F F F F he geometry of PErilert spes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
UH UI UP
4 String diagrams 5 Even-handed structures

SFI SFP SFQ he(nition of n evenEhnded struture F F F F F F F F F F qeometri interprettion F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F eltionship with other pprohes F F F F F F F F F F F F SFQFI ivotl strutures on monoidl tegories F F F F SFQFP he oherene theorem of frrett nd estury SFQFQ wonoidl PEtegories with duls F F F F F F F F F SFQFR gomprison with evenEhnded strutures F F F F F ivenEhndedness in terms of djuntion isomorphisms F ivenEhnded strutures from tres F F F F F F F F F F F F SFSFI res on liner tegories F F F F F F F F F F F F F SFSFP ivenEhnded strutures from tres F F F F F F F F SFSFQ ivenEhndedness for semisimple tegories F F F F PErilert spes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F herived tegories of gliEu mnifolds F F F F F F F rmEup exerise F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F pusion tegories F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F he pivotl symols of fusion tegory F F pts out the pivotl tensor F F F F F F F F ixistene of pivotl nd spheril strutures F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
77
VP VV WH WH WS WS WT WU IHH IHH IHP IHQ IHU IHV
81
SFR SFS
SFT SFU TFI TFP TFQ TFR TFS UFI
6 Even-handed structures on fusion categories
111
IIP IIR IIW IPQ IPV
7 2-representations and their 2-characters
UFP
UFQ UFR UFS
he PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions F F F F F F F F F F UFIFI nitry PErepresenttions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UFIFP worphisms F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UFIFQ PEmorphisms F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ixmples F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UFPFI eutomorphisms of groups F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UFPFP he metpleti representtion F F F F F F F F F F F F F UFPFQ PErepresenttions from ext sequenes F F F F F F F F F UFPFR yther exmples of PErepresenttions F F F F F F F F F F UFPFS worphisms of PErepresenttions from morphisms of exE t sequenes F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F wore grphil elements F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ivenEhndedness nd unitry PErepresenttions F F F F F F F F PEhrters of PErepresenttions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
137
IQW IQW IRI IRP IRQ IRR IRR IRS IRT IRT IRT IRW ISP
CONTENTS
II PEtres F F F F F F he loop groupoid PEhrters F F F F puntorility of the F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PEhrter F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ISP ISQ ISQ ISR
UFSFI UFSFP UFSFQ UFSFR VFI VFP VFQ VFR VFS VFT
8 Gerbes and their geometric characters
iquivrint geres F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F ixmples of equivrint geres F F F F F F F F F F F F F F he PEtegory of equivrint geres F F F F F F F F F F F vine undles nd @IAEundles F F F F F F F F F F F F F F rnsgression nd twisted hrters F F F F F F F F F F F he geometri hrter of n equivrint gere F F F F F VFTFI ushing forwrd line undles over loop groupoids VFTFP he(nition of the geometri hrter F F F F F F F VFTFQ puntorility for the geometri hrter F F F F F
159
ITH ITP ITQ ITU ITW IUP IUP IUQ IUQ
9 Geometric characters and 2-characters

WFI WFP WFQ WFR WFS
WFT IHFI IHFP IHFQ IHFR IHFS IHFT IHFU IHFV IHFW
iquivrint geres from unitry PErepresenttions F F F F F worphisms of geres from morphisms of PErepresenttions PEworphisms F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F iquivlene of PEtegories F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F he PEhrter nd the geometri hrter F F F F F F F F WFSFI he(ning the isomorphisms F F F F F F F F F F F F F F WFSFP erifying tht the isomorphisms re equivrint F F WFSFQ erifying nturlity F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F he PEhrter does not distinguish PErepresenttions F F righer tegoril dimensions of PEtegories F F he rgumentD one level down F F F F F F F F F F F hy the indiret method of equivrint geresc F nderstnding morphisms emnting out of EG F ixtrting equivrint vetor undles F F F F F F ixtending trnsformtions F F F F F F F F F F F F F e trnsformtion is determined y its dt t EG he restrition mp is fully fithful F F F F F F F F rpping up the proof F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
177
IUV IVH IVI IVP IVS IVT IVT IVU IWI IWS IWW PHQ PHS PHU PII PIT PPQ PPS
10 The higher categorical dimension of 2Rep(G).
193
A Verifying the `crossing with S 1 ' equation for low codimension227 B Fusion categories have ambidextrous duals C Naturality of the categorical dimension 229 231
IP
CONTENTS
D Fusion tensor product for conjugation equivariant vector bundles 241
Chapter 1
Introduction
sn this thesis we prove three min resultsF he (rst hs to do with verifying the rossing with the irle9 eqution in the extended (nite group pD the seond hs to do with hrterizing pivotl strutures on fusion tegoriesD nd the third is proof tht the PEhrter funtor is unitrily fully fithfulF
1.1 Background
fefore we explin these resultsD we (rst rell some of the rod themes of extended topologil quntum (eld theoryD so s to estlish ontextF
Chern-Simons theory and the birth of TQFT

sn IWVWD itten gve eutiful geometri desription of the then reently disovered knot invrint of tones in terms of threeEdimensionl quntum (eld theory known s IQPD UTF prom the point of view of ordinry physis this theory is rther odd in tht the tion is " it does not depend on the metri on spetimeF o otin knot invrint this feture is ritil for otherwise the pth integrl would not e invrint under mient isotopy of the knotF untum (eld theories of this type re known s @p9sAD nd they re prtiulrly menle to mthemtil nlysis euse mny of the in(nities whih plgue fullElown theories do not riseY for instne the rilert spes of the theory re F sn the yers sine itten pulished his pperD ghernEimons theory hs eome the posterEhild of pD nd fous point for the reent renissne in the intertion etween geometry nd physisF por n introdution to these idesD we reommend QD VU s well s the originl pper of itten IQPF por more on the kground nd history of this intertionD see IQSD ghpter IIF
topological
Chern-Simons theory
purely
topological quantum eld theories nite-dimensional
IQ
IR
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
Extended topological quantum eld theory

prom mthemtil perspetiveD the nme of the gme hs een to try nd understnd the forml spets of topologil quntum (eld theoryF tust wht p rellyD nd how does one onstrut onec ht re the geometri ingredients whih ome into plyc en nswer to the (rst question ws pprently provided right in the eginning y etiyh nd egl RD IIUF prom their work it emerged tht n nEdimensionl p n e thought of
is
functor
Z : ngo et
from the tegory ngo of (n 1)Edimensionl losed mnifolds nd oorE disms etween them to the tegory of vetor spesF woreoverD this funtor is required to preserve the monoidl strutures on these tegoriesD so tht disjoint union of mnifolds must get sent to the tensor produt of their orE responding vetor spesD nd similrly the oordism whih swithes two mnifolds round should get sent to the liner mp whih swps the ftors in the tensor produt of their orresponding vetor spesF xow losed nE mnifold M n e interpreted s oordism from the empty set to itselfD so the ft tht the funtor Z preserves the monoidl struture implies tht Z will send M to mp from the omplex numers to itselfD whih is the sme thing s F o in this pitureD p ssigns to losed nEmnifold nd to losed (n 1)EmnifoldF yver time thoughD it ws relized tht suh formliztion filed to pE ture some importnt spets of the min exmples of p9sF por instneD eshetikhinD urev nd others found setting where the ides of itten ould e mde mthemtilly rigorousD y interpreting everything in terms of the tegory of representtions of IHVD whih turned out to e rided monoidl tegoryF st ws found tht this desription nd the etiyhEegl monoidl funtor desription were somehow di'erent sides of the sme oinD nd the prolem ws to (nd formlism where oth desriptions hd ommon homeF enother prolem ws tht the formliztion of p s monoidl funtor only ptured smll suset of the gluing lws whih tully held in prtieF he tion in quntum (eld theory is usully of ntureD whih suggests tht the theory should e nturl with respet to ll possile gluing lws of ll odimensionsD not just gluing two (n 1)Emnifolds long n nEdimensionl oordismF hese onsidertions gve rise to the notion of n p s one whih ehves well with respet to these extr gluing lws IHD SWD TPD TRD VWD IHUD IQUF st ws relized tht just s n ordinry nEdimensionl p ssigns numer to losed nEmnifold nd vetor spe to losed (n1)E mnifoldD n p goes further nd ssigns to losed (n 2)EmnifoldD nd to losed (n 3)EmnifoldD
number
vector space
number
quantum group
local
extended
extended
linear 2-category
linear category
1.1.
BACKGROUND
IS
nd so onF sn ghernEimons theory for instneD where n = 3D the rided monoidl tegory of representtions of quntum group " the pproh to the sujet dopted y eshitkinD urev nd others " suddenly found home s the F sn other wordsD the lnguge of egn to o'er uni(ed pproh to the sujetD lthough dmittedly this formlism ws not to everyody9s tsteF
category assigned to the circle higher categories
The Baez-Dolan hypotheses

he prolem remined to (nd onise desription of the ide of n extended p in terms of this new lngugeD in wy whih ptured ll the gluing lwsF his ws the point t whih fez nd holn relesed their seminl pper IHD the (rst of long series on righer dimensionl lger nd topologil quntum (eld theory9F sn this pper they mde two hypotheses out the nture of extended p9sD or t lest out the nture of p9sD whih re the kind of theories whih generlly rise in physisF e will stte eh individul onjeture slightly di'erently hereD ut the totl hypothesis9 mounts to the sme thingF he (rst hypothesis is s followsF
unitary
Extended TQFT Hypothesis (Baez-Dolan [10]).
en nE dimensionl unitry extended p is wek nEfuntorD preserving ll levels of dulityD from the nEtegory nCo of oordisms to nHilD the nEtegory of nErilert spesF
here re three importnt ingredients hereF he (rst is the impliit ssertion tht the mthemtil struture whose ojets re losed 0Emnifolds @iFeF olletions of pointsAD whose IEmorphisms9 re IEmnifolds with oundryD whose PEmorphisms9 re mnifolds with ornersD nd so on up to nD tully forms n n sn other wordsD the impliit ssertion is tht young nd undevelopedD ut this ertinly represents mjor motivtion for the sujetY see RQ for reent pproh in this regrdF he seond nd most ruil ingredient is the phrse preserving ll levE els of dulity9D whih is hypothesis for wht the word mens in n extended p ontextF he ide is tht the nEtegory nCo is the rhetypl nEtegory with duls9D y whih is ment tht for every k E morphism f : a b there is dul morphism f : b aD together with (k + 1)Emorphisms : ida f f nd : f f idb D whih themselves hve dul morphisms nd oherene dt of their ownD nd so onD up to the top level nD where we hve run out of higher morphismsF he si ide is tht nEtegories with duls desrie the geometry of how things hppen9 in mnner kin to the 9 of singulrity theory PD IPTF ht isD performing f nd then f introdues kink9D nd represents the proess
-category. higher categories are precisely the right language to describe the cutting and pasting behaviour of manifolds with cornersF he theory of higher tegories is still unitary
catastrophes
IT
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
of removing this kink9D nd so onF his is profound ide whih lies t the very hert of the ixtended p rypothesisD s we re out to see in the next hypothesisD nd the reder is urged to red IH in order to understnd it etterF he third ingredient is the trget nEtegoryD nmely the n n F en nErilert spe9 is ment to e n (n 1)Etegory whih hs the struture nd properties of rilert speD ppropritely teE gori(edF por instneD ws de(ned y fez T essentilly s CEliner tegory where the re (niteEdimensionl rilert spes @this tegori(es9 the ide tht the inner produt of two vetors in rilert spe is omplex numerA whih re equipped with omptile involutions : rom(x, y) rom(y, x) @this tegori(es the eqution (x, y) = (y, x) in rilert speAF sn ftD this is the lest importnt ingredient of the ixtended p rypothesisF ell tht relly mtters is tht the nEtegory whih the extended p Z tkes vlues in is some kind of liner tegory with duls t ll levelsY the exmples will ultimtely deide wht is the est notionF por instneD lthough ghernEimons theory n e formulted s tking vlues in these higher rilert spesD most other exmples of extended p9sD suh s oznskyEitten theory @see IHW nd the referenes thereinA nd the theories rising in the qeometri vnglnds progrmme9 PQ rther tke vlues in some kind of higher tegoryF he seond hypothesis of fez nd holn out the nture of extended p9s is s followsF
-Hilbert spaces
-category of
2-Hilbert space hom-sets
derived
Cobordism Hypothesis (Baez-Dolan [10].)
he nEtegory nCo of oordisms is the free stle nEtegory with duls on one ojetF his is the remrkle ssertion tht the onept free nEtegory with duls9 is rih enough to ptureD in one foul swoopD nd in onise lgeri fshionD ll the utting nd psting ehviour of mnifolds3 id di'erentlyD it is the sttement tht n F en nEtegory is lled if it n e regrded s the top nEdimensionl prt of n (k + n)Etegory with k nY this ondition is there simply to ensure tht we re tlking out oordisms nd not unstle9 emedded ojets suh s F st is not our tsk here to tlk out the evidene for these hypothesesY for tht the reder is referred to IH nd the rest of the righer himensionl elger9 seriesF ht we wish to stress is the of these hypothesesF por instneD y omining them together we see tht they ssert the followingX
-categories with duals are the grammar of space stable abstract tangles power
en nEdimensionl unitry extended p is ompletely desried y the nErilert spe it ssigns to pointF his is striking ssertionY the ltimte ttement with respet to the lolity of the theoryX it sys tht D inluding ll the quntum
The primacy of the point
everything
1.1.
BACKGROUND
IU
opertions etFD is determined y strt higherEtegoril nonsense9 from wht the theory ssigns to point3 gonsidering tht the quntum invrints involved in theories suh s ghernEimons theoryD oznskyEitten theoryD eiergEitten theory nd qeometri vnglnds represent some of the deepE est onnetions etween physis nd geometryD this represents powerful entry point for higherEtegoril ides into minstrem mthemtisF
Verifying the primacy of the point

sn ghpter QFQFR we will tully the primy of the point9 in the se n = 2F st hs long een known tht unitry twoEdimensionl p is hrterized y n positive rel numers k1 , . . . , kn D whih re the eigenvlE ues of the hermitin hndle retion opertor SPF e will see tht this is preisely the dt whih hrterizes PErilert spe up to strong unitry isomorphismF @e hve put quottion mrks round the word verify9 here euse most of the terms of the ixtended p rypothesis hve still not een mde entirely preiseD even for n = 2Y in prtiulr it is not ompletely ler wht it mens to preserve duls t ll levels9D though preise formuE ltion of the other spets of the theory for n = 2 n e found in the work of worton WUA sn ftD gostello hs tully proved fr more powerful result long these lines RUF re hs shown tht speifying n extended twoEdimensionl openElosed topologil onforml (eld theory is the sme thing s speifying A F e topologil onforml (eld theory is very rih struture tht lies etween p nd onforml (eld theoryD nd the min exmples re the A nd B models introdued y itten IQQF en A Etegory n e thought of s olletion of ojets with grded vetor spes etween them whih forms tegory up to oherent homotopy9D nd A Etegory isD roughly spekingD n A Etegory equipped with nonEdegenerte invrint piring on the spes of morphismsF yne n think of gliEu A Etegory s derived version9 of PErilert speD nd thus one n interpret gostello9s result s 0rming the primy of the point for n = 2 in the world of topologil onforml (eld theoriesF
`verify'
Calabi-Yau -category Calabi-Yau
The `crossing with the circle' equation

sf the extended p hypothesis is indeed the orret frmework for pE turing the higher gluing lws of n extended pD nother spinEo' would e tht one would expet tht the quntum invrints Z(M ) ssigned to losed mnifolds M would stisfy
Z(M S 1 ) him Z(M ) =
IV
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
where him9 refers to the of Z(M )D sort of higherEtegoril tre opertionD de(ned s the olletion of trnsformE tions of the identity funtor on Z(M )F e ll this the rossing with the irle9 eqution nd it mkes some interesting preditionsF pirstlyD let us e lerX this eqution is liming tht the on the higherEtegoril struture Z(M S 1 ) " suh s the produt rising from the higher pir of pntsD the ridingD the proenius piring etF " n e omputed purely from higherEtegoril strt nonsense9 on him Z(M )F his gets to the hert of the entire motivtion for studyE ing extended psX F gonsider the implitions tht this eqution would hold for ghernEimons theoryF hen M = S 1 it sys tht the rilert spe ssigned to the torus " known s the " n e lulted s the lger of nturl trnsformtions of the identity funtor on the tegory ssigned to the irleF xow the tegory ssigned to the irle is the tegory of positive energy representtions of the loop group t level k F ine this tegory is semisimpleD the lger of nturl trnsformtions hs nturl sis onsisting of the nturl trnsformtions supported t the irreduile representtionsF e thus onlude tht the hrters digonlize the fusion rules9F his ltter sttement is in ft elerted result known s the " nd we hve just seen how it would rise in priniple s n elementry yprodut of formulting the theory in higher tegoril termsF e lso remrk tht some reent omputtions in this regrdD in the ontext of geometri representtion theoryD n e found in the work of fenE viD prnis nd xdler PSF
higher-categorical dimension
tions
entire plethora of topological opera-
operations
topological operations translate into higher-categorical
Verlinde algebra
Verlinde conjecture
The Freed picture of extended eld theory
o fr we hve een nswering the question ht n extended pcD ut we hve hd nothing to sy out the geometri ingredients one needs to tully suh theoryF preed hs estlished eutiful piture in this regrdD nd everything we do in this thesis hs een hevily in)uened y his ides SWD THD TPF sn prtiulr we wrmly reommend the reent TID whih gives n elegnt overview of the entire frmework of extended ghernEimons theory long these linesF sn the frmework of preedD the geometri dt needed to onstrut n nEdimensionl extended p onsists of the following @it should e unE derstood tht this is working hypothesis9Y muh still needs to e done in order to mke it preiseAX
construct
is
por every mnifold M with dim M nD PM on M F he min requirement is tht these (elds must e D so tht they ehve well under utting nd pstingF por instne in ghernEimons
space of elds local
1.1.
BACKGROUND
IW
theory sed on guge group G the spe of (elds PM is the spe of )t GEundles with onnetion on M F por every suh mnifold M D L PM over the spe of (elds PM F he (ers of the line undle L re oneEdimensionl (n dim M )Erilert spesD so tht when dim M = n it is undle of numers of unit norm9D iFeF eiS[] : PM U (1)D while if dim M = n 1 it is undle of hermitin lines9 iFeF onventionl D while if dim M = n 2 it is PEline undle9D iFeF n ssignment of oneEdimensionl PErilert spe to every (eld P PM D nd so on down to the pointD where dim M = 0D whih hs oneEdimensionl nErilert spe sitting ove itF
higher-line bundle function
hermitian line bundle
he euty of this piture is the strtling new interprettion given to the geE old ide of the tion9 of (eld theoryX it is now reinterpreted s F he side of the story is just s ttrtiveX t the level of losed mnifolds the quntum theory simply ssigns to losed mnifold M the spe of setions of these higher line undlesX
which constructs higher line bundles over the spaces of elds

Z(M ) = (L).
a machine quantum
his piture suggests tht mny of our oneptul hngEups out the pth integrl in quntum (eld theory might hve risen from the ft tht we gve too muh redene to the ide of the tion s " this is just the topEdimensionl degenerte se9 of wht the tion relly isD nd things look lot more pltle t higher odimension3 por instneD most mthemtiins feel quesy when instruted to dd up the vlue of the tion over ll the (elds9D ut hve fr less psyhologil qulms when instruted to tke the spe of setions of line undle9F he question now rises s to how one tully omes up with this geoE metri dt of the higher line undles over the spes of (eldsF sn most ses of interest these undles rise from mehnism of mpping into some (xed trget spe9 X whih hs mster higherEline undle9 L X sitting ove itD nd then trnsferring this mster line undle to the vrious spes of (elds PM y proess known s F sn physis this mehnism is known s F hreier nd ldorf hve reently mde muh progress toE wrds higherEtegoril understnding of this mehnism IISD IITD IIQF sn prtiulrD they showed how the proess of trnsgression n e elegntly interpreted higherEtegorilly simply s postomposition with the higher trnsport funtorF sn dditionD tiD hreierD kd nd tevenson hve o reently outlined theory of twisted nonelin ohomology in smooth Egroupoid setting IIPD providing onrete toolox for understnding the geometry of these mster higherEline undles9F et this pointD we turn our ttention to spei( toy model where everyE thing n e mde quite expliitX the F
number
-model
transgression
nite group model
PH
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
The nite group model

por eh dimension nD hijkgrfD itten nd preed hve shown how there is n extended p lled the SHD SWF he input for this theory is (nite group G nd n nEoyle Z n (G, U (1))F hen n = 3D it is (nite group nlogue of ghernEimons theoryD nd one thinks of the QEoyle s lowElevel desription of QEline undle9 over BGD or lterntively PEgere9 over BGF rere nd elsewhere in this thesisD we use the nottion tht BG refers to the group G thought of s oneEojet tegory @the use of oldfe voids onfusion with BG9D the geometri reliztion of the nerve of BGAF illerton hs desried n elegnt wy to set up the geometri dt of the (nite group model vi geres nd (nite groupoids IPHD nd we rell this desription hereF sn the (nite group modelD the spe of (elds PM over mnifold M @with dim M nA is the groupoid whose ojets re the prinE ipl GEundles over M nd whose morphisms re equivrint isomorphisms of GEundlesF e (nite model for PM is otined y hoosing (nite numer of points on M @t lest one for eh omponentAD nd denoting y 1 (M ) the restrition of the fundmentl groupoid of M to these pointsF st is onveE nient to llow more thn one point on eh omponentD s this mkes things more nturl if we re onsidering spes with oundriesF xeverthelessD sine (nite prinipl GEundle is determined y its holonomyD we hve
nite group model
PM = Fun(1 (M ), BG),
the tegory of funtors nd nturl trnsformtions from 1 (M ) into BGF he tion is de(ned y trnsgressionD nd works s followsF yne uses the digrm ev PM PM 1 (M ) BG, to pull k nd push down the oyle onto PM to give (d dim M )E oyle M () Z (dn) (PM , U (1))F he quntum theory ssigns to eh losed mnifold M the spe of setions of the higher line undle over PM represented y the trnsgressed oyle M ()F sn le I we tulte the resulting quntum invrints in the threeE dimensionl theoryD whih is the ontext of this thesisF e mention gin the dislimer here tht the notion of QEdimensionl extended p9 is not yet preise wellEde(ned onept " working towrds this point is the entire purpose of the fezEholn extended p hypothesesF por more detils out the invrints ssigned to ID P nd QEdimensionl losed mnifolds nd the nottion we re using in le ID we refer the reder to the work of illerton IPHD though we will review this tehnology in ghpter VF he entry we wish to explin in the ove tle is the quntum
1.2.
VERIFYING
Z(S 1 )
DIM
Z(PT) IN THE FINITE GROUP MODELPI
dim Q
P I H
spe M
Z3 PM M () P ( ())
rilG (G) PRep (GA
()
explntion noF of GEundles P on M D eh weighted y
M () | Aut(P )|
S1
pt
)t setions of ()Etwisted line undle on P tegory of ()Etwisted equivrint veE tor undles over G PEtegory of Etwisted PErepresenttions of G
le IFIX he quntum invrints ssigned to losed mnifolds in the twisted threeEdimensionl (nite group modelF invrint Z(pt) ssigned to F he spe of (elds Ppt over point is the groupoid of GEundles over pointD whih n e thought of simply s BGF he higher QEline undle9 L Ppt over the spe of (elds is otined y using the QEoyle to twist the on PHilD the PEtegory of PErilert spesD so s to form undle of oneEdimensionl QErilert spes over Ppt = BG9X PHil BG BG.
point
associator
he quntum invrint ssigned to the point is then the spe of )t setions of this undleF his proedure is equivlent to thinking of the QEoyle on BG s reipe for onstruting (G, ) @see IQD WQAD nd then setting Z(pt) to e the PEtegory of PErepresenttions9 of this PEgroupD s in SQF sn ftD euse we wnt to ultimtely onstrut extended pD we must require tht these PErepresenttions e unitry9F vet us emphsize the (nl resultX
2-group
unitary
sn the twisted Qd (nite group theoryD the quntum invrint sE signed to the point is expeted to e the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of the PEgroup (G, )F yf ourseD in the rest of the thesis we will mke preise wht we men y unitry PErepresenttions9 of groupF e will essentilly e restriting ourselves to the modelD where = 1D not euse of lk of tehnology to del with the twisted se ut simply euse the untwisted se hs proved projet enough in itselfF
untwisted
1.2 Verifying Z(S 1) model
Dim Z(pt) in the nite group
rving onrete toy model of extended p like the (nite group model llows us to test some of the preditions of the ixtended p rypothesisF por instneD we n use the oyles on (nite groupoids9 tehnology of illerton IPH to hek tht the rossing with the irle9 eqution indeed
PP
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
holds " in the full twisted model " in ll dimensions where Z(M ) is tegory or vetor speF e hve olleted some of our omputtions in this regrd in eppendix eF he next se to hek is when Z(M ) is F por instneD in the threeEdimensionl model this requires tht we tke M to e pointF es we hve seenD in the threeEdimensionl untwisted model Z(pt) is expeted to e the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of the group GD while Z(S 1 ) is the rided monoidl tegory rilfusion (G) of onjugtion equivrint vetor G undles over the group under the fusion tensor produt @see eppendix hAF sn ghpter IH we verify tht the rossing with the irle9 eqution indeed holds in this seD nd this represents our (rst min theorem in this thesis " though it will e proved lstD in ghpter IHF
2-category
The higher-categorical dimension of the 2-category of unitary 2-representations of a nite group G is equivalent, as a braided monoidal category, to the category of conjugation-equivariant hermitian vector bundles over G equipped with the fusion tensor product. In symbols,
Theorem.
him PRep(G) rilfusion (G). G es we hve intimtedD this result is signi(nt euse the rided monoidl struture on rilfusion (G) hs hitherto een otined from topologil onE G sidertions on the pir of pnts oordismD s explited y preed SWF yur result shows tht we n lso ompute this rided monoidl struture diE retly from strt nonsense9 on PRep(G)F
1.3 The 2-character functor is unitarily fully faithful

sn the previous setions we hve outlined t gret length our motivtion for eing interested in the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite group " it is the F ixept for ghpters S nd T whih re out evenEhnded strutures nd fusion tegories nd n e red seprtely from the restD this PEtegory PRep(G) is the entire fous of this thesisX itD expliting the ehind how it worksD nd showing how the min results out representtions of groups hve tegori(ed nlogues for F yur min result in this ltter regrd is the followingF e de(ne wht it mens to tke the of unitry PErepresenttion @this de(nition hs lso een given independently y qnter nd uprnov TUAD so s to otin GF his is to e thought of s the tegori(tion of lss funtion on GF
2-category assigned to the point in the three-dimensional untwisted nite group TQFT dening geometry ordinary 2-representations 2-character unitary conjugation equivariant vector bundle over the group
1.3.
THE 2-CHARACTER FUNCTOR IS UNITARILY FULLY FAITHFUL
PQ
hen we show how one n lso tke the PEhrter of of unitry PErepresenttionsD so s to otin etween their orreE sponding vetor undles over G @this ltter notion ws not onsidered in TUAF tust s the ordinry hrter of representtion does not depend on the isomorphism lss of the representtionD the PEhrter of of PErepresenttions does not depend on its isomorphism lssD hene the PEhrter desends to funtor from the of unitry PErepresenttions to the tegory of onjugtion equivrint vetor undles over the groupF yur min result is tht fter one tensors the homEsets in [PRep(G)] with CD the PEhrter funtor eomes X
morphism
morphism
Grothendieck category
morphism
Theorem.
The 2-character functor
unitarily fully faithful
is a unitarily fully faithful functor from the complexied Grothendieck category of unitary 2-representations of G to the category of unitary conjugation equivariant vector bundles over G.
his is to e thought of s tegori(tion of the ft tht the ordinry hrter of ordinry unitry representtions
: [PRep(G)]C rilG (G)
: [ep(G)]C glss(G)
is unitry isomorphism from the omplexi(ed qrothendiek group of the tegory of unitry representtions of G to the spe of lss funtions on GF o prove this resultD we estlish geometri orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd D nd we show tht under this orrespondene the PEhrter9 of PErepresenttion orresponds to the of its ssoited equivrint gereF st turns out tht the ehviour of the geometri hrE ter on the homEsets is rerrngement of the of illerton IPHD nd thus it follows from the tehnology of IPH tht the geometri hrter mp is unitrily fully fithfulD nd hene so lso is the PEhrterF yf ourseD we hve swept gret del under the rpet in this terse deE sriptionD nd we now rie)y expnd in it more detil on two points whih we hve glossed over in the ove rgumentX the geometri orrespondene for representtions of groups nd their hrtersD nd the notion of n on PEtegoryF
rics
nite equivariant gerbes equipped with met`geometric character' twisted character map
ordinary even-handed structure
Geometry of ordinary representations of groups and their characters

he si ide of geometri quntiztion in the equivrint ontext is tht every representtion of vie group G rises s the quntiztion9 of lssiE l geometri system hving symmetry group GF xormlly this is expressed
PR
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
in the lnguge of sympleti geometry nd polriztions IQTD nd it n eome quite intriteF roweverD we found it oneptully useful to set up simpler ut more forml version of this orrespondeneD in order tht our lter results on the orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd (E nite equivrint geres equipped with metris9 ould e viewed in the right ontextF e showed tht the tegory of unitry representtions of group is equivlent to ertin tegory of D nd moreover tht under this orE respondeneD the of representtion orresponds to the of its ssoited equivrint line undleD de(ned s n integrl of ertin kernel over the se mnifoldF hen the line undle is su0iently positiveD this integrl n e reEexpressed using the etiyhEegl equivriE nt index theorem s n integrl over the of the group tionF hese re preisely the ides whih get tegori(ed for equivrint geres in ghpter VF e dmit this is mostly forml resultD simply revolving round the ide every (nite dimensionl rilert spe V identi(es ntilinerly s the spe of setions of holomorphi line undle " the over the projetive spe of V F fut it is useful to hve this orrespondene t hndD in order to ompre it with its tegori(ed version9D the orrespondene eE tween PErepresenttions nd equivrint geresF e lso dd the dislimer here tht wheres the geometri orrespondene for ordinry unitry repreE senttions of vie groups @(niteD ompt or nonomptA involves genuine9 geometri ojets suh s omplex mnifolds nd holomorphi line undlesD the geometri orrespondene we set up for unitry PErepresenttions of (nite groups is only sine the equivrint geres9 we tlk out re F his hs to do with the ft tht PErilert spe is semisimple nd is thus too disrete to rry ontinuous geometryY it is not the (nl word on wht tegori(ed (niteEdimensionl inner produt spe9 should eD ut only (rst pproximtionF e will disuss this point further in ghpter QF
equivariant hermitian holomorphic line bundles over compact hermitian manifolds character geometric character xed points
hyperplane line bundle
nite
toy model
Even-handed structures on 2-categories

sn order to de(ne the PEhrter of morphism of unitry PErepresenttionsD one needs to hve good ontrol over djoint funtors in the PEtegory of PE rilert spesD or geometrilly spekingD one needs to ensure tht one n hoose )t setion of the midextrous djuntion undle9F e ll this n D nd the ehviour of the PEhrter on morphisms will in generl on the hoie of this strutureF roweverD we show tht the PEtegory of PErilert spes hs nonil evenEhnded strutureD whih uses the inner produts nd dulity on the homEsets in n essentil wy " this is nlogous to the wy tht the djoint of liner mp etween vetor spes requires n inner produtF en lgeri geometer will reognize this s the ssertion tht PErilert spe omes equipped with nonil
even-handed structure depend
1.4.
CHARACTERIZING PIVOTAL STRUCTURES ON FUSION CATEGORIES
PS
trivil erre funtor9F his is feture whih mkes the theory of unitry PErepresenttions riher thn the theory of undorned PErepresenttions on the PEvetor spes of uprnov nd oedodsky VP " the inner produts enter in n essentil wyF he ide of n evenEhnded struture on PEtegory is generl one thoughD nd n e pplied to ny PEtegory where the IEmorphisms hve midextrous duls9D in the sense tht for every morphism F : A B there exists morphism F : B A tht is simultneously left nd right djoint to F F hen the PEtegory hs only one ojetD so tht it n e regrded s monoidl tegoryD then n evenEhnded struture is essentilly the sme thing s on the monoidl tegory in the sense of toyl nd treet VH nd preyd nd etter TSF roweverD it is our ontention tht the notion of n evenEhnded struture hs numer of oneptul dvntges over the notion of pivotl strutureD nd we explin these dvntges in ghpter SF ghie)yD it tully (ts the exmples we hve in mindD suh s the PEtegory of PErilert spesD nd lso it meshes well with the for working with PE tegories whih we use throughout this thesisF his ltter reson might seem purely esthetiD ut it is importnt euse y trnslting pivotl strutures into the lnguge of evenEhnded strutures we hve een le to preisely hrterize the set of pivotl strutures on D mking progress on onjeture tht ws mde y itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik STF his is our third min result in this thesisD to whih we now turnF
pivotal structure
string diagram notation
fusion category
1.4 Characterizing pivotal structures on fusion categories

e is semisimple liner monoidl tegory where every ojet hs dulF hey hve een muh studied in the (eld of quntum lger @see the leture notes of wger IHI for reent overviewAF e seminl pper in this regrd hs een tht of itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik STD nd one of the onjetures mde there ws tht F ine n evenEhnded struture9 on monoidl tegory is roughly the sme thing s pivotl strutureD exept tht it meshes etter with the string digrm nottionD we wnted to see if using the frmework of evenEhnded strutures would help mke progress on this onjetureF sndeedD using string digrm oservtion y rgge nd rong UPD we were le to trnslte mny of the results of ST into purely string digrmmti frmeworkF his enled us to identify pivotl struture on fusion tegory s F he twisting is governed y olletion of signs { i }D one for eh triple of simple ojets in the tegoryD whih jk
fusion category
pivotal structure
every fusion category admits a
twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity functor on the category
PT
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
rise from the nture of the dulity opertion in the tegoryF xmelyD fter hoosing signs for the squre roots of the of wger WVD i one n nonilly de(ne ertin Tjk on the homEsets of the form rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) where Xi , Xj nd Xk re simple ojetsF e hve shown tht one of the requirements for the existene of pivotl i struture on the tegory is tht Tjk = id for ll i, j, k Y if this is the se i we reord these signs in the symols i = sign(Tjk )F e ll these signs jk the sine they re somewht nlogous to the QW whih govern the ssoitor informtion in fusion tegoryF wking di'erent hoie of signs for the squre roots of the pired diE mensions would hve resulted in di'erent signs for the involution opertors i Tjk D nd we formlize this y sying tht the equivlene lss of the signs i { i } of the involution opertors Tjk in fusion tegory gives rise to lss jk [ ] Hpiv ([C], Z/2) in the of the tegoryF e show tht C n rry pivotl struture if nd only if this lss is trivil @ spheril9 pivotl struture is notion due to frrett nd estE ury IV nd refers to pivotl struture where the left nd right tres9 of endomorphisms oinideAF qiven olletion of signs { i }D we de(ne n Etwisted monoidl ntuE jk rl trnsformtion of the identity on fusion tegory C s olletion of numers {ti }iI where I indexes the simple ojets stisfying
paired dimensions involution operators
pivotal symbols
6j symbols
`pivotal cohomology' spherical
tj tk =
i jk ti
whenever Xi ppers in Xj Xk F
Let C be a fusion category over C with representative simple objects X . Suppose that a choice of roots d = d of the paired dimensions has been made, with resulting involution operators T : rom(X , X X ) rom(X , X X ). Then: (i) Unless T = id for all i, j and k, the fusion category C cannot carry an even-handed structure. (ii) Suppose that T = id for all i, j and k, where = 1. Then an even-handed structure on C is the same thing as an -twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity on C . That is, there is a canonical bijection of sets
Theorem.
i i 2 i {i,i } i jk i j k j k i jk i jk i jk i jk
e write the olletion of solutions to these equtions s eut (idC )F sf i jk 1 for ll i, j, k then this is the sme thing s monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identity on C due to the semisimpliity of C F vet us reord our resultY it is phrsed in the formlism of ut these re equivlent to pivotl struturesD s we show in ghpE ter SFQFIF
structures
even-handed
ivenErnded(C) eut (idC ). =
1.5.
COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS WORK
PU
(iii) Furthermore, the even-handed structure can be made spherical if and only if [ ] = 0 in H ([C], Z/2).
piv
e emphsize tht this result does not yet settle the onjeture of itingofD i xikshyh nd ystrikY it might turn out for instne tht Tjk = id holds in fusion tegoryD nd moreover tht the lss [ ] is trivilF fut we hope tht it does t lest lrify some of the issues involvedF
always
always
1.5 Comparison with previous work

here hve lredy een numer of works on PErepresenttions of groups on semisimple liner tegoriesD suh s tht of frrett nd wky IUD grne nd etter RS nd ystrik IHRD with the most relevnt for this thesis eing tht of ilguet SQ nd tht of qnter nd uprnov TUF ilguet performed thorough nd reful investigtion of the PEtegory of PErepresenttions of PEgroup @ PEgroup is monoidl tegory with struE ture nd properties nlogous to tht of group IQA ting on uprnov nd oevodsky9s PEvetor spesD nd his motivtion ws therefore to work with oEordintized versions of PEvetor spes menle for diret ompuE ttionD nd to lssify the vrious strutures whih pperF qnter nd uprnov were motivted y equivrint homotopy theoryD nmely to try nd (nd tegoril onstrution whih would produe the sort of generlized group hrters whih rop up in worv E EtheoryY they @independentlyA introdued the @whih we ll the PE hrterA of PErepresenttion nd showed tht it indeed hieves this purE poseF ine they hd no reson not toD they lso worked with oEordintized PEvetor spes @this time of the form etn AY lso they did not investigte in ny depth morphisms nd PEmorphisms of PErepresenttionsF es we hve explinedD we hve een motivted y extended pD where the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of group ppers s the PEtegory ssigned to the point in the untwisted threeEdimensionl (nite group modelF he (nite group model itself is just stepping stoneD sine our rel gol is to try nd understnd more deeply the extended nture of TID TQF he lnguge of ghernEimons theory is the geometri lnguge of moduliEstksD lineEundlesD equivrint struturesD )t setions nd suh likeD nd this hs therefore motivted our pproh to PErepresenttions nd is wht distinguishes our pproh from previous pprohesD though we remrk tht relted ides do pper in TUF por instneD s fr s possile we try to work diretly with the underlying PE rilert spes of the PErepresenttions themselves s opposed to some oE ordinitiztion9 of themD strtegy whih might e importnt in more intriE te geometri settingF e hope tht some of the ides we hve developed in this pper will lso trnslte into the more dvned geometri ontexts
categorical character
Chern-Simons theory
PV
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
of the pper of qnter nd uprnov TUD s well s the work of preedD elemn nd ropkins TQF
1.6 Overview of thesis

sn ghpter P we estlish the geometri orrespondene etween unitry representtions of groups nd equivrint holomorphi hermitin line unE dles over ompt hermitin mnifoldsD nd we show tht the hrter of representtion orresponds to the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivrint line undleF sn ghpter Q we review the notion of PErilert spe due to fez TF e will e frming some of the si de(nitions of the theory it di'erentlyD ttempting to steer ler of using the onept of n elin tegory9D sine it is likely tht more re(ned notions of PErilert spes9 in the future will hve more of )vourF e lso show tht the PEtegory of PErilert spes is equivlent to ertin PEtegory whose ojets re (nite sets equipped with positive rel sle ftorsY this is the sis for the geometri orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd (nite equivrint geres equipped with metris9F sn ghpter R we review the string digrm nottion for working with PE tegoriesD nd we prove tht this nottion is perfetly wellEde(ned even in the fully wek settingY it is not only nottion for PEtegoriesD whih is generl misoneptionF sn ghpter S we de(ne evenEhnded strutures on PEtegoriesD nd we ompre this notion to other similr notions of dulityF hen the PEtegory onsists of liner tegoriesD liner funtors nd nturl trnsformtionsD we show how n evenEhnded struture rises from the dt of on the homEsets in the tegoryF sn this wy we estlish tht the PEtegory PHil of PErilert spesD nd the PEtegory CYu " whose ojets re the grded derived tegories D(X) of gliEu mnifolds " re oth equipped with nonil evenEhnded struturesF sn ghpter T we pply our notion of n evenEhnded struture to fusion tegoriesD nd we otin our forementioned resultD tht pivotl struture on fusion tegory orresponds to twisted monoidl nturl trnsformE tion of the identity on the tegoryD nd tht moreover the twist must vnish if the tegory is to dmit spheril pivotl strutureF sn ghpter U we de(ne unitry PErepresenttions of (nite groups on PE rilert spesD nd we give some exmplesF sing string digrmsD we de(ne how to tke the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttionD nd using the evenE hnded struture on PHil we lso de(ne how to tke the PEhrter of of unitry PErepresenttionsD so tht the PEhrter desends to funtor from the qrothendiek tegory of unitry PErepresenttions to the tegory of onjugtion equivrint unitry vetor undles over the group
derived
strict
trace
morphism
1.6.
OVERVIEW OF THESIS
PW
sn ghpter V we de(ne (nite equivrint geres equipped with metrisD nd the PEtegory they onstituteF e de(ne the geometri hrter of n equivrint gere in terms of the trnsgressed line undleD nd we show how the geometri hrter lso eomes funtor from the qrothendiek tegory of equivrint geres to the tegory of equivrint vetor undles over the group GF pinlly we show tht fter tensoring the homEsets with C this funtor is unitrily fully fithfulF sn ghpter W we estlish the orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd (nite equivrint geres equipped with metrisD nd we show tht the PE hrter of PErepresenttion orresponds to the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivrint gereF his enles us to show tht the PEhrter is lso unitrily fully fithfulF pinlly in ghpter IH we ompute the higherEtegoril dimension9 of the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of GD nd we show tht it is equivlent s rided monoidl tegory to the tegory of onjugtion equivrint vetor undles over the group under the fusion tensor produtF e do this y working in the frmework of equivrint geresD where one n write down nonil formuls without hving to mke hoiesF his implies the orresponding result for PErepresenttions euse of the equivlene eE tween these two tegoriesD t lest under ertin tehnil ssumption whih is elieved indeed to holdF sn eppendix e we verify the rossing with the irle9 eqution in the twisted (nite group model for low odimensionF sn eppendix f we prove result out duls in fusion tegories tht we use in ghpter TF sn epE pendix g we show tht if there is oherent djoint equivlene etween PEtegories then there is wellEde(ned rided monoidl equivlene eE tween their higherEtegoril dimensionsF sn eppendix h we rell the fuE sion produt on the tegory of onjugtion equivrint vetor undles over (nite groupD s in preed SWF
GF
QH
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
The geometry of ordinary representations of groups
e egin this thesis y lying down ontext for our results on unitry PErepresenttions nd their PEhrters in lter hptersF xmelyD in this hpter we show how the tegory of unitry representtions of vie group G n e regrded s eing equivlent to ertin tegory of D nd tht under this equivlene the of representE tion orresponds to the of the line undleF he entire purpose of this hpter is to show tht the geometri orrespondene we develop in lter hpters etween unitry PErepresenttions nd equivrint geresD nd etween PEhrters of unitry PErepresenttions nd geometri hrters of equivrint geresD lso hs n nlogue t the level of representtionsF por the most prtD wht we do in this hpter is quite formlD nd simply revolves round the ide tht every vetor spe n e thought of s the spe of setions of line undleF ilementry s it isD this ide n neverE theless e quite profoundD for instne to tegory theorist it is the F xeverthelessD we do not lim tht the results in this hpter re prtiulrly importntY we only wish to set the sene for our lter results on the geometry of representtions of groupsF sn the (rst two setions we will review known mterilF sn etion PFI we rell the de(nitions of some si geometri notionsD suh s holomorphi line undles nd kernelsD nd in etion PFP we review the D the nonil kernel on holomorphi hermitin line undle over ompt hermitin mnifoldF e present three wys of thinking out itX s sum over the fundmentl modes of propgtionD s the lrge time limit of the het kernelD nd s limit of pth integrlF e lso relte the fergmn kernel to the frmeworkF efter hving reviewed this mteE rilD the rest of the hpter is our own ontriutionD exept where we sy otherwiseF
line bundles
geometric character
character
equivariant
ordinary Yoneda
lemma
categoried
Bergman kernel
coherent states
QI
QP
CHAPTER 2.
GEOMETRY OF ORDINARY REPRESENTATIONS
sn etion PFQ we de(ne the tegory of line undles nd kernelsF sn eE tion PFR we de(ne the over projetive speD whih is n lterntive nottion for the ville in the presene of inner produtsD nd we show how the vetor spe n e reovered ntiE linerly s the spe of setions of the geometri line undleF sn etion PFS we estlish tht the tegory of (nite dimensionl rilert spes nd the tegory of line undles nd kernels re equivlentF sn etion PFT we show tht this orrespondene ontinues to hold in the presene of GEtionY this estlishes the equivlene etween the tegory of unitry representtions of G nd the tegory of equivrint line undlesF pinlly in etion PFU we de(ne the of n equivrint line undleD nd we show tht tht the hrter of representtion omE putes s the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivrint line undleF st is preisely this theorem whih we will tegorify9 in heorem WFU in ghpE ter WF e lose the hpter y giving onrete formul for the geometri hrter using D vlid in the se when the urvture of the line undle is su0iently positiveF his formul omputes the geometri hrE ter s n integrl over the of the group tionF sn eqution VFR of ghpter V we will give the nlogue of this formul for the geometri hrter of n F
geometric line bundle hyperplane line bundle
geometric character
xed points equivariant gerbe
index theory
2.1 Holomorphic hermitian line bundles and kernels

sn this setion we rell some si geometri notionsF e si referene is IQIF e on omplex mnifold is iemnnin metri whih preserves the omplex strutureF e is omplex mnifold equipped with hermitin metriF xote tht the inner produts on the tngent spes re only required to vry smoothly with the sepoint nd not holomorphillyY in prtiulr every omplex mnifold n e equipped with hermitin metriF e L over omplex mnifold X is line undle over X whose totl spe L is omplex mnifold nd whose projetion mp : L X is holomorphiF e of L is holomorphi mp s : X L suh tht s = idF e will write the vetor spe of holomorphi setions of line undle L s (L)F xote tht (L) must e (nite dimensionl if X is omptF e holomorphi line undle L is lled if eh (er is equipped with hermitin inner produt nd if these inner produts vry smoothly with the sepointF xote tht every holomorphi line undle n e equipped with hermitin inner produtF ell of the line undles we del with in this hpter will e holomorphiF
hermitian metric
hermitian manifold
holomorphic line bundle
holomorphic section
hermitian holomorphic line bundle
2.1.
HOLOMORPHIC HERMITIAN LINE BUNDLES AND KERNELS
QQ
pigure PFIX e holomorphi kernel from line undle L X to nother line undle Q Y F e will often simply sy line undle9 or hermitin line undle9 insted of holomorphi line undle9 nd holomorphi hermitin line undle9F sf L is hermitin line undle over ompt hermitin mnifold X D then the spe of holomorphi setions (L) of L n e given n inner produt y integrting the (rewise inner produt with respet to the volume form de(ned y the hermitin metri on X X
s, s =
X
(s(x), s (x)) volx .
uppose tht L nd Q re hermitin holomorphi line undles over ompt hermitin mnifolds X nd Y F he hom(L, Q) is the line undle over Y X whose (er t (y, x) is the olleE tion of liner mps from Lx to Qy F @e must use the omplex onjugte mnifold X here euse L is holomorphi line undle over X D not X FA sts struture s holomorphi line undle is otined from using the inE ner produts in the (ers to identify it with the tensor produt line undle Q L Y XF e from L to Q is holomorphi setion
homomorphism line bundle
holomorphic kernel
E (hom(L, Q))
of the homomorphism line undleF sn other words holomorphi kernel onsists of liner mp y|E|x : Lx Qy from every (er of L to every (er of Q whih vries ntiholomorphilly with respet to x nd holomorphilly with respet to y @see pigure PFIAF xote tht the olletion of holomorphi kernels from L to Q is nonilly isomorphi to the spe of liner mps from (L) to (Q) vi the following sequene of nonil isomorphismsX
(hom(L, Q)) (L Q) = (L) (Q) @stndrd ft out tensor produt undles IQIA = (L) (Q) @y de(nitionA @PFIA = (L) (Q) @rilert spe identi(es ntilinery with its dulA = rom((L), (Q)). =
QR
CHAPTER 2.
e remind the reder tht in this thesis we write V := rom(V, C) for the liner dul of vetor spe V F
2.2 The Bergman kernel
reproducing kernel coherent states
ivery hermitin line undle L over ompt omplex hermitin mnifold X omes equipped with nonil kernel to itself lled the @or A D whih we write s
Bergman
(hom(L, L)).
por referenes on the fergmn kernelD we refer the reder to VSD PWD PUD PVF he fergmn kernel is fundmentl geometri ojet nd in this setion we desrie it in three di'erent wysF e lso desrie how it reltes to the formlismF
2.2.1 The Bergman kernel via modes of propagation

he most elementry desription of the fergmn kernel is otined y pE plying the sequene of isomorphisms @PFIA in the reverse diretion to the identity opertor on (L)F he result n e desried s followsF ghoose n orthonorml sis {si } for (L)F he fergmn kernel n then e deE sried (rewise s the mp
y|x : Lx Ly v
i
(si (x), v) si (y).
sn other wordsD v x y x y @see pigure PFPAF e use the term mode of propgtion9 to refer to these orthonorml setions si euse they re the zero eigenmodes of the uodirE vple opertorF sn this wy we think of the fergmn kernel s providing the informtion of how the vrious lines in the line undle L re with respet to eh otherF xote tht this desription is independent of the hoie of orthonorml sis of setions {si }D sine if {si } is nother orthonorml sisD then si = j Uij sj for unitry mtrix U D nd hene
the Bergman kernel transports from the ber at to the ber at by summing over the various modes of propagation from to correlated
(si (x), v) si (y) =

i i,j,k
U ij Uik (sj (x), v) sk (y) =

k
(sk (x), v) sk (y).
es n exmpleD the fergmn kernel on the torus is onstruted from the thetEfuntionsD nd on higher genus surfes from utomorphi forms @see VSAF elsoD the fergmn kernel L |L on the hyperplne line undle on the projetive spe of rilert spe is simply the orthogonl projetion opertor from the line L onto the line L D s we will see in etion PFRF he importne of the fergmn kernel lies in its F
reproducing property
2.2.
THE BERGMAN KERNEL
QS
pigure PFPX he fergmn kernel y|x sums over the fundmentl modes of propgtion from Lx to Ly F
Lemma 2.1.
For every holomorphic section s (L), we have

s(y) =
X
y|x (s(x)) volx .

i
Proof. ghoose n orthonorml sis s

y|x (s(x)) volx =
X X
for (L)F e hveX
(si (x), s(x))si (y) volx

i
=
i
si , s si (y)
= s(y).
xote tht the fergmn kernel y|x is in the sense tht it is sensitive to the geometry of X nd L not only ner the points x nd y ut lso to the geometry t other points z very fr wyF his is euse lolly deforming the geometry round z while leving the geometry round x nd y unhnged will lter the sis of setions si D nd this informtion will thus propgte9 to the fergmn kernel y|x F yn the other hndD if the urvture of the line undle L is positive everywhereD then there do exist symptoti expnsions of the digonl fergmn kernel x|x in terms of the lol geometry t x @see for exmple PVD PUD WSD VSA " ut these formuls only pply in the limit of high powers Lp of L @the soElled AF sn this limit the fergmn kernel eomes more nd more lolized long the digonlD so tht there re no longer ny orreltions etween distnt points x nd y F
nonlocal object
limit
semiclassical
2.2.2 The Bergman kernel as the large time limit of the heat kernel
e more intrinsi desription of the fergmn kernel is tht it is the on the spe of setions of LF vet us review the notion of the het kernelY see WSD IIID PTD VS for further detilsF
time limit of the heat kernel
large
QT
CHAPTER 2.
ine X is omplex mnifoldD the omplexi(tion of the tngent undle splits into holomorphi nd ntiholomorphi piees
T X R C = T 1,0 X T 0,1 X.
e write the vetor undle of ntiholomorphi di'erentil forms with vlues in L s S = (T 0,1 X) L. e de(ne the di'erentil opertor D : C (S) C (S) s D = 2( + ). rere is the twisted holeult opertor " the di'erentil opertor given lolly y the holomorphi hrts on the se mnifold X nd the nonil onnetion on the hermitin line undle L " nd is its djoint with respet to the inner produts indued from the hermitin inner produt on X nd the (rewise inner produts on LF he for D is the prtil di'erentil eqution
heat equation
s = D2 s. t
yne n express the solutions to this eqution in terms of the smooth timeEdependent olletion of liner mps
heat kernel "
y|etD |x : Sx Sy
hving the property tht
st (y) = (etD s0 )(y) =

X
y|etD |x s0 (x) volx .
sndeedD the het kernel is the unique timeEdependent setion of S S over XX whih is ontinuous in tD ontinuously di'erentile in x nd y D stis(es the hetEeqution in the vrile y D nd tends to Efuntion9 s t 0F 2 yserve tht s t D the opertor etD eomes the projetor onto the spe of (S) " the forms stisfying Ds = 0X
harmonic forms
t
lim etD = : C (S) (S).
sf we restrit ourselves to 0Eforms @iFeFD smooth setions of the line undle LAD then this mens tht the fergmn kernel is the lrgeEtime limit of the het kernelD restrited to the spe of holomorphi setionsX
y|x = lim y|etD |x |(L) .

t
e interpret this intuitively s the sttement tht t lrge timesD only the holomorphi modes of propgtion from x to y survive9F
2.2.
THE BERGMAN KERNEL
QU
2.2.3 The Bergman kernel as a path integral

e good geometri wy to think of the het kernel
y|etD |x : Sx Sy
is s weighted verge of over ll pths from x to y of the prllel trnsport from Sx to Sy 9F his is the pprohD whih hs long een employed y physiists ut whih hs tully een mde mthemtilly rigorousD notly in the reent work of fr nd f1e ITF sn the limit t D this provides pth integrl interprettion for the fergmn kernelF vet us review the result of fr nd f1eD speilized to our setting of hermitin line undle L over ompt hermitin mnifold X F e need to mke some de(nitionsF e t is sequene of positive numers T = (t1 , . . . , tr ) whih dd up to tF e write |T | for the lrgest di'erene ti+1 ti in T nd j (T ) := t1 + +tj F vet x nd y e points in X D nd let : [0, t] X e ontinuous urve suh tht (0) = x nd (t) = y D nd put xj := (j (T )F e sy tht is from x to y with respet to T if for ny two susequent points xj nd xj+1 the urve |[j (T ),j+1 (T )] is the unique shortest geodesi joining them @this implies tht they re not ut points of eh otherAF xote in prtiulr tht when restrited to one of the suintervls [j (T ), j+1 (T )] the urve is smooth nd prmeterized proportionlly to rElengthF e write
path integral
partition of length
geodesic polygon
S(, t) :=
for the of geodesi polygon of length tD where slx refers to the slr urvture of X t point xF e denote the set of ll geodesi polygons from x to y with respet to T s thsT (x, y)F ine geodesi is uniquely determined y its end points @unless they re ut points of eh otherAD we n identify thsT (x, y) with n open set of X r+1 vi the orrespondene
action
1 1 |(s)|2 sl(s) ds 4 3
(x0 , . . . , xr ).
he iemnnin metri on X r+1 indues mesure on thsy (T ) whih we x denote y D F ine L is hermitin line undleD there exists unique holomorphi ovrint derivtive ting on setions of L whih preserves the metriF e write prllel trnsport long urve with respet to s () : L (0) L(t) F pinllyD we set
r
Z(T ) :=
(4tj )
j=1
dim X 2
e re now redy to stte their resultF
QV
CHAPTER 2.
Theorem 2.2 @refer fr nd f1e ITD hm TFIA. Suppose L is a hermitian
line bundle over a compact hermitian manifold X . Then one can dene a sequence of partitions T of length t with |T | 0, such that
n n
y|etD |x = lim
1 n Z(Tn )
where the n limit refers to convergence in C (X X, L

0
PathsTn (x,y)
eS(,t) ()t D 0 L)
e will write
1 Zt
Pathst (x,y)
eS(,t) ()t D 0
s shorthnd for the limit oveF
The Bergman kernel can be expressed as the large time limit of a path integral:
Corollary 2.3.
y|x = lim 1 t Zt
Pathst (x,y)
eS(,t) ()t D. 0
his desription of the fergmn kernel y|x mkes it very ler why it is nonlol ojetD sine it sums over ll pths from x to y nd hene is sensitive to the geometry of the entire mnifoldF
2.2.4 The Bergman kernel and coherent states
he fergmn kernel often mnifests itself vi the formlismY we reommend the pper of uirwin VS s n introdution to this pprohF por eh x X nd v Lx D de(ne the x v s the holomorphi setion |x v of L otined y pplying the fergmn kernel to v X |x v (y) = y|x (v).
coherent states coherent state at with basevector
por instneD when L is the hyperplne line undle over the projetive spe of (niteEdimensionl rilert spe V D the oherent stte rising from vetor v V is simply the setion of the hyperplne line undle whih orthogonlly projets v onto every line LD s we will see in etion PFRF sn generlD oherent sttes hve mny mrvelous properties from the viewpoint of geometri quntiztionX they form n overomplete sis for (L)D they re mximlly peked9 round xD nd they evolve lssilly9F e refer the reder to VS for de(nition of these termsY we will not delve into these spets of the theoryF uppose tht A : (L) (L) is liner mpF sing the oherent sttesD we n think of A s holomorphi kernel vi the presription
y|A|x : Lx Ly v (A|x v )(y).
2.3.
THE CATEGORY OF LINE BUNDLES AND KERNELS
QW
trace Lemma 2.4. The trace of a linear operator A : (L) (L) can be computed as
ghoose n orthonorml sis of setions si for (L)D nd expnd the oherent stte |x v s |x v = si , |x v si .
i
he tre of A n e omputed s n integrl over X s followsF e use the following onventionX on the digonl the mp x|A|x : Lx Lx is mp from oneEdimensionl vetor spe to itselfD nd we identify it with its D tht is with the omplex numer it representsF
Proof.
r A =
x|A|x volx .
e lulte these expnsion oe0ients sX
si , |x
=
X
(si (y), y|x v) voly (si (y), (sk (x), v)sk (y)) voly
k X
= (si (x), v).

hereforeD hoosing eh v Lx to hve unit normD we hveX
x|A|x volx =
X i,j
si , |x
sj , Asi (v, sj (x)) (si (x), sj (x))

X
=
i,j
sj , Asi si , Asi
i
= r A.
2.3 The category of line bundles and kernels

sn this setion we de(ne the tegory vfun whose ojets re holomorphi line undles nd whose morphisms re kernels etween themF pirst we give the de(nitionD then we expnd out wht it mensD nd (nlly we prove tht the resulting struture indeed forms tegoryF
Denition 2.5.
he tegory vfun is de(ned s followsF en ojet is holomorphi hermitin line undle L X over ompt hermitin mnE ifold X F e morphism is holomorphi kernelF he identity morphisms re the fergmn kernelsD nd omposition is de(ned y integrtion with respet to the volume form de(ned y the metriF
RH
CHAPTER 2.
vet us write out expliitly the de(nition of ompositionF uppose tht L X D Q Y nd R Z re hermitin line undles over X D Y nd Z respetivelyD nd tht E : L Q nd F : Q Z re holomorphi kernelsD tht is
E (hom(L, Q)) nd
hen the omposite kernel
F (hom(Q, R)).
F E (rom(L, R))
is de(ned y integrting over y Y X
z| F E |x v =
Y
z|F |y y|E|x v voly .
@PFPA
his new kernel is indeed holomorphi in x nd ntiholomorphi in z @think of the pproximtions to the integrl y (nite sumsAF e now on(rm tht the resulting struture indeed forms tegoryF
Lemma 2.6.
Proof. pirstlyD omposition is lerly ssoitiveD y puini9s theoremX

t|( G F ) E |x v =
Z
The structure vfun indeed forms a category.
t|G|z z| F E |x v volz t|G|z z|F |y y|F |x v voly volz

Z Y
= =
Y Z
t|G|z z|F |y y|F |x v volz voly
= t| G ( F E )|x v.
e must hek tht the fergmn kernel is the left nd right unit for ompositionF uppose tht E is holomorphi kernel from line undle L X to nother line undle Q Y F hen
y|
E |x v =
X
y|x x |E|x v volx y|x s(x )

X
@PFQA
where s is the holomorphi setion of L de(ned y
s(x ) = x |E|x v.
herefore the expression @PFQA must equl y|E|x v y the reproduing propE erty @vemm PFIA of the fergmn kernelF his estlishes tht the fergmn kernel is the left unit for ompositionF
2.4.
THE GEOMETRIC LINE BUNDLE OVER PROJECTIVE SPACE
RI
o see tht it is the right unit for ompositionD (rstly oserve tht if w Qy nd x X then the setion t of L de(ned y
t(x) = y|E|x w
is holomorphiF herefore we hveX
w, y| E |x v =
X
w, y|E|x x |x v volx (t(x ), x |x v) volx

X
= =
i
(t(x ), si (x )) volx (si (x), v)

X
=
i
si , t si (x), v
= (t(x), v) = ( y|E|x w, v) = (w, y|E|x v).

hus y| E
|x v = y|E|x v F
2.4 The geometric line bundle over projective space

sn this setion we introdue the over the projetive spe of (nite dimensionl rilert speD nd we show how the rilert spe n e reovered ntilinerly s the spe of holomorphi setions of F uppose tht V is n (n + 1)Edimensionl vetor speF ell tht the P(V ) of V is the ompt omplex mnifold onsisting of ll oneEdimensionl suspes l V F he O(1) over P(V ) is the holomorphi line undle with totl spe
geometric line bundle
projective space
tautological line bundle
O(1) = (l, v) : l is line in V D v l ,

so tht the (er t line l P(V ) is the line l itselfX
he O(1) is de(ned s the dul of the tutologil line undleD so tht its (ers re given y
hyperplane line bundle
O(1)l = l.
O(1)l = l
where l := rom(l, C) is the liner dul of lF sf V is equipped with n inner produt then one n ntilinerly identify eh line l with its liner dul l F
RP
CHAPTER 2.
e de(ne the over P(V ) s the line undle whose (ers re the omplex onjugte of the tutologil line undle (ersD
geometric line bundle
l = l,
ut whose whose holomorphi struture is derived from the hyperplne line undle O(1) y mking the (rewise identi(tions l l F sn other wordsD = the geometri line undle is just nother nottion for the hyperplne line undle O(1)D ville in the presene of n inner produtD nd we use it euse oftentimes @ut not lwysA it mkes for shorter nd more intuitive formulsF o e ompletely expliit hereD we re using the nottion tht l refers to the vetor spe whose underlying elin group is lD the only di'erene eing tht slr multiplition ts ntilinerlyF gonvention dittes tht when vetor u l is thought of s vetor in l one should relly write it s uF roweverD this onvention tends to lutter up the formulsD nd so we will rrely use it unless the distintion etween u l nd u l is importnt in spei( lultionF sn other wordsD if formul requires s input ertin vetor u lD ut s written only reeives vetor u lD then it is understood tht one should (rst write r ove the u in order to tully pply the formulD nd the sme onvention goes for the output side of the formulF xowD the (ers of the geometri line undle rry nturl inner produt inherited from V D (v, w)l = (w, v)V . @his is one ple where we need to e reful out writing v insted of v FA his mens tht the geometri line undle is F woreoverD the projetive spe P(V ) rries nturl hermitin metri lled the D whih is hrterized up to slr multiple s the unique metri on P(V ) whih is invrint under the unitry group U (V )F e will normlize this metri y demnding tht if v V is unit vetorD then
Fubini-study metric
hermitian line bundle
|(u, v)|2 voll = 1 @where u l, (u, u) = 1A

P(V )
where voll is the orresponding volume form of the metriF wore informllyD we re normlizing the puiniEtudy metri in suh wy tht the proilE ities for (nding vetor v in the vrious sttes u dd up to unity9F xote tht this normliztion does not depend on the hoie of the unit vetor v V sine the puiniEtudy metri is invrint under unitry trnsformtionsF his gives the vetor spe ( ) of holomorphi setions of the geometri line undle n inner produt vi
s, s =
P(V )
s(l), s (l) voll
2.4.
RQ
pigure PFQX he setion sv of the geometri line undle over projetive spe ssoited to vetor v V F xote tht the spe of setions ( ) is (niteEdimensionl sine P(V ) is omE ptF e now show tht ( ) identi(es with V F ih vetor v V gives rise to holomorphi setion sv ( )D de(ned y orthogonlly projeting v onto every line l s in pigure PFQD nd then thinking of the result s n element of lX
sv (l) = (l, projl (v) l).
the hyperplne line undle O(1)D in tht the hrts for the former re de(ned in terms of the hrts for the ltter y mking the (erwise identi(tions l l F hus it su0es to hek tht sv is holomorphi when thought of s = setion of the hyperplne line undleF sn terms of the hyperplne line undleD the setion sv trnsltes into the setion
Lemma 2.7. For each v V , the section s of the geometric line bundle described above is holomorphic. Proof. ell tht the geometri line undle is just nother nottion for
v
his setion sv is indeed holomorphiD s we show in the following lemmF
sv : P(V ) O(1) l (l, (v, )|l )

sine for ll u l we hve
(projl (v), u) = (v, u).

y the de(nition of wht it mens to orthogonlly projet vetorF o see tht sv is holomorphiD let us rell the stndrd holomorphi hrts for projetive spe nd the hyperplne line undleF @he uthor thnks xeil triklnd for this setionD whih gives oEordinte free preE senttionAF por ny nonzero liner mp : V CD put U = 1 {1} nd P = {l P(V ) : (l) = C}F he(ne the hrt mps : U P y (v) = Cv F @yf
RR
CHAPTER 2.
ourseD is only relly hrt9 one we (x holomorphi identi(tion etween the 0ne spe U nd Cdim(V )1 D ut this esily n e done y (xing n inner produt on V in suh wy tht = (a, ) for some a V with ||a|| = 1D therey otining Ui = a + a D nd then hoosing liner identi(tion a Cdim(V )1 F A he trnsition mp 1 is given y = v v/(v) nd so is holomorphi where it is de(nedF he mps re the hrts for the stndrd holomorphi tls on P(V )D fter one mkes the identi(tions U Cdim(V )1 in the mnner desried = in the prenthesis oveF he stndrd hrts for the hyperplne line undle O(1) re given y
: U C O(1)|P (v, z) (Cv, z|Cv ) (unique v l sFtF (v) = 1, (v)) (l, )

xowD note tht for ny liner mp : V C we hve setion t : P(V ) 1 O(1) given y t (l) = (l, |l )F his stis(es (t ( (v))) = (v)D whih proves tht t is holomorphiF his (nlly shows tht sv is holomorphiD sine sv = t(v,) F por oEordinte desriptionD (x n orthonorml sis {ei } of V nd write v = n v i ei nd l = [z 0 : : z n ]F hen the hrts for projetive j=0 spe desried ove trnslte into
i : Cn {[z 0 : : z n ] : z i = 0} (w1 , . . . , wn ) [w1 : : wi : 1 : wi+1 : : wn ] z0 z i1 z i+1 zn , . . . , i , i , . . . , i ) [z 0 : : z n ]. zi z z z hus the setion sv @equivlentlyD sv A omputes lolly s ( (w1 , . . . , wn ) v 0 w1 + + v i1 wi + v i + v i+1 wi+1 + + v n wn
whih is lerly holomorphi in wF sn this wy one n reover V ntilinerly s the spe of setions of the geometri line undleF his is wellEknown ft in lgeri geometry in the guise of the hyperplne line undleD ut here we give proof whih emphsizes the inner produts involvedF e tegory theorist should think of this s the detegori(ed oned lemm9 sine it sys tht knowing vetor v V is the sme thing s knowing the inner produts of v with ll the other vetorsF
Lemma 2.8.
The map
V ( )
is a unitary isomorphism of nite dimensional Hilbert spaces.
v sv
2.4.
RS
o see tht the mp v sv is ntiunitryD one needs to rememer tht omplex slrs re de(ned to t on the (ers of the geometri line undle ntilinerlyF rene for v, v V we hve
Proof.
sv , sv =
P(V)
(u, v) u, (u, v ) u) voll (v , u)(u, v) voll .

P(V )
(u l, ||u|| = 1)
xote tht this formul de(nes n lterntive inner produt on V vi
(v, v )2 := sv , sv =
P(V )
(v, u)(u, v ) voll .
fy liner lgerD we must therefore hve (v, v )2 = (v, Av ) for some positive selfEdjoint opertor A : V V F xow A ommutes with U (V ) euse (v, v )2 is U (V ) invrintF rene A = r id for some positive onstnt r > 0D so tht (v, v )2 = r(v, v ) for ll v, v V @the uthor thnks xeil triklnd for this rgumentAF fut r must e equl to unityD euse for v V with (v, v) = 1D we hve
(v, v)2 =
P(V )
|(u, v)|2 voll
(u l, ||u|| = 1)
=1
y our normliztion onvention for the puiniEtudy metriF hus we hve sv , sv = (v , v) so tht the mp v sv is ntiunitryF sn dditionD holomorphi setions of re of the form sv for some v V D y the following rgumentF uppose tht s ( )F yserve tht the mps
all
fi : P(V ) C l (ei , s(l))

re holomorphi funtions on the ompt mnifold P(V )D nd hene onE stntF e lim tht
s = sP fi ei .
his is one ple where we need to e reful out omplex onjugtion signsF e should relly e writing
fi (l) = (ei , s(l))
RT
CHAPTER 2.
sine s(l) lF xowD we lulteX
sP fi ei (l) =
i
fi sei (l) (s(l), ei )(u, ei )u @where u l, (u, u) = 1A

i
= =
i
(ei , s(l))(u, ei )u
= (u, s(l))u = s(l) = s(l).

rene s = sP fi ei s we limedD nd the mp V ( ) is surjetiveF his result is the sis of this entire hpterX if we n think of every vetor spe s the spe of setions of line undleD then it is not hrd to imgine tht the tegory of representtions of group is equivlent to tegory of equivrint line undlesD whih is the result we re working towrdsF por nowD let us reord result we promised in the erlier setionsF
The Bergman kernel of the geometric line bundle over the projective space of a nite-dimensional Hilbert space V is given brewise by orthogonally projecting one line onto another, ie.
Corollary 2.9.
orresponding setions sei of the geometri line undle over P(V ) form n orthonorml sis for (L)F uppose l nd l re lines in P(V )D nd v lF fy de(nition the fergmn kernel omputes s
where l and l are lines in V . Proof. ghoose n orthonorml sis {e } for V F fy the previous lemmD the
i
l |l v = projl (v)
l |l v =
i
(sei (l), v) sei (l ) 1 ((v, ei )v, v) (w, ei ) w (v, v) (w, ei )(ei , v)w
i
=
i
@where w l , (w, w) = 1A
= (w, v)w = projl (v).
2.5.
AN EQUIVALENCE OF CATEGORIES
RU
pigure PFRX he kernel l |A|l is de(ned y pplying A nd then projeting onto the line l F
2.5 An equivalence of categories

sn this setion we show tht the tegory ril of (niteEdimensionl rilert spes nd liner mps is equivlent to the tegory vfun of holomorphi line undles over ompt hermitin mnifolds nd kernels etween themF e do this y de(ning funtors ril vfun nd vfun ril nd showing tht they estlish n equivlene of tegoriesF
Proposition 2.10.
tor.
The map : ril vfun dened as follows is a func-
A nite-dimensional Hilbert space V gets sent to the geometric line bundle P(V ). A linear map A : V W gets sent to the holomorphic kernel A : dened brewise by applying A and then projecting (see Figure 2.4),
V V W
l |A|l : l l v projl (Av) l .
Proof. sf A : U V nd B : V W re liner mpsD nd u U D thenX

l | B A |l u =
P(V )
l |B|l l |A|l u voll

projl (B projl (Au)) voll
P(V )
= =
P(V )
(w, Bv)(v, Au)w voll
where v l , (v, v) = 1 nd w l , (w, w) = 1
= sB w , sAu w = (B w, Au)w = (w, BAu)w = projl (BAu).

woreover the identity liner mp id : V V gets sent to the fergmn kernelF o see thisD suppose l nd l re lines in V nd v lF ghoose n orthonorml
RV
CHAPTER 2.
sis {ei } for V D nd let {sei = proj (ei )} e the orresponding orthonorml sis of setions of the geometri line undleF henX
l | id |l v = (w, v)w =
i
@where w l , (w, w) = 1A
(ei , v)(w, ei )w =
i
(sei (l), v)sei (l )
= l |l v.
e now write down the funtor whih goes in the other diretionF
Proposition 2.11.
tor.
The map : vfun ril dened as follows is a func-
A line bundle L X gets sent to the Hilbert space (L), with the inner product dened by integrating the brewise inner products over X . A holomorphic kernel E from L X to Q Y gets sent to the linear map
dened by integrating
over X ,
X
E : (L) (Q)
(Es)(y) =
y|E|x s(x) volx .
Proof. his onstrution is funtorilD y puini9s theoremX

(F (Es))(z) =
Y
z|F |z (Es)(y) voly z|F |y y|E|x s(x) volx voly

Y X
= =
X Y
z|F |y y|E|x s(x) voly volx z| F E |x s(x) volx .

X
=
woreoverD sine y vemm PFI
s(y) =
X
y|x s(x) volx
we see tht the funtor sends fergmn kernels @the identity morphisms in vfunA to identity liner mpsD s it shouldF pinlly we show tht these onstrutions estlish n equivlene of tE egoriesF
2.5.
AN EQUIVALENCE OF CATEGORIES
RW
tht the funtor : vfun ril is essentilly surjetive y vemm PFVD nd fully fithful due to the sequene of isomorphisms given in @PFIAF roweverD we need to show tht the funtors de(ned ove re mutul inverses of eh other up to isomorphismF o do thisD we de(ne unit nd ounit nturl trnsformtions : id nd ev : id nd prove tht they re isomorphismsF sndeedD for every line undle L X there is nonil kernel ev
L:
Proposition 2.12. The functors : ril vfun and : ril vfun dened above establish an equivalence of categories between the category of nite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and the category of hermitian line bundles. Proof. o see tht these tegories simply are indeed equivlentD oserve
(L) L
from the geometri line undle over the spe of setions of L to LD de(ned s followsF vet [s] e the oneEdimensionl line in (L) through the setion sD nd s is memer of this lineF hen the kernel ev L is de(ned y simply evluting setion t point x X X
x|ev|[s]
L:
[s] Lx s s (x).
o show tht this olletion of kernels de(nes nturl trnsformtionD we must show tht for every kernel E : L Q the following digrm omE mutesX (L) (E) G (Q)
ev L
L
GQ
ev Q
sndeedD y expnding out the de(nitions we omputeX
y| ev
(E) |[s] (s ) =
(Q)
y|ev|[t]] [t]| (E)|[s](s ) vol[t] t (y ), y |E|x s (x) t (y) volx voly vol[t]
(Q) Y X
= =
X
y|E|x s (x) volx
= y| E ev L |[s] (s ).
e lim tht this kernel hs n inverse ev1 : (L) L
SH
CHAPTER 2.
given y orthogonlly projeting the oherent stte supported t x onto the line [s]X
[s]|ev1 |x : Lx [s] v proj[s] |x v .

sndeedD this is the kernel9 version of the wellEknown @see VSD pg VAF e hve
Kodaira embedding map
y| ev ev1 |x v =
P((L))
y|ev|[s] [s]|ev1 |x v vol[s] (

P((L)) i
= =
i,j
si , s si (x), v)s(y) vol[s] sj , s s, si vol[s]

P((L))
(si (x), v)sj (y)
= y|x v,
euse if we write V = (L) nd ei V for si (L) nd lso v for sD then the integrl term on the right of the seondElst eqution ove omputes s
sj , s s, si vol[s] =
P((L)) P(V )
(ej , v)(v, ei ) voll (sej (l), sei (l)) voll

P(V )
= sj , si = ij .
e similr lultion shows tht ev1 ev lso equls the fergmn kernel F his estlishes tht the ounit mp ev is n isomorphismF e hve lredy proved sn vemm PFV tht every rilert spe V is ntilinerly isomorphi to the spe of setions of its geometri line undleY tht is we estlished n isomorphism
V : V (V ).
hese isomorphisms re nturl with respet to V D euse if A : V W is liner mpD with l P(V ) nd l P(W )D nd v V D then
( f ) V (v) (l ) =
P(V )
l |A|l sv (l) voll |l v
= l| A
= projl (Av) = W A(v) (l ).

rene the funtors desried ove re mutul inverses of eh other up to nturl isomorphismF
2.6.
UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS AND EQUIVARIANT LINE BUNDLES
SI
yne vet to this result is tht the funtors ril vfun nd vfun ril de(ned ove re t the level of homEsetsF st is not possile to void wrinkle9 like thisF his is euse regrding vetor v in rilert spe V s setion sv of the geometri line undle
antilinear
V (L) v sv
is nlogous to the oned emedding of tegory C into its tegory of preshevesD
C [C op , et] v rom(, v),

where the op9 is unvoidleF roweverD we ould hve formulted our result di'erentlyD for instne we ould hve de(ned the funtor ril vfun to e vrintD in whih se it would indeed e liner funtorF fut tht would undermine the entire purpose of this hpterD whih ws to show how the geometri piture for tegori(ed vetor spes9 we develop in ghpter Q lso hs ounterprt t the level of vetor spesF sn ghpter QD ll of our funtors re ovrintD whih hs used us to mke this hoie hereF
contra
ordinary
2.6 Unitary representations and equivariant line bundles

sn this setion we show tht the reltionship etween (nite dimensionl rilert spes nd holomorphi line undles ontinues to hold in the presene of group tionF vet G e vie group " it ould e (niteD ompt or nonompt " nd X ompt hermitin mnifold on whih G ts y orienttion preserving isometriesF e X is holomorphi hermitin line undle L X equipped with lift of the tion of G on X " tht isD for eh g G nd x X D there is unitry mp
unitary equivariant holomorphic hermitian line bundle over

g : Lx Lgx ,
nd these mps vry smoothly with g nd holomorphilly in xF sf L X nd Q Y re two suh equivrint line undlesD then n from L to Q is holomorphi kernel E (Q L) suh
holomorphic kernel
equivariant
SP
CHAPTER 2.
tht the following digrm ommutes for ll x X D y Y nd g GX

y|E|x
Lx
g
G Qy G Qgy
g
Lgx
@PFRA
gy|E|gx
sn this wyD GEequivrint line undles ssemle into tegory vfun(G)F
Denition 2.13. qiven vie group GD the tegory vfun(G) of GEequivrint

line undles is de(ned s followsF en ojet is unitry equivrint holoE morphi hermitin line undle L X over ompt hermitin mnifold X on whih G ts y orienttion preserving isometriesD nd morphism is n equivrint holomorphi kernelF e write ep(G) for the tegory of unitry representtions of G on (niteEdimensionl rilert spes nd intertwiners etween themF tust s in the previous setionD we now write down funtors ep(G) vfun(G) nd vfun(G) ep(G) nd prove they estlish n equivlene of tegoriesF sf V is unitry representtion of G then G ts y orienttion preservE ing isometries on P(V ) nd hene the geometri line undle V eomes unitry equivrint holomorphi hermitin line undle over P(V )F woreoverD if A : V W is n intertwiner of representtionsD then the orresponding kernel A : V W is equivrint " euse if l nd l re lines in V nd W respetivelyD with v l nd w l of unit normD then
g projl (Av) = g (w, Av)w = (w, Av)g w = (g w, g Av)(g w) = projgl (A(g v)).
his estlishes funtor ep(G) vfun(G)F sn the reverse diretionD suppose tht L is unitry GEequivrint holoE morphi hermitin line undle over ompt hermitin mnifold X F hen the spe of setions (L) @nd hene lso its omplex onjugte (L)A inE herits representtion of G vi the presription
(g s)(x) := g s(g 1 x).
2.6.
UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS AND EQUIVARIANT LINE BUNDLES
SQ
his representtion is unitryD euse
g s, g s =
X
((g s)(x), (g s )(x)) volx (g s(g 1 x), g s (g 1 x)) volx

X
= =
X
(s(g 1 x), s (g 1 x)) volx (s(x), s (x)) volx

X
= s, s
where the seondElst step uses the ft tht G ts on X y orientE tion preserving isometriesF e similr rgument shows tht the liner mp A : (L) (Q) indued y n equivrint holomorphi kernel A : L Q is n intertwinerF his estlishes funtor vfun(G) ep(G)F
The above constructions establish an equivalence ep(G) vfun(G) between the category of unitary representations of a Lie group G and the category of G-equivariant holomorphic hermitian line bundles over compact hermitian manifolds. Proof. e show tht the funtor vfun(G) ep(G) is essentilly surjetive
Theorem 2.14.
nd fully fithfulF o show tht it is essentilly surjetiveD ll we need to do is show tht if V is unitry representtion of GD then the isomorphism
V (V ) s sv = proj (v)
from vemm PFV is equivrintF sndeedD we hve
sgv (l) = projl (g v) = (u, g v)u @where u l, (u, u) = 1A = (g 1 u, v)u @sine g is unitry mpA = g (g 1 u, v)(g 1 u) = g projg1 l (v) = (g sv )(l).
o see tht the funtor is fully fithfulD suppose tht L nd Q re equivrint line undlesF fy the sequene of nonil isomorphisms presented in @PFIAD we n identify the spe of intertwiners from (L) to (Q) s the GEinvrint setions of the homomorphism line undleX romRep(G) ((L), (Q)) (rom(L, Q))G . = fut GEinvrint setion of the homomorphism line undle is preisely kernel stisfying the ommuttive digrm @PFRAF his ompletes the proofF
SR
CHAPTER 2.
2.7 Geometric characters of equivariant line bundles

sn this setion we de(ne the of n equivrint line undle L over spe X s ertin integrl over X D nd we show tht it omputes s the hrter of the ssoited representtion of G on (L)F his is purely forml resultD ut y the etiyhEinger equivrint index theorem this integrl n tully e expressed s ertin integrl over the of the tion of G on X F his is signi(nt euse it is preisely this ide tht gets tegori(ed9 in ghpters V nd WF
geometric character
points
xed
sf L is n equivrint line undle over ompt hermitin mnifold X D we de(ne the of group element g G s the olletion of mps
associated kernel
y|g|x : Lx Ly
otined y postomposing with the fergmn kernelX
Lx Lgx Ly .
y|gx
e de(ne the hL of L s the funtion on G de(ned y integrting the ssoited kernel over the digonlX
geometric character
hL (g) =
X
x|g|x volx
e n ompute the geometri hrter s followsF
Proposition 2.15.
L
The geometric character of an equivariant line bundle computes as the character of the associated representation of G on (L):
hL (g) = r(g : (L) (L)).
2.7.
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERS OF EQUIVARIANT LINE BUNDLES
SS
Proof. e hve
hL (g) =
X
x|g|x v,
X i
= =
i
(si (gx), gv)si (x)
volx
@where v Lx , (v, v) = 1A
(si (gx), gv) (v, si (x)) volx

X
=
i X
(si (gx), gv) (gv, gsi (x)) volx (si (gx), gsi (x)) volx
i X
= =
i X
si (x), gsi (g 1 x) volx si , gsi

i
= r(g : (L) (L)).
e now write this result in suh wy s to mke the nlogy with our orresponding result in ghpter W more expliitF o do thisD let us ssume tht tht the vie group G is ompt @we re llowing here tht it e (niteAF sn tht se we n sensily spek out the rilert spe L2 (glss(G)) of squre integrle lss funtions on GD euse we n use the iEinvrint rr mesure on GF e lso hve the qrothendiek ring [ep(G)]C D the vetor spe generted y the isomorphism lsses of unitry representtions of GD whih is equipped with the inner produt
([], []) = dim rom(, ).

st is well known QQ tht the hrter mp provides unitry isomorphism from the rilert spe ompletion of the qrothendiek ring to the rilert spe of lss funtionsX
: [ep(G)]C glss(G).
ell these fts might hve nlogues for nonompt groupsD ut this is eyond the expertise of the present uthorF
Corollary 2.16
@gompre ghpter WD hm WFUA. If the Lie group G is compact, we have a commutative diagram of unitary isomorphisms of Hilbert
ST
CHAPTER 2.
spaces:
[ep(G)]C I
II II I III 6
glss(G)
tt tt ttch zttt
G [vfun(G)]
e lose this hpter y providing onrete formul for the geometri hrter using index theoryF he ide is tht if the urvture of the line undle L is su0iently positiveD then ll higher ohomology groups vnishD so tht we n ompute things out (L) using formuls involving the entire ohomology group H (X, L)F e will lso ssume in ddition tht the se mnifold X is F st is not tully neessry to mke this ssumption in order to write the geometri hrter s n integrl over the (xed pointsD ut without it we do not hve diret reltionship etween the fergmn kernel nd the lrge time limit of the kernel of the hir opertor SID pg PIF vet us explin the terms in the proposition elowY our min referene is PTD hpF TD with input from SID hpF IP nd SF he geometri dt is GEequivrint hermitin holomorphi line undle L over ompt nE dimensionl uhler mnifold X nd n element g GF he nonil line undle of X is the holomorphi line undle K = n (T 1,0 X) F he (xed point lous X g forms sumnifold of X D nd the norml undle long X g is denoted NF he iemnnin urvture of X restrited to the (xed point sumnifold X g splits up s
Khler
R|X g = R0 R1
with R0 A2 (X g , so(X g )) nd R1 A2 (X g , so(N))D where the nottion Ak (M, E) (M, T k M E) refers to the spe of di'erentil k Eforms on mnifold M with vlues in vetor undle EF he odd genus form of X g is R0 d(X g ) = det R A2 (X g , C). e 0 1 he urvture of the line undle L will e denoted s c(L) A(X, C)F ine X g is (xed y g D eh tngent spe T Xx for x X g is representE tion of GY moreover with respet to the orthogonl splitting
g T Xx = T Xx Nx g we see tht g ts s the identity on T Xx so tht the only interesting representtion theoreti dt is the representtion of G on the norml tnE gent spe Nx F pinllyD the (xed point sumnifold X g splits up into (nite g g numer of onneted omponents whih we write s Xm D nd for x Xm the tion of the group element g on the omplex line Lx is y de(nition unitry nd hene n e written s multiplition y eim U (1)F e n now stte the formulF
2.7.
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERS OF EQUIVARIANT LINE BUNDLES
SU
Proposition 2.17
@gompre ghpter VD iqn VFRA. Suppose L vfun(G) is an equivariant line bundle over a compact Khler manifold X . If the line bundle K L is positive, then the geometric character computes as an integral over the xed points: hL (g) = i dim(X)/2
m
eim (2)
g dim(Xm )/2 g Xm
d(X g )ec(L) . det 1 geR1
Proof. pirstlyD the uodir vnishing theorem sserts tht the ondition tht
K L is positive is preisely the ondition tht the higher ohomology groups H i (X, L) vnish @see IHT nd the referenes thereinA so the only nonvnishing ohomology group is (L) H 0 (X, L)F xowD rell tht the fergmn kernel n e expressed s the lrge time limit of the het kernelF nrvelling our de(nitionsD from (rst priniples we thus hve
hL (g) =
X
x|g|x volx = lim = lim
t X t X
r x|getD |x |(L) volx r x|getD |x

2
H (X,L)
volx .
fy the wuenEinger formul the integrl in the lst line does not tully depend on tD thus we my evlute it in the limit t 0F sn this limitD 2 the het kernel y|etD |x tends towrds EfuntionD so tht the integrl lolizes over the (xed points x X g F he lol version PTD hm TFII of the equivrint etiyhEeglEinger index theorem S preisely omputes g the resulting topEdegree di'erentil formF et (xed point x Xm D this formul givesX
t0
lim r x|getD |x =
i dim(X)/2 eim d(X g )ec(L) g 1 . (2)dim(Xm )/2 det 1 geR
his is the integrnd we used in the sttement of the proofF
SV
CHAPTER 2.
Chapter 3
2-Hilbert spaces
sn this hpter we review the notion of due to fez TF e PErilert spe n e thought of s the tegori(tion9 of the notion of (niteEdimensionl rilert speD nd we need them euse we wnt to study PErepresenttions of groupsF elthough muh of the mteril in this hpter is tken from TD we will e frming some of the si de(nitions nd the theory it di'erentlyF sn prtiulrD we will de(ne PErilert spe s H Etegory insted of s n H EtegoryY these notions re equivlent ut we would like to steer ler of using elin tegories9 euse we would like to lign the theory more losely with its derived9 ousinsD suh s the gliEu A Etegories of gostello RUF
2-Hilbert space
unitary
Cauchy complete
abelian
sn ddition we wish to emphsize the piture of PErilert spes nlogous to tht presented in ghpter PX just s rilert spe my e regrded s the spe of setions of hermitin line undle over ompt omplex mnifold equipped with metriD PErilert spe n e regrded s the spe of setions of tegori(ed hermitin line undle9 over (nite spe equipped with metri9F sn etion I we de(ne H EtegoriesF sn etion P we de(ne PErilert spes s guhy omplete H EtegoriesD nd we estlish the equivlene of this de(nition to tht of fezF e lso ompre PErilert spes to the of uprnov nd oevodskyF sn etion Q we de(ne the PEtegory PHil of PErilert spesD hrterize the IEmorphisms nd PE morphisms in PHilD nd de(ne wht it mens for pir of PErilert spes to e F e lso show tht
geometric
2-vector spaces
in this regrd from the sntrodutionF pinlly in etion R we de(ne PE tegory Finpes of (nite sets equipped with metris9D nd we prove the equivlene PHil FinpesF SW
strongly unitarily equivalent every unitary commutative Frobenius algebra is isomorphic to the algebra of natural transformations of the identity on a 2-Hilbert spaceD whih follows up on our disussion
TH
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
3.1 H -categories
gonsider the tegory ep(G) of (niteEdimensionl unitry representtions of ompt vie group G @more generllyD one ould onsider unitry representtions of ompt vie groupoidY for the (nite se see IPHAF ine its ojets re representtionsD the tegory ep(G) hs two slient fetures whih the ordinry tegory of mere9 representtions on vetor spes does not hveF pirstlyD every morphism f : V W hs n djoint f : W V D nd seondly there is n inner produt on the homE sets1 D 1 (f, g) = r(f g). @QFIA |G|
unitary
twisted
e strt these two fetures into the de(nition of n H F rite ril for the tegory of (nite dimensionl rilert spes nd ritrry liner mpsY rilEtegory is tegory enrihed over rilF @fez TD rop QA. en H is rilEtegory H equipped with ntiliner mps : rom(x, y) rom(y, x) for ll x, y H D suh tht f = f D (f g) = g f D (f g, h) = (g, f h)D (f g, h) = (f, hg ) whenever oth sides of the eqution re de(nedF he reson for the terminology H Etegory9 is euse there is n lE redy estlished notion of n H @due to emrose IAD nd n Etegory n e thought of s mnyEojet H Elger9F sn the (niteE H dimensionl settingD fez hs rest the de(nition of emrose s followsF
-category
Denition 3.1
-category
-algebra
Denition 3.2 @fez TD emrose IA. en H -algebra is A is (nite dimenE

(ab, c) = (b, a c) (ab, c) = (a, cb )
sionl rilert spe tht is lso n ssoitive lger with unitD equipped with n ntiliner involution : A A stisfying
The factor arises due to the fact that we should really think of the inner product as an integral over the groupoid BG, and the correct measure to use on a groupoid is that obtained by dividing by the size of the automorphism groups as in [120, 11].
1
for ll a, b, c AF en isomorphism of H Elgers is unitry mp tht is lso n involutionEpreserving lger isomorphismF

1 |G|
3.2.
2-HILBERT SPACES
TI
he si exmple of n H Elger is the spe of liner opertors on (niteEdimensionl rilert spe H D where the produt is the omposite of opertorsD the involution is the usul djoint opertionD nd the inner produt is given y (a, b) = k r(a b)
for some rel numer k > 0F st follows from the work of emrose tht (niteEdimensionl H Elgers re isomorphi to n orthogonl diret sum of H Elgers of this formF he sle ftor k is importnt nd highlights the di'erene etween H Elgers nd @(niteEdimensionlA C ElgersD where suh ftor does not enterF he link etween H Elgers nd H Etegories is tht n H Elger is lerly the sme thing s oneEojet H EtegoryD while from (nite set S of ojets in n H Etegory one my otin n H Elger y forming the rrow lger9 rom(x, y). A=
x,yS
all
3.2 2-Hilbert spaces

he notion of n H Etegory should e thought of s the tegori(tion9 of the notion of n inner produt speF xowD rell tht is de(ned to e guhy omplete innerEprodut speF here is n elegnt wy to formulte the notion of guhy ompleteness9 for ritrry enrihed tegories due to vwvere WHF sf one thinks of metri spe s tegory enrihed in [0, ]D one reovers the ordinry notion of guhy ompletenessF vwvere9s notion of guhy ompleteness in n enrihed setting works s followsF vet V e the monoidl tegory over whih the tegories in question re enrihed @in our setting of H EtegoriesD V = rilAF e will use the onvention tht E: A B etween VEenrihed tegories is VEfuntor E : B Aop V
Hilbert space
bimodule
where B Aop is the tegory whose ojet set is y B y A nd whose homEsets re the tensor produts of the homEsets etween the ftorsF xote tht every VEfuntor F : A B gives rise nonilly to pir of imodules
F : A
de(ned y setting
nd
F: B
F (b, a) = rom(F (a), b) nd F (a, b) = rom(b, F (a)).

he essentil hrteristi of suh pir of imodules oming from VE funtor F is tht F is the of F F e n now give the de(nition of guhy ompletenessF
right adjoint
TP
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
Denition 3.3 @vwvere WHA.
e VEtegory B is if every imodule E : A B hving right djoint is isomorphi to imodule of the form F for VEfuntor F : A B F e enourge the reder to red the pper of vwvere to otin riher understnding of this notionF elling tht H Etegories re rilEenrihed tegories with some extr strutureD this llows us to mke the following de(nitionF
Cauchy complete
Denition 3.4.
2-Hilbert space is guhy omplete H EtegoryF
sntuitively spekingD this sys tht PErilert spe is n H Etegory whih does not hve ny holes9 in itF his de(nition is on the fe of it difE ferent to tht of fez in TD where PErilert spe is de(ned s n H EtegoryF e prefer to follow wger WVD pge T nd void using the lnguge of elin tegoriesD euse it hs een our experiene tht the notion of kernels nd okernels plys no oneptul role when performing lultions in PErilert spesD eing repled insted y the more imporE tnt notions of nd F woreoverD we will see in ghpter SFU tht resonle notion of nondisrete9 PErilert spe is the grded derived tegory of oherent sheves D(X) on ompt gliEu mniE fold X F hese tegories re de(nitively not elinD so we hve steered ler of using the term elin tegory9 in our de(nition of PErilert speF e hope tht our de(nition lso provides lener wy to see PErilert spe s the tegori(tion9 of rilert speF xeverthelessD the following proposition estlishes the equivlene of these de(nitionsD nd shows tht eing guhy omplete is equivlent to requiring tht the tegory hs ll diret sums nd suojetsF
abelian
subobject
direct sum
y equtionsD this proves @iA @iiAF @iiA @iiiA sn roposition IH of TD fez used the lssi(tion of H E lgers to show tht if n H tegory hs zero ojetD every pir of ojets hs diret sumD nd every morphism hs kernelD then it is n elin tegory whih is moreover semisimple @see elow for the de(nition
lent: (i) It is Cauchy complete (that is, it is a 2-Hilbert space). (ii) Every pair of objects has a direct sum, and all idempotents split. (iii) It is abelian. Proof. @iA @iiAF treet hs shown tht an enriched category is Cauchy complete if and only if it admits all absolute colimits IPRF en solute olimit is one whih is preserved y ll VEfuntorsD tht is it is one whih is dened by equationsF ine diret sums nd idempotent splittings re de(ned
Proposition 3.5.
The following conditions on an H -category are equiva
3.2.
2-HILBERT SPACES
TQ
of semisimple9AF e otin zero ojet y splitting the zero morphism regrded s n idempotentF e only need to show tht the existene of kernels is gurnteed y the ft tht ll idempotents splitD nd this follows from the lssi(tion of H ElgersF por suppose we re given morphism f : x y F hen the H Elger
A = rom(x, x) rom(x, y) rom(y, x) rom(y, y)

n e written s
n
A=
i=1
L2 (Hix Hiy , ki )
i for (niteEdimensionl rilert spes Hix nd Hiy @one should think of Hx s rom(ei , x) where the ei re representtive set of simple ojetsAF hus we n write f s f= fi i i where fi : vet pi e the orthogonl projetion onto ker(fi ) Hx F hen p = i pi is n idempotent on x nd splitting of p provides kernel for f F @iiiA @iA fez hs shown tht if the tegory is elin then it must e semisimpleF end if it is semisimple then it is equivlent to riln nd hene must e guhy omplete sine the ompletion of C @thought of s one ojet rilEenrihed tegoryA is equivlent to rilY this is generl result out tegories enrihed in vetor spes QHF i Hx i Hy F
e would like to emphsize tht the notion of guhy ompleteness is the nturl friend of mthemtis in derived9 settingD due to the following oservtion y treet IPRD pg Q whih we used oveX rene category is Cauchy complete if and only if it admits all absolute colimits. es n exmpleD sine mpping ones nd
suspensions n e de(ned equtionlly for dgEtegories @teE gories enrihed in omplexes of elin groupsAD guhy omplete dgEtegories dmit suspensions nd mpping ones @s well s the expeted diret sums nd splittings for idempotentsAF
e follow the formultion of wger WV nd sy tht liner tegory is if it hs diret sums nd suojets nd if there exist ojets ei lelled y set I suh tht rom(ei , ej ) ij C @suh ojets re lled = A nd suh tht for ny two ojets x nd y the omposition mp
semisimple simple
rom(x, ei ) rom(ei , y) rom(x, y)

iI
is n isomorphismF sn other wordsD semisimple liner tegory is one whih is equivlent to etI for some set I F st is lled if the
nite dimensional
TR
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
index set I is (nite " tht isD if there re only (nitely mny isomorphism lsses of simple ojetsF he following ftD whih we hve enountered lredyD is very importntF
Proposition 3.6
@fez TD rop IHA.
Every 2-Hilbert space is semisimple.
his proof uses the lssi(tion of H ElgersD whih shows tht the lE ger generted y the rrows etween ny (xed set of ojets in PErilert spe must essentilly rek up s sum of mtrix lgersD from whih the result followsF roweverD it is importnt to understnd tht PErilert spe H hs more informtion in it thn merely eing semisimple liner tE egoryD euse every simple ojet ei omes equipped with positive rel
scale factor
ki := (idei , idei ).
e think of these numers s equipping the index set I with iemnnin metri9F he set I of simple ojets together with their sle ftors hrE terizes the PErilert spe H up to D onept we will de(ne in the next setionF qiven n ojet x H D we sy tht sis
strong unitary equivalence

dim Hom(ei ,x)
for rom(ei , x) is
-basis if
{ap : ei x}p=1
a aq = pq idei . p
vet us gree to use the following nottion to strip o' slrs from slr multiples of identity morphisms on simple ojetsX
idei := C.
hen sine
(ap , aq ) = (ide , a aq ) = (ide , ide ) a aq = ki a aq , p p p

Esis is the sme thing s n orthogonl sis where eh sis element hs norm ki Y in prtiulr Esis lwys existsF he ft tht PErilert spes re semisimple mens tht we n expnd ny morphism f : x y in terms of its mtrix elements9 s
f=
i,q,p
b f ai,p b ai,p i,q i,q
where {ai,p : ei x} nd {bi,p : ei y} re Eses for the homEsets rom(ei , x) nd rom(ei , y) s ei runs over the representtive simple ojets of H F
3.2.
2-HILBERT SPACES
TS
y the isomorphism lsses of ojets [v] in H under the reltions [v w] = [v] + [w]F e sis for [H]C is given y the isomorphism lsses [ei ] of simple ojets of H F e regrd [H]C s rilert spe with inner produt de(ned on the generting elements y
sf H is PErilert speD we will write [H] for the complexied Grothendieck group of H " the tensor produt of C with the elin semigroup generted
C
Decategorifying a 2-Hilbert space
([v], [w]) = dim rom(v, w).

xote tht the qrothendiek group [H]C only uses the struture of H s semisimple tegoryY it does not see9 the sle ftors on the simple ojetsF
Comparison with 2-vector spaces

he usul notion of tegori(ed vetor spe9 tht hs een used in PE representtion theory ontext hs een tht of due to uprnov nd oevodsky VPD s in the works of ilguet SQD frrett nd wky IU nd qnter nd uprnov TUY see lso the work of worton WU nd lso the dditionl pper y ilguet SSF e PEvetor spe is de(ned essentilly s n elin etEmodule tegory equivlent to etn for some n9F yne n think of (niteEdimensionl PErilert spe s PEvetor spe equipped with n inner produt9F rowever it is importnt to note tht their de(nitions hve entirely di'erent )voursX PErilert spe is de(ned vi the dulity on the homEsets nd the inner produtsD with semisimpliity " the ft tht the resulting tegory is equivlent to etn " s onsequeneD wheres for PEvetor spe semisimpliity is dded in y hndF his undersores the onsiderle onstrint tht Estruture ples on liner tegoryF por instneD the tegory ep(A) of (niteEdimensionl representtions of n lger A is lwys n elin etEmodule tegoryD ut it fils to e PEvetor spe in generl preisely euse of the lk of dulity on the homEsets in ep(A)F roweverD one dvntge of PEvetor spe is tht it expliitly inludes presription for tegori(ed slr multiplition " to sy tht it is etE module tegory is to sy tht one n tensor9 n ojet of PEvetor spe with vetor spe to form nother ojetF his onstrut is missing from the de(nition of PErilert speF yn the other hndD sine every (niteE dimensionl PErilert spe is linerly equivlent to etn for some nD it n lwys e dded in rti(illyD ut this is n unnturl wy to proeed nd it my prove dvntgeous to dd this ility expliitly to the de(nition of PErilert speF sn ny eventD we wish to undersore one more our min reson for workE ing with PErilert spesX our motivtion is the ixtended p rypothesis
2-vector space
intrinsically
TT
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
of fez nd holn IHD where we re required to work with struE turesF e PErilert spe is riher struture thn PEvetor spe " PEvetor spe is lssi(ed up to equivlene simply y the numer of noniE somorphi simple ojetsD while we will see tht PErilert spe is lssi(ed up to strong unitry equivlene y the simple ojets F his is ruil in order to mke the link with extended pD euse we will shortly see it is preisely these sle ftors whih enode the proenius lger informtion on the vetor spe ssigned to the irle in Pd exE tended pD nd hene on(rm the primy of the point9 s we explined in the introdution to this thesisF
unitary
and their scale factors
3.3 The 2-category of 2-Hilbert spaces

sn this setion we rell the de(nition of the PEtegory PHil of PErilert spesD s in TF hen we hrterize the morphisms nd PEmorphisms in PHilY in the ltter se we lso de(ne the etween PE morphismsF e end the setion y lssifying PErilert spes up to F e funtor F : H H etween PErilert spes is lled if it is liner on the level of homEsetsF st is lled if F (f ) = F (f ) for ll morphisms f in H F
unitary equivalence
inner product
-functor
linear
strong
Denition 3.7. he PEtegory PHil of PErilert spes hs (niteEdimensionl

PErilert spes for ojetsD liner Efuntors for morphismsD nd nturl trnsformtions for PEmorphismsF
his de(nition is slightly di'erent to tht of fez TD where the funE tors etween PErilert spes re dditionlly required to preserve diret sums @tht isD they re required to e ext funtors etween the underlying elin tegoriesD whih is equivlentAF fut sine diret sums re de(ned y nd not y universl propertyD ny liner funtor utomtilly preserves themD so this requirement is tully super)uousF sn the reminder of this setion we hrterize the morphisms nd PE morphisms in PHilF
equations
3.3.1 Characterizing linear -functors

yur (rst result is tht liner Efuntor etween PErilert spes is roughly the sme thing s mtrix of vetor spes9F his is wellEknown for linE er funtors etween semisimple tegories @see egF ISAD ut we need to show tht the requirement F (f ) = F (f ) does not introdue signi(nt dditionl onstrintsF e will (nd it onvenient here nd elsewhere to work with PE rilert spesD y whih we men PErilert spe where eh isomorphism
marked
3.3.
THE 2-CATEGORY OF 2-HILBERT SPACES
TU
lss of simple ojets hs een endowed with distinguished representtive ei F sn prtie mny PErilert spes tully rrive in this wyD for instne it is ommon to hve ertin preferred hoies for the irreduile representE tions of group from the outsetF e morphism of mrked PErilert spes is just n ordinry morphism of PErilert spes whih hs no regrd for the distinguished simple ojetsD nd similrly for the PEmorphismsY we write the PEtegory of mrked PErilert spes s PHilm F glerly the PEfuntor PHilm PHil whih forgets the mrked simple ojets is n equivlene of PEtegoriesF
Lemma 3.8.
dim rom(e , F ei )F he ft tht PErilert spes re semisimple mens tht we hve nonil isomorphism
rom(F ei , Gei )
=
(i) A linear -functor F : H H between marked 2-Hilbert spaces is determined up to natural isomorphism by the nonnegative integers dim rom(e , F e ) where e and e run over the marked simple objects in H and H respectively. (ii) Conversely, given a matrix of nonnegative integers F there exists a unique (up to natural isomorphism) linear -functor F : H H with dim rom(e , F e ) = F . Proof. @iA uppose G : H H is nother liner Efuntor with dim rom(e , Ge ) =
i i ,i i ,i i
romHilb (rom(e , F ei ), rom(e , Gei ))
f post(f )
where post(f ) refers to the opertion of postomposing with f F rene we see tht for eh i there must exist n isomorphism ei : F ei Gei Y y vemm QFW this extends @uniquelyA to nturl isomorphism : F GF @iiA e must de(ne the ehviour of F on ojets nd on morphismsF por eh mrked simple ojet ei D hoose F (ei ) H ritrrily ut stisfying
F (ei ) =
F,i e
where s lwys the symol is interpreted in the sense of diret sum9 nd not diret sum9 whih wouldn9t mke ny senseF hen for every other ojet x H D hoose F (x) H ritrrily ut stisfying
the
F (x) =
i
dim rom(ei , x)F (ei ).
he tsk is now to de(ne F on morphisms nd to ensure tht the result is liner EfuntorF fegin y hoosingD for eh x H D Esis
{vi,p : ei x}p=1
(x)
dim Hom(ei ,x)
TV
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
he vlue of F on morphisms is then determined y wht it does to these sis vetors F : rom(ei , x) rom(F ei , F x) euse for f : x y we must then set
F (f ) =
i,p,q
vi,p f vi,q F (vi,p )F (vi,q ) .
(y)
(x)
(y)
(x)
@QFPA
o proeedD mke hoie of pirwise orthogonl isometri emeddings of rilert spes
Ai,,p : rom(e , F ei ) rom(e , F x),
p = 1 . . . dim rom(ei , x)
whih deompose the rilert spe rom(e , F x) into dim rom(ei , x) orE thogonl suspes of dimension dim rom(e , F ei )F ih isometry Ai,,p is represented y morphism ai,,p : F ei F x de(ned uniquely y the requireE ment tht Ai,,p = post(ai,,p )F xote tht a ai,,q = pq idF ei euse i,,p post(a ai,,q ) = post(a ) post(ai,,q ) i,,p i,,p
= post(ai,,p ) post(ai,,q ) = A Ai,,q i,,p = pq id .

xow de(ne the vlue of F on the sis vetors s
F (vi,p ) =
(x)
ai,,p .
iqution @QFPA then de(nes the vlue of F on ll morphismsF xote tht we hve F (f ) = F (f ) y onstrutionD nd F is lerly linerF he reder will lso esily verify tht F (g f ) = F (g) F (f ) nd F (id) = idD so tht we hve indeed reted liner Efuntor F with dim rom(e , F ei ) = F,i F he ft tht F is independent of the hoies we mde up to nturl isomorphism follows from prt @iAF
3.3.2 The Hilbert space of natural transformations

sn this susetion we show tht the vetor spe xt(F, G) of nturl trnsE formtions etween liner Efuntors F, G : H H is nturlly equipped with n inner produtF e will need this inner produt in ghpters U nd W when we investigte PEhrters of PErepresenttionsF pirstlyD we reord the si ft tht nturl trnsformtion is freely determined y its ompoE nents on the simple ojetsF
3.3.
TW
Suppose F, G : H H are morphisms between 2-Hilbert spaces and that H is marked, with distinguished simple objects e . Then given any arbitrary collection of morphisms
Lemma 3.9.
i
i : F (ei ) G(ei )
in , there exists a unique natural transformation : F G such that . Proof. e show uniqueness (rstF uppose tht : F G is nturl
H ei = i F (ei )
F (ai,p )
trnsformtionF qiven x H D hoose Esis ai,p rom(ei , x) for eh simple ojet ei F e hve the following digrmX
G F (x)
x
G(ei )
hus
G(ai,p )
G G(x)
x F (ai,p ) = G(ai,p )i
i,p
x F (ai,p )F (a ) = G(ai,p )i F (a ) i,p i,p x F (ai,p )F (a ) = i,p

i,p
G(ai,p )i F (a ) i,p G(ai,p )i F (a ). i,p

i,p
@QFQA
x =
his estlishes uniquenessF o estlish existeneD we must hek nturlE ityF vet f : x y e morphism in H D nd hoose Esis bi,p rom(ei , y) for eh iF hen sine we n expnd f in terms of ai,p nd bi,q D to hek nturlity we need only hek it for the sis morphisms bi,q a : x y F i,p end indeedD
G(bi,q a )x = y F (bi,q a ) i,p i,p

j,r
G(bi,q a )G(aj,r )i F (a ) = i,p j,r

j,r
G(bj,r )i F (b )F (bi,q a ) j,r i,p
G(bi,q )i F (a ) i,p
= G(bi,q )i F (a ). i,p
woreoverD it is ler from the expliit formul @QFQA tht ei = i F ith this lemm in mindD nturl inner produt on the spe xt(F, G) of nturl trnsformtions is
, =
i
ki (ei , ei )
@QFRA
UH
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
where ei runs over representtive simple ojets for H D nd ki re their sle ftorsF his formul should e ompred with THD iqn QFITF xote tht the rilert spe xt(idH , idH ) of nturl trnsformtions of the identity funtor on PErilert spe H is isomorphi to the omplexi(ed qrothendiek group [H]C D sine it is spnned y those trnsformtions idi whose omponents re supported exlusively on the lss of the simple ojet ei where they equl the identity mpF rowever the mp whih sends idi [ei ] sine
is not a unitary isomorphism

([ei ], [ei ]) = 1 in [H]C
ut
2 (idi , idi ) = ki in xt(idH , idH ).
his is n importnt vet to keep in mindF
3.3.3 Unitary equivalence for 2-Hilbert spaces
e morphism f : x y in PErilert spe is lled if f f = idx nd f f = idy D nd nturl trnsformtion : F G in PHil is lled if ll its omponents re unitryF e will follow the terminology of fez T nd sy tht pir of PErilert spes H, H re if they re equivlent in the PEtegory PHilD tht is if there exist liner E funtors F : H H nd G : H H together with nturl isomorphisms : id F F nd : F F F he PErilert spes H nd H re lled if nd n e hosen to e unitryF yne might sk for stronger onditionD not mentioned in TF vet us sy tht liner Efuntor F : H H is if is unitry liner mp t the level of the homEsets
unitary
unitary
equivalent
tarily equivalent
uni-
unitary
F : rom(x, y) rom(F x, F y).
if nd only if they hve the sme numer of isomorphism lsses of simple ojets " tht isD if they hve the sme dimensionF woreoverD the unit nd ounit mps estlishing the equivlene n lwys e mde unitryD euse the tegories re semisimpleD so nturl isomorphism n e seen
(i) @fez TD rop PUD gor PVA. A pair of 2-Hilbert spaces H and H are equivalent if and only if they are unitarily equivalent if and only if they have the same dimension. (ii) A pair of 2-Hilbert spaces H and H are strongly unitarily equivalent if and only if there is a bijective map between their isomorphism classes of simple objects which preserves the scale factors. Proof. @iA ine PErilert spes re semisimpleD H nd H re equivlent
Proposition 3.10.
e shll sy tht the PErilert spes H nd H ove re if F nd G re unitry funtorsF he following proposition lssi(es PErilert spes up to these vrious notions of equivleneF
ily equivalent
strongly unitar-
3.3.
UI
s olletion of liner isomorphisms etween rilert spesD nd these n lwys e mde unitryF @iiA e strong unitry equivlene F : H H must send simple ojets in H to simple ojets in H D nd F will e unitry if nd only if it is unitry t the level of the simple ojetsF fut (idF (ei ) , idF (ei ) ) = (F (idei ), F (idei ) so the sttement followsF
3.3.4 Frobenius algebras from 2-Hilbert spaces

sn the introdution to this thesisD we pointed out tht the dt needed to de(ne unitry twoEdimensionl p SP " nmelyD list of positive rel numers " is preisely the sme dt whih hrterizes PErilert speD whih serves to on(rm the primy of the point9 from n extended p point of viewF he positive rel numers represent the eigenvlues of the hermitin hndle retion opertor from the viewpoint of pD or the sle ftors on the simple ojets from the viewpoint of PErilert speF yn the other hndD it is well known tht twoEdimensionl p orE responds to ommuttive proenius lgerF e twoEdimensionl p orresponds to unitry ommuttive Eproenius lger9 in the sense of iry IPWF e n reformulte this notion for our purposes here s followsF
unitary
e ommuttive proenius lger is ommutE tive egrded s proenius lgerD the proenius form is given y (a) = (1, a)F
Denition 3.11.
H ElgerF
unitary
fy the lssi(tion of H Elgers from etion QFID we see tht uniE try ommuttive proenius lger onsists of unh of orthogonl idemE potents 1i hving positive rel sle ftors (1i ) = i F e now show how one n otin every unitry ommuttive proenius lger y the opertion of tking the higherEtegoril dimension9 of some PErilert spe H D de(ned s the lger of nturl trnsformtions of the identity funtorX him H = xt(idH , idH ). his lger hs nturl inner produt whih we de(ned in @QFRAF e sw tht it hs nturl sis idi onsisting of trnsformtions whose ompoE nents re supported exlusively on the lss of the simple ojet ei where they equl the identity mpD nd y de(nition the proenius form omputes s 2 (idi ) = ki . sn other wordsD we hve estlished the following resultD whih shows tht in priniple every ordinry9 twoEdimensionl unitry p Z : Pgo ril n e extended to n extended p Z : PCo PHilF
UP
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
Every unitary commutative Frobenius algebra is isomorphic to him H for some 2-Hilbert space H .
Proposition 3.12.
por instneD in the PErilert spe ep(G) of unitry representtions of (nite groupD we (nd tht him ep(G) is the ommuttive proenius lger spnned y the idempotents idi where i runs over the irreduile representtionsD nd whose proenius form omputes s
(idi ) =
| dim Vi |2 . |G|2
his is preisely the proenius lger rising in the twoEdimensionl (nite group modelD s in the leture notes of egl IIVF
3.4 The geometry of 2-Hilbert spaces

sn ghpter PD we showed how the tegory ril of (niteEdimensionl rilert spes nd liner mps is equivlent to geometri tegory vfun whose ojets re hermitin line undles over ompt hermitin mnifolds nd whose morphisms re kernelsF sn this setion we show how this piture tegori(es9 for PErilert spesF
The 2-category of nite spaces

Denition 3.13. he PEtegory Finpes is de(ned s followsF en ojet is (nite set X equipped with positive rel sle ftor kx for eh x X F e morphism E : X Y is undle of rilert spes over Y X D with omposition given y onvolutionF e PEmorphism is mp of vetor undlesF
vet us explin this de(nitionF yne should think of (nite set X equipped with positive rel sle ftors kx for eh x X s ompt disrete smooth mnifold equipped with metri9F e morphism E : X Y is to e thought of s the tegori(tion of the ide of from ghpter P " insted of the mplitude for going from x X to y Y eing mere @more preiselyD n element in omplex lineAD the mplitude is now D whih we will write s
number Hilbert space
kernel
y|E|x .
ee pigure QFIF e ompose morphisms E : X Y nd F : Y Z y setting F E to e the vetor undle over Z X whose spe of wys of going from x X to z Z is given y the weighted diret sum over ll y Y of the tensor produt mplitudesX
z|F E|x :=
yY
1 z|F |y y|E|x . ky
@QFSA
3.4.
THE GEOMETRY OF 2-HILBERT SPACES
UQ
pigure QFIX e morphism etween (nite spes is rilert undle over their produtF fy this nottionD we men tht the inner produt is given on the homogenous omponents y
(v1 w1 , v2 w2 ) =
1 (v1 , v2 )(w1 , w2 ) ky
where ky is the sle ftor on y Y F he formul @QFSA for omposition of morphisms in Finpes should e ompred with the formul @PFPA for omposition of kernels in vfun from ghpter PX
z|F E|x =
Y
voly z|F |y y|E|x .
he ht on the diret sum is there to indite tht z|F E|x is not de(ned s the diret sum over y Y of z|F |y y|E|x D whih would require n ordering on Y D ut is rther de(ned geometrilly s the spe of setions of the (rewise tensor produt undle F E over Y Z Y Y X 9F ht is to syD we re de(ning omposition vi geometri pullEpush formul of vetor undles identil to the formul for omposition of kernels in the derived tegory ontext @see TUD QUAF he identity morphisms id : X X re the vetor undles over X X whih hve weighted opies of C long the digonlX
formal
y| id |x := x,y kx C.
he inner produt is hosen to ensure tht the nturl hoie of oherene isomorphisms E id E, nmely the ones whih re given (rewise y the mp
y|E|x x| id |x y|E|x v1v

re unitryF e hve now desried omposition of IEmorphismsY horizontl nd vertil omposition of PEmorphisms works in the ovious wyF he resultnt struture Finpes forms PEtegoryD though not strit oneF
UR
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
o see thisD oserve tht if K : Z A is nother morphism of (nite spesD then lthough the vetor undle (K F ) E is not truly to K (F E)D there is nonil isomorphism etween themD whih is (rewise just the ordinry ssoitor of vetor spesX
equal
( a|K|z z|F |y ) y|E|x a|K|z ( z|F |y y|E|x ). =

his is one dvntge of insisting on the geometri de(nition of onvolution of vetor undles nd not using diret sums " the orderings neessitted y the ltter would lutter up this rgumentF sn ny eventD sine the ordinry ssoitor on vetor spes stis(es the pproprite oherene digrmsD we see tht Finpes is indeed PEtegoryF
formal
The inner product on the 2-morphisms

he PEmorphisms in Finpes n e equipped with nturl inner prodE utF uppose tht E, F : X Y re IEmorphisms in FinpesD nd tht f, g : E F re PEmorphisms etween themF sn other wordsD f nd g re olletion of (rewise liner mps of rilert spes
fy,x : y|E|x y|F |x .

he we de(ne their inner produt y
f, g :=
xX,yY
kx ky r(fx,y g).
@QFTA
An equivalence of 2-categories
e now show tht the PEtegory of PErilert spes is equivlent to the PEtegory of (nite spesF e de(ne PEfuntor
: PHilm Finpes
s followsF o mrked PErilert spe H it ssigns the set of mrked simple ojetsD whih we will write s H F e liner Efuntor F : H H gives rise to undle F of rilert spes over H H D de(ned (rewise y
|F |i := rom(e , F ei ).
pinllyD nturl trnsformtion : F G gives rise to mp of vetor undles : F G D de(ned y postomposing with the omponents of on the mrked simple ojets ei H X
,i
:= post(ei ) : |F |i |G|i .
3.4.
THE GEOMETRY OF 2-HILBERT SPACES
US
nd G : H H re morphisms of mrked PErilert spesF e de(ne the ompositor G F GF (rewise s
Proposition 3.14. The map : PHil Finpes is a weak 2-functor, with unitary coherence 2-cells, and is an equivalence of 2-categories. Moreover it is a unitary linear map at the level of the 2-morphisms. Proof. e need to estlish the oherene dtF uppose tht F : H H
m
1 |G| |F |i |GF |i k f g G(f ) g
@QFUA @QFVA
where f |F |i nd g |G| F his mp is n isomorphismD sine if (,i) we hoose Esis {ap : e (ei )} for eh spe ||i then we n desrie its inverse s the mp whih sends
|GF |i
h
,p
G(a(,i) ) h a(,i) . p p
(,)
@QFWA
woreover the ompositor is unitryD euse if we hoose Esis {br G(e )} for |G| then
: e
(b(,) b(,) , a(,i) a(,i) ) = r s p q
1 (,) (,) (,i) (,i) (b , bs )(ap , aq ) k r
= k rs pq = (b(,) b(,) , G(a(,i) ) G(a(,i) )) r s p q = (G(a(,i) ) b(,) , G(a(,i) ) b(,) ). p r q s

imilrly we de(ne the unit oherene isomorphism id (rewise y
H
idH
C i| id |i 1 idei .
his mp is unitryD y the de(nition of the inner produt on the (ers of the vetor undle id H F ken togetherD this oherene dt exhiits : PHilm Finpes s wek PEfuntorF his PEfuntor is lerly essentilly surjetiveD euse from ny (nite set of points X one n de(ne orresponding PErilert spe
UT
CHAPTER 3.
2-HILBERT SPACES
ril| X|F e need only hek tht it is lol equivleneD tht is tht t the level of homEtegories the funtor rom2Hilbm (H, H ) romFinSpaces ( H , H ) is n equivlene of tegoriesF vemm QFW estlishes tht this funtor is fully fithfulD while vemm QFV estlishes tht it is essentilly surjetiveF pinllyD we need to show tht the PEfuntor is unitry liner mp t the level of PEmorphismsF uppose F, G : H H re liner EfuntorsD nd , : F G re nturl trnsformtions etween themF henX
( , ) :=
i H , H
ki k r(
,i
,i )
=
i,
ki k r(post(ei ) post(ei ))
ki k r(post(ei ei )) i, ki (idF (ei ) , ei ei ) i
= = =
i
ki (ei , ei )
= (, ).
sn ghpter W we will prove n equivrint version of this resultD nmely tht the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions of group G on mrked PErilert spes is equivlent to the PEtegory of F
equivariant gerbes
Chapter 4
String diagrams
sn this hpter we rell for the reder9s ene(t the string digrm nottion for PEtegoriesF his nottion is prtiulrly suited to desrie strutures suh s djuntions nd mondsF he use of string digrms s onvenient nottionl devie hs its roots in the physis literture where they pper s or the of enrose @see IR nd the referenes thereinAF sn time mthemtiins relized tht this nottion works in the generl ontext of ny monoidl tegory or PEtegoryD nd soon pplitions were found in knot theory nd quntum lgerF e highlight here espeilly the work of toyl nd treet UUD IPPD s well s preyd nd etter TT nd urev IPVF feuse we will use it over nd over gin in this thesisD nd euse there re some misoneptions out the nottion we wish to ler upD we hve given this setion hpter of its ownF tring digrms re twoEdimensionl grphil nottion for working with PEtegoriesD nd my e regrded s the oinr duls9 of the ordiE nry gloulr nottionF he si ide is summrized in pigure RFIF he reder who does not understnd this (gure nd who is still onfused y these digrms is referred to etion PFP of VV or etion IFI of QU for more deE tilsF sn our digrmsD omposition of IEmorphisms runs from right to left @so G to the left of n F mens G fter F AD nd omposition of PEmorphisms runs from top to ottomF e stress tht string digrms re not merely mnemoni ut re perfetly rigorous nottionF e remind the reder tht y PEtegory9 we men PEtegory @lso lled AF e wish to strongly emphsize the following pointD whih is often misunderstood in the litertureF
Feynman diagrams
diagrammatic tensor calculus
strict
bicategory
not-necessarily-
tring digrms re not just nottion for PEtegoriesF hen interpreted orretlyD they re perfetly rigorous nottion for PEtegoriesF
weak
strict
Proposition 4.1.
After specifying a parenthesis scheme for the source and

UU
UV
CHAPTER 4.
STRING DIAGRAMS
pigure RFIX qloulr nottion for PEtegories versus string digrm notE tionF
target 1-morphisms of a string diagram, the resultant 2-morphism represented by the diagram is independent of the choice of parentheses, associators and unit 2-isomorphisms used to interpret the interior of the diagram. Proof. gonsider typil string digrmX
hivide the digrm up using timeline s shown in suh wy tht eh PE morphism ours in its own time segment with eh suh segment hving n initil9 stteD whih ours just efore the step of vertilly omposing with tht PEmorphismD nd (nl9 stteD whih ours just fterF he soure nd trget IEmorphisms of the digrm re written s 0 nd n respetivelyF
UW heir prenthesis sheme is required to e givenY suppose for instne tht they re
0 = E [(D id) [(C B) A]] nd n = [(N M ) L] [I id].
enother spet of the prolem whih is understood to e given eforehnd is the nture of the PEmorphisms whih mke up the digrm " their soure nd trget IEmorphismsD s well s the prentheses shemes on these IE morphismsF por instneX
: (D C) B G F
nd
: (F id) A J (H K).
xowD suppose we hve two di'erent interprettions of this string digrmX
E [(D id) [(C B) A]]

a1
E [(D id) [(C B) A]]

a1
[E ((D C) B)] A

[idE ]idA
E [((D C) B) A]

idE
[idA ]
[E (G F )] A

a2
nd
E [(G F ) A]

a2
(E G) ((F id) A)
F F F

idEG
E [G ((F id) A)]

F F F

idE
[idG ]
rere a1 refers to the hosen sequene of ssoitors nd unit isomorphisms whih trnsform the initil string t 0 into the string t 1 Y the sme goes for a1 D a2 D a2 etF sing oherene for PEtegories @in the form whih sys ll digrms of onstrins ommute9 s in the thesis of qurski UHA nd nturlity of the ssoitorD we n trnsform the initil segment of the seond interprettion of the digrm into the initil segment of the (rst
VH interprettion s followsX
CHAPTER 4.
STRING DIAGRAMS
E [(D id) [(C B) A]] E [(D id) [(C B) A]]

a1 a1
E [(D id) [(C B) A]]

a1
[E ((D C) B)] A =

a1 a1 1
[E ((D C) B)] A =

[idE ]idA
E [((D C) B) A]

idE
[idA ]
E [((D C) B) A]

idE
[E (G F )] A

a1
E [(G F ) A]
[idA ]
E [(G F ) A]
E [(G F ) A]
e n repet this proedure ll the wy down the digrmY t the end we will hve trnsformed the seond interprettion into the (rst oneF xowD whenever string digrms ours in this pper it will lwys e ler from the ontext preisely wht the prenthesis sheme on the input nd output IEmorphisms is intended to eF por instneX he PEmorphism : id (G F ) (F G ) is de(ned s F
sn other wordsD every string digrm in this pper hs preise nd rigorous meningD even in fully wek settingF
Chapter 5
Even-handed structures
he min purpose of this hpter is to introdue n lterntive prdigm of dulity for IEmorphisms in PEtegory whih we ll n D nd to investigte this notion for vriety of PEtegories of interestF e will need the notion of n evenEhnded struture in ghpter U in order to desrie the pushEforwrd9 mp for PEhrters of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite groupsF he min issue when onsidering duls for IEmorphisms in PEtegory is tht IEmorphism n hve oth nd dul @we use the words dul9 nd djoint9 interhglyAD nd these two notions re priori independent of eh otherF fut in mny pplitionsD suh s the pushE forwrd mp for PEhrters in ghpter UD nd in lulting the quntum dimensions9 of ojets in fusion tegories s in ghpter TD one needs to go eyond the snkeEstyle9 digrms nd e le to drw in the string digrm nottionD whih requires one to hve rule whih prtners right dul struture mps with left dul struture mpsF here hve een vrious pprohes to ddressing this need for oupling right nd left duls togetherY we re proposing yet notherF he distinguishE ing feture of our pproh is tht we do not require tht permnent (xed hoie of dul F e mde for every morphism F from the outsetF e only require tht for hoie of right dul F D there is n ssigned wy to portry F lso s dul @whene the nme evenEhnded strutureAF he two min dvntges of this slightly relxed pproh re the followE ingX it meshes well with the string digrm nottion @whih nnot e sid for strightforwrd implementtion of (xed dul9 pprohA nd lso it F sn most PEtegories mde up of tegoriesD funtors nd nturl trnsformtionsD djoints re not noniE lly given ut re only spei(ed up to isomorphismF rowever there is often nonil whih right djoints into left djoints nd vie versD nd getting the theory to mth this kind of sitution hs een our min motivtionF
ture
even-handed struc-
right
left
closed circles
each
left
actually ts the examples we have in mind function turns
VI
VP
CHAPTER 5.
EVEN-HANDED STRUCTURES
sn etion SFI we de(ne the notion of n evenEhnded strutureF sn etion SFP we give geometri interprettion of n evenEhnded struture s n evenEhnded triviliztion9 of undleElike struture over the morphisms in the PEtegory whih we ll the F sn etion SFQ we ompre the notion of n evenEhnded struture to other oneptions of duls for morphisms9 in monoidl tegories nd PEtegoriesD suh s the pproh of toyl nd treet VH nd preyd nd etter TSD s well s the pproh of fez nd vngford IPF sn etion SFR we speilize the notion of n evenEhnded struture to the se of PEtegory onsisting of tegoriesD funtors nd nturl trnsformtionsD where it is more onvenient to dopt the homEset isomorphisms pproh to djuntions s opposed to the strt pproh in terms of unit nd ounit mpsF e use this reformultion in etion SFSFP to show how one n otin n evenEhnded struture on olletion of liner tegories from the dt of on eh tegoryD nd tht in ft when the tegories involved re semisimple n evenEhnded struture is D up to glol sle ftorD s providing tre on eh tegoryF pinlly in etions SFT nd SFU we give our two min exmples of evenEhnded strutures rising from tresX the evenEhnded struture on the PEtegory PHil of D where the tre rises from the inner produts on the homEsetsD nd the evenE hnded struture on the PEtegory CYu @whose ojets re the grded derived tegories D(X) of gliEu mnifolds X D nd whose morphisms re funtors nturlly isomorphi to integrl kernelsAD where the tre rises from the erre dulity on the homEsetsF
ambijunction gerbe
pivotal categories 2-categories with duals
trace
the same thing
2-Hilbert spaces
5.1 Denition of an even-handed structure
adjoint of
ell tht morphism F : B A in PEtegory is sid to e nother morphism F : A B @equivlently F is F A if there exist unit nd ounit PEmorphisms
right left adjoint of
: idA F F, drwn s : F F idB ,

drwn s
whih stisfy the djuntion equtions @snke digrms9AX
nd
5.1.
DEFINITION OF AN EVEN-HANDED STRUCTURE
VQ
he rrows on these digrms re not relly neessry ut they re there to provide visul idF e will write edj(F
F )
for the set1 of ll pirs of unit nd ounit PEmorphisms (, ) whih exhiit F s right djoint of F F st is well known tht the group eut(F ) of utomorphisms of F ts freely nd trnsitively on edj(F F ) y twisting9 the unit nd ounit mpsX
e sy tht PEtegory is if every morphism hs n djoint nd if ll djoints re twoEsided " tht isD for every morphism F there exists morphism F whih is simultneously right nd left djoint of F F xote tht hving midextrous djoints is of the PEtegory nd not strutureD euse we re not speifying the hoie of these djoints in ny wyF
has ambidextrous adjoints
property
Denition 5.1. en on PEtegory with midexE trous djoints onsists ofD for eh pir (F, F ) of djoint morphismsD mp
: edj(F ,
stisfyingX @iA 2 = idF @iiA por ll omposle morphisms F nd GD
even-handed structure
F ) edj(F
F) ,
woreover for ll ojets AD (1A ) = 1A D where 1A = (1 , ) is the trivil djuntion on idA D with : idA idA idA the leftGright @they re equl in this settingA identity oherene PEmorphismF ith this in mindD this would e drwn in string digrms s , =
,
1
We are tacitly assuming here that Aut(F ) is a set and not a proper class. This is the case in most reasonable situations and certainly holds in all our examples.
VR
CHAPTER 5.
@iiiA por ll PEmorphisms : F G nd ll hoies of right djoints (F , F , G ) nd (G , G , G ) for F nd G respetivelyD the following PEmorphisms G F greeX
:=
=: .
@SFIA
e ll the PEmorphism on the leftEhnd side of @iiiA ove the of D euse it is omputed using the struture of F s djoint of F D nd we ll the PEmorphism on the right hndEside the D euse it is omputed using the struture of F s djoint of F F he requirement tht = D whih we ll the D therefore sks tht turns right djoints into left djoints in suh wy tht the right nd left dggers of PEmorphisms lwys greeD nd should e regrded s nturlity ondition on F e remrk tht we hve hosen the nottion : G F s opposed to : G F euseD with view to pD we would like to follow fez nd vngford9s pproh IP nd reserve the Esymol exlusively for the notion of dul in higher tegory whih mens morphism whih goes in the opposite diretion9F sn other wordsD the nottion is reserved for PEmorphism whih goes from G to F nd not from G to F F enother remrk is tht in ll of our exmplesD the requirement 2 = id lredy follows from the other xiomsD ut we hve een unle to show tht this holds in generl @see etion SFQFI for further disussionAF sn this thesis we give three lsses of exmples of PEtegories equipped with evenEhnded struturesX
dagger computed according to left even-handed equation
right right left dagger of
frided monoidl tegoriesD for instne representtion tegories of rion ropf lgersF ee the next two susetionsF wonoidl tegories equipped with pivotl strutureF ee etion SFQFI nd ghpter TF golletions of liner tegories equipped with tresD thought of s PE tegory where the morphisms re liner funtors nd the PEmorphisms re nturl trnsformtionsF por instneD the PEtegory of PErilert spes @etion SFTA nd the PEtegory of derived tegories of gliE u mnifolds @etion SFUAF he reder is invited to jump to these setions to get the )vour of the theoryF
5.1.
VS
e end this setion y reording the following useful lemm out how n evenEhnded struture
: edj(F
F ) edj(F
F)
is nturl with respet to hnging F nd F y n invertile PEmorphismF
Lemma 5.2.
(i) If : F F is an invertible 2-morphism, then

, , =
(ii) If : F
(F )
is an invertible 2-morphism, then

, , . =
Proof. e prove @iAD the proof of @iiA is similrF vet us write

( , )
o prove @iA it is su0ient to hek tht
, .
fut this follows from the evenEhnded equtionD euse the leftEhnd side is while the right hnd side is F
Even-handed structures on monoidal categories

e monoidl tegory n e thought of s oneEojet PEtegory y reinE terpreting the ojets s IEmorphisms from the ojet to itself @with the omposition eing tensor produtA nd the morphisms s PEmorphismsY in this piture duls for morphisms gets reinterpreted s duls for F o it mkes sense to tlk out n evenEhnded struture on monoidl tegory with midextrous duls9F he point out hving n evenEhnded struture is tht it llows one to tke quntum tres9 of endomorphisms f : V V D
objects
VT
CHAPTER 5.
n opertion whih tkes vlues in rom(1, 1)F sn ft one n form the right tre9 or the left tre9 of f X rr (f ) = rl (f ) =
rere (V , , ) is hoie of right dul for V F he tre does not depend on this hoieD euse if ((V ) , , ) is nother hoie of right dul of V D then it is wellEknown tht there is nonil isomorphism : V (V ) trnsforming (, ) into ( , )D so tht for the right tre we hve
any
where the (nl equlity uses vemm SFP together with the ft tht 2 = idF e similr rgument holds for the left treF e sy tht the evenE hnded struture is if the right nd left tres lwys oinideF his notion is due to frrett nd estury IVD lthough more preisely they worked in the frmework of nd not evenEhnded struturesY we will ompre these two frmeworks in etion SFQFIF he word spheril9 refers to the ft tht one my imgine the losed loop involved in the tre mp s living on the surfe of sphereD so tht one is requiring the tre to e invrint under the isotopy of the sphere whih trnsforms the right tre into the left oneF
spherical
pivotal structures
Even-handed structures on braided monoidal categories

yur (rst lss of exmples of evenEhnded strutures omes from monoidl tegories equipped with ridingF pirstly rell monoidl tegory is one with the property tht every ojet hs n @unspei(edA right dulD nd tht on rided monoidl tegory C is nturl isomorphism of the identity whih stis(es V W = W,V (W V ) V,W for ll ojets V, W F sf C is rigidD then we will sy tht the twist is C if V = V for some hoie @nd hene for hoiesA of right , , ) of V F dul (V he following ft is well known in quntum lger in the frmework of pivotl strutures @see for exmple gor PFPFQ of ISAY here we show how it works in the frmework of evenEhnded struturesF
twist
rigid
duals in
all
compatible with
Let C be a rigid braided monoidal category. Then there is a canonical bijection even-handed structures on C twists on C . =
Lemma 5.3.
5.1.
VU
Moreover, if the twist is compatible with duals then the corresponding evenhanded structure is spherical. Proof. qiven twist D we otin n evenEhnded struture y setting
, = , .
imilrly given n evenEhnded struture D we otin twist y setting
V =
where (V , , ) is hoie of right dul for V @the onstrution is indeE pendent of this hoieAF e quik lultion shows tht these onstrutions re inverse to eh otherD for instneX
any
= V .
woreover if V = V then is spherilX
rl (f ) =
= rr (f ).
e remrk tht if the tegory is semisimpleD the onverse lso holds @see ghpter TAF
VV
CHAPTER 5.
5.2 Geometric interpretation

yne n think of n evenEhnded struture geometrilly s )t setion9 of ertin mijuntion undle9 over the IEmorphisms in the PEtegoryY this is in ft the pproh we dopted in some previous work PHF sn this viewpointD insted of thinking of n evenEhnded struture s rule for prtnering right djoints with left djointsD one thinks of it s oherent hoie F F [] of for every morphism F in the PEtegoryF o understnd this viewpointD let us e preise out wht we men y n midextrous djoint9F
isomorphism class of ambidextrous adjoint ambidextrous adjoint
en of morphism F : A B in PEtegory is quintuple F (F , , , n, e) where F : B A is morphismD : idA F F nd : F F idB re unit nd ounit mps exhiiting F s right djoint of F D nd n : idB F F nd e : F F idA re unit nd ounit mps whih exhiit F s left djoint of F F e write the dt of prtiulr midextrous djoint of F in string digrms s
Denition 5.4.
F =
he hoies of midextrous djoints for F orgnize themselves into groupoid em(F ) whih we ll the of F F en ojet is hoie of midextrous djoint F of F F e morphism : F (F ) of mE idextrous djoints of F is n invertile PEmorphism : F (F ) D drwn s
ambijunction groupoid
suh tht twisting9 the unit nd ounits of F y results in (F ) D tht isD
e write [em(F )] for the set of isomorphism lsses in the mijuntion groupoid of F D nd we write the lss of prtiulr midextrous djoint F s [F ]F he properties of the mijuntion groupoid re summrized in the following lemmD whose proof involves elementry string digrm onE sidertionsF
Lemma 5.5.
em(F )
Suppose F is a morphism in a 2-category and that the groupoid is nonempty. Then:
5.2.
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
VW
(i) There is at most one arrow between any two ambidextrous adjunctions in em(F ). (ii) The group eut(F ) of automorphisms of F acts freely and transitively on [em(F )] by twisting the unit and counit maps which display F as a left adjoint of F ,
[F ]
qeometrillyD this lemm sys tht the sets [em(F )] of isomorphism lsses of midextrous djoints for eh IEmorphism F in PEtegory C n e thought of s forming prinipl undleElike struture
[em(C)] IEwor(C)
over the IEmorphisms in CD whih we ll the @see pigure SFIAF he ide is tht the (er of IEmorphism F in the mijuntion gere is the eut(F )Etorsor [em(F )] of isomorphism lsses of midextrous djoints for F F en evenEhnded struture n then e thought of s evenE hnded triviliztion9 of this gereD de(ned s the setion whih sends
ambijunction gerbe
@SFPA
,;
[em(F )]
where (F , , ) is ny hoie of right djoint for F Y the ft tht this is wellE de(ned follows from the nturlity properties of F gonverselyD one ould n evenEhnded struture s n evenEhnded triviliztion9 [] of the mijuntion gereD F F [] [em(F )],
dene
from whih one ould reover s
:= unique unit nd ounit mps , , , ,
, .
suh tht F [] =
purther detils on this point of view re ontined in PHD ut we will not need them hereF he ide of n evenEhnded struture s triviliztion of the mijunE tion gere9 is nlgous to wurry nd inger9s reformultion IHQ of the notion of spin struture on iemnnin mnifold M s triviliztion of the D whih we rie)y rell for the reder9s ene(tF et eh
spin gerbe
WH
CHAPTER 5.
@A
@A
pigure SFIX @A he mijuntion gere9 of PEtegory with midextrous djointsF @A he spin gere of iemnnin mnifoldF point x M D we my regrd the set prx (M ) of orthonorml frmes B of the tngent spe t x s odisrete groupoid @in other wordsD we imgine tht there is preisely one rrow B B etween ny two frmesAF por eh rrow B B in prx (M ) we hve the set px (B B ) of homotopy lsses of pths of orthogonl rottions whih trnsform B into B @it is Z/2EtorsorAF erforming this onstrution for ll x M gives rise to the
gerbe
spin
p(M ) pr(M )
@SFQA
nd wurry nd inger showed tht triviliztion of this gere is preisely spin struture on M in the lssil senseF he ide is tht @SFQA is ompletely nlgous to @SFPAD s we hve indited in pigure SFIF sn etion SFS we will o'er two further fts whih tenttively link evenE hnded strutures with spin struturesX (rstlyD tht the set of evenEhnded strutures on olletion of semisimple tegories determines weighting @or metri9A on eh tegoryD ut only up to glol sle ftorD whih is nlgous to the ft tht the dimension of the spe of hrmoni spinors on spin mnifold does not depend upon resling the metri UQD nd seondly tht the formul () = for the evenEhnded struture on the PEtegory of PErilert spes is roughly nlgous to the formul for the djoint of the derivtive opertorD d = dF
5.3 Relationship with other approaches

sn this setion we ompre the notion of n evenEhnded struture to the more estlished pprohes to dulity in PEtegoriesX nd F
monoidal 2-categories with duals
pivotal structures
5.3.1 Pivotal structures on monoidal categories
o the uthor9s knowledgeD the notion of on monoidl tegory @or t lestD D whih is monoidl tegory equipped
pivotal category
pivotal structure
5.3.
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER APPROACHES
WI
with pivotl strutureA goes k to preyd nd etter TSD who tully redit this notion to unpulished work of toyl nd treet VHF por more reent ount of the notion of pivotl strutureD we reommend the leture notes of foyrhenko QIF uppose tht every ojet V in monoidl tegory C omes equipped with right dul (V , V , V )Y we will ll this on C F e use the nottion V insted of our more usul V in order to mke the oneptul distintion etween duls piked freely t the point of lultion9 written s V D nd distinguished (xedEforEllEtime9 duls written s V F et ny eventD it is not hrd to see tht hoosing system of right duls gives rise to ontrvrint monoidl funtor : C C F
chosen
system of right duals
Denition 5.6.
e on monoidl tegory with hosen sysE tem of right duls is monoidl nturl trnsformtion : id stisfying 1 V = (V ) F e now mke few remrks out this de(nitionF pirstly it is deeptively simpleX if we expnd out wht it mens for to e nturl isomorphismD we (nd tht it is the requirement tht
pivotal structure
monoidal
@SFRA
where : W V V W is the oherene isomorphism presenting monoidl funtorD
yne should ompre this triky digrm to the orresponding digrm in the de(nition of n evenEhnded strutureX
WP
CHAPTER 5.
1 eondlyD the lst requirement on the de(nition " tht V = (V ) " ws present in the erly de(nition of preyd nd etter TS s well s in the tretment of fklov nd uirillov IS ut in more reent literture ppers to hve een dropped @see egF QTD IHID QIAF his is proly euse in mny situtionsD suh s for monoidl liner tegories whih re semisimpleD this ondition is in ft onsequene of eing monoidl nd hene unneessryF nder the orrrespondene etween evenEhnded strutures nd pivotl strutures whih we spell out elowD this ondition orresponds to the ondition 2 = id whih we noted in etion SFI tht we hve een unle to show follows from the other xiomsF
Let C be a monoidal category with ambidextrous duals. Then for each choice of system of right duals , there is a canonical bijection pivotal structures {even-handed structures on C} = on C with respect to . Moreover, this bijection is natural with respect to altering the system of right duals . Proof. qiven n evenEhnded struture we otin pivotl struture
Proposition 5.7.
: id
y setting
V :=
, whih we9ll often drw simply s
hese isomorphisms re nturlD euse if : V W is morphismD then the evenEhnded eqution = implies tht
V =
= W .
e lso need to show tht is nturl isomorphismD tht is tht eqution @SFRA is stis(edF sf we expnd this outD we see tht it is the requirement tht
monoidal
=
5.3.
WQ
fut this follows from the nturlity of s expressed in vemm SFQ nd the ft tht it preserves tensor produtsX
= =
1 pinllyD the requirement V = (V ) oils down to the requirement tht
end this follows from pplying to oth sides nd using 2 = idX
sn the reverse diretionD from hosen system of right duls (V , V , V ) nd pivotl struture : id we otin n evenEhnded struture y de(ning its tion on the hosen right duls (V , V , V ) s

, ,
nd then extending this y nturlity of to
any right dul (V

,
)X
WR
CHAPTER 5.
@his illustrtes one of the di0ulties of the pivotl struture frmework nd of hving right duls V X it mkes for wkwrd expressions when one wishes to use some other hoie of right dul V in lultionFA e 1 hve 2 = id euse we hve seen tht this is equivlent to V = (V ) F woreoverD the ft tht respets the monoidl struture follows from the ft tht is monoidlD y running our rgument ove kwrdsF pinlly the evenEhnded eqution orresponds preisely to the nturlity of X
xed
= .
hese onstrutions re esily seen to e mutul inverses of eh otherD so the (rst sttement of the proposition followsF pinllyD suppose tht is nother system of hoies of right dul (V , V , for eh ojet V D drwn using di'erent olours s
V)
nd suppose tht nd re the pivotl strutures with respet to nd respetivelyD rising from the evenEhnded struture on C vi the ove presriptionF sf we write : for the nonil nturl isomorphism etween the two systems of right dulsD then for eh ojet V we hve
V V =
@y onstrutionA
= V .
5.3.
WS
sn other wordsD this ijetion is nturl with respet to hnging the system of right dulsF
5.3.2 The coherence theorem of Barrett and Westbury
sn IVD frrett nd estury2 essentilly de(ned s strit monoidl tegory where every ojet V hs hosen midextrous dul (V , V , V , V , V ) with V = V in the ovious senseD whih is omptile with the monoidl struture nd whih stis(es the evenEhnded eqution " tht isD it does not mtter if one omputes the dgger of morphism using the unit nd ounit mps (V , V ) or the unit nd ounit mps (V , V ) F hey proved useful oherene theorem whih hd s one of its onsequenes tht every pivotl tegory is equivlent to strit oneF heir motivtion ws to use spheril tegories to de(ne QEmnifold invrints " lthough most nturl exmples of spheril tegories re not stritD it is simpler to do lultions with strit pivotl tegory thn with nonE strit oneF e lso note tht wger outlined how to de(ne strit pivotl PEtegory in the sme wy WVF
strict pivotal category
right
left
5.3.3 Monoidal 2-categories with duals

sn the ontext of their work on PEtnglesD fez nd vngford IP de(ned s semistrit monoidl PEtegory equipped with oherent notion of duls for ojetsD morphisms nd PEmorphismsF o ompre this notion with tht of n even hnded PEtegoryD we must (rst strip out from their de(nition those piees of dt whih hve to do with the monoidl struture on the PEtegory nd the notion of duls for ojetsD whih re not needed for our purposesF e rrive t the notion of Y the min feture is tht every PEmorphism : F G hs spei(ed dul PEmorphism : G F with = D nd tht every IEmorphism F : A B hs spei(ed right djoint (F , F , F )Y y pplying to (F , F ) we see tht F is lso left djoint of F F he min equtions relting the duls for PEmorphisms nd for IEmorphisms re tht
monoidal 2-category with duals
category with duals for morphisms and 2-morphisms
strict 2-
(F ,
for every IEmorphism F nd
)=(
F , F )
( ) = ( ) , or equivlently =
for every PEmorphism D where , : G F re lulted using the struture of F s right nd left djoint of F respetivelyF glerly then
We remark that here we are actually using the notation and slightly-dierent-butequivalent reformulation given by Mger [98].
2
WT
CHAPTER 5.
strit PEtegory with duls for morphisms nd PEmorphisms gives rise to n evenEhnded struture on its IEmorphismsD de(ned (rst on the hosen duls y (F , F ) = ( , F ) F nd then extended to duls y nturlityD s in the proof of roposition SFUF en importnt point to er in mind though is tht the resulting evenE hnded struture does not in send
all
general
(, ) ( , )
euse this formul is not nturl @it is only nturl with respet to isomorphismsAF sn other wordsD in PEtegory with duls for morphisms nd PEmorphisms it is the se in generl tht the nturl wy to turn n ritrry right djoint into left djoint is to tke the strs of the unit nd ounit mps9Y one must (rst pply normliztion ftor s in the proof of roposition SFUF
not
unitary
5.3.4 Comparison with even-handed structures

sn this susetion we ompre the evenEhnded strutures frmework for deling with dulity in PEtegories to the frmeworks of pivotl PEtegories nd monoidl PEtegories with dulsF por our purposesD one of the min di0ulties with these pprohes is their strting pointD nmely tht every IEmorphism F omes equipped with hosen right dul F F his is n unfortunte requirementD for numer of resonsF pirstly it genertes wkwrd oherene digrms whih do not mesh omfortly with the string digrm nottionD s we sw in etion SFQFIF e re not llowed to drw (G F ) s two seprte lines G nd F nd this mkes things wkwrdF yne wy round this is to use the oherene theorem of frrett nd estury IV whih justi(es mking these hrmless identi(tionsF rowever we ould hve voided this entire issue from the strt y not mking the (xed hoies of dulsY moreover this would llow us to semlessly mke string digrm lultions in ontext @suh s those whih tully our in exmplesA without eing led to mke the unnturl step of (rst pssing to striti(ed sitution nd then ppeling to ohereneF elthough this ltter strtegy is not tully required y the frrett nd estury oherene theoremD in prtie this hs often een the wy in whih it hs een used @see WVD IW nd lso UPAF sn the next hpter we will tke dvntge of this ft " tht the notion of n evenEhnded struture meshes well with the string digrm lulus " in order to prove some new results out pivotl strutures on fusion tegoriesF yur proofs will e entirely elementryD yet sine they pper to e new we re led to onlude tht the wkwrdness of pivotl strutures is not just estheti ut tully inhiits progressF
xed
non-strict
5.4.
EVEN-HANDEDNESS IN TERMS OF ADJUNCTION ISOMORPHISMS
WU
enother di0ulty with hving (xed hosen right djoints is tht this is invrily not wht tully rops up in exmplesD t lest in PEtegoril sitution where oftentimes djoints re not given expliitly ut only up to isomorphismF yur ontention is tht it is more nturl to sk for whih onverts ritrry right djoints struture mps into left djoint struture mpsF ixperiene shows tht this strippedEdown requirement more nturlly (ts the exmples we hve in mindD suh s the PEtegory PHil of PErilert spesF rere djoints re not given nonillyD ut s we will see in etion SFT there is t lest nonil whih turns right djoint into left djointD given t the level of djuntion isomorphisms { : rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y)} y
tion
func-
function
() =
where is the Estruture on the morphisms in PErilert spe nd is the rilert spe djoint of F e similr nlysis pplies to the PEtegory CYu of gliEu mnifolds nd integrl kernels etween them3 F iven when djoints given nonillyD this might not lwys e the most nturl wy to proeedD sine these formuls re invrily not monoidl onEtheEnoseF por instne in the monoidl tegory of vetor spesD eh vetor spe V hs nonil leftEndEright liner dul V := rom(V, C)F fut unfortuntely
are
(V W ) = W V
so if we insist tht the dul of vetor spe V e given y rom(V, C)D we will e in for n wkwrd timeF e etter option is to use horsesE forEourses pproh nd deide tht W V is dul for F his frees one up to use the most onvenient dul (V W ) s (V W ) for the lultion t hndD rther thn eing fored to use dul hosen right t the outsetF
must
just as good
5.4 Even-handedness in terms of adjunction isomorphisms

yur gol in this setion is to reformulte the notion of n evenEhnded struture on PEtegory in the ontext where the ojetsD morphisms nd PEmorphisms of the PEtegory re tegoriesD funtors nd nturl trnsforE mtions respetivelyF
3
A technical point which might be mentioned here is that in `large' 2-categories such as 2Hilb and CYau where duals are not given canonically, there could be a set-theoretic issue if one wishes to apply a `chosen-dual paridigm' by initially arbitrarily choosing duals F for each morphism and proceeding from there. Such a choice would range over a proper class of elements and is dicult to justify.
WV
CHAPTER 5.
uppose tht F : A B is funtor etween tegories A nd B D nd tht F : B A is right djoint of F F snsted of expressing this vi the unit nd ounit nturl trnsformtions nd D we will (nd it more onvenient to express it in terms of the djuntion isomorphisms
{ : rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y)}xA,yB .

ell the trnsltion etween these two pitures " given morphism f : F x y we set (f ) = F (f ) x nd similrly for g : x F y we hve 1 (g) = y F (g)F e will write edjHom (F F ) for the set of ll s right djoint of F X djuntion isomorphisms whih exhiit F edjHom (F
F ) =
sets of nturl isomorphisms { : rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y)}xA,yB
ell tht the group eut(F ) of utomorphisms of the funtor F ts freely nd trnsitively on edjHom (F F ) y preompositionD
= pre().
ht isD if f : F x y nd : F F is n utomorphism then ( )(f ) = (f x )F e now trnslte the de(nition of n evenEhnded struture from the lnguge of unit nd ounit nturl trnsformtions into the lnguge of djuntion isomorphismsF he only triky point is the evenEhnded eqution = F hen working with homEset isomorphismsD to identify morphism @suh omponent y for some y B A it is more nturl to give formul for y tht morphismY the mgil oned lemm tells us tht knowing how to postEompose or preEompose with morphism is the sme thing s knowing the morphism itselfF @o see thisD rell tht the oned lemm sttes tht for ny pir of ojets x, x A the mp
post- or pre-composition
rom(x, x ) xt(x, x )
f post(f )
is ijetionD where x, x : Aop et re the presheves represented y x nd x respetivelyFA oD suppose tht A nd B re tegoriesD nd tht F, G : A B re funtors etween them with midextrous djoints F nd G respetivelyD nd tht : F G is nturl trnsformtionF hen we hve the following hrteriztion of the right nd left dggers of F
For objects x A and y B, post- and pre-composition with the components of the right and left daggers , : G y F y can be expressed as
Lemma 5.8.
y y post(y ) = F pre(x ) 1 G 1 pre(y ) = G post(x ) F
5.4.
EVEN-HANDEDNESS IN TERMS OF ADJUNCTION ISOMORPHISMS
WW
where and are the adjunction isomorphisms expressing F and G as right adjoints of F and G respectively, and and are the adjunction isomorphisms expressing F and G as left adjoints of F and G respectively. Proof. e prove the formul for the right dgger Y the proof for the left
F G F G y
dgger y is similrF qiven morphism f : x G y D we n onstrut the following digrmX
x
g
F x
G F F x G F F G y
F F (g)
F (x )
G F Gx G F GG y
F G(g) F (
G) y
G y
F G y
F (G y )
G F (y)
he ounterElokwise omposite is the de(nition of post(y )(g) from its string digrm formul @SFIAD while the lokwise omposite is the formul we re trying to proveF he leftEhnd squre ommutes y the nturlity of D while the rightEhnd squre ommutes y the nturlity of F
Proposition 5.9. An even-handed structure on a full sub-2-category C Ct with ambidextrous adjoints is the same thing the data of, for every pair of adjoint functors F, F , a map
o mke use of this lemmD we will use the nottion wherey if f is morphism in tegoryD nd f is some formul for how to postEompose morphisms with f D then f = post1 (f ) will e shorthnd for the sttement f is the unique morphism suh tht postEomposing with it is the sme s pplying f 9F e will use similr nottion for the inverse9 of preE ompositionF e then hve the followingF
: edjHom (F
F ) edjHom (F ()
F)
satisfying: (i) = id. (ii) For composable adjoints A o

2 F
F F
G o B
G G
(F G ) = (G ) (F )
for all edj(F F ) and edj(G G ), and moreover (id) = id for all objects A, where id : rom(x, y) rom(x, y) is the trivial adjunction isomorphism.
G
IHH
CHAPTER 5.
(iii) If F
F G
and : F G is a natural transformation, then

G
post1 F pre() 1 = pre1 (G )1 post() (F ) G
for all edj(F F ) and edj(G G ). Proof. he (rst two properties re mnifestly the trnsltion into the homE
F
set djuntion isomorphisms lnguge of the orresponding properties in the de(nition of n evenEhnded strutureD while the third is preisely vemm SFVF e will (nd this reformultion of the notion of n evenEhnded struture very usefulD euse it uses preisely the sort of lnguge whih rises when one hs on liner tegoryF
trace
5.5 Even-handed structures from traces

yur gol in this setion is to de(ne the notion of on liner tegoryD nd to show how these give rise to evenEhnded struturesF hen the teE gories involved re semisimpleD we will show tht n evenEhnded struture is tully the D up to glol sle ftorD s the dt of tre on eh tegoryF
trace
same thing
5.5.1 Traces on linear categories

e k is tegory enrihed in (niteEdimensionl k Evetor spesD where k is some (eldF he following de(nition strts the lE geri geometry notion of oming from trivil erre funE tor9 @see for exmple QU nd the referenes thereinAF xote tht we write V := rom(V, k) for the liner dul of vetor speF
-linear category
Serre trace
Denition 5.10.
e on k Eliner tegory onsists of liner mp rx : ind(x) k for eh ojet x whih is @iA nondegenerteD in the sense tht for ll ojets x nd y the ssoited mp
trace
s : rom(x, y) rom(y, x) f (g rx (gf ))

is n isomorphism of vetor spesD nd @iiA yliD tht is rx (gf ) = ry (f g) for ll f : x y nd g : y xF
5.5.
EVEN-HANDED STRUCTURES FROM TRACES
IHI
sf the homEsets in the liner tegory ome equipped with ZEgrdingD then we shll require insted tht the tre e in the sense tht r(gf ) = (1)deg(f ) deg(g) r(f g) whenever this mkes senseF por our purposesD the min point out tre is tht it gives the omE position opertion in the tegory ertin symmetryD nmely tht one n express preEomposition in terms of the liner dul of postEompositionD nd vieEversF e reord this in lemmF
graded commutative
Lemma 5.11.
Suppose that a k-linear category is equipped with a trace. (i) Given a morphism f : x y and some other object z, the following diagrams commute:
rom(y, z)
pre(f )
G rom(x, z)
s
rom(z, x)
pre(f )
G rom(z, y)
s
rom(z, y)
post(f )
G rom(z, x)
rom(x, z)
post(f )
G rom(y, z)
That is,
pre(f ) = s1 post(f ) s
and
sx,y
post(f ) = s1 pre(f ) s.
(ii) Moreover, the following diagram commutes:

rom(x, y)
OOO OOO OO O = OOO9
G rom(y, x) rom(x, y)
s1 y,x
s pre(f )(g) sends h rx (hgf ) while post(f ) s(g) sends h ry (f hg) = rx (hgf ) sine the tre is yliF xote tht if the tre is only grded yliD then this tringle fils to ommute y the ftor (1)deg(f ) deg(g) deg h F por the seond digrmD s post(f )(h) sends g rz (hf g)D nd so does pre(f ) sD so the ft tht the digrm ommutes does not even require the tre to e yliF @iiA qiven morphism k : y xD the lokwise omposite sends f (s(k) rx (kf )) while the nonil digonl isomorphism sends f (s(g) ry (f k))D so the digrm ommutes euse the tre is yliF xote tht if the tre is only grded yliD then this tringle fils to ommute y the ftor (1)deg(f ) deg(k) F
Proof. @iA por the (rst digrmD suppose tht g : y z nd h : z xF hen
IHP
CHAPTER 5.
5.5.2 Even-handed structures from traces

sn this susetion we show how to otin evenEhnded strutures from linE er tegories equipped with tresF e sy tht funtor etween liner tegories is if it is liner on the homEsetsD nd we write Lgtk for the PEtegory of k Eliner tegoriesD liner funtors nd nturl trnsformtionsF uppose tht A nd B re liner tegories equipped with treD tht F : A B is liner funtor etween them nd tht F : B A is right djoint of F with ompnying djuntion isomorphisms
linear
: rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y) x A, y B.
e n then equip F s djoint of F y de(ning the homEset isomorE phisms t : rom(F y, x) rom(y, F x) y the digrm rom(F y, x)
t
left
G rom(y, F x) G rom(F x, y)
sB
rom(x, F y)
ht isD we set
sA
t := s1 sA . B
xote tht t n e regrded s the of with respet to the tre mpsD euse if g : F y x then t (g) : y F x is the unique morphism stisfying ry (f t (g)) = rF y ((f )g) for ll f : F x y F
adjoint
Suppose that a full sub 2-category C Lgt has ambidextrous adjoints and that each category comes equipped with a trace. Then the formula
Proposition 5.12.
k
equips C with an even-handed structure. Proof. e verify the onditions for n evenEhnded struture s presented in
roposition SFWF pirstlyD 2 = id sine for morphisms f : F x y we know tht tt (f ) : F x y is the unique morphism suh tht rx (gtt (f )) = rF x (t (g)f ) for ll g : F y xF fut then tt (f ) = (f )D euse rx (g(f )) = rF y ((f )g) = ry (f t (g)) = rF x (t (g)f ).
() = t
5.5.
IHQ
sf the homEsets re grded nd the tre is grded yliD the left nd right t hnd sides will pik up signs (1)deg(g) deg((f )) nd (1)deg( (g)) deg(f ) reE spetivelyD ut these nel sine the djuntion isomorphisms @nd hene t A re required to preserve the grdingF eondlyD the trnspose formul ehves orretly under omposition A B C D sine
F G
(F G ) = s1 (F G ) sA C = s1 sA G F C = s1 sB s1 sA G F C B = (G ) (F ).
woreoverD it ehves orretly on identity djuntionsD sine (id) = s1 A id sA = idF pinllyD the trnspose formul ensures tht the left nd right dggers of nturl trnsformtion : F G etween two funtors F, G : A B greeD euse for ny x A nd y B we lulteX post ( )y = s1 pre ( )y A
sA
@y vemm SFVA @y vemm SFIIA
1
= s1 [(G )1 post(x ) (F )] sA A = = s1 A s1 A (F ) post(x ) ((G ) ) 1 G
sA
sA F s1 post(x ) sB 1 s1 sA A G B
= F pre(x )
= post(y ) @y vemm SFVAF
herefore = F
5.5.3 Even-handedness for semisimple categories

o understnd the notion of tre nd how it reltes to evenEhnded struE turesD one should (rst onsider the simplest lss of exmplesF e use the formultion of wger WV nd sy tht k Eliner tegory is if it hs diret sums nd suojets nd if there exist ojets Xi lelled y set I suh tht rom(Xi , Xj ) ij k @suh ojets re lled A nd = suh tht for ny two ojets x nd y the omposition mp
semisimple simple
rom(x, Xi ) rom(Xi , y) rom(x, y)

iI
is n isomorphismF e write SLgtk for the full suEPEtegory of Lgtk whose ojets re semisimple k Eliner tegoriesF sn this setion we prove tht n evenEhnded struture on olletion of semisimple tegories is the sme thing s equipping eh tegory with treF yn should think of this s the tegori(tion9 of the ft tht giving Estruture on the morphisms etween olletion of vetor spes is the
IHR
CHAPTER 5.
sme thingD up to glol sle ftorD s providing eh vetor spe with n inner produtF
A trace on a semisimple k-linear category is the same thing as an assignment of a nonzero number k to each isomorphism class of simple object e . Proof. sf the tegory hs treD then we n de(ne the numer ssigned
Lemma 5.13.
i i
to simple ojet ei y tking the tre of the identity endomorphismD
ai := rei (id).
gonverselyD given suh n ssignment of numers ei ai k D we otin tre on the tegory s followsF por eh xD hoose sis {ai,p : ei dim Hom(ei ,x) dim Hom(ei ,x) x}p=1 for rom(ei , x)D nd let {ap : x ei }p=1 e the orreE i sponding dul sisD de(ned y the requirement tht
aq ai,p = qp idei . i
xote tht the dul sis exists euse tegory is semisimpleF en endoE morphism f : x x n e expressed in terms of this sis s
f=
i,p,q
ap f ai,q ai,p aq , i i
where we hve used the nottion wherey slrs re stripped from slr multiples of identity morphisms on the simple ojets vi
idei := .
e de(ne the tre mp r : ind(x) k y summing the digonl prt of f D weighted y the numers ki X rx (f ) :=
i
ki
p
ap f ai,p . i
st is esy to hek tht this de(nition is independent of the hoie of sis we mde for the homEsets rom(ei , x)D nd moreover tht it is nondegenerte nd yliF o proeed furtherD we need to get (rm grip on the evenEhnded eqution = in the semisimple ontextF o this endD suppose tht F, G : A B re liner funtors etween semisimple tegories with mE idextrous djoints F nd G respetivelyD with F nd F witnessing the djuntions F F nd F F respetively nd the sme for GD nd tht : F G is nturl trnsformtionF e wnt to ompute the reltionship etween the right dgger : G F nd the left dgger : G F F
5.5.
IHS
The matrices representing the components of can be expressed in terms of the corresponding matrices for and the matrices representing the adjunctions and as follows:
Lemma 5.14.
F G
Proof. he preise mening of this formul will eome ler during the
ap : e F (ei ) nd bq : e G(ei )
[,i ] = [G ]1 [,i ][F ].
ourse of this proofF he strtegy is to use vemm SFV whih expresses the postE nd preEomposition ehviour of nd respetivelyF vet ei A nd e B e simple ojetsF e hoose ses
for the vetor spes rom(e , F ei ) nd rom(e , Gei ) respetivelyF he orE responding dul ses re written s
ap : F (ei ) e nd bq : G(ei ) e .
vet F nd G e the djuntion isomorphisms exhiiting F nd G s right djoints of F nd GF e pply these isomorphisms to otin ses for rom(ei , F e ) nd rom(ei , G e )D
ap := F (ap ) : ei F (e ) nd q := G (bq ) : ei G (e ), b
nd we de(ne
ap : F (e ) ei nd q : G (e ) ei b
to e the orresponding dul sesF xow we re redy to omputeF e egin with the mtrix elements of the right dgger : G F F sing id = to strip o' slrs from multiples of identity morphisms s eforeD we hve
ap e q = ap F (1 (q ) ei ) b G b
y vemm SFV
= ap F (bq ei ) .
e expnd bq ei in the ap sisD
bq ei =
p
bq ei ap ap
nd sustitute k in to otin
ap e q = b p
ap ap
bq ei ap
= bq ei ap .
IHT
CHAPTER 5.
xow we ompute the mtrix elements of the left dgger D gin using vemm SFVF e hve
1 apei q = G (ei F (p )) q . b a b
e expnd F (p ) in the ap sisD a
F (p ) = a
p
F (p ) ap ap a
nd sustitute k in to otin
apeq = b
p
1 ap F (p ) G (ei ap ) q . a b
eginD we expnd ei ap in the bq sisD sustitute k inD nd rerrnge terms to (nlly otin
ap ei q = b
q ,p
1 b G (bq ) q
bq ei ap
ap F (p ) . a
e sustitute in our result for the mtrix elements of oveD nd we write this s [,i ]qp = [G ]1 [,i ]q p [F ]p p qq
q ,p
whih is the sttement of the lemmF e re now redy to prove tht n evenEhnded struture on olletion of semisimple tegories is the sme thingD up to glol sle ftorD s providing eh tegory with treF e sy tht on olletion of semisimple tegories is n ssignment of nonzero numer ei kei to eh isomorphism lss of simple ojet in eh tegoryY in other words weighting is the sme thing s tre on eh tegoryF
weighting
Proposition 5.15.
strutureD tht the right nd left dggers oinideF uppose tht F : A B is liner diret sum preserving funtor etween semisimple tegoriesD with right djoint F : B A nd ssoited djuntion isomorphisms F D nd tht : F F is nturl trnsformtionF sf ei nd e index the simple ojets in A nd B D then we will write
Proof. e egin with the most restritive requirement on n evenEhnded
There is a canonical bijection even-handed structures on a = weightings on S, up to full sub-2-category S SLgt a global scale factor
k
i, : rom(F ei , e ) rom(ei , F e )
5.6.
2-HILBERT SPACES
IHU
for the ehviour of on the simple ojets @whih ompletely determines itAF e showed in vemm SFIR thtD fter hoosing sisD the eqution = mounts to the ssertion tht for eh pir of simple ojets ei A nd e B the following digrm of mtries ommutesX
km
[()i, ]
[ ]
G kn G kn
[()i, ]
km
m = dim rom(e , F ei ) n = dim rom(e , Gei )
[ ]
ine this must hold for funtors F nd nturl trnformtions D we see tht [()i, ] is nturl trnsformtion of the identity on etD nd hene we must hve [()i, ] = k,i id for some slr k,i k F he ondition tht is omptile with omE position then requires tht for ny triple of simple ojets ei , e , e inside C @they n ome from di'erent or the sme tegoriesAD we must hve
all
all
k, k,i = k,i nd ki,i = 1. k ki for some ssignment of slrs ei ki to eh simple ojetY lerly this ssignment is only determined up to glol sle ftorF xote tht the ondition 2 = id is utomtilly ful(lledF ki, =
ht the weighting is only de(ned up to slr ftor ties in well with the geometri nlogy we gve in etion SFP etween n evenEhnded struE ture nd spin struture on iemnnin mnifoldD euse it hs some forml similrities with the ft tht the dimension of the spe of hrmoni spinors on spin mnifold is invrint under hnging the sle of the metri UQF he only solution is tht
5.6 2-Hilbert spaces

sn this setion we use roposition SFIP to show tht the PEtegory PHil of PErilert spes omes hs nonil evenEhnded strutureF his is euse eh PErilert spe omes equipped with nonil treD r(f ) = (id, f ). por instne rell tht if the PErilert spe is ep(G) for some (nite group G then the resultnt weightings on the simple ojets Vi " the irreduile representtions " re preisely their dimensionsD weighted y the reiprol of the order of the groupF
IHV
CHAPTER 5.
Proposition 5.16.
(i) The 2-category PHil of 2-Hilbert spaces comes equipped with a canonical even-handed structure . (ii) We can express in terms of the -structure on the hom-sets and the inner products as
() = .
he seond lim sys tht if F : A B is liner Efuntor etween PErilert spesD nd F : B A is right djoint for F with ompnying djuntion isomorphisms : rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y), then the trnsposed mp t : rom(F y, x) rom(y, F x) n e omputed s the omposite rom(F y, x)
where is the Hilbert space adjoint of . Proof. he (rst lim follows diretly from roposition SFIPF
G rom(y, F x)
G rom(F x, y)
G rom(x, F y)
where : rom(x, F y) rom(F x, y) is the djoint @in the ordinry sense of mps etween rilert spesA of F sndeedD we know tht for morphism g : F y xD the trnsposed morphism t (g) : x F (y) is the unique morphism stisfying r(f t (g)) = r((f )g) for ll f : F x y F fut then we must hve t (g) = [ (g )] D euse r(f [ (g )] ) := (id, f [ (g )] )
= ( (g ), f ) = (g , (f )) = (id, (f )g) =: r((f )g).
sn the light of the geometri interprettion for evenEhnded strutures in etion SFPD it is interesting to ponder the forml similrity etween this formul () = nd the formul for the djoint of exterior derivtive in iemnnin geometryD d = dF
5.7 Derived categories of Calabi-Yau manifolds

e PErilert spe n e thought of s the tegory of hermitin vetor undles over disrete set " the set of isomorphism lsses of simple oE jetsF snsted of vetor undles over disrete setD one might ttempt to onsider oherent sheves over smooth speF his line of thought is indeed
5.7.
DERIVED CATEGORIES OF CALABI-YAU MANIFOLDS
IHW
promisingY in this setion we show tht the resulting smooth9 version of the PEtegory of PErilert spes lso rries n evenEhnded strutureF vet X e n nEdimensionl ompt omplex mnifoldD nd let OX e its struture shefD tht is the shef of holomorphi funtionsF ell tht on X is shef of OX Emodules whih is lolly quotient of (niteErnk lollyEfree shefF he oherent sheves form n elin tegory nd we write the orresponding ounded derived tegory s D(X)F o void the nuisne of shift funtorsD we will rther work with the derived tegory D(X)D whih is de(ned to hve the sme ojets s D(X) ut with homEsets the grded vetor spes
coherent sheaf
graded
romD(X) (E , F ) :=
i
romD(X) (E , F [i]),
where F [i] is the omplex F shifted y iF xote tht the homEsets in the grded derived tegory re (nite euse the omplexes re oundedF sf X is the nonil line undle of X D then erre dulity gives for eh oherent shef E D(X) nturl tre mp r : romn D(X) (E , X E ) C whih is grdedEommuttive in the sense tht r(f g) = (1)deg f r(gf ) whenever this is de(nedD nd is nondegenerte in the sense tht it sets up nturl ifuntoril isomorphisms
n rom D(X) (E , F ) romD(X) (F , X E ) . =
sn other wordsD if we restrit ourselves to mnifolds @whih re hrterized s preisely those mnifolds for whih the nonil line undle X is trivilAD then erre dulity gives the grded derived tegory D(X) grded tre in the sense we de(ned in etion SFSF o trnslte this into n evenEhnded strutureD we (rst need to de(ne the PEtegory we will e working inF pirstly rell tht for omplex mnifolds X nd Y there is wy to trnsform n ojet G D(X) into funtor F : D(X) D(Y )F xmelyD one onsiders the digrm of projetions
ww ww ww {www
X
Calabi-Yau
X Y GG
GG Y GG GG G
nd then one de(nes F y pulling G k to D(X Y )D tensoring with G nd then pushing down to D(Y )X
F (E ) = RY (X (E ) G ).
e funtor F : D(X) D(Y ) of this form is lled n
integral kernelF
IIH
CHAPTER 5.
Denition 5.17. he PEtegory CYu is de(ned s followsF en ojet is ompt gliEu mnifold X F e morphism F : X Y is funtor F : D(X) D(Y ) whih is nturlly isomorphi to n integrl kernelF e PEmorphism is nturl trnsformtionF
fy regrding eh spe X s pleholder for the derived tegory D(X)D we n think of CYu s living inside the PEtegory Lgt of liner tegoriesD liner funtors nd nturl trnsformtionsF hus we n pply roposition SFIP nd onlude tht it omes equipped with nonil evenE hnded strutureF
Proposition 5.18.
use if F : D(X) D(Y ) is n integrl kernel orresponding to omplex G D(X Y )D then we n onsider G s n ojet in D(Y X) nd hene we hve the orresponding integrl kernel
The 2-category CYu comes equipped with a canonical even-handed structure, arising from the Serre duality on each derived category D(X). Proof. pirstlyD every morphism in CYu hs n midextrous djointD eE
F : D(Y ) D(X).
st is wellEknown @see eFgF QUA tht if the erre funtors on X nd Y re trivil then F n e nonilly equipped s simultneous right nd left djoint for F F roweverD oserve tht sine the morphisms in CYu re not integrl kernels ut only funtors whih re to integrl kernelsD there is no longer nonil hoie of mdiextrous djoint for the morphisms in CYu " ut t lest we re ssured tht they existF ine eh derived tegory D(X) omes equipped with grded tre the proposition follows from roposition SFIPF
isomorphic
sn etion SFSFQ we sw tht n evenEhnded struture on olletion of semisimple tegories @onsidered s full suEPEtegory of SLgtk A is the sme thing s n ssignment of nonzero numer to eh simple ojet in eh tegoryD up to glol sle ftorF st would e interesting to lulte the orresponding moduli spe9 of evenEhnded strutures on olletion of gliEu spes @onsidered s full suEPEtegory of CYuAD nd how this would relte to the geometry of the underlying gliEu spesF
Chapter 6
Even-handed structures on fusion categories
sn this hpter we onsider the notion of evenEhnded strutures in the relm of D whih re semisimple liner monoidl tegories where every ojet hs dulF hese tegories hve een muh studied in the (eld of quntum lger @see the leture notes of wger IHI for reent overviewAF yne of the importnt ppers in this regrd hs een tht of itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik STD where the foundtions of the theory were lid outF yur min motivtion hs een the following onjeture mde in STX
fusion categories
mits a pivotal structure.
Conjecture @itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik STA.
Every fusion category ad-
ell from ghpter SFQFI tht n evenEhnded struture on monoidl tegory is essentilly the sme thing s pivotl struture exept tht it (ts more semlessly with the string digrm lulusF sn this hpter we will do two thingsX e will show how mny of the importnt results of itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik hve simple nd elegnt proofs in terms of string digrmsF his is signi(nt euse these results were originlly derived using lgeri methods from the theory of wek ropf lgersF e will use the frmework of evenEhnded strutures to identify pivotl struture on fusion tegory s on the tegoryF he twisting i ssoited to eh triple of simple is governed y set of signs jk ojets in the tegoryD whih rise from the nture of the dulity opertion in the tegoryF e ll these signs the sine they re nlogous to the QW whih govern the ssoitor informtion in fusion tegoryF
transformation of the identity functor 6j symbols

III
twisted monoidal natural pivotal symbols
IIPCHAPTER 6.
EVEN-HANDED STRUCTURES ON FUSION CATEGORIES
he strting point of our trnsltion of the results of itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik into grphil frmework rises from n oservtion of rgge nd rong UPF rgge nd rong showed tht one of the fundmentl results of ST " tht there is moreEorEless nonil monoidl nturl isomorphism : id etween the identify funtor nd the fourth power of the dulizing funtor 9 on fusion tegory " n e given purely string digrmmti proofF rgge nd rong worked in the frmework of striti(ed skeletl fusion tegories nd pivotl strutures nd ppeled to oherene theoremsD nd our pproh is di'erent in two wysF pirstly we sw in ghpter R tht without hving to pss to striti(ed situtionF eondly we work in the frmework of evenE hnded struturesD wherey the isomorphism : id trnsltes into i on the si homEsets rom(X , X X ) etween the n Tjk i j k i re therefore 1D nd we ll this simple ojetsF he eigenvlues of Tjk olletion of signs the of the fusion tegoryF e will prove tht the pivotl symols ontrol the existene of pivotl strutures on the fusion tegoryF he lyout of this hpter is s followsF e egin in etion TFI with wrm up exeriseX we ompute the set of evenEhnded strutures on groupElike monoidl tegory (G, ) ssoited to group G nd QEoyle Z 3 (G, U (1))F yur omputtion of this toy exmple is not new @it ppers for instne in the leture notes of foyrhenko QIAD ut it netly illustrtes the min idesF sn etion TFP we review the si fts out fusion tegoriesD lyE ing emphsis on the mnifest lgeri informtion ontined in fusion tegoryX the nd the more sutle informtion of the of the simple ojets (rst explited y wger WVF sn etion TFQ we use the grphil lulus nd the ide of rgge nd rong to introdue i the involution opertors Tjk D the eigenvlues of whih re reorded in the F sn etion TFR we give string digrm proofs of mny of the min results of STF pinlly in etion TFS we prove our min result identiE fying pivotl struture on fusion tegory s twisted monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identity funtor on the tegoryF e show tht unless i eh involution opertor Tjk equls plus or minus the identity mpD then the fusion tegory rry pivotl strutureY moreover we show tht the pivotl struture n e mde spheril if nd only if these signs n e onsistently removedF
diagrams can be applied directly to the category at hand involution pivotal symbols
string
mensions
fusion ring
paired di-
pivotal symbols
cannot
6.1 Warm-up exercise

o prepre ourselves for lulting the evenEhnded struture on fusion tegoriesD we strt with wrmEup exeriseF ell tht if G is group
6.1.
WARM-UP EXERCISE
IIQ
nd Z 3 (G, U (1)) group QEoyleD then we n form the monoidl tegory (G, ) whose ojets re the group elements g GD whose homE sets rom(g, h) re empty unless g = h when they re equl to U (1)D nd whose ssoitor is given y the oyle F he following result is wellEknown @see egF QIA in the ontext of pivotl struturesF
the only point where we need to perform lultion diretly involving F qiven group element g GD let us write g (g, g 1 , g)Y the QEoyle 1 eqution together with the ft tht is normlized implies tht g1 = g F sf we tre through the snke digrms we see tht (g 1 , g , g ) is right dul of g if nd only if g g = g F sn other wordsD the set of wys edj(g g 1 ) in whih g 1 n e expressed s right dul of g forms U (1)EtorsorD for we n hoose g U (1) freely fter whih we must set g = g /g F imilrlyD tring through the snke digrms one (nds tht (g 1 , g , g ) is dul of g if nd only if g g = 1/g D nd the set of solutions edj(g 1 g) to this eqution is gin U (1)EtorsorF ine edj(g g 1 ) nd edj(g 1 g) re nonempty for ll g GD we onlude tht (G, ) indeed hs midextrous dulsF rving estlished this ftD we no longer need to diretly involve in our lultions t llF o see thisD oserve tht n evenEhnded struture on (G, ) onsists of ijetive mp : edj(g g 1 ) edj(g 1 g)
If G is a group and Z (G, U (1)) is a normalized 3-cocycle, then there is a canonical bijection even-handed structures group homomorphisms . = on (G, ) f : G U (1) Moreover the even-handed structure is spherical precisely when f (g) = 1 for all g G. Proof. pirstly we need to hek tht (G, ) hs midextrous dulsY this is
Lemma 6.1.
3
left
for every g GD stisfying the xioms we listed in ghpter SFIF ithout knowing ny of the internl detils9 of these U (1)EtorsorsD it is ler tht suh mp is uniquely determined y the dimension funtion9
f : G U (1)
whih sends
g
where (g , g ) edj(g g 1 ) is some hoie of unit nd ounit mps whih exhiit g 1 s right dul of g Y the resulting numer f (g) does not depend
IIRCHAPTER 6.
on this hoie due to the nturlity properties of from vemm SFPF vet us exmine the requirements of the xioms of n evenEhnded struture on the funtion f : G U (1)F elthough in this simple setting the monoidl xiom implies ll the othersD it is instrutive to understnd the requirements of eh xiom in turnF he requirement tht 2 = id implies tht
e reognize the left hnd side s f (g)f (g 1 )F es for the right hnd sideD despite ppernes it is tully strightforwrd produt of four numers in U (1)D whih we n prenthesize s ( g g )(( g )(g )) = g 1/g = 1F @e remrk tht this lultion introdues the onept of whih we will review in the next setionAF sn other wordsD
paired dimensions
2 = id
f (g)f (g 1 ) = 1.
imilrly the requirement tht respets the monoidl struture mens tht
f (gh) = f (g)f (h),

nd the requirement tht ts s the identity on the trivil djuntion mens tht f (e) = 1F pinllyD the evenEhnded eqution is utomtilly stis(edD sine we n tke slr ftors out of the digrms nd ple them in frontD so tht we lwys hve = for every morphism F e onlude tht n evenEhnded struture on (G, ) is the sme thing s group homomorphism f : G U (1)F ell from ghpter SFI tht is lled @s in the work of frrett nd estury IVA if the left nd right tres oinideD whih in our se is the requirement tht
spherical
.
e reognize this s the eqution f (g) = f (g 1 ) for ll g GD whih mens tht f (g) must tke vlues in {1, 1}F his ompletes the proofF his exmple ove netly illustrtes the kind of ides involved in the notion of n evenEhnded struture9 on monoidl tegoryF
6.2 Fusion categories

sn this setion we egin our study of evenEhnded strutures on fusion tE egoriesD y summrizing the si fts out them whih will e relevnt
6.2.
FUSION CATEGORIES
IIS
for usF e will lwys work over the omplex numers CF e C is semisimple liner rigid monoidl tegory with only (nitely mny isomorphism lsses of simple ojets indexed y set I Y moreover the unit ojet 1 C is required to e simpleF xote tht we will often ssume tht representtive simple ojets {Xi }iI hve een hosenF he unit ojet tkes the index zeroD so tht X0 = 1F elsoD rell tht rigidity is only the requirement tht every ojet V hs dul V Y however semisimpliity is lso implies tht V dul of V D whih we prove in eppendix fF o fusion tegory hs midextrous dulsY it therefore mkes sense to tlk out n evenEhnded struture on fusion tegoryF e will write the olletion of evenEhnded strutures on fusion tE egory C s ivenErnded(C)D nd we will write eut (id) for the group of monoidl nturl isomorphisms of the identity on C F he following is very importnt ft to keep in mindF
fusion category
left
right
In the event that ivenErnded(C) is nonempty, it is acted on freely and transitively by eut (id ) via the formula
Lemma 6.2.
C
( ) , = ,
Proof. pirstlyD is indeed n evenEhnded struture on C sine the

monoidl xiom nd the evenEhnded xiom re lerly stis(edD while the following estlishes tht ( )2 = idX
( )2
sn the lst step ove we used the nturlity of D nd the ft tht it is nturl isomorphism so tht 1 = idF eondlyD eut (idC ) ts freely on ivenErnded(C)D euse if = then
monoidal
pinllyD eut (idC ) ts trnsitivelyD euse if is nother evenEhnded struture then we n de(ne monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the idenE tity y setting
V =
IITCHAPTER 6.
where (V , V , V ) is ny hoie of right dul for V Y the formul is indepenE dent of this hoie y the nturlity properties of expressed in vemm SFPF o hek tht is indeed nturl trnsformtionD suppose tht : V W is morphismF hen we n use the evenEhnded eqution twieD one for nd one for D s followsX
e reognize the right hnd side s W y setting (W , W ) = ( (W ), ( nd then using 2 = idF his estlishes tht is nturl trnsformtionY it is ler tht is nturl trnsformtion euse respets the monoidl strutureF his ompletes the proofF
W ))
monoidal
his mens tht every evenEhnded struture on tegory n e otined y ting vi n utomorphism of the identity on given oneF gomining this with vemm SFQD we hve the following orollryF
If C is equipped with a braiding and a compatible twist (in particular, if C is a symmetric monoidal category), then ivenErnded(C) = eut (id ).
Corollary 6.3.
C
here re two piees of lgeri dt one n mnifestly extrt from fusion tegory C F he (rst is the whih we will simE ply write s [C] @insted of the more usul K(C)AD de(ned s the ring of isomorphism lsses of ojetsF his is not n ritrry ringY (rstly it hs distinguished sis [Xi ] given y the simple ojets in whih the expnE i sion oe0ients [Xj ][Xk ] = i Njk [Xi ] re nonnegtive integersD nd moreE over the qrothendiek ring hs n ntiEinvolution : [C] [C] stisfying 0 Njk = jk D where 09 refers to the index of the unit ojetF e ring with these properties is lled STD QTF
Grothendieck ring
fusion ring
6.2.
FUSION CATEGORIES
IIU
he other piee of mnifest lgeri dt one n extrt from fusion tegory is it more sutle nd ws (rst explited y wger WV " to eh set {Xi , Xi } onsisting of simple ojet nd its dulD we n ssign the produt of numers
d{i,i } =
where (, ) is some hoie of unit nd ounit mps exhiiting Xi s right dul of Xi D nd (n, e) is some hoie of unit nd ounit mps exhiiting Xi s dul of Xi F e ll d{i,i } the of Xi nd Xi F yserve tht this produt is independent of the hoies we mde euse it is invrint under resling 1 1 , , n n, e e.
left
paired norm
es n exmpleD onsider the groupElike monoidl tegory (G, ) from eE tion TFI s fusion tegoryD y llowing forml diret sums of group eleE mentsF hen we sw in the proof of vemm TFI tht the pired dimensions d{g,g1 } equl unity for ll g GF e will show in etion TFR tht the pired dimensions d{i,i } in fuE sion tegory re positive nd relY however for now oserve tht they re ertinly nonzero sineD for exmpleD is zero if nd only if is zero y semisimpliityD euse rom(1, Xi Xi ) is in dulity with rom(Xi Xi , 1)F en evenEhnded struture on fusion tegory C gives rise to n ssoited from the qrothendiek ring into CD
dimension homomorphism
dim : K(C) C,
de(ned y sending
[V ]
where (V , , ) is ny hoie of right dul for V F he ft tht dim is wellEde(ned is onsequene of the nturlity of F
Lemma 6.4.
The dimension homomorphism dim : K(C) C associated to an even-handed structure on a fusion category C satises the following properties: It is a ring homomorphism, dim[X ] dim[X ] = d for all simple objects X .
i i {i,i } i
IIVCHAPTER 6.
Proof. e hve
dim[V ] dim[W ] =
= dim[V W ].
@xote tht the seond equlity ove of sliding irle into nother irle9 does not use ny properties of ut simply the ft tht morphism 1 1 is just numerFA o evlute dim[Xi ] dim[Xi ]D mke hoie (, ) of unit nd ounit mps exhiiting Xi s right dul of Xi D nd then hoose ((), ( )) s the unit nd ounit mps exhiiting Xi s right dul of Xi F hen we hve
dim[Xi ] dim[Xi ] =
= d{i,i } .
e ll funtion f : K(C) C from the qrothendiek ring of fuE sion tegory to the ground (eld if it stis(es the properties oveF fy nlogy with the se of (G, )D one might imgine tht
fusion homomorphism
Even-Handed(C) {pusion homomorphisms f : K(C) C}. =

nfortuntely we hve not een le to otin suh resultF snstedD we will hrterize the olletion of evenEhnded strutures on C s the olletion of monoidl nturl trnsformtions of the identityD sttement we will explin elowF rowever it is instrutive to see tht this hrteriztion hold for fusion tegories of the form ep(G) for (nite group GF
twisted does
Proposition 6.5.
The even-handed structures on ep(G) are in 1-1 correspondence with the fusion homomorphisms from [ep(G)] to C.
6.3.
THE PIVOTAL SYMBOLS OF A FUSION CATEGORY
IIW
Proof. e hve
Even-Handed(ep(G)) eut (id) = Z(G) = = {g G : | rVi (g)| = dim Vi for ll irreduiles Vi } {pusion homomorphisms f : [ep(G)] C}. =
he (rst isomorphism uses the ft tht ep(G) is symmetri monoidl tegory nd gorollry TFQF he seond isomorphism is result of wger IHPF he equlity in the third line is si result of representtion theory @see gorollry PFPV of USAF he (nl isomorphism uses two ftsF pirstlyD every ring homomorphism
[ep(G)] C
must tke the form V rV (g) for some (xed g G " euse hrter like this ertinly ring homomorphismD nd there re s mny suh distint hrters s there re onjugy lsses in the groupD whih must exhust ll the ring homomorphisms sine [ep(G)]C is isomorphi to the spe of funtions on the onjugy lssesF eondlyD in ep(G) the pired dimensions d{i,i } re just dim(Vi )2 D so tht fusion homomorphism must stisfy |f (Vi )| = dim Vi F
is
6.3 The pivotal symbols of a fusion category

sn this setion we use string digrms to show tht every fusion tegory i omes equipped with involutions Tjk : rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) on the homEsets etween single simple ojet nd tensor produt of i two other onesF ine Tjk is n involutionD its eigenvlues must equl 1D nd we ll this olletion of signs the of the fusion tegoryF hey ply entrl role in the rest of this hpterF e de(ne on fusion tegory s symmetri hoie {di } of squre roots of the pired dimensionsD tht is one whih stis(es
pivotal symbols
root choice
d2 = d{i,i } nd di = di for ll iF i
elthough we will show in roposition TFII tht the pired dimensions d{i,i } re positive nd relD ll tht is neessry in the ove de(nition is tht they re nonzeroF he point out root hoie is tht it llows one to estlish the following onventionF
IPHCHAPTER 6.
Partnering Convention.
expressing
Xi
or sttement with unit nd ounit , expressing Xi s dul of Xi D it will lwys e understood tht the former is ritrry while the ltter is determined uniquely y the requirement tht
right
henever unit nd ounit , dul of Xi ppers together in some eqution
left
= di
@or equivlently
= di AF
e root hoie n thus e seen s kind of protoEevenEhnded struture9 " the gme is to try nd modify it to otin true evenEhnded strutureF uppose tht root hoie {di } hs een mdeF sing the rtner gonE i ventionD we n de(ne the involution opertors Tjk F
Denition 6.6.
i he opertors Tjk : rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) re de(ned y
i yne might imgine tht Tjk is the identity opertorD ut tht need not e the se " oserve for instne tht hnging the signs of the root hoie i i di di will hve the e'et of hnging Tjk Tjk @providing j nd AF sf we hoose sis {a : X X X } k re distint from i nd i p i j k with orresponding dul sis {aq : Xj Xk Xi }D we see tht the mtrix i elements of Tjk ompute s
i aq Tjk ap =
ut we re unle to ontinue the lultion furtherF e reord for lter use here however one of the importnt properties of the rtner gonvention
6.3.
THE PIVOTAL SYMBOLS OF A FUSION CATEGORY
IPI
" it llows us to )ip over9 losed loopsD for instneX
euse
for some CD nd
i o summrizeX lthough we nnot show tht Tjk is the identityD one n show tht its is the identityF e redit the following grphil proof of this ft to rgge nd rong UPF yur frmework di'ers signi(ntly from theirsX we do not work in system of (xed hosen duls " if we didD i Y this onept would trnslte we ould not oneive of Tjk s n into the qudruple dul eing monoidlly nturlly isomorphi to the identity funtorF woreoverD we do not need to mke ssumptions out the fusion tegory eing skeletl nd striti(edF xevertheless the si ide is the smeF
square
involution
involution that is, Proof. he opertor T
Lemma 6.7
@see rgge nd rong UPD hm QA. i (Tjk )2 = id
The operator T is an
i jk
sends
IPPCHAPTER 6.
sts mtrix elements re thusX
q = p .
his sitution is somewht reminisent of the whih proves tht performing two full rottions is homotopi to the onstnt idenE tity rottionF e knowledge here tht we hve no good oneptul unE i derstnding of the involution opertors Tjk F roweverD if the fusion teE gory is the tegory of representtions of ropf lgerD then the identity i for the fourth power of the nE (Tjk )2 = id orresponds to tipode mp @see SU nd the referenes thereinAF sn ftD the string digrm rgument ove n e regrded s giving grphil proof of dford9s formulF i sn ny eventD sine Tjk is n involutionD the vetor spe rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) hs sis of eigenvetors ap whose eigenvlues re 1F e reord these i signs in the jk,p X
Dirac belt trick
Radford's formula
pivotal symbols
i Tjk ap =
i jk,p ap .
e will see lter tht there is no hope of pivotl struture on the tegory i unless Tjk = idD so i jk,p will e required to e independent of pD whene i F e knowledge tht in ft this might we will write it s jk e the seD ut we hve een unle to show thisF sn ny eventD it is is this ltter olletion of signs tht we view s the pivotl symolsF
really
always
6.4.
FACTS ABOUT THE PIVOTAL TENSOR
IPQ
he pivotl symols re nlogous mthemtil ojets to the QW whih re)et the dt of the ssoitorF sn the stndrd exmple of ep(SL(2))D the TjEsymols onsist of numers
6j-symbols
ijk pqr
C,
ssigned to eh sextuple of irreduile representtions whih re)et the wy the tensor produt of three irreduile representtions n e deomposed in two nturl wysF sn generl fusion tegoryD where the fusion rules re more omplex thn tht of ep(SL(2))D the TjEsymols eome mtries insted of numersD ut the ide is the smeF
6.4 Facts about the pivotal tensor

sn this setion we use the grphil lulus to give lterntive proofs of some of the min results of itingofD xikshyh nd ystrik STF e hope tht this viewpoint o'ers oneptully simpler nd more stremlined wy to understnd themF yur strting point is fusion tegory C F e (x root hoie {d2 = di,i } i of the pired dimensionsD nd we will use the resulting rtner gonvention repetedlyF woreoverD whenever we write sis vetors {ap : Xi Xj Xk } for rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) it will lwys e understood tht they n eigensis i for the opertors Tjk D with eigenvlues i F jk,p e strt with the following lemmF
Lemma 6.8.
We have
i jk,p
q = p
i jk,p di
Proof.
=
i jk,p
i jk,p
i jk,p
IPRCHAPTER 6.
he next proposition is very importntX it estlishes the for the hosen roots di in terms of the pivotl tensorF his llows the numE ers di to e ompred with the dimensions d+ (Xi ) of the simple ojetsD lso introdued in STD whih n e de(ned s the unique homomorphism from the qrothendiek ring into the rel numers
Frobenius-Perron
fusion rules
d+ : [C] C;
iFeF d+ (Xj )d+ (Xk ) =

i
i Njk d+ (Xi )
whih tkes positive vlues on the simple ojetsF he proeniusEerron dimension d+ (Xi ) of simple ojet Xi n lso e hrterized s the unique positive eigenvlue of the positive integer mtrix representing left multiplition y Xi F
Proposition 6.9.
We have d d
dj dk =
j k
=
i
i r(Tjk ) di
Proof.
=
i,p
=
i,p
i jk,p di
@y vemm TFVA
=
i
i r(Tjk ) di .
sn the previous setion we emphsized the nlogy etween the pivotl symols nd the TjEsymols in fusion tegoryF xowD it is known tht the TjEsymols hve the following QWD vemm PFUFVX
symmetry properties
= pqk ijr .
ijk pqr
he next lemm estlishes the orresponding symmetry properties for the pivotl symolsF
6.4.
IPS
Lemma 6.10.
(i) r(T
i jk
The numbers r(T ) have the following symmetry properties: ) = r(T ) (Conjugate cyclic)
i jk k i j i k j
(ii) r(T ) = r(T ) (Conjugate symmetric) Proof. he origin of these symmetries is tht the presene of duls llows
i jk
i one to onvert eigenvetors of the Tjk opertors mongst themselvesD while preserving their eigenvluesF o estlish @iAD suppose tht {ap : Xi Xj i i Xk } is n eigensis for the opertor Tjk D so tht Tjk ap = i ap F hen the jk,p , X , X ) given y sis for rom(Xk i j
bp :=
re eigenvetors of Tik ,j with the sme eigenvlues s ap D sine
Tik ,j (bp ) =
i jk,p
i jk,p bp .
he proof of @iiA is similrD exept one uses the sis {ap : Xj Xk Xi } p } for rom(X , X X ) vi to de(ne sis {c i j k
dual
.
cp :=
i e similr string digrm rgument then estlishes tht Tk j cp =
i cp F j,k
e n use ll these results to prove the following importnt ftF
Proposition 6.11.
The paired dimensions d
{i,i }
are real and positive.
IPTCHAPTER 6.
Proof. e orgnize the vrious roots d

i
into olumn vetorX

T
d=
,...,
i he(ne the mtries Aj vi [Aj ]i = r(Tjk )F hen roposition TFW sys tht k d is simultneous eigenvetor of eh Aj with eigenvlue dj D iFeF
Aj d = dj d.
hus we hve Aj Aj d = dj dj d = d{j,j } d nd so d{j,j } is n eigenvlue of the mtrix Aj Aj F fut Aj = AT D y the symmetry properties estlished j in vemm TFIHX
[Aj ]i = r(Tji k ) k = r(Tik j )

k = r(Tji )
= [Aj ]k . i
hus d{j,j } is n eigenvlue of the positive de(nite rel mtrix Aj AT nd is j therefore rel nd positiveF e lose this setion y demonstrting how the presene of extr symE metry in the fusion tegory fores the pivotl tensor to e trivilizleF e sy tht fusion tegory hs is it is equipped with ontrvrint monoidl endofuntor whih squres to the identityF wny fusion tegories rising from mthemtil physis hve this propertyD sine they re often the tegories of representtions of some or other strutureD where the Eopertion is tking the djoint9 of liner mpF
-operation
unitary
Proposition 6.12.
i eh involution Tjk ftors s M M where M is some other liner opertorY i therefore Tjk is positive de(nite nd so it must e the identity mpF trt y hoosing the ll the roots d2 = d{i,i} to e positiveF sf we hve EopertionD i then we n the units nd ounit mps t the level of the simple ojets y the requirement tht
If a fusion category is equipped with a -operation, then in the root choice where all the d are positive each involution T must be the identity map. Proof. he reson is tht if the fusion tegory hs EopertionD then
i i jk
normalize
= di
(or equivlently
= di ).
6.4.
IPU
his normliztion is determined up to omplex phse ei Y we sk tht i these phses e (xedF his llows us to ftor Tjk s the omposite N M D
M
rom(Xi , Xj Xj ) e
N
@ rom(Xk Xj , Xi ) ,
where
nd
xowD rell from ghpter SFSFQ tht in semisimple Etegory we n lwys ple n inner produt on the homEsets rom(V, W ) vi the formul
(f, g) = r(f g)
where r : ind(V ) C is the tre opertion on the endomorphisms in the tegoryD r(h) = b hbi,p i,p
i,p
where {bi,p : Xi V } is Esis9 whih deomposes V in terms of the simple ojets Xi D tht is b bi,q = pq @see lso roposition PFI of WWAF fy i,p de(nition this inner produt is omptile with the EstrutureD tht is
(f g, h) = (g, f ) nd (f g, h) = (f, hg )
whenever this mkes senseY in other words we hve equipped our tegory with the struture of TF e lim tht with respet to these inner produtsD N = M nd hene T = M M nd hene T must e the identityF sndeedD if we work with the sis for rom(Xk Xj , Xi ) given y
2-Hilbert space
cp :=
then
(bp , N cq ) = ,
= pq
IPVCHAPTER 6. while
= =
= pq .
(M bp , cq ) = idXi , cq (M bp )
hus N = M nd the result hs een provedF
6.5 Existence of pivotal and spherical structures

p to this point we hve essentilly een using rgge nd rong9s string digrm oservtion UPD hm Q to rederive the results of glqueD itingof nd xikshyh ST out fusion tegories purely in terms of string digrmsF sn this setion we go these results in the following wyF e show tht n evenEhnded struture @equivlentlyD pivotl strutureA on fusion i tegory n only exist if ll the involution opertors Tjk we introdued erlier equl plus or minus the identity mpF his is preisely the requirement i tht the pivotl symols i jk,p " whih re the eigenvlues of Tjk " re independent of pD so tht we n write them simply s i F sn this sitution jk Dwe show tht n evenEhnded struture is the sme thing s on the tegoryF woreover we show tht the evenEhnded struture n e mde spheril if nd only if root hoie {d2 = d{i,i } } of the pired dimensions exists in whih ll the i i involution opertors Tjk equl the identity mpF e pologize to the reder tht it might well turn out tht the involution i opertors Tjk in fusion tegory re plus or minus the identityD nd lso tht these signs might e removle y mking di'erent root hoie {d2 = d{i,i } }F xevertheless we hope our ontriution t lest lri(es i the onditions neessry for the existene of pivotl strutureD nd mkes preise the equtions whih re involvedF e hope tht this result will help to deide the onjeture mde in ST tht pivotl struture lwys existsF vet us de(ne wht we men y twisted monoidl nturl trnsformE tion of the identity9F pirstly oserve tht monoidl nturl trnsformtion
beyond
monoidal natural transformation of the identity always always
-twisted
6.5.
EXISTENCE OF PIVOTAL AND SPHERICAL STRUCTURES
IPW
of the identity on semisimple monoidl liner tegory is the sme thing s olletion of numers {i } ssigned to the simple ojets Xi stisfying
i = j k
his uses us to mke the following de(nitionF
d2 = d{i,i } i of the pired dimensions hs een mdeF uppose tht the resulting involuE i tions Tjk : rom(Xi , Xj Xk ) rom(Xi , Xj Xj ) re equl to plus or minus i the identity mpD tht is Tjk = i id for ll i, j, k D where i = 1F hen jk jk n is olletion of numers {ti }iI stisfying
Denition 6.13. vet C e fusion tegory in whih root hoie
-twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity

tj tk =
i jk ti
e write the olletion of solutions to these equtions s eut (idC )F yserve tht our lim relting evenEhnded strutures to twisted nturl trnsformtions t lest hs the right symmetry groupF
Proof. e monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identity ts on twisted If t eut (id ) is an -twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity, then we automatically have t = 1 and t = for all i. Proof. ine 1 1 1D we hve t = t F fut = 1D y oherene in =
Lemma 6.15.
C 1 i 1 ti 1
Lemma 6.14. The group eut (idC ) acts freely and transitively on eut (idC ).
monoidl nturl trnsformtion y setting ti = i ti F st is ler tht this tion is free nd trnsitiveF e will lso need the following si ft lterF
monoidl tegory @every digrm onstituted solely from the unit isomorE phisms must ommuteAD so tht t1 = 1F imilrlyD sine 1 ppers in Xi Xi D we hve ti ti = 1 t1 F fut string digrm rgument shows tht 1 = 1Y ii ii hene ti = t1i F
1 2 11 1
1 11
Pivotal cohomology
yur min result is tht n evenEhnded struture on fusion tegory is the sme thing s n Etwisted monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identityD ut our seond lim is tht the evenEhnded struture n e mde spheril struture if nd only if the signs n e removed from the Etensor y n pproprite hoie of signs of the roots di F e n formlize this s followsF vet A e fusion ringY rell from etion TFP tht this is ring whih looks like the qrothendiek ring of fusion tegoryF uppose tht the lels for
IQHCHAPTER 6.
the simple ojets re prmeterized y set I F e de(ne i = 1} i,j,kI whih stisfy the jk symmetry properties of vemm TFIHX
pivotal symbols on A s hoie of signs {

i jk
collection of
k i j
i jk
i k j
nd
1 ii
= 1; for ll i, j, k I F
e sy tht two olletions of pivotl symols nd re is funtion f : I {1, 1} with f1 = 1 nd fi = fi suh tht
i jk
equivalent if there
= fi fj fk
i jk .
e ll the set of equivlene lsses of olletions of pivotl symols
Hpiv (A, Z/2) = ndidte olletions of pivotl symols {
i jk }
the of the fusion ring AF yserve tht one n multiply olletions of pivotl symols togetherD so tht Hpiv (A, Z/2) is n elin groupF sn summryD we see tht fusion tegory C whose involution opE i ertors Tjk re plus or minus the identity opertor gives rise to lss [ ] Hpiv ([C], Z/2) in the pivotl ohomology of [C]F yur lim will e tht C n rry spheril evenEhnded struture if nd only if this lss is trivilF
pivotal cohomology
Examples for pivotal cohomology

vet us lulte the pivotl ohomology of some of the exmples of fusion rings listed in etion IFQFP of QTF @iA he fusion ring A1 is generted y 1 nd X with X 2 = = X F hus the only nontrivil omponent of pivotl X nd X tensor is X D nd its sign n e hnged y setting fX = 1F hus XX Hpiv (A1 , Z/2) = 1F @iiA he fusion rings Bn re generted y X0 , . . . , Xn1 nd Y D with Y 2 = (n 1)Y + n1 Xi , XY = Y X = Y, Y = Y, Xi Xj = Xi+j nd i=0 Xi = Xi @indies re tken mod nAF hen n = 2D the indepenE 1 dent omponents n e tken to e XY nd Y Y D nd their signs n Y Y e hnged independently y fX1 nd fY D so H(B2 , Z/2) = 1F hen 1 n = 3D we (nd three independent omponents XY , X2 X1 nd Y Y D nd Y Y X1 only two degrees of freedom fY nd f{X1 ,X2 } in djusting the signsD so tht Hpiv (B3 , Z/2) = Z/2F glerly s n grows the numer of indepenE dent omponents of i grows s n2 D while the degrees of freedom in jk djusting the signs is only liner in nD so the pivotl ohomology will grow ever lrgerF
Yang-Lee
6.5.
IQI
@iiiA he fusion rings RG of the IPU hve the form Z[G] Z[Y ] for (nite elin group G with Y 2 = gG g D gY = Y g = Y D gh = g hD g = g 1 nd Y = Y F he sme rguE ment s we mde for the fusion rings Bn estlishes tht the size of Hpiv (RG , Z/2) grows ever lrger with |G|F xeverthelessD lthough in these exmples the pivotl ohomology of the fuE sion rings is generlly nonzeroD the in tht ohomology oming from the fusion tegory itself is lwys trivilD euse ll these tegories re spheril @we remind the reder tht known exmples of fusion tegories n e given spheril evenEhnded strutureAF
Tambara-Yamagami categories
class all
Main result
e n now stte the min result of this hpterF
i 2 i
Theorem 6.16. Let C be a fusion category over C with representative simple

{i,i } i jk i j k i j k
objects X . Suppose that a choice of roots d = d of the paired dimensions has been made, with resulting involution operators T : rom(X , X X ) rom(X , X X ). Then: (i) Unless T = id for all i, j and k, the fusion category C cannot carry an even-handed structure. (ii) Suppose that T = id for all i, j and k, where = 1. Then an even-handed structure on C is the same thing as an -twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity on C . That is, there is a canonical bijection of sets
i jk i jk i jk i jk
ivenErnded(C) eut (idC ). =
the level of the simple ojetsD we n write @using the rtner gonventionA
(iii) Furthermore, the even-handed structure can be made spherical if and only if [ ] = 0 in H ([C], Z/2). Proof. @iA nd @iiAF uppose tht is n evenEhnded struture on C F et
piv
1 ti
, ti
for nonzero slrs ti F enother wy to write this formul is
sign(di )
1 ti
, ti
is n hoie of unit nd ounit mps exE where , s left dul of X Y in this formul the signs of d re mde pressing Xi i i expliitF yserve lso tht sine 2 = idD we hve ti = t1i F
arbitrary
IQPCHAPTER 6.
e now show tht is ompletely determined y these numers ti F gonsider the ehviour of t n ritrry ojet V C D
,
fy hoosing ses
{vi,p : Xi V }p=1
dim Hom(Xi ,V )
for eh homEspe rom(Xi , V )D with ompnying dul ses written s

p {vi : V Xi },
we (nd tht
=
i,p
=
i,p
=
i,p
1 ti
where the lst equlity uses the evenEhndedness of F imilrly we hve
=
i,p
ti
@TFIA
hus is ompletely determined y the numers ti F xowD the ft tht respets tensor produts mens tht
= tj tk
6.5.
IQQ
where we re gin pplying the rtner gonventionF e n expnd out this eqution using @TFIA to otin
ti
i,p
= tj tk
hus we hve
ti
i,p
= tj tk
i where we reognize the opertor Tjk ting on ai,p D whih is n eigenvetorD so we hve
ti
i p
i jk,p
= tj tk
sn terms of mtries on the vetor spes rom(Xi , Xj Xk )D we therefore hve i

jk,1
ti
i jk,2
FF
F
i jk,n
= tj tk id
whenever Xi ppers in Xj Xk .
hus for (xed i, j, k ll the pivotl symols i jk,p must e equl " whene we will write them s i " nd the numers {ti } onstitute n Etwisted jk monoidl nturl trnsformtion of the identity on C X
ti =
i jk tj tk
@TFPA
IQRCHAPTER 6.
sn the reverse diretionD suppose tht {ti } re some nonzero slrs stisfying @TFPAF hen we n de(ne n evenEhnded struture y the formul
i,p
1 ti
,
i,p
ti
vet us verify tht this formul stis(es the xiomsF pirstlyD we hve 2 = id sine quik string digrm rgument shows tht this is equivlent to ti = t1i D whih we sw in vemm TFIS ws onsequene of the equtions @TFPA stis(ed y the slrs ti F e lso sw tht these equtions required tht t1 = 1D so tht ts s the identity on the trivil djuntion on the unit ojetF woreover respets the monoidl strutureD euse we hve seen tht this is preisely equivlent to the eqution ti = i tj tk whenever jk Xi ppers in Xj Xk F pinllyD the evenEhnded eqution is trivilly stis(edD euse it is trivE il t the level of the simple ojetsF o see thisD suppose : V W is morphismF por eh i hoose ses {vi,p : Xi V } nd {wi,q : Xj W } for rom(Xi , V ) nd rom(Xi , W ) respetivelyY the orresponding dul sis veE
p q tors re written s vi nd wi s usulF pix right dul (V ,
for V nd similrly for W F xow we lso hve the orresponding Edul9 sis vetors
p vi =
vi,p =
p p vi,q vi = q
nd the sme for W F ith this setupD the mtrix elements of ompute s the trnspose of the mtrix elements of X
q vi,p wi
q = wi vi,p .
6.5.
IQS
end the sme holds for X
q vi,p wi
=
j,q k,p
q = wi vi,p .
@iiiA he pivotl struture spei(ed y the numers ti is spheril when dim[Xi ] = dim[Xi ]F his is the requirement tht
ti
= ti
whih sine ti = t1i D is the requirement tht t2 = 1F hus spheril i struture exists if nd only if there is solution of the pivotl equtions @TFPA with eh ti = 1F his mens tht
i jk
= sign(ti ) sign(tj ) sign(tk ).
fut then we n remove ll the signs from the Etensor y hoosing new root system di sign(ti )di D euse under this trnsformtion the the tensor will trnsform s
i jk
sign(ti ) sign(tj ) sign(tk )
i jk
= 1.
hus [ ] = 0 in Hpiv (C, Z )F gonverselyD if n e mde trivil then ti = 1 2 is spheril solution of the pivotl equtionsF
IQTCHAPTER 6.
Chapter 7
Unitary 2-representations and their 2-characters
sn this hpter we de(ne nd investigte unitry PErepresenttions of (nite groups on PErilert spes nd their orresponding PEhrtersF he ide of tegori(ed representtion9 of group or PEgroup s group tion on some sort of tegori(ed vetor spe9 hs lredy een studied y numer of uthorsD inluding ilguet SQD grne nd etter RSD frrett nd wky IUD qnter nd uprnov TUD ystrik IHRD preed TI nd fezD frtinD preidel nd ise VF hese only represent the texts where group tions on liner tegories were studiedD euse tht is the re in whih the present uthor is most fmilirF here is lso ody of work hving to do with rid group tions on derived tegoriesD strting with tht of heligne RVD ut lso eidel nd homs IIWY numer of works hving to do with the uhovnov homology reserh progrmme for tegorifying tngle invrints VRY s well s works rising in geometri representtion theory whih re lose in spirit to the qeometri vnglnds progrmme PRF he notion of the PEhrter of PErepresenttion whih we will shortly disuss hs een de(ned independently y qnter nd uprnov TUD ut there is lso the importnt erly work y vuztig on hrter sheves WP whih is now eing developed y foyrhenko nd hrinfeld mongst others in the setting of unipotent groups QPD nd we mention lso the work of olesello nd shkies IHS in this regrdF gertinly there is lot of work to e done in unifying the vrious pituresF es fr s our own personl ontriution here is onernedD we hve lredy outlined in the introdution to this thesis wht is novel in our pprohD ut for the ene(t of the reder we rie)y rell the followingF pirstlyD we study PErepresenttions on the of fez TD whih to our knowledge hve not een expliitly de(ned or studied eforeF sn this wy we mke ontt with the fezEholn reserh progrmme IH of extended
semisimple
unitary
2-Hilbert spaces
IQU
IQVCHAPTER 7.
2-REPRESENTATIONS AND THEIR 2-CHARACTERS
topologil quntum (eld theoryD where strutures ply the entrl roleD euse they provide the ruil ingredient of dulityF eondlyD we use s our si nottion for working with PErepresenttions nd their PEhrtersD strtegy whih onsiderly simpli(es mny onstruE tions nd omputtionsF hirdlyD euse PErilert spe n e regrded s tegori(ed vetor spe equipped with n inner produt9D studying unitry PErepresenttions enles us to develop for the PEhrter of PErepresenttionF his enles one to see the PEhrter s : [PRep(G)] rilG (G)
string diagrams functor
unitary
push-forward map
from the homotopy tegory of unitry PErepresenttions to the tegory of vetor undles over the group equivrint under the onjugtion tionF yne of our min results in this thesisD whih we will prove in ghpter W fter estlishing the geometri orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd D is tht fter one tensors the homEsets in [PRep(G)] with C the resulting PEhrter funtor is F his is the tegori(tion of the ft tht the ordinry hrter mp is unitry isomorphism : [ep(G)] glss(G)
equivariant gerbes
unitarily fully faithful
from the set of isomorphism lsses of unitry representtions of group to the rilert spe of lss funtions eomes unitry isomorphism fter one tensors [ep(G)] with CF e should insert the dislimer here tht PErilert spes re only (rst pproximtion to tegori(ed rilert spes9 euse they re nd hene not rih enough to ommodte ontinuous geometryY this is the reson we must restrit ourselves to PErepresenttions of groupsF e hope though tht similr ides will pply in the nonEsemisimple ontext tht we mentioned oveY the work of gostello RU ppers to e promising wy to unify the two pituresF sn dditionD fezD frtinD preidel nd ise hve uilt on work of grne nd etter IQVD RS y ommodting PErepresenttions of vie PEgroups using notion of PErilert spe where the ojets re mesurle (elds of rilert spes9 supported over mesurle spe VF e should lso remrk tht not fts out ordinry hrters of repE resenttions rry over to PErepresenttions on PErilert spesY for instne we will see in ghpter WFT tht the PEhrter does not lwys distinguish inequivlent PErepresenttionsF sn etion UFI we de(ne unitry PErepresenttions nd the PEtegory PRep(G) whih they onstituteD (rstly in terse higher tegoril wyD nd then y expnding out this de(nition in ordinry nottion s well s in string digrm nottion y introduing grphil elements to depit the vrious piees of dt involvedF sn etion UFP we give numer of exmples of unitry PErepresenttionsD nd the morphisms etween themF sn etion UFQ
semisimple nite derived
all
7.1.
THE 2-CATEGORY OF UNITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
IQW
we introdue new grphil elements into the string digrm nottionD nd prove some si grphil identitiesF sn etion UFR we show tht unitry PErepresenttions re omptile with the nonil evenEhnded struture on PHilD ft whih llows n importnt digrmmti lemm regrding djuntions to e estlishedF pinlly in etion UFS we de(ne the notion of the PEhrter of PErepresenttionD nd use the string digrm tehnology we hve developed to give elegnt proofs of the ft tht the PEhrter of PErepresenttion produes n equivrint vetor undle over the groupD nd tht the PEhrter of of PErepresenttions produes morphism etween the orresponding equivrint vetor undlesD in mnner whih is wellEde(ned nd funtoril with respet to omposition of IEmorphisms in PRep(G)F
morphism
7.1 The 2-category of unitary 2-representations

sn this setion we de(ne the PEtegory PRep(G) of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite group GF e do this in two stges " (rstly we de(ne it in terse higherEtegoril wyD nd then we expnd out this de(nition expliitly in trditionl nottion s well s in string digrmsD introduing new grphil elements to depit the vrious piees of dt involvedF ine there re vrious onventions for terminology for PEtegoriesD we remind the reder we re essentilly using those of veinster WIF elsoD we use the nottion tht BG refers to the group G thought of s one ojet teE goryD with the elements of G s morphisms @we use old fe to distinguish BG from BGD the geometri reliztion of the nerve of BGAF @ompre SQD RSD IUD TUD IHRA. he PEtegory PRep(G) of unitry PErepresenttions of (nite group G is de(ned s followsF en ojet is unitry wek PEfuntor BG PHilD where BG is thought of s PEtegory with only identity PEmorphismsF e morphism is trnsforE mtion whose oherene isomorphisms re unitryD nd PEmorphism is modi(tionF ell from ghpter QFQ tht liner afuntor etween PErilert spes is lled if it is unitry t the level of homEsetsY y unitry9 wek PEfuntor : G PHil we men one whih sends eh element of G to unitry endofuntor g : H H of PErilert speF e now expnd this de(nition outF
Denition 7.1
unitary
7.1.1 Unitary 2-representations

e unitry PErepresenttion of G onsists ofX
IRHCHAPTER 7.
e (niteEdimensionl PErilert spe H D drwn s or when H is understoodD

g
por eh g GD liner Efuntor H H whih t the level of homEsets is unitry liner mpD drwn s or simply
e unitry nturl isomorphism a(e) : idH e @where e is the identity element of GAD nd for eh g1 , g2 GD unitry nturl isomorphism a(g2 , g1 ) : g2 g1 g2 g1 D drwn s idA
g2 g1 ,

a(g2 ,g1 )
g
suh tht
a(e)idvvvv vv
a(e)
g2 g1
e H g
vv v vvv v w vv
g H HH H
HH HHid a(e) HH HHH HH H 9
id a(g2 ,g1 ) qq q
HHH H HHH H HHH H H a(e,g) HH 9
v v vvv v vvv v vvv v w vv a(g,e)
g e
nd
g3 g2 g1 g3 g2 g1 MMM MM qqq q MMM qqq a(g3 ,g2 g1 ) M "B M qqq a(g3 g2 ,g1 ) t| g3 g2 g1
q qqq t| qq
g3 g2 g1 M
q
MMM a(g MMM 3 ,g2 )id MMM M "B
ommuteD or in string digrmsD nd
@UFIA e will drw the inverse PEisomorphisms a(e)1 : e idH nd a(g2 , g1 )1 : g2 g1 g2 g1 s
e
idA

a(e)
g2 g1 ,

a(g2 ,g1 )
g2 g1
ell tht these PEisomorphisms re required to e D so tht a(e)1 = nd a(g , g )1 = a(g , g ) F he ft tht these stisfy a(e)1 a(e) = a(e) 2 1 2 1
unitary
7.1.
THE 2-CATEGORY OF UNITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
IRI
id nd a(e)a(e)1 = idD nd similrly for the a(g2 , g1 )D is drwn s followsX
@UFPA
@UFQA
e will revite ll of this dt (H, {g }, a(e), {a(g2 , g1 )}) simply s F
7.1.2 Morphisms
e morphism : of unitry PErepresenttions is trnsformtion from to whose oherene isomorphisms re unitryF husD if = (H , {g }, a(e), {a(g2 , g1 )}) nd = (H , {g }, b(e), {b(g2 , g1 })D then it onE sists oXf e liner Efuntor : H H D drwn s
or
@H nd H understoodA
he line for is thik nd oloured di'erentlyD so s to distinguish it from the lines for the funtors g nd g F por eh g G unitry nturl isomorphism (g) : g g D drwn s g
g
suh tht
p b(g2 ,g1 )pppp id pp p s{ pp
(g)
g2 g1
id (g1 )
+Q g2 g1 JJ JJJid a(e) JJJ J JJJ J JJ J !A +Q e e

(e)
JJ JJ
g2 g1 OOO OOOO OO (g2 g1 ) OO #C g2 g1 ks
(g2 )id
b(e)id
id a(g2 ,g1 )
g2 g1
IRPCHAPTER 7.
ommuteD or in string digrmsD
nd
. @UFRA
e will drw the inverse PEisomorphisms (g)1 : g g s
g

(g)
g
hese re required to e D so tht (g) = (g)1 F fy de(nition we 1 (g) = id nd (g)(g)1 = idD tht isD hve sigma(g)
unitary
nd
@UFSA
e will revite ll of this dt (, {(g)}) simply s F yserve tht morphism of PEtions of GD whih might e lled n D relly hve n intertwining9 spet to it when expressed in terms of string digrmsF
does
intertwiner
7.1.3 2-morphisms
pinllyD if nd re unitry PErepresenttions of GD nd , : re morphisms etween themD then PEmorphism : is modi(tion from to F husD is nturl trnsformtion to D drwn s

suh tht
u u (g) uuuu uuu u uuu u uu v~ uu
g H
g I
HHH H HHH Hid HHH H HH H @
III I III I III I III id II
u uu u uuu uu uu(g) uu u v~ uu
7.2.
EXAMPLES
IRQ
ommutesD or in string digrmsD
@UFTA
e trust tht the simpliity of these digrms hs persuded the reder the string digrms re useful nottion for working with PErepresenttionsF e will develop this nottion further s we go longF
7.2 Examples
e now give some exmples to illustrte these idesY we will sy more out them in etion WFI one we hve estlished the geometri interprettion of unitry PErepresenttions in terms of equivrint geresF e enourge the reder to onsult the pper of qnter nd uprnov TU for exmples of group tions on liner tegories rising in geometri ontext of more dvned ntureF
2-representations can be strictied

fefore we give the exmplesD let us (rst mention n importnt ft to keep in mind when thinking out PErepresenttionsF e PErepresenttion is lled if ll the oherene isomorphisms re identitiesF
strict
Every 2-representation is equivalent inside PRep(G) to a strict 2-representation. Proof. he proof is essentilly n pplition of the PEoned lemmD whih
Lemma 7.2.
rom2Rep(G) (ril[G], ), where ril[G] is the tegory of GEgrded rilert spes on whih G ts y left multiplitionF
n e found for instne in IPQD UH s well s SVD pge THF qiven PE representtion of G on PErilert spe H D we n de(ne orresponding strit PErepresenttion of G on the PErilert spe
e wrn the reder tht this does not men tht there is no informtion in the oherene isomorphisms " it just mens tht this informtion n lwys e shifted into the struture of new nd igger tegoryD if one wishes to do soF sn other wordsD @suh s the tegory of suh nd suh9A " to deide thisD one hs to lulte the PEoyle of the orresponding equivrint gereD s we explin in etion WFIF
space as it may seem
a strict 2-representation on a `big' 2-Hilbert all is not always as trivial
IRRCHAPTER 7.
7.2.1 Automorphisms of groups

uppose G eut(K) is sugroup of the utomorphism group of (nite group K F his gives rise to unitry PErepresenttion of G on the PErilert spe ep(K) y preompositionF ht isD if V is unitry representtion of K D then g V V g hs the sme underlying vetor spe exept tht the tion of k K on V g orresponds to the tion of g 1 k on V F his is of ourse PErepresenttionD ut it is not neessrily frivolousD s we shll see in the next exmpleF elso note tht ny PErepresenttion of this form will neessrily e F ht is euse it n only permute irreduile representtions of the sme dimension mongst eh otherD nd we sw in ghpter Q tht the sle ftors on the irreduile representtions in the PE rilert spe ep(K) re preisely their dimensions divided y the order of the groupD so tht funtor whih permutes the irreduiles is unitry if nd only if it sends representtions of the sme dimension mongst themselvesF
strict
unitary
7.2.2 The metaplectic representation

e good exmple of nontrivil PErepresenttion of the ove sort is the tion of SL2 (R) on ep(reis)D the tegory of representtions of the reisenerg groupF yf ourseD SL2 (R) is not groupD ut ll the de(nitions ove still pplyF he reisenerg group rises in quntum mehnis @see for exmple RHAF st is the QEdimensionl vie group with underlying mnifold R2 U (1) " with R2 thought of s phse spe with elements eing pirs v = (vz , vp ) " nd multiplition de(ned y
nite
(v, ei ) (w, eia ) = (v + w, ei(v,w) ei(+a) ),

where (v, w) = 1 (vz wp vp wz ) is the nonil sympleti form on R2 F 2 p to isomorphismD there is only one irreduile representtion of reis on seprle rilert speD with the U (1) ftor ting entrllyF xmelyD the tion on L2 (R) given y
(z f )(x) = eizx f (x),
(p f )(x) = f (x p).
ine there is only one irreduile representtionD ep(reis) is oneEdimensionl PErilert speF xow SL2 (R) is the group of sympletomorphisms of R2 D hene it ts s utomorphisms of reisD giving rise to unitry PErepresenttion of SL2 (R) on ep(reis) vi the stndrd presription (g )(v, ei ) = (g 1 v, ei )F his gives rise to nontrivil projetive representtion of SL2 (R) on L2 (R)Y the ft tht the projetive ftor nnot e removed is known s the metpleti nomly9F sndeedD the viewpoint of PErepresenttions eluidtes somewht the nture of this nomlyF st might seem strnge t (rst tht the tion of SL2 (R) " the symmetry group of the lssil phse spe R2 "
7.2.
EXAMPLES
IRS
does not survive quntiztionD eoming insted projetive representtionF rowever SL2 (R) t on ep(reis)D the olletion of quntiztionsF prom this we see tht the nomly9 rose from n ttempt to detegorify this tionD y rti(illy hoosing (xed quntiztion F
does
all
7.2.3 2-representations from exact sequences

e9ve seen how n tion of G on nother group K gives rise to unitry PErepresenttion of G on ep(K)F he sme n e sid for wek9 tion of G on K F uppose
1K E
G1
is n ext sequene of (nite groupsD whih hs een equipped with setE theoreti setion s : G E suh tht s(e) = eF e n think of this dt s homomorphism of PEgroups
G AU T (K)
where AU T (K) is the PEgroup whose ojets re the utomorphisms of K nd whose morphisms re given y onjugtion @see IQD WAF ixpliitlyD one thinks of the group K s eing the morphisms of oneEojet tegory @lso denoted K AD nd for eh g GD g : K K is the funtor de(ned y onjugting in E D
g k := s(g)ks(g)1
where we hve identi(ed K with its imge in E F his determines K Evlued PEoyle hving the property tht
g2 g1 k = (g2 , g1 )[(g2 g1 ) k](g2 , g1 )1

for ll k K F his dt gives rise to unitry PErepresenttion of G on ep(K)D y preompositionF ixpliitlyD if is representtion of K D nd g GD then g () hs the sme underlying vetor spe s D with the tion of K given y
g ()(k) = (g 1 k).
he oherene nturl isomorphisms a(g2 , g1 ) : g2 g1 g2 g1 hve omE ponents
1 1 a(g2 , g1 ) = ((g1 , g2 ))
while a(e) : id e is just the identityF
IRTCHAPTER 7.
7.2.4 Other examples of 2-representations

yne expets to (nd similr exmples of unitry PErepresenttions of groups rising from utomorphisms of other geometri or lgeri strutures " for instneD the utomorphisms of or of n will t on their tegory of representtionsD whih in good ses re PErilert spesF e enourge the reder to view the slides of the tlk of wson in this regrd WTF
ane lie algebra
rational vertex operator algebra
7.2.5 Morphisms of 2-representations from morphisms of exact sequences

e hve seen how one otins PErepresenttion of G from n ext sequene of groups @equipped with setEtheoreti setionA with G s the (nl termD or equivlently from wek tion of G on nother groupF e of suh struture gives rise to morphism of PErepresenttions y indutionF sndeedD suppose we hve mp of ext sequenes
morphism
GK GL
f0
GE GF
f1
GG GG
id
G1
.
G1
sn higher tegory lngugeD this is essentilly the sme thing s morphism inside the PEtegory rom(BG, Groups) of wek PEfuntorsD trnsformtions nd modi(tions from BG @thought of s PEtegory with only identity PEmorphismsA to the PEtegory of groups @ojets re groupsD morphisms re funtorsD PEmorphisms re nturl trnsE formtionsAF hen y induing long f0 we get mp
snd(f0 ) : ep(K) ep(L)

nd lso nturl isomorphisms
(g) : g g ,
where nd re the ssoited PErepresenttions of G on ep(K) nd ep(L) respetivelyF sn other wordsD F
a morphism of 2-representations
a map of exact sequences gives rise to
7.3 More graphical elements

he reson we hve een drwing rrows on the strings representing the funtors g involved in PErepresenttion is to onveniently distinguish group elements from their inversesX if downwrd pointing setion of string
7.3.
MORE GRAPHICAL ELEMENTS
IRU
is leled g 9 then it represents g D nd upwrd pointing setions of the sme string represent g1 F sing this onvention we now onstrut some new grphil elements from the old onesF prom now on we drop the ounding oxes on the digrmsF he(ne g : id g1 g nd g : g g1 id sX id
a(e)
g =
:=
e g1 g
1 1 a(g ,g)
g g1
g
:=
e
id
1 a(e)
a(g,g 1 )
hese re indeed unitry nturl trnsformtionsD sine their inverses re lerly given y
g =
:=
:=
sn other wordsD we hve the no loops nd merging rules
nd similrly for the reverse orienttionsF e now show tht these new grphil elements ehve s their string digrms suggestF he (rst prt of the following lemm tully sys in more orthodox terminology tht g is n midextrous djoint equivlene from the underlying PErilert spe to itself9D or more preisely for ll g GD g g1 vi (g , g )9F fut it9s the simple ft tht these string digrms n e mnipulted in the ovious intuitive fshion whih is more importnt for us hereF
moves hold:
Lemma 7.3.
Suppose is a 2-representation of G. The following graphical

= =
@iiA
@iA
IRVCHAPTER 7.
@iiiA
@ivA
Proof. @iA he (rst eqution s proved s followsD

.
sn step I we zip together using the rule @UFPAD in P we slide the utton round using @UFQAD in Q we unzip gin using @UFPA nd in R nd S we ontrt the identity string using @UFIAF he other equtions re proved similrlyF xow we reord for further use some llowle grphil mnipultions for of PErepresenttionsF
Lemma 7.4. Suppose : is a morphism of 2-representations. The following graphical moves hold:
morphisms
(i)
(ii)
Proof. iqution @iA is proved s followsD

(a)
(b)
(c)
where @A uses the inverse rule @UFSAD @A uses the uttonEdrgging rule @UFRAD nd @A uses the reverse inverse rule @UFSAF iqution @iiA is proved similrlyD fter one expnds out the ups nd ps g nd g using their de(nitions we gve oveF
7.4.
EVEN-HANDEDNESS AND UNITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
IRW
7.4 Even-handedness and unitary 2-representations

sn this setion we de(ne wht it mens for PErepresenttion to e omE ptile with given evenEhnded strutureD nd we show tht unitry PE representtions re omptile with the evenEhnded struture on PHilF his enles ertin importnt string digrm mnipultions to e mdeF gonsider the tegory ep(G) of unitry representtions of group GF sf : 1 2 is n intertwining mp etween two unitry representtionsD then the djoint : 2 1 is lso n intertwining mpD euse
2 (g) = (g 1 ) 2 = (2 (g 1 ) ) = ( 1 (g 1 )) = 1 (g) .
he orresponding result for unitry PErepresenttions is it more sutleF uppose tht : is morphism of unitry PErepresenttions of GD nd tht
: H H
is funtor etween the underlying PErilert spes whih is djoint to the underlying funtor : H H F e (rst need to equip with the struture of morphism of PErepresenttions
: .
his is esily doneX hoose unit nd ounit nturl trnsformtions (, ) expressing s right djoint of D nd then de(ne the oherene isomorE phisms (g) s
(g) := (g 1 ) : g g .
sn string digrmsD
(g)
drawn as
:=
where the lst simpli(tion step uses vemm UFR @iiAF st is ler tht this
ISHCHAPTER 7.
de(nition of (g) stis(es the oherene equtions @UFRAX
:=
=:
yserve lso tht the inverse (g)1 is given y
:=
fut wht if we hd hosen to de(ne (g) vi the struture of s djoint of instedD using the unit nd ounit mps ((), ( ) oming from the evenEhnded struturec e need the following de(nitionF
left
Denition 7.5.
e PErepresenttion of group G on n ojet inside n evenEhnded PEtegory is sid to e if
structure
compatible with the even-handed

, ,
re the unit nd
for eh g GD where , nd ounit mps introdued in etion UFQF
a(e) nd a(e) a(g, g 1 )F he stndrd evenEhnded struture on PHil is expressed in terms of the homEset isomorphisms : rom(F x, y) rom(x, F y) nd not diretly in terms of the unit nd ounit mps nd
Unitary 2-representations are compatible with the standard even-handed structure on PHil. Proof. o simplify our nottionD write F D F D a(g , g)
Lemma 7.6.
g g 1 1
vet us hek tht this property holds for unitry PErepresenttions inside PHilF
7.4.
EVEN-HANDEDNESS AND UNITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
ISI
D so we (rst need to perform this trnsltionF por h : F y xD we need to show tht
(h) = F (h)
y,
or equivlently tht (h ) =
F (h ).
por f : F x y D we omputeX
((f ), h ) = (F (f ) x , h ) @de(nition of in terms of A = (F F (d) F (x ), F (h )) @sine g is unitry on the homEsetsA =(

y
F F (f ) F (x ),
Fx y
F (h )) @sine
is unitryA
= (f = (f,
F (x ),
F (h )) @nturlity of A
F (h )) @snke digrmD vemm UFQ @iAA,
whih is wht we needed to showF he ft tht unitry PErepresenttions re omptile with the evenE hnded struture on PHil mens tht we hve
(g) =
euse the former is (g 1 ) nd the ltter is (g 1 ) F his llows us to estlish the following importnt digrmmti lemmD whih we will need in etion UFSFRF
Lemma 7.7.
With this denition of (g), the following equations hold:
(i)
(ii)
Proof. iqution @iA is lmost tutologyX

= = = .
iqution @iiA uses the ft tht unitry PErepresenttions re omptile with the evenEhnded strutureX
ISPCHAPTER 7.
7.5 2-characters of 2-representations

sn this setion we de(ne nd study the notion of the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttionF he ide of the PEhrter of wek group tion on liner tegory hs lso een de(ned independently y qnter nd uprnov TUF yur tretment is novel in two importnt spetsF pirstly we show how PEhrters look espeilly simple when expressed in terms of string digrmsF eondlyD we use the nonil evenEhnded struture on PHil to show how the PEhrter n e mde with respet to morphisms of PErepresenttionsD s we explined in the introdutionF his prepres the wy for us to showD in ghpter WD how the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion orresponds to the geometri hrter9 of its ssoited equivrint gereD from whih it will follow tht the omplexi(ed PEhrter is unitrily fully fithfulF
functorial
7.5.1 2-traces
he si ide of PEhrtersD s we explined in the introdutionD is tht they tegorify the notion of the hrter of n ordinry representtion of groupF yrdinry hrters re de(ned y tking tresD so we (rst need to de(ne @qnter nd uprnov lled this the AF
2-traces
Denition 7.8. he of liner endofuntor F : H H on PE rilert spe H is the rilert spe

Tr(F ) = xt(idH , F ) = .
2-trace
categorical trace
sf one thinks of F vi its ssoited mtrix of rilert spes rom(ej , F ei ) where ei runs over hoie of simple ojets for H D then the PEtre orreE sponds to the diret sum of the rilert spes long the digonlD euse nturl trnsformtion id F is freely nd uniquely determined y its ehviour on the simple ojetsF elso rell from ghpter QFQ tht the inner produt on Tr(F ) is de(ned s
, =
i
ki (ei , ei )
where ei runs over hoie of simple ojets for H D nd the weightings ki = (idei , idei ) re their sle ftorsF
7.5.
2-CHARACTERS OF 2-REPRESENTATIONS
ISQ
pigure UFIX he loop groupoid of (nite group F
7.5.2 The loop groupoid

sn generl the G of (nite groupoid G is the tegory Fun(Z, G) of funtors nd nturl trnsformtions from the group Z of integersD thought of s one ojet tegoryD to G @see IPHAF he reson for the nme loop groupoid9 is tht one thinks of Z s the homotopy group of the irleD so tht the ojets of the loop groupoid n e thought of s loops9 in GF e speil se is the loop groupoid BG of (nite group G @rell tht BG refers to the group G thought of s one ojet tegoryA whih depits the tion of the group on itself y onjugtionD sine the ojets n e identi(ed with h the elements g GD nd the morphisms n e written s hgh1 g @see pigure UFIAF
loop groupoid
7.5.3 2-characters
he loop groupoid is prtiulrly onvenient when disussing hrtersF he ft tht the ordinry hrter of representtion of G is onjugtion invrint n e expressed y sying it is funtion
: [BG] C
from the set of onneted omponents of the loop groupoid " the onjugy lsses of G " to the omplex numersF imilrly the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion will produe over the groupD tht isD of the loop groupoidF fy unitry representtion of the loop groupoidD we men funtor
unitary equivariant vector bundle unitary representation

: BG ril
whih sends morphisms in BG to unitry mps in rilF ht isD we re de(ning unitry equivrint vetor undle over the group G9 to e unitry representtion of the loop groupoid BGF e will write the tegory of unitry equivrint vetor undles over G s rilG (G)F
Denition 7.9.
he
2-character
of unitry PErepresenttion of G is
ISRCHAPTER 7.
the unitry equivrint vetor undle over G given y
F (g) = Tr(g ) =
(hgh1 g)
The 2-character is indeed a unitary equivariant vector bundle over the group. Proof. sing our grphil rules from vemm UFQD we hve
Proposition 7.10.
1 2 ( h1 gh1 ) ( h) 1
vet us verify tht this de(nition mkes senseF
2 = ( 1 g)
h h
nd lso
( g)
st is vetor undle euse ll the mps involved in its de(nition re unitry @see the proof of vemm WFW for n expliit formulAF
unitary
7.5.4 Functoriality of the 2-character

sn this susetion we omine ll the string digrm tehnology we hve developed so fr to de(ne how to tke the PEhrter of of unitry PErepresenttions so s to otin morphism of the orresponding equivrint vetor undles over GF woreover we show tht this onstrution is funtoril with respet to omposition of morphisms in PRep(G)F
morphism
Denition 7.11.
sf : is morphism of unitry PErepresenttionsD we de(ne () : s the mp of equivrint vetor undles over G
7.5.
ISS
whose omponent t g G is given y
()g : (g) (g)

@UFUA
where ( , , ) is some hoie of right djoint for D nd is the evenEhnded struture on PHil from ghpter SFTF e now verify tht this de(nition mkes senseF e write [PRep(G)] for the of PRep(G)D de(ned s the tegory whih hs the sme ojets s PRep(G) ut whose morphisms re of IEmorphisms in PRep(G)F
isomorphism classes

In the situation above, the map () : (i) does not depend on the choice of right adjoint ( , , ) for , (ii) is indeed a morphism of equivariant vector bundles over G, (iii) does not depend on the isomorphism class of , (iv) is functorial with respect to composition of 1-morphisms in PRep(G), and hence descends to a functor
Theorem 7.12.
: [PRep(G)] rilG (G).
Proof. @iA his follows from the nturlity of F sf (( ) , ,
) is nother right djoint for D then there is nonil nturl isomorphism : ( ) whih trnsforms (, ) into ( , )F hus we hveX
ISTCHAPTER 7.
@iiA sing the grphil rules in vemms UFQ nd UFUD we lulteX
( g)()g
= ()x ( g)
@iiiA uppose : is n invertile PEmorphism in PRep(G)D nd tht ( , , ) is right djoint for F hen
where the seond step uses the ft tht 1 is PEmorphism in PRep(G) nd the fourth step uses the evenEhnded equtionF @ivA his follows from the ft tht n evenEhnded struture respets ompositionF e hope tht these digrmmti proofs hve onvined the reder of the utility of the string digrm nottionF ixpliit of these digrms in terms of onrete formuls n e found in ghpter WFSF e remrk here tht the ehviour of the PEhrter on morphisms relly does use the nonil evenEhnded struture on PHil in n essentil wyF ht isD if : is morphism of PErepresenttionsD then () : on the sle ftors ki nd k on the simple ojets in H nd H F yne wy to see this is tht our min theorem sttes tht the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion orresponds to the geometri hrter of its
expansions
depends
7.5.
ISU
ssoited equivrint gere " nd the ehviour of the geometri hrter on morphisms of equivrint geres relly does depend on the metris on the geres @see ghpter VFTFQAF
ISVCHAPTER 7.
Chapter 8
Finite equivariant gerbes and their geometric characters
sn this hpter we introdue the min geometri tors of this thesis " (nite equivrint geres equipped with metrisD the PEtegory whih they onstiE tuteD nd their geometri hrtersF es we disussed in the introdutionD we enourge the reder to think of the notion of (nite equivrint gere equipped with metri s the tegori(tion9D t lest in our (nite disrete toy model settingD of the notion of n over ompt hermitin mnifoldF e hope tht the notions we introdue in this hpter will hve ounE terprts in the settingD whih would involve geres over smooth spes equivrint under the tion of ompt vie groupF sn tht setE ting one would proly wnt to use the lnguge of D nd indeed the neessry tehnology to upgrde ll the onepts we introE due in this hpter to the setting of stks is most likely lredy ville in QUD PPD IQRD TUF sn dditionD s mentioned in the sntrodutionD tiD hreierD kd nd tevenson hve reently outlined theory of nonelin o ohomology in smooth Egroupoid setting IIPD therey generlizing the se n = 2 @whih is wht we re onsidering hereA to higher nF e leve this for future workF sn etion VFI we de(ne wht we men y disrete equivrint gere equipped with metriF sn etion VFP we give useful exmple of suh gereD whose ojets re the isomorphism lsses of U (1)Eundles with onnetion over onneted smooth mnifold M F sn etion VFQ we de(ne the PEtegory of (nite equivrint geresD nd we lssify geres up to F sn etion VFR we introdue some more geometri lnguge in the form of U (1)Eundles nd line undles on (nite groupoidsD nd their ssoited spes of setionsF e hve enourged the reder to think of n equivrint gere s the tegori(tion of hermitin line undleY in etion VFS we stte the imporE
bundle
equivariant hermitian holomorphic line dierentiable stacks
smooth
equivalence
isometric
ISW
ITH CHAPTER
8.
GERBES AND THEIR GEOMETRIC CHARACTERS
tnt theorem of illerton IPH whih these two pituresF st sys tht there is unitry isomorphism " the " etween the spe of isomorphism lsses of equivrint vetor undles over n equivriE nt gere nd the spe of )t setions of ertin F he lst two setions de(ne the geometri nlogue of the PEhrter of PE representtion we introdued in ghpters UFSFQ nd UFSFRF e de(ne how to tke the of GEequivrint gere equipped with metri in order to otin unitry equivrint vetor undle over GD nd we show how to mke this onstrution with respet to morphisms of equivE rint geresF e show tht the geometri hrter desends to funtor from the qrothendiek tegory of Geres(G) to the tegory of equivrint vetor undles over GD nd we use the theorem of illerton to show tht this funtor is unitrily fully fithful fter one tensors the homEsets with CF efter we hve estlished the orrespondene etween the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion nd the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivE rint gere in ghpter WD this will imply tht the omplexi(ed PEhrter is lso unitrily fully fithfulF
links twisted character map transgressed line bundle
geometric character
functorial
8.1 Equivariant gerbes

sn this setion we de(ne disrete equivrint geresF yur de(nition grees with the onventionl notion of n equivrint gere9 s in the notes of fehrend nd u PP fter speilizing their notion to this simpli(ed setting " though we lso dd in the ide of F
metric
U (1)-torsors
and their tensor products
e U (1)Etorsor is set with free nd trnsitive left tion of U (1)F he tensor produt P Q of two U (1)Etorsors is the torsor otined from the rtesin produt P Q y identifying (ei p, q) with (p, ei q) for ny p P D q Q nd ei U (1)Y the equivlene lss of (p, q) is denoted p q F
Equivariant gerbes
vet X e set ted on from the left y group GF e think of X vi its ssoited XG D whose ojets re the elements x X nd whose morphisms depit the tion of G on X D so tht for eh x X nd g g G we hve morphism g x xF elso let U (1) e the trivil undle of groups9 on X @see WRAY s groupoid its ojets re the elements x X nd its homEsets re given y rom(x, y) = U (1) for x = y nd the empty set otherwiseF
action groupoid
8.1.
EQUIV ARIANT GERBES
ITI
pigure VFIX en equivrint gere XF ih rrow in the tion groupoid XG eomes U (1)Etorsor worth of rrows in XD whih re the shded regionsF
Denition 8.1. e G is U (1)Eentrl extension X @in the sense of woerdijk WRA of the tion groupoid XG ssoited to GEset X X i U (1) X XG .
e on the gere is n ssignment of positive rel numer kx to eh ojet x XD invrint under the tion of GF ht isD when we sy tht X is U (1)Eentrl extension9 of XG we men tht X hs the sme ojets s XG D is full surjetive funtor nd i is n isomorphism onto the sugroupoid of rrows in X whih projet to g identities in XG @see pigure VFIAF sn other wordsD eh rrow x in the tion groupoid XG eomes U (1) worth of rrows in the equivrint gere XY we write this torsor s
discrete -equivariant gerbe
metric
-torsor
g Xx := 1 ( x).
e shll use nonElligrphi X to refer to the underlying set of ojets of n equivrint gere XD nd we sy tht the equivrint gere is if X is (nite setF
nite
Equivariant gerbes and cohomology

yur notion of n equivrint gere9 is equivlent to the oyle desription of geres given y illerton in IPHF o see thisD let us de(ne of the gere s setEtheoreti mp
section
s : err(XG ) err(X)
suh tht s = idF ghoosing setion gives rise to U (1)Evlued PEoyle c Z 2 (XG , U (1)) on the groupoid XG D in the sense of illerton IPHF yne de(nes c s the orretion term needed to lne the omposition equtionX
s( g1 x) s( x) = cx (g2 , g1 )s( x).

ghoosing di'erent setion s will hnge c y ooundryD so tht n equivrint gere X gives rise to ohomology lss [cX ] H 2 (XG , U (1))F sn this thesis we hve voided working with oylesD tking the viewpoint tht the more fundmentl geometri struture is the equivrint gere itselfF
g2
g1
g2 g1
ITP CHAPTER
8.
Tensor product of equivariant gerbes

uppose Y nd X re equivrint geres equipped with metrisF xote tht we think of Y nd X s strutures in their own rightY they hve di'erent underlying GEsets Y nd X nd we re not ssuming them to e geres over the sme spe9F e de(ne the Y X s the equivrint gere with metri whose ojet set is the rtesin produt Y X on whih G ts digonllyD whose g Egrded morphisms re the tensor produt of those of Y nd XD g g g (Y X)(y,x) := Yy Xx ,
tensor product
nd whose metri is the produt metriF elsoD if X is n equivrint gereD we write X for the equivrint gere hving the sme underlying groupoid s X ut with the onjugte tion of U (1) on its homEsetsF
8.2 Examples of equivariant gerbes

sn this thesisD the min exmples of disrete equivrint geres will e those rising from unitry PErepresenttions of GD ut here is nother exmpleD whih n e thought of s reformultion of the ides in the seond hpter of frylinski QRF uppose M is onneted smooth mnifoldF gonsider the groupoid PM whose ojets (P, ) re U (1)Eundles with onnetion over M D nd whose morphisms f : (P, ) (P , ) re di'eomorphisms f : P P whih respet the tion of U (1) nd whih preserve prllel trnsportF sf there n isomorphism from (P, ) to (P , )D then ny other isomorphism must di'er from it y onstnt ftor in U (1)D sine the mps must preserve prllel trnsportF hus the nonempty homEsets in PM re U (1)EtorsorsF sn other wordsD PM is n equivrint gere for the trivil groupD iFeF n ordinry gere9F xow suppose group G ts on M y di'eomorphismsF vet i(M ) deE note the set of isomorphism lsses in PM @this set is isomorphi to heligne ohomology groupAD nd suppose one hooses distinguished representtive (P, )c for eh isomorphism lss c i (M )F xowD the group G ts on PM y pushEforwrdF ht isD
is
g(P, ) = (gP, g )
where gP is the prinipl U (1)Eundle over M whose (er t m is Pg1 m D with g the onnetion whose prllel trnsport mp (gP )m (gPm long pth : m m is given y prllel trnsporting P long g 1 F herefore G lso ts on i (M )F his gives rise to n ssoited equivrint gere X over the tion groupoid i (M )G y vrint of the wellEknown qrothendiek onstrution for produing (rtion of tegories from wek PEfuntor on tegory tking vlues in Ct TWF he ojets
8.3.
THE 2-CATEGORY OF EQUIVARIANT GERBES
ITQ
pigure VFPX e unitry equivrint vetor undle over n equivrint gereF of X re the equivlene lsses c i (M ) while the g Egrded morphisms re given y g Xc := romPM ((L, )gc , g (L, )c ). gomposition of f2 X
2 g1 c g
nd f1 X
1 c
is de(ned y
f2 f1 := g2 (f1 ) f2 ,
where we hve suppressed the nonil isomorphisms g2 g1 (L, ) (g2 g1 ) (L, = sn prtiulrD it mkes it ler tht the stilizer group of equivlene lss of line undle in the equivrint gere X is entrl extension of the stilizer group H G whih (xes tht lss when it is onsidered s n element of PM F wny interesting entrl extensions of groups rise in this wyF
)F
8.3 The 2-category of equivariant gerbes

sn this setion we de(ne the PEtegory of equivrint geresD whih is to e thought of s n equivrint version of the PEtegory Finpes introdued in ghpter QFRF
Unitary vector bundles over equivariant gerbes

e E over n equivrint gere X is funE tor E : X ril whih mps rrows in X to unitry mps in rilD nd whih preserves the U (1)Etion on the homEsetsD so tht E(ei v) = ei E(v) for every rrow v in the gere nd ei U (1)Y see pigure VFPF e morphism : E E of equivrint vetor undles over X is nturl trnsformtionY we write ril(X) for the tegory of unitry equivrint vetor undles over XF sf we hoose setEtheoreti setion s of XD giving rise to groupoid PEoyle c Z 2 (XG , U (1))D then unitry equivrint vetor undle over the gere X n e regrded s c E over the tion groupoid XG in the sense of illerton IPHD using the presripE g g tion E( x) = E(s( x))F puntorility of E mens tht E is cEtwisted
unitary equivariant vector bundle
-twisted equivariant vector bundle
ITR CHAPTER
8.
pigure VFQX e morphism of equivrint geresF funtorilD
g2 g1 g2 g1 E( g1 x)E( x) = cx (g2 , g1 )E( x).
his highlights one of the dvntges of working with equivrint geres @s opposed to working with GEsets nd oylesA " representtion in the oyle world is just n representtion in the geres worldF e lso remrk thtD s shown y illerton IPHD twisted equivrint vetor undle E over XG n lso e thought of s twisted representtion of the C[XG ] of the groupoidF e follow illerton nd void using this lgeri desriptionD for the simple reson tht we prefer n inherently geometri formultionD ut lso euse we wnt to void using oylesF
ordinary
twisted
arrow algebra
The 2-category of equivariant gerbes

e now de(ne the PEtegory Geres(G) of (nite GEequivrint geres equipped with metrisD whih should e thought of s n equivrint version of the PEtegory Finpes of (nite spes we introdued in ghpter QFRF
Denition 8.2.
por (nite group GD the PEtegory Geres(G) of nite Gequivariant gerbes is de(ned s followsF en ojet is (nite GEequivrint
gere X equipped with metriF e morphism E : X Y of equivrint geres is unitry equivrint vetor undle E : Y X rilD with ompoE sition given y onvolution of vetor undlesF e PEmorphism is morphism of equivrint vetor undlesF vet us explin this de(nitionY see pigure VFQF e morphism of equivrint geres E : X Y is to e thought of s the tegori(tion of the ide of n from ghpter P " insted of the mplitude for going from x X to y Y eing mere @more preiselyD n element in omplex lineAD the mplitude is now D whih we will write s
equivariant kernel
number vector space
y|E|x .
woreoverD these mplitude vetor spes y|E|x re equivrint with reE g g spet to x nd y F ht isD if u X x nd v Y y re rrows in X nd
8.3.
THE 2-CATEGORY OF EQUIVARIANT GERBES
ITS
Y whih elong to the torsor of rrows emnting out of x nd y in the diretion of g GD then there is presried unitry isomorphism
g y|E|x ( o v ) : y|E|x gy|E|gx . u
sn other wordsD morphism of equivrint geres E : X Y is n equivrint version of the notion of morphism of (nite spes whih we desried in ghpter QFRF tust s in ghpter QFRD we ompose morphisms E : X Y nd F : Y Z of equivrint geres y setting F E to e the unitry equivrint vetor undle over Z X whose vetor spe of wys of going from x X to z Z is given y the weighted diret sum over ll y Y of the tensor produt mplitudesX
z|F E|x :=
yY
1 z|F |y y|E|x . ky
@VFIA
es n equivrint vetor undle over Z XD the equivrint mps

g z|F E|x ( o w ) : z|F E|x gz|F E|gx , u g g w Zz , u Xx
for F E re de(ned y simply tking the tensor produt of the onstituent equivrint mpsX
z|F E|x
yY
g w u
z|F |y y|E|x
F(o
g w v
gz|F E|x
(F E)( o
:=
yY
)E( o
g v u
gz|F |gy gy|E|gx
g xote tht this formul does not depend on the hoies mde for v Y y sine it ppers oth linerly nd ntilinerly in the expressionF iverything else works the sme s in the PEtegory Finpes we desried in ghpter QFRY this ompletes our explntion of the PEtegory Geres(G)F
The inner product on the 2-morphisms

e n equip the PEmorphisms in Geres(G) with nturl inner produt just s we did in eqution @QFTA for the PEmorphisms in FinpesF ht isD if E, F : X Y re morphisms of (nite equivrint geres equipped with metrisD nd f, g : E F re PEmorphisms etween themD then we set
f, g :=
xX,yY
kx ky r(fx,y g).
@VFPA
ITT CHAPTER
8.
Classication of equivariant gerbes
e sy two equivrint geres re if they re equivlent in the PE tegory Geres(G)Y if they hve metris then we sy they re if the IEmorphism E : X Y furnishing the equivlene " whih is y de(nition n equivrint vetor undle over Y X " is only supported on pirs of ojets whih shre the sme sle ftorF he following result lssi(es equivrint geres up to isometri equivleneF
equivalent
equivalent
isometrically
Proposition 8.3.
Suppose X and Y are equivariant gerbes equipped with metrics. The following are equivalent: (i) X is isometrically equivalent to Y. (ii) There exists an isomorphism of G-sets f : X Y , preserving the scale factors, such that [c ] = [f (c )] as cohomology classes in H (X , U (1)). Proof. @iA @iiAF uppose we hve n isometri equivlene
X Y 2 G E
X
F
Y.
ine F E idX nd E F idY D the mtries = =
[dim E]y,x = dim y|E|x ,
[dim F ]x,y = dim x|F |y
whose entries re the dimensions of the (ers of E nd F must e inverses of eh otherX
[dim F ][dim E] = 1,
[dim E][dim F ] = 1.
ine the entries of these mtries re nonnegtive integersD the only possiilE ity is tht they re permuttion mtries nd hene de(ne mp f : X Y y setting f (x) equl to the unique y Y suh tht dim y|E|x = 1F ine E is n equivrint vetor undleD we must hve f (gx) = gf (x) so tht f is n isomorphism of GEsetsY moreover sine we re told tht X is equivlent to Y we must hve tht f preserves the sle ftors on X nd Y F xow hoose setions s : XG X nd s : YG Y of X nd YD with resultE ing groupoid PEoyles c cX Z 2 (XG , U (1)) nd c cY Z 2 (YG , U (1))D nd write E for the orresponding twisted equivrint vetor undle over (Y X)G ssoited to E F hus for ll x X nd y Y we hve
isometrically
g2 g1 E( (g1 y, g1 x)) E( (y, x)) =
cy (g2 , g1 ) g2 g1 E( (y, x)). cx (g2 , g1 )
he (ers of E re hermitin lines nd hve support given y the grph of f D tht is points of the form (f (x), x)F sf we hoose sis vetor for eh
8.4.
LINE BUNDLES AND U(1)-BUNDLES
ITU
g of these lines then we n identify the liner mps E( (f (x), x)) with n element of U (1)F o we n rerrnge the ove eqution into the form g2 g1 E( (f (x), x)) cx (g2 , g1 ) = cf (x) (g2 , g1 ) g2 g1 E( (g1 f (x), g1 x)) E( (f (x), x)) whih sys preisely tht c di'ers from c y ooundry dE D in multipliE tive nottionF @iiA @iAF rite c cX nd c cY F uppose we re given n isomorE phism of GEsets f : X X F o sy tht [c] = [f c ] s ohomology lsses mens tht c = (f c )d for some IEohin D ieF there must exist mp : errows(XG ) U (1)
suh tht
g2 g1
cx (g2 , g1 ) = cf (x) (g2 , g1 )
( x) ( g1 x)( x)
g2 g1
e de(ne vetor undles E nd F over Y X nd X Y respetively y setting Ey,x = y,f (x) C, Fx,y = x,f 1 (y) C. e n use to give E @respetively F A the struture of cE @respetively c EA twisted equivrint vetor undleF e only need to do this on the grph of f D where we de(ne
g g E( (f (x), x)) = ( x), g g F ( (x, f (x))) = ( x).
st is esy to hek tht E nd F re twisted equivrint vetor undlesD whih when onsidered s morphisms of equivrint geres furnish n equivlene etween X nd Y inside Geres(G)F woreover sine the mp f preserved the sle ftors on X nd Y D this equivlene is n isometri equivleneF
8.4 Line bundles and U(1)-bundles

sn this setion we de(ne wht we men y U (1)Eundles9 nd line undles9 on groupoids nd their spes of )t setionsF ell of this tehnology is essentilly tken from the pper of illerton IPHY in prtiulr we stte the useful formul whih omputes the dimension of the spe of )t setions of line undle s the integrl of the trnsgression of the line undle over the loop groupoidF e will use this theorem in ghpter WFR to give elegnt formuls for the dimensions of the homEsets in [PRep(G)]D the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegory of unitry PErepresenttions of GF
ITV CHAPTER
8.
Hermitian lines and U (1)-torsors

e is oneEdimensionl omplex vetor spe with inner prodE utD nd U (1) is simply set equipped with free nd trnsitive tion of U (1)F e write U (1)Eor for the tegory of U (1)Etorsors nd equivE rint mpsD nd L for the tegory of hermitin lines nd liner mpsF o U (1)Etorsor P we n ssoite hermitin line PC y tking the quotient of the rtesin produt P C under the identi(tions (ei p, ) (p, ei )F e write the equivlene lss of (p, ) s p D nd the inner produt on the line PC is de(ned y (p , p ) = p F imilrlyD given hermitin p line L we n ssoite U (1)Etorsor y tking the elements of unit normF
hermitian line -torsor
U (1)-bundles
and line bundles on groupoids
e de(ne U (1) over (nite groupoid G to e funtor P : G U (1)EorF imilrly over G is funtor L : G LD suh tht ll the mps L() re unitryD where is n rrow in GF e n use the onventions in the previous prgrph to onvert U (1)Eundles with onnetion into hermitin line undles with unitry onnetionD nd vieEversF
connection
-bundle with connection hermitian line bundle with unitary
U (1)-bundles
e of U (1)Eundle is hoie x Px for eh x GF ghoosing triviliztion gives rise to U (1)Evlued groupoid IEoyle Z 1 (G, U (1)) @in the sense of IPHA whose vlue on morphism in G is de(ned y the eqution
trivialization
and 1-cocycles
()target() = P ()(source() ).
Flat sections of line bundles

e of line undle L : G L is hoie sx Lx for eh x GD suh tht s(trget()) = L()s(soure()) for ll rrows err GF he spe of )t setions of L is denoted (L)F sf s nd s re )t setionsD then their (rewise innerEprodut (s, s )x is HEform on GD nd hene n e integrted with respet to the nturl mesure on groupoid @see IPHD nd lso the more reent IQRAF o the spe of setions (L) is endowed with n inner produt vi
at section
(s, s ) =
xG
(s, s )x :=
xG
(s(x), s (x)) , |x |
where |x | refers to the numer of rrows emnting of xF
8.5.
TRANSGRESSION AND TWISTED CHARACTERS
ITW
Transgression of a line bundle
ell the notion of the G := Fun(Z, G) of (nite groupoid G from ghpter UFSFPF por instneD when G is the tion groupoid XG orresponding to n tion of G on (nite set X D the ojets of the loop groupoid re loops9 in G whih we write s
g
loop groupoid
(x )
nd the morphisms re given y onjugtionD whih we write s
(hx
hgh1
) ( x ).
sf L is line undle over GD then we de(ne the funtion
transgression of L to e the
(L) : y G C
whih ssigns to eh loop in G the holonomy of L round X
( x ) r(L() : Lx Lx ).
illerton hs proved n elegnt formul whih omputes the dimension of the spe of )t setions of L s the integrl of the trnsgression of L over the loop groupoidF
Theorem 8.4 @illerton IPHD hm TA. If L is a line bundle over a nite groupoid G, then the dimension of the space of at sections of L computes as the integral of the transgression of L over the loop groupoid:
dim (L) =
G
(L).
hen we estlish the orrespondene etween equivrint geres nd unitry PErepresenttions in ghpter WD we will see tht the in the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegory [PRep(G)]C n e thought of s the spe of )t setions of ertin line undleD so tht the ove formul then gives elegnt ompt formuls @gorollry WFTA for the dimensions of these homEsetsF
hom-sets
8.5 Transgression and twisted characters

sn this setion we de(ne the of n equivrint gere s ertin line undle over the loop groupoidF hen we stte the theoE rem of illerton IPH whih identi(es the spe of isomorphism lsses of equivrint vetor undles over the gere s the spe of setions of this line undleF
transgressed line bundle
IUH CHAPTER
8.
pigure VFRX he prllel trnsport opertion in the trnsgressed U (1)Eundle of gere X is otined y onjugting loops9 in the gere y hoosing g ritrry rrows v X x Y this opertion does not depend on the hoie of vF
Line bundles from transgression of equivariant gerbes

uppose X is n equivrint gere with underlying GEset X D thought of vi its tion groupoid XG F e de(ne the U (1) of X s the funtor (X) : XG U (1)Eor
transgressed
-bundle
whih sends n ojet of the loop groupoid to its orresponding U (1)Etorsor in the gereD
g
(x )
X x g,
nd n rrow in the loop groupoid to the onjugtion opertion on these torsors @see pigure VFRAD
(h x
hgh1
) (x )
u vuv 1 .
g rere v is n ritrry hoie of rrow in the torsor X x Y the formul is lerly independent of this hoieF he ssoited hermitin line undle (X)C is known s the F yne should think of this onstrution s the line undle rising from the of the gere s in frylinski QRF
transgressed line bundle holonomy
Transgression in terms of cocycles

sn IPHD illerton de(ned trnsgression t the level of oyles y using the rmesn mp9Y for PEoyles the resulting mp
: Z 2 (XG , U (1)) Z 1 (XG , U (1))

works out s
h g
(c) ( x )
cx (hgh1 , h) . cx (h, g)
efter pssing to oylesD the geometri de(nition of trnsgression we gve ove reprodues this formulF o see thisD hoose normlized9 setion e s : XG X of the gereY tht is one hving the property tht s( x) = 1
8.5.
TRANSGRESSION AND TWISTED CHARACTERS
IUI
for ll x X nd s( gx) = s( x)1 for ll x X, g GF his setion gives rise to PEoyle c Z 2 (XG , U (1)) s we explined in etion VFIF xowD the trnsgressed U (1)Eundle (X) will t on the distinguished morphisms given y the setion s
g 1
(X) ( x ) s( x ) = s( x) s( x ) s( hx) = cx (h, g)chx (hg, h1 )s(hx = cx (h, g) s(hx cx (hgh1 , h)

hgh1 hgh1
h1
)
@VFQA
where the lst equlity uses the oyle eqution cx (hgh1 , h)chx (hg, h1 ) = cx (hg, e)cx (h1 , h) nd the ft tht the setion ws normlized so the right hnd side here is equl to unityF he formul @VFQA is preisely the formul of illerton for the trnsgression of U (1)Evlued groupoid PEoyles IPHD hm QF sn other wordsD if we think of equivrint geres s U (1)Evlued PEoyles on n tion groupoid XG D nd U (1)Eundles over groupoids s U (1)Evlued IEoyles s we explined in etion VFRD then our diret geometri de(E nition for trnsgression orresponds preisely to the oyle formultion of trnsgression s de(ned y illertonF
Twisted characters of equivariant vector bundles

uppose E : X ril is unitry equivrint vetor undle over n equivE rint gere XF he @or just for shortA of E is )t setion of the trnsgressed line undleD
twisted character
character
E XG ( (X)C ).
st is de(ned y setting
E ( x ) = u r E(o
g u
g where u is ny morphism in X x @the hoie of u doesn9t mtter sine the formul is invrint under u ei uA nd the 9 refers to omplex onjugE tionF e then hve the following importnt resultD whih tkes the formul from heorem VFR one step higher9F
Theorem 8.5
@illerton IPHD hm IIA. The twisted character map is a unitary isomorphism from the complexied Grothendieck group of isomorphism classes of unitary equivariant vector bundles over an equivariant gerbe X to the space of at sections of the transgressed line bundle:
: [rilG (X)]C XG ( (X)C ).
IUP CHAPTER
8.
pigure VFSX he (rtion of loop groupoids ssoited to GEset X F his formul should e thought of s the seond in long line of formuls @heorem VFR is the (rstA whih ompute the spe of )t setions of higher line undle9 using the of the line undleF sn etion VFTFQ we will use this formul to estlish tht the geometri hrter funtor is unitrily fully fithfulD whih will in turn imply tht the funtor ting on unitry PErepresenttions is unitrily fithful @gorollry WFVAD one of our min results in this thesisF
holonomy
2-character
8.6 The geometric character of an equivariant gerbe

his setion is the geometri nlogue of ghpter UFSFQX we de(ne how to tke the of GEequivrint gere equipped with metri in order to otin unitry equivrint vetor undle over GF
geometric character
8.6.1 Pushing forward line bundles over loop groupoids

por every GEset X there is nturl (rtion of loop groupoids : XG BGD where the (er of g G is the set
g
x
xFix(g)
of (xed points of g on X @see pigure VFSAF sf X hs metri " n equivrint ssignment of positive rel numer kx to eh x X " then we n pushEforwrd unitry equivrint line undle L over XG to unitry equivrint vetor undle (L) over G y tking the spe of setions over the (xed pointsD s followsF he (er of (L) t g G is the rilert spe etions(L|Fix(g) ) :=
kx L x g
xFix(g)
of setions of L over the (xed points of g F ht isD the (er of the pushE forwrd vetor undle (L) over G t g G is the spe of setions of L over the (xed points of g on X D ieF vetor (L)g is n ssignment
g g
( x ) ( x ) L x g
8.6.
THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTER OF AN EQUIVARIANT GERBE
IUQ
where x rnges over the (xed points of g F he inner produt on these setions is given y
g g
, =
xFix(g)
kx ( x ), ( x ) .
es g rnges over GD these vetor spes eome unitry equivrint vetor undle over G vi the nturl GEtion
(h )(h x
hgh1
) = L(h)( x ).
8.6.2 Denition of the geometric character

sn prtiulrD if X is n equivrint gere equipped with metri we write h(X) := ( (X)C ) for the pushEforwrd of the trnsgressed line undle of XD nd we ll h(X) the of XF oD the geometri hrter of n equivrint gere is ertin equivrint vetor undle over the group G onstruted from the (xed point dt of the gereF sts (er t group element g G omputes s
geometric character
h(X)g = etions( (X)C |Fix(g) ).
@VFRA
ht isD vetor in the (er of the geometri hrter undle t g G is something whih ssigns to eh (xed point x X of g n element in the omplex line (X x g)C F sf X ws just the trivil9 gere on GEset X D then this (er would just e the spe of funtions on the (xed points of g Y in the generl se it is simply the spe of setions of the over the (xed points of g F
transgressed line bundle
8.6.3 Functoriality for the geometric character

his setion is the geometri nlogue of ghpter UFSFRF e show how to mke the geometri hrter onstrution with respet to morE phisms of equivrint geresD so tht it desends to funtor from the qrothendiek tegory of Geres(G) to the tegory of equivrint vetor undles over GF hen we pply heorem VFS to show tht fter one tensors the homEsets in [Geres(G)] with CD the resulting omplexi(ed geometri hrter funtor is unitrily fully fithfulF efter we hve estlished the equivlene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd equivrint geres in the next hpterD this result will imply tht the omplexi(ed PEhrter is lso unitrily fully fithfulF
functorial
IUR CHAPTER
8.
pigure VFTX he (rewise geometri hrter of morphism E : X Y is liner mp from the spe of setions of the line undle over the (xed points of g on X to spe of setions of the line undle over the (xed points of g on Y F he mtrix elements of this mp re omputed y tking the tre of the vetor undle E F
The geometric character of a morphism of equivariant gerbes

uppose E : X Y is morphism of equivrint geresF hen we n de(ne for eh g G liner mp h(E)g : etions( (X)C |FixX (g) ) etions( (Y)C |FixY (g) )
h(E)g ()
y integrting the tre of E over the simultneous (xed points of g Y see pigure VFTF st is esiest to give this mp in terms of its mtrix elements etween orthonorml ses of setions {x h(X)g }xFixX (g) nd {y h(Y)g }yFixY (g) onsisting of setions whih re lolized over (xed points x pixX (g) nd y pixY (g) respetivelyX
g 1 x ( x ) = xx u (X x g)C , kx g
y ( y
) = yy v
1 (Yy g)C . ky
sn terms of these sis vetors the mtrix elements of h(E)g re de(ned s
y , h(E)g x = r E( o v ) . u
g
@VFSA
xote tht one gin this de(nition does not depend on the hoies mde for v Y y g nd u X x gF
Proof of functoriality
ell tht we re writing Geres(G) for the PEtegory of (nite GEequivrint geres equipped with metrisF es in ghpter UFSFRD we will write [Geres(G)]
8.6.
THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTER OF AN EQUIVARIANT GERBE
IUS
for the of Geres(G) " the tegory otined y idenE tifying isomorphi IEmorphisms " nd [Geres]C for the tegory otined from [Geres(G)] y tensoring the homEsets with CF
Theorem 8.6.
The assignment
E
h : Geres(G)
rilG (G) h(X) h(X) h(Y)

ch(E)
X XY
is functorial with respect to composition in Geres(G), and only depends on the isomorphism class of E, and thus descends to a geometri hrter
funtor
Moreover, after tensoring the hom-sets in [Geres(G)] with C the associated functor
sor produts nd lolizes9 on the (xed pointsF sn other wordsD if Z Y X re morphisms of equivrint geresD nd if u X x g nd w Z z gD then y the de(nition @VFIA of omposition in Geres(G)D
g r(F E)( o w ) = u g g r F ( o w ) r E( o v ) u v
h : [Geres(G)] rilG (G).
is unitarily fully faithful. Proof. puntorility follows from the ft tht tre is multiplitive on tenE
F E
hC : [Geres(G)]C rilG (G)
yY
=
yFixY (g)
g g r F ( o w ) r E( o v ). u v
elso the tre of n equivrint vetor undle only depends on its isomorE phism lssY this gives the (rst prt of the propositionF o prove the seond prt of the propositionD we show tht the tion of the geometri hrter on morphisms is just rerrngement of the twisted hrter mp from etion VFSD whih is known to e unitry y heorem VFSF xmelyD we lim we hve the following ommuttive digrmX rom[Gerbes(G)] (X, Y) := [ril(Y X)]
(Y X)G WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW ch WC
( (Y X)C )
romHilbG (G) (h(X), h(Y))
he rerrngement mp @the downwrds rrowA works s followsF e setion of the trnsgressed line undle (Y X)C is something whih ssigns to
IUT CHAPTER
8.
every simultneous (xed point n element of the pproprite hermitin lineX

g
(y, x)
v u Y y g X x g C.
sing the metris on the geresD this n e regrded s mp of hermitin lines
: (X x g)C (X
vi the formul
)C
1 u1 kx
1 v . ky
sing this orrespondeneD the setion gives rise for eh g G to liner mp g : h(X)g h(Y)g . he ft tht ws setion trnsltes into the sttement tht the olletion of mps g is with respet to the tion of GF woreover one n hek tht the mp is unitry with respet to the nturl inner produts involved @note tht the twisted hrter mp does not use the metris on the geresD ut h nd doAD nd lso tht the ove digrm indeed ommutesF xow we pply heorem VFSD whih sys tht fter tensoring the left hnd side with C the hrter mp is unitry isomorphismF his gives the seond sttement of the propositionF vet us summrize wht we hve done in this hpterF e hve introdued the geometri lnguge of (nite equivrint geres equipped with metris nd their ssoited geometri hrtersF his frmework llowed us to use the result of illerton @heorem VFSA to estlish tht the omplexi(ed geometri hrter is unitrily fully fithful funtorF sn the next hpter we will set up orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd equivE rint geresD nd show tht under this orrespondene the PEhrter of PErepresenttion orresponds to the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivrint gereF his will llow us to onlude tht the omplexi(ed PE hrter is unitrily fully fithful funtorD whih is one of the min results of this thesisF
at equivariant
Chapter 9
Geometric characters and 2-characters
sn this hpter we prove our min theorem out PEhrtersD nmely tht the omplexi(ed PEhrter funtor
: [PRep(G)]C rilG (G)

is unitrily fully fithfulF e do this y developing orrespondene eE tween unitry PErepresenttions nd (nite equivrint geres equipped with metrisF e show tht under this orrespondeneD the PEhrter of PE representtion orresponds nturlly to the geometri hrter of its ssoE ited equivrint gereF he result then follows from heorem VFT whih proved tht the omplexi(ed geometri hrter funtor is unitrily fully fithfulF e lso show how this result hs n interesting orollryX unlike the ordinry hrter of representtionD the does not lwys disE tinguish di'erent PErepresenttionsF his is likely n rtift of the generlly epted ft tht semisimple tegories re not quite the right notion of PEvetor spe9F sn etion WFI we show how to extrt n equivrint gere from mrked unitry PErepresenttionD nd we pply this proedure to some of the exmE ples of unitry PErepresenttions we provided in ghpter UFPF sn etions WFP nd WFQ we show how morphism of unitry PErepresenttions gives rise to morphism of equivrint geresD nd the sme for PEmorphismsF sn eE tion WFR we show tht this orrespondene is n equivlene of PEtegoriesF his llows us to give some elegnt losed formuls for the dimensions of the homEspes in the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegory [PRep(G)]C using the groupoid integrtion tehnology of IPH whih we reviewed in ghpE ter VFRF pinlly in etion WFS we prove our min theorem relting the PE hrter to the geometri hrterD with the orollry tht the omplexi(ed PEhrter is unitrily fully fithfulF e lose the hpter in etion WFT y
2-character
IUU
IUVCHAPTER
9.
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERS AND 2-CHARACTERS
pigure WFIX ixtrting n equivrint gere from unitry PErepresenttionF g he U (1)Etorsor X i of rrows in the gere is the set of unitry rrows u : egi g (ei ) in the PErilert speF showing tht the PEhrter does not neessrily distinguish nonequivlent PErepresenttionsF
9.1 Equivariant gerbes from unitary 2-representations

sn this setion we show how to extrt GEequivrint gere equipped with metri from unitry PErepresenttion of G on mrked PErilert speF ell from ghpter Q tht PErilert spe is mrked if eh isomorphism lss of simple ojets hs distinguished representtive ei F e unitry PErepresenttion of G on mrked PErilert spe H gives rise to n equivrint gere X y vrint of the @we lernt this pproh from the pper of gegrr etF lF RID ut the originl onstrution is due to qrothendiek TWAF yur vrint of this onstrution works s followsF he se set X of the gere is the set of isomorphism lsses of simple ojets in H Y these re often referred to y their indiesD so tht i [ei ] nd so onF he set X inherits GEtion vi
tion
Grothendieck construc-
gi := [g (ei )]
where ei is the distinguished simple ojet in the isomorphism lss [ei ]F he equivrint gere X hs the sme ojets s XG D with the GEgrded homEsets given y the unitry isomorphisms in H etween the mrked simple ojets nd the ojets whih hve een ted on y GX
g X i := usso(egi , g (ei )).
e refer the reder to pigure WFIF xote tht these unitry isomorphisms in H do lie on the unit irle in the hermitin line rom(egi , g (ei ))D ut rther on the irle with rdius ki F g h he omposite of u X i nd v X gi is de(ned s
not
v u = a(h, g)ei h (u) v,
where we hve used the 9 symol to stress tht this is not ompoE e sition of rrows in the PErilert spe H F he identity morphisms 1i X i
ordinary
@WFIA
9.1.
EQUIVARIANT GERBES FROM UNITARY 2-REPRESENTATIONS
IUW
re given y the unit isomorphisms a(e)ei F st is well known @see egF RIA tht this sort of onstrution produes unitl nd ssoitive omposition lw on the groupoid XY we reord the proof for ompletenessF
Lemma 9.1. This construction equips X with a unital and associative composition law. Proof. uppose we hve u X D v X nd w X F hen
g i h gi k hgi
(w v) u = a(kh, g)ei kh (u)a(k, h)egi k (v)w = a(kh, g)ei a(k, h)g (ei ) k h (u)k (v)w = a(k, hg)ei k (a(h, g)ei )k h (u)k (v)w = w (v u)
where the seond eqution uses nturlity of a(k, h) nd the third eqution uses the oherene eqution @UFIA from ghpter UFIFIF imilrly
u 1i = a(g, e)ei g (a(e)ei )u = u nd 1gi u = a(e, g)egi e (u)a(e)egi = u.

g e we will write the inverse of u X i with respet to this omposition 1 X g-1 F st is esy to hek tht u1 omputes in terms of the lw s u gi inverse u1 u s
ordinary
u1 = g1 (u1 )a(g 1 , g)1 a(e)ei . ei
@WFPA
pinllyD the metri on the equivrint gere X is de(ned s the sle ftors on the simple ojets ei D tht is ki = (idei , idei )F
Examples
e now extrt the ssoited equivrint geres from some of the exmples of unitry PErepresenttions we gve in etion UFPF
Automorphisms of groups
he equivrint gere X rising from the PErepresenttion of G eut(K) on ep(K) works s followsF pirstly one hooses distinguished irreduile representtions Vi of K F he underlying GEset of X is the set of isomorphism lsses of irreduile representtions @whih identi(es nonnonilly with the onjugy lsses of GAD nd the grded homEsets re
g X i = ussoK (Vgi , Vig ).
sn prtiulr the U (1)Etorsors ove the (xed points re nd there is no preferred setion of these torsorsD unless g is n inner utomorphismF vet us summrize this disussionX
apriori
X i g = ussoK (Vi , Vig ) U (V )
IVHCHAPTER
9.
sf G ts s utomorphisms of group K D then eh irreduile representtion of K will rry projetive representtion of the sugroup G0 G whih (xes F
The metaplectic representation

sn this wy the equivrint gere rising from the PErepresenttion of SL2 (R) eut(reis) on the tegory of representtions of the reisenerg group hs c single ojet whose utomorphism group is preisely the M pc (2) @the metpleti group is the nontrivil doule over of SL2 (R)D see IIHD pg PAF sn other wordsD lthough the PErepresenttion is strit its orE responding equivrint gere nd hene the ssoited projetive representE tion re tully nontrivilF
metaplectic group
9.2 Morphisms of gerbes from morphisms of 2-representations

pirstlyD we de(ne morphism of mrked PErepresenttions simply s n orE dinry morphism of the underlying PErepresenttions whih pys no ttenE tion to the distinguished simple ojetsD nd similrly for the PEmorphismsD nd we write the PEtegory of mrked unitry PErepresenttions of G s PRepm (G)F xote tht the ovious PEfuntor PRepm (G) PRep(G) whih forgets the mrked simple ojets is n equivlene of PEtegoriesF e morphism : of mrked PErepresenttions gives rise to morE phism of equivrint geres : X X in the following wyF he vetor undle over X X is de(ned to hve (ers
||i := rom(e , (ei )).

g g por v (X ) nd u (X ) i D the unitry mps g ||i ( o v ) : ||i g||gi u
send
(ei ) y
ei (g)
sW ss ss ss ss
g (ei )
g (ei ) y
g ()
JJ JJ(u) JJ JJ J6
(egi )
@WFQA
g (e ) o
eg
e now show tht this formul indeed de(nes n equivrint vetor undle : X X rilY note tht the onjugte of X must e used euse of the (u) term ourring oveF
9.3.
2-MORPHISMS
IVI
Proposition 9.2. This construction produces a unitary equivariant vector bundle : X X ril. Proof. gonsider the digrmX

eg2 g1
(eg2 g1 i ) y
(u ) 2
g2 (eg1 )
g2 (v1 )
v2
g2 (eg1 i ) y
g2 (u ) 1 g2 g1 ()
(g2 )eg
1 i
G g2 (eg1 i ) y G g2 g1 (ei )
g2 g1 (e )
b(g2 ,g1 )e
g2 (u ) 1 (g2 )g
1 (ei )
G g2 g1 (ei ) G g2 g1 (ei )
g2 ((g1 )ei )
G g2 g1 (ei ) G g2 g1 (ei )
g2 g1 (e )
b(g1 ,g1 )(ei ) (g2 g1 )ei
kS kkk kkk k kkk kkk (a(g2 ,g1 )ei )
g2 g1 ()
king the tour round the outside trk is
||i ( (vo
g2 g1 2 v1 )(u2 u1 )
)(),
while tking the tour round the inside trk is
g||gi ( vo
g2 2 u2
) ||i ( vo
g1 1 u1
)().
he squre t seven o9 lok ommutes y the nturlity of b(g2 , g1 )D the irregulr pentgon t (ve o9 lok ommutes euse it is essentilly the oherene eqution @UFRA from ghpter UFIFP for the nturl isomorphisms (g)D nd the squre t four o9 lok ommutes y the nturlity of (g2 )F pinllyD the undle is unitry preisely euse ll the morphisms involved in its onstrution re unitry @exept the morphism of ourseAF
9.3 2-Morphisms
imilrly PEmorphism : etween morphisms of mrked PErepresenttions gives rise to morphism of equivrint vetor undles : whose omponents re just given y postomposition with the omponents of the nturl trnsformtion X
,i :
||i ||i f ei f.
IVPCHAPTER
9.
9.4 Equivalence of 2-categories

sn this setion we show tht these onstrutions furnish n equivlene of PEtegories etween the PEtegory of unitry PErepresenttions nd the PE tegory of equivrint geres equipped with metrisF his n e viewed s n equivrint version of the equivlene we estlished in ghpter Q etween the PEtegory of PErilert spes nd the PEtegory of (nite spes equipped with metrisF e hsten to dd tht this kind of result " otining n expliit underE stnding of unitry PErepresenttions nd the morphisms nd PEmorphisms etween them " is not relly newD sine relted elements of it re present in the work of ilguer SQD gor TFPI nd some similr ides lso pper in the work of frrett nd wky IUD pg IUF hese referenes however do not use the lnguge of equivrint geresY y using this lnguge we hope our formultion expresses the of the sitution in lener wyX
geometry
pirstly it shows how this result n e regrded s the tegori(tion9 of the geometri orrespondene etween ordinry unitry representE tions nd equivrint line undlesF eondlyD the geometri lnguge of equivrint geres is quite re(ned nd enles us to understnd the PEtegory of PErepresenttions in more suint wyF por instneD it llows us to identify the homE sets in the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegory [PRep(G)]C s spes of )t setions of line undlesY moreover we n elegntly lulte the of these homEsets using the integrtion formul of illerton @heorem VFRAF
dimension
pinllyD we essentilly work diretly with the PErilert spes themE selves nd not some oEordintized skeleton of themD strtegy whih is likely to e importnt in more dvned geometri situtionsF vet us stte the resultF
Theorem 9.3.
The map
PRepm (G)
Geres(G) X X X

is functorial, and an equivalence of 2-categories. Moreover it is a unitary linear map at the level of 2-morphisms.
9.4.
EQUIV ALENCE OF 2-CATEGORIES
IVQ
Proof. his mp is just n equivrint version of the PEfuntor

: PHilm Finpes
whih we showed ws n equivleneD nd unitry liner mp t the level of PEmorphismsD in roposition QFIRF he min thing to hek is tht if : nd : re morphisms of mrked unitry PErepresenttionsD then the ompositor we de(ned in @QFUA is n equivrint mpF ht isD we need to hek tht it is omptile with the formul @WFQA for extrting equivrint vetor undles from morphisms of PErepresenttionsF o this endD suppose tht ei H D e H nd e H re the mrked simple ojets in the underlying PErilert spes of D nd respetivelyD nd tht u : egi g (ei )D v : eg g (e ) nd w : eg g (e )D re unitry morphismsF e must hek tht the following digrm ommutesX
g g ( o w ) ( o v ) v u
|| ||i
G g||g g||gi G g| |gi
||i
g ( o w ) u
sndeedD for 2 || nd 1 ||i D the ounterlokwise nd lokwise diretions evlute s
G
(2 1 ) = (u) ei (g) (ei ) (g)g (1 2 ) u = (u) ei (g)g (1 )u = (u ) e (g) g (2 ) u
(2 1 )
where the middle step uses the nturlity of (g) : D nd the u term drops out sine u u = idF his estlishes tht the mp PRepm Geres(G) is indeed wek PEfuntorF o see tht it is n equivleneD the most diret method is to restrit ttention to unitry PErepresenttions on skeletl PE rilert spes @ll unitry PErepresenttions re equivlent to unitry PE representtions of this formD sine every PErilert spe is equivlent to skeletl PErilert speAF o give skeletl PErilert spe the struture of
IVRCHAPTER
9.
unitry PErepresenttion is the sme thing s de(ning GEtion on the set X of simple ojetsD together with groupoid PEoyle c Z 2 (XG , U (1))F sn this pitureD morphism : etween skeletl PErepresenttions is the sme thing s (c c )Etwisted equivrint vetor undle over the groupoid X X F imilrly PEmorphism is just morphism of equivrint vetor undlesF hese dt strutures re preisely the sme strutures whih de(ne the ojetsD morphisms nd PEmorphisms of Geres(G) one we pss to oyle desriptionD s we explined in ghpter VF herefore the PEfuntor PRepm Geres(G) is indeed n equivlene of PEtegoriesF gomining this result with the lssi(tion of equivrint geres from roposition VFQ llows us to rederive some known results out PErepresenttionsD ut speilized to the unitry settingF e sy tht PErepresenttion is if its ssoited equivrint gere hs only single oritF
reducible
ir-
Corollary 9.4
@gompre ystrik IHRD ixF QFRD ilguet SQD hm UFSD qnter nd uprnov TUD rop UFQA. G (X, k, []) X G k [] [] H 2 (XG , U (1))
Irreducible unitary 2-representations of are classied up to strong unitary equivalence by triples , where is a transitive -set up to isomorphism, is a positive real number, and is an equivariant cohomology class .
e write 1 for the trivil PErepresenttion of G on ril @it is the unit ojet for the monoidl PEtegory struture of PRep(G)D ut we will not disuss this hereAF ixF SFIA.
Corollary 9.5 @gompre ilguet SQD gor TFPID qnter nd uprnov TUD
The endomorphism category of the unit object is monoidally equivalent to the category of representations of G,
ind2Rep(G) (1) ep(G).
More generally, if is any one-dimensional 2-representation of G, then there is a unitary equivalence of 2-Hilbert spaces where Z (G, U (1)) is the group 2-cocycle obtained from choosing a section of X .
2
rom2Rep(G) (1, )
ep (G)
e would like to stress however tht the geometri lnguge of equivE rint geres llows us to thn these resultsD euse the gerl tehnology we developed in ghpter V llows us to give us onrete geoE metri understnding of the homEsets in [PRep(G)]C F
go further all Corollary 9.6. The space of morphisms between unitary 2-representations in [PRep(G)] identies as the space of at sections of the transgressed line bundle over the loop groupoid of the product of their associated G-sets:
C
rom(, )[2Rep(G)]C (X X )G ( (X X )C ). =
9.5.
THE 2-CHARACTER AND THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTER
IVS
Thus their dimensions can be calculated by integrating the transgression of the transgressed line bundle over the double loop groupoid:
dim rom(, ) =
In particular, the dimension of the space of endomorphisms of an object computes as

dim ind() = 1 |{(i, j, g, h) : i, j X , g, h G, i, j pix(g)pix(h), gh = hg}|. |G|
rving estlished the orrespondene etween unitry PErepresenttions nd equivrint geresD we now turn to their F
2 (X X )G
2 (X X ).
characters
9.5 The 2-character and the geometric character

sn this setion we prove our min result in this hpter " tht the PEhrter of unitry PErepresenttion orresponds nturlly to the geometri hrE ter of its ssoited equivrint gereD nd hene the PEhrter is unitrily fully fithful funtor t the level of the omplexi(ed qrothendiek tegoryF
The 2-character of a marked unitary 2-representation is unitarily naturally isomorphic to the geometric character (i.e. the push-forward of the transgression) of the associated equivariant gerbe:
Theorem 9.7.
[PRepm (G)] K
KKK KKK KKK
That is, there are unitary isomorphisms

Theorem 9.8.
7 rilG (G)
s sss sss ysss ch

:
G [Geres(G)]
h(X )
, natural in .
gomining this with our knowledge of the geometri hrter funtor from heorem VFT gives us one of the three min results in this thesis tht we mentioned in the introdutionF
The complexied 2-character functor

C : [PRep(G)]C rilG (G)
is a unitarily fully faithful functor from the complexied Grothendieck category of unitary representations of G to the category of unitary equivariant vector bundles over G.
roving heorem WFU involves expnding out the strt higherEtegoril de(nitions for the PEhrter nd heking tht they hve the pproprite geometri ehviourF e do this in three steps " (rstly we de(ne the isoE morphisms D then we show tht they re indeed morphisms of equivrint vetor undlesD nd then we show tht they re nturl in F
IVTCHAPTER
9.
9.5.1 Dening the isomorphisms

qiven mrked PErepresenttion the isomorphism of equivrint vetor undles : h(X ) is esy enough to write downF por g GD the (ers of the PEhrter omputeD y de(nitionD s
(g) = xt(id, g ) {(e : ei g (ei ))iFix(g) }, =

i
while the (ers of the geometri hrter re h(X )(g) = etions (X )C |Fix(g)
= {(i urom(ei , g (ei )) C)iFix(x) }.

o the (rewise identi(tion etween these two omplex lines is omponentE wise just the identi(tion etween hermitin line nd the line ssoited to its irle of rdius ki F elling our onventions out U (1)Etorsors nd hermitin lines from etion VFRD the isomorphisms re given t the level of unitry morphisms u : ei g (ei ) y
: (g) h(X )(g) uu ki .

woreoverD relling our onventions out the inner produts on xt(id, g ) nd etions (X )C |Fix(g) from ghpters QFQ nd VFTFP respetivelyD one sees tht is indeed unitry isomorphismF
9.5.2 Verifying that the isomorphisms are equivariant

he following lemm veri(es tht these (rewise identi(tions re equivriE nt with respet to the tion of GD whih for the PEhrter is given y the string digrm formul from ghpter UFS nd for the geometri hrter y the trnsgression formul from ghpter VFSF sn other wordsD is indeed morphism in rilG (G)F
Lemma 9.9.
Let be a marked 2-representation of G. (i) The equivariant maps for the 2-character compute as the transgression, in the sense that
(hxh1 g) : xt(id, g ) xt(id, hgh1 )
evaluates as where v : e (e ) is any unitary arrow in the underlying 2-Hilbert space H , and is the twisted composition law from Chapter 9.1.
hi h i
(hgh1 g)()ehi = v ei
v 1
9.5.
IVU
(ii) Therefore the following diagram commutes:

(g)
(g) (g)
h
G (hgh1 ) G h(X )(hgh1 )

(hgh1 )
h(X )(g)
ch(X )(g)
Proof. @iA e need to evlute the string digrm formul for the mp (
h
g)D
he right hnd side omputes s
(hgh1 g)()
ehi
:= a(hg, h1 )ehi a(h, g)h1 (eh i) h (h1 (ehi ) ) a (h, h1 )ehi a(e)ehi
(a)
a(hg, h1 )ehi a(h, g)h1 (eh i) h (h1 (ehi ) )h (v 1 )v a(hg, h1 )ehi a(h, g)h1 (eh i) h (g (v 1 ))h (ei )v a(hg, h1 )ehi hg (v 1 )a(h, g)ei h (ei )v (v ei ) v 1
(b)
(c)
(d)
where @A uses the expression @WFPA for v 1 with respet to the twisted omE position lw from @WFIAD @A uses the nturlity of D @A uses the nturlity of a(h, g)D nd @dA gin uses the omposition lw from @WFIAF @iiA his is just @iAD expressed more formllyF
9.5.3 Verifying naturality

st remins to show tht the isomorphisms : h(X ) re nturl with respet to morphisms of PErepresenttions : F his mounts to omputing the string digrm formul @UFUA for () " the tion of the on morphisms " nd oserving tht it orresponds to the formul @VFSA for the ehviour of the geometri hrter on morphismsD whih ws de(ned in terms of the omplex onjugte of the hrter of the equivrint vetor undle F sn slognD the PEhrter on morphisms is the ordinry hrter9F
character
2-
ordinary
Lemma 9.10.
G
Let : be a morphism of marked 2-representations of
IVVCHAPTER
9.
(i) The matrix elements of () compute as the complex conjugate of the trace of the associated equivariant vector bundle ,
o g , ()g i = r ||i ( )
i
(ii) Therefore the isomorphism : h(X ) is natural in , that is for each g G the following diagram commutes:
=
(g)
()g
G (g) G h(X )(g)
h(X )(g)
ch(
)g
Proof. @iA e need to evlute the string digrm formul for the mp () D
g
where ( , , ) is some hoie of right djoint for nd is the evenEhnded struture on PHilF his gives
()g ()e = g (
e )
(g) (e ) ( (e ) ) ()e .
@WFRA
yur min tsk in evluting this expression further is to ompute the term ()e Y to do this we need to trnslte the evenEhnded struture on PHil from the lnguge of djuntion isomorphisms into the lnguge of unit nd ounit nturl trnsformtionsF xowD we know from heorem UFIP tht the formul ove does not deE pend on the right djoint ( , , ) tht ws hosen to evlute itF sf we (x the underlying funtor D then the freedom in hoosing the unit nd ounit mps nd is given t the level of the djuntion isomorphisms etween the homEsets y the freedom in hoosing ritrry vetor spe isomorphisms
i, : rom((ei ), e ) rom(ei , (e ))
t the level of the simple ojetsF st is onvenient to hoose these isomorE phisms i, to e sled unitry9 in the sense tht
(i, (v), i, (w)) =
ki (v, w) k
9.5.
IVW
for v, w rom((ei ), e )D or in other words
i, = i,
ki id . k
dim ||i
@WFSA
he dvntge of this hoie will presently eome lerF ghoose

(,i) {vp : e (ei )}p=1
-basis
for eh homEspe rom(e , (ei )) " tht isD sis stisfying

(,i) (,i) vp vq = pq ide
nd hene
,p
(,i) (,i) vp vp = id(ei ) .
sn terms of suh sisD we lim tht ()e omputes s
()e =
(i,)
1 k
ki
i p
(i,) (,i) (wp ) vp (,i)
@WFTA
where wp : ei (e ) is de(ned s (vp )F o see thisD (rstly oserve (i,) (e )) euse tht the wp form Esis for rom(ei ,
(i,) (i,) wp wq =
= = = =
1 (,i) (,i) (idei , wp wq ) idei ki 1 (i,) (i,) (w , wq ) idei ki p 1 (,i) (,i) ((vp ), (vq )) idei ki 1 ki (,i) (,i) (v , vq ) idei ki k p 1 (,i) (,i) (ide , vq vp ) idei k
= pq idei .
@his is the utility of hoosing the isomorphisms to e sled unitryFA o prove @WFTAD ll we need to show is tht when we trnslte this formul k into homEset isomorphism
: rom( (e ), ei ) rom(e , (ei ))

vi the stndrd trnsltion etween these two pitures then we must end up with = F sndeedD we omputeX
(i,) (i,) (wq ) := (wq ) ()e 1 (i,) (i,) (,i) ki (wq ) (wp ) vp = k p i
ki (,i) = v k p
(i,) = (wq ) @y @WFSAA.
IWHCHAPTER
9.
e similr rgument estlishes tht

e
=
i,p
v (,i) (w(i,) ).
@WFUA
woreoverD y our formul from vemm QFW we ompute tht
(e ) =
i,p
(i,) (i,) g (wp ) ei wp .
@WFVA
nd similrly
(g) (e ) =
i,p
(i,) (i,) g (wp )(g)i g (wp ). e
@WFWA
ustituting the expnsions @WFTAD @WFUAD @WFVA nd @WFWA into our originl string digrm formul @WFRAD most of the indies pir o' nd one omputes tht for nturl trnsformtion i (g) supported on single (xed point x pixX (g) @tht isD the omponents (i )ej of i over the mrked simple ojets re zero unless i = j AD we hveX
()g (i )e =
ki k
(,i) (,i) x (vp ) (g)i (ei ) vp . e p
xotie how the sle ftors ki nd k hve entered this desription " this undersores our point tht this mp F e n identify this omintion of terms s the omplex onjugte of the tre of the ssoited equivrint vetor undle s followsF pix n orthonorml sis {i (x)} nd { (x)} of nturl trnsformtions supported exlusively over (xed points i pixX (g) nd pixX (g)F elling the relevnt inner produt from ghpter QFQD the mtrix elements in this sis re thus
intrinsic way
uses the even-handed structure in an
, ()g i = k ( , ()g i ) =
p (,i) (,i) ki (e , g (vp )(g)i (ei )vp ) e
1 k
(,i) (,i) (vp , (ki ei )(g)ei g (vp )k e ) p

g
o = r ||i (
where the lst step uses the de(nition of the equivrint vetor undle from @WFQA @we needed to use ki ei euse i ws n orthonorml sis 1 vetorD so tht (ei , ei ) = ki D nd similrly for e AF e lso used the ft
9.6.
THE 2-CHARACTER DOES NOT DISTINGUISH 2-REPRESENTATIONS
IWI
tht the tre of liner endomorphism A of the rilert spe ||i n e expressed in terms of Esis {vp } s r(A) =
1 k
(vp , Avp )
p
sine we must ount for the ft tht the sis vetors vp re orthogonl ut not orthonormlX
(vp , vq ) = (ide , vp cq ) = pq (ide , ide ) = pq k .
@iiA his follows immeditely from ompring the mtrix elements of ()g ove to the mtrix elements of h( )g given in eqution @VFSAF his ompletes the proof of heorem WFUF
9.6 The 2-character does not distinguish 2-representations

sn this setion we oserve nother orollry of our theorem tht the PE hrter of PErepresenttion orresponds to the geometri hrter of its ssoited equivrint gereF xmely thtD ontrry to representE tion theoryD the PEhrter does not distinguish PErepresenttionsF
ordinary
of equivrint geresF ivery (nite GEset X n e regrded s trivil9 or untwisted9 equivrint gere X y repling eh rrow in the tion groupoid XG with opy of U (1)F he geometri hrter of suh gere is the equivrint vetor undle over G whose (ers re the spe of funtions on the (xed points of G on X X h(X)g = {f : pixX (g) C}. he onjugtion tion on these (ers is given y onjugting the rguments of the funtionsY this ompletes the desription of the geometri hrter h(X) s representtion of the loop groupoid BGF xowD representtion of groupoid is determined up to isomorphism y its D whih is the funtion on the of the originl groupoid de(ned y tking the tre of the representtion over the endomorphisms in the groupoid @see illerton IPHAF sn our seD the hrter of the geometri hrter ch(X) is funtion on the 2 BGD nd unrveling the de(nitionD
The 2-character does not distinguish unitary 2-representations. That is, there nonequivalent unitary 2-representations exist and having the property that = in ril (G). Proof. e need only hek this sttement t the level of geometri hrters
Corollary 9.11 @of heorem WFUA.
G
loop groupoid
character
double loop groupoid
IWPCHAPTER
9.
we see tht it ssigns to every pir of ommuting elements g, h G the numer of points x X whih re g hX
simultaneously xed by and
ch(X) : 2 BG C (g, h) |{x X : gx = hx = x}|.

e ll this funtion the of the GEset X D nd it n hppen tht two nonisomorphi GEsets X nd Y hve the sme doule hrterD in muh the sme wy tht two nonisomorphi GEsets n hve the sme hrter @tht isD shre the sme numer of (xed points for eh group elementAF ee IQHD RWF his is euse two GEsets X nd Y re isomorphi if nd only if eh of G hs the sme numer of (xed points in oth X nd Y " this is silly the oned lemm in the tegory of GEsetsF his mens it is not enough to know the numer of (xed points for pirs of ommuting elementsD sine these do not generte the most generl sugroups tht ould ourF hus we hve shown tht nonequivlent PErepresenttions n give rise to isomorphi PEhrtersF
double character subgroup
ordinary
row re we to interpret this resultc st seems est to understnd it s re0rmtion of the ft tht F hey do not hve ontinuous prmeters nd hene n only ommodte permuttionEtype9 PErepresenttionsD nd this is the phenomenon whih is t ply oveF e n lso interpret this result s stting tht the funtor [PRep(G)] [PRep(G)]C does not re)et isomorphismsF
2-Hilbert spaces, or semisimple categories in general, are not the nal word on what a `2-vector space' should be
Chapter 10
The higher categorical dimension of 2
Rep(G).
sn this hpter we ompute him PRep(G)D the higherEtegoril dimension9 of the PEtegory PRep(G) of unitry PErepresenttions of GF fy the higherE tegoril dimension9 of PEtegory A we men the tegory rom(idA , idA ) of trnsformtions of the identity PEfuntor on A nd modi(tions eE tween themY this is lso known s the of the PEtegory A IPSD IHF fy wellEknown higherEtegoril resoning whih we will explin in detil shortlyD the higherEtegoril dimension of PEtegory forms tegoryD nd our min result is s followsF
generalized centre
braided monoidal Theorem. The higher-categorical dimension of the 2-category of unitary 2-representations of a nite group G is equivalent, as a braided monoidal category, to the category of conjugation-equivariant hermitian vector bundles over G equipped with the fusion tensor product. In symbols,
him PRep(G) rilfusion (G). G he fusion tensor produt9 on rilfusion (G) refers to the tensor produt G opertion on the tegory ssigned to the irle9 in threeEtier topologil quntum (eld theoryD otined y using the pir of pnts to fuse GEundles over S 1 together s in the leture notes of preed TH @see lso TID TQAF e hve reviewed this rided monoidl struture on rilfusion (G) in eppendix G hF hereforeD s we explined in the introdutionD the relevne of this result is tht it provides further evidene for the vlidity of the ixtended p rypothesis of fez nd holnD t lest in the se of the threeEdimensionl untwisted (nite group modelF his is euse PRep(G) n e interpreted s the PEtegory ssigned to the point while rilfusion (G) n e interpreted s G the tegory ssigned to the irleF rene this theorem on(rms the tre eqution9 him Z(M ) Z(M S 1 ) IWQ
IWRCHAPTER 10.
THE HIGHER CATEGORICAL DIMENSION OF 2
REP(G).
tht one would expet to hold for ll losed mnifolds M with dim M 2 if the ixtended p rypothesis were to e trueF yur theorem ove dels with the se when M is pointY the remining ses re delt with in eppendix eF yur strtegy for proving this theorem is s followsF e do not lE ulte the higherEtegoril dimension of PRep(G) diretlyY rther we use the ft tht PRep(G) is equivlent to the PEtegory Geres(G) of equivE rint geresD nd we insted lulte the higherEtegoril dimension of Geres(G)F roviding the ssumption in the theorem out equivlenes eE tween PEtegories is indeed trueD this will give the resultF e will spell out our resons for dopting this strtegy in etion IHFQ elowD ut the ide is essentilly tht the geometri frmework of equivrint geres enles one to write down for the vrious onstrutions involved D feture whih is sdly not ville if one works diretly with the PEtegory PRep(G)F
precise formulas out making any choices
with-
sn etion IHFI we rell the notion of the higherEtegoril dimension of PEtegoryD nd we explin why it is rided monoidl tegoryD oth y using the periodi tle of fez nd holn s well y employing threeE dimensionl string digrmsF sn etion IHFP we illustrte the proedure we will use for the proof y refully running through the sme lgorithm one tegoril level downF e show step y step in series of lemms how the tegoril dimension of the tegory ep(G) of ordinry representtions of group omputes s Z(C[G])D the entre of the group lgerF his is not new resultD ut the ide is to provide servie for the rederX the rest of the hpter tegori(es9 these lemms one y oneD so tht if onfused the reder n return to this setion to regin his or her eringsF sn etion IHFQ we explin why we hve een fored into the indiret route of lulting him Geres(G) insted of lulting him PRep(G) diretlyF sn the remining setions we proeed with our lultion of him Geres(G)D y estlishing tegori(ed nlogues of eh lemm in etion IHFP in the world of equivrint geresF e egin in etion IHFR y showing tht the homE tegory rom(EG, X) of morphisms emnting out of the regulr equivriE nt gere9 EG is generted y ertin spei( morphisms Ux : EG X s x rnges over XF sn etion IHFS we show how to extrt n equivrint vetor undle from trnsformtion of the identity on Geres(G)|EG F sn etion IHFT we show howD if one is given trnsformtion of the identity on Geres(G)|EG D then one n tht trnsformtion to the entire PE tegoryF sn etion IHFU we show tht restriting nd then extending trnsE formtions in this wy reovers k the originl trnsformtionF sn etion IHFV we show tht of trnsformtions is uniquely nd freely deE termined y its ehviour t the regulr equivrint gere EGF pinlly in etion IHFW we wrp up the proofF
extend
morphism
10.1.
HIGHER CATEGORICAL DIMENSIONS OF 2-CATEGORIES
IWS
10.1 Higher categorical dimensions of 2-categories

prom every PEtegory A one n produe rided monoidl tegory him A whih we ll the @or just A of AF yne de(nes it y setting
higher categorical dimension
dimension
him A := rom(idA , idA ), the tegory whose ojets re trnsformtions of the identity PEfuntor on AD nd whose morphisms re modi(tionsF his tegory is more ommonly known s the or of A @see egF IPSD IHAD euse it n e thought of s mnyEojet generliztion of notion of the Z(C) of monoidl tegory C D due to toyl nd treetVIF ell tht the entre Z(C) of monoidl tegory is the rided monoidl tegory whose ojets re pirs
centre generalized centre
centre
V V = (V, {W : V W W V }W C )
onsisting of n ojet V C together with presried isomorphism V W : V W W V for every W C D stisfying vrious oherene diE grmsF st turns out tht if one thinks of the monoidl tegory C s oneEojet PEtegoryD then V orresponds preisely to trnsformtion of the identity PEfuntor on C D t lest if one reverses the norml onvention for diretions of trnsformtion ellsF ht is to syD so fr in this thesis we hve followed the widelyEheld onvention @see egF veinster WIA tht the dt of trnsformtion : F G etween wek PEfuntors F, G : A B onsists ofD for eh ojet a AD IEmorphism a : F a Ga in BD nd for eh IEmorphism a b in AD PEisomorphism (f ) : Gf a b F f F sn order to lign with the stndrd desription of the entre of monoidl tegoryD in this hpter we will e using the opposite onvention for trnsformtionsF ht isD (f ) is tken to e PEisomorphism (f ) : b F f Gf a F sn the se of monoidl tegory @with ojets V, W etFA thought of s PEtegoryD nd where V : id id is trnsformtion of the identity PEfuntorD this mens tht the oherene ells V (W ) run in the diretion
f
V (W ) : V W W V
whih is the ordinry onvention for the entre of monoidl tegoryF fefore we explin in more detil the notion of the higherEtegoril dimension of PEtegory AD let us explin why we hve lled it the diE mension9 of AX
IWTCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
he kind of PEtegories we re onerned with re the whih rise in extended pF e think of him A s the higherE tegoril tre of the identity PEfuntor on AD hene the word dimenE sion9F
spaces
higher-vector
e would like nottion wherey the importnt formul
Z(M S 1 )
him Z(M )
of extended pD whih we re trying to explite in this thesisD ontinues to hold no mtter whih tegoril level one is working tF e would like to void onfusion with the more wellEknown onept of the entre9 of higherEtegoril strutureD por instneD the PEtegory PRep(G) is indeed monoidl PEtegory @ feture we hve not disussed in this thesisAD so tht were we to use the word entre9 the uninitited reder might imgine we were onstruting rided monoidl from PRep(G) s in RTD nd not rided monoidl F
monoidal
2-category category
erminology issues sideD wht rided monoidl tegoryc
is him A nd why does it produe
Periodic table argument

he most strt nswer to why the higherEtegoril dimension of PE tegory produes rided monoidl tegory is s followsX think of the PEtegory A s n in the QEtegory 2Ct of PEtegoriesD wek PE funtorsD trnsformtions nd modi(tionsF hen him A := rom(idA , idA ) 2Ct is QEtegory with one ojet nd one IEmorphism nd is hene F o see thisD we need to rell the elerted of fez nd holn IHX
object
braided monoidal category periodic table

k=0 k=1 k=2
n=0 sets monoids

ommuttive monoids 9 9
k=3
k=4
n=1 tegories monoidl tegories rided monoidl tegories symmetri monoidl tegories 9
9
k=5
n=2 PEtegories monoidl PEtegories rided monoidl PEtegories wekly involutory monoidl PEtegories strongly involutory monoidl PEtegories 9
10.1.
HIGHER CATEGORICAL DIMENSIONS OF 2-CATEGORIES
IWU
ell tht this tle desries k Etuply monoidl nEtegories9 " tht isD (n + k)Etegories with only one j Emorphism for j < k F he ide is tht s one desends eh olumnD the nEtegories (rst quire monoidl9 or tensor produt strutureD whih then eomes inresingly ommuttive9 in hrter with inresing k D nd fez nd holn onjetured tht this proess stilizes t k = n + 2F he entry in this tle whih orresponds to QEtegory with one ojet nd one IEmorphism9 is found t k = 2 nd n = 1 " rided monoidl tegoryF por forml tht tritegory with one ojet nd one IEmorphism orresponds to rided monoidl tegoryD see RPF
proof
String diagrams argument

he most intuitive wy to understnd tht the higher tegoril dimension of PEtegory is rided monoidl tegory is y using string digrms to depit the relevnt higherEdimensionl lger in the QEtegory 2CtF ell from ghpter R tht string digrms for PEtegories re oinr dul to the ordinry gloulr nottionF e follow the sme method hereF e depit n ojet A 2Ct " tht isD PEtegory " s solid uil regionX
e wek PEfuntor F : A B is then drwn s vertil plneD viewed from right to left s usulX
e trnsformtion : F G is drwn s vertil lineX
IWVCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
xote tht we re reding these trnsformtions from the k to the frontF is drwn s point @t lestD smll pinllyD modi(tion : irleAX
xowD we wnt to emphsize tht these digrms re not just onvenient mnemoni ut re for deling with wek PE funtorsD trnsformtions nd modi(tions etween PEtegoriesF o see thisD one should understnd tht eh Qd digrm ove n e viewed s movie9 of trnsformtionsD otined y tking sequentil horizontl ross setions of the digrm from top to ottomF ivery time modi(tion is rossedD new frme is retedF por instneD the movie orresponding to the digrm ove isX
perfectly precise notation
sn ll our movies @suh s those in eppendix gAD the soure nd trget wek PEfuntors for the trnsformtions in eh individul frme will e lerly understood from the ontextF e n thus ppel to the oherene theorem of qurski UHD gor IHFPFS to onlude tht the resulting modi(tion spei(ed in movie of trnsformtions is independent of how eh individul trnsformtion hs een prenthesizedF vet us pply this threeEdimensionl nottion to him A = rom(idA , idA )F e trnsformtion T : idA idA @T9 stnds for trnsformtion9A is drwn simply s vertil lineD euse the identity plnes idA re not lelledX
10.2.
THE ARGUMENT, ONE LEVEL DOWN
IWW
yserve tht if S is nother trnsformtion of the identityD then there is modi(tion c: T S ST @IHFIA whose omponent t a A is given y the oherene ell of T evluted t Sa X Sa Ga a
Ta
b
{ T(Sa )
Sa
Ta
Gb
e hoose to drw this modi(tion in string digrms s followsX
hen the oherene nd nturlity properties of the omponent PEisomorphisms T(Sa ) tell us tht the strings lelled TD S etF relly do ehve s rids in the orresponding string digrmsF woreoverD the oherene eqution for the omponents of modi(tion : T T tell us tht one n drg the irles long the stringsX
e hope this pitures mke it ler why him A is rided monoidl tE egoryF sn ftD the sme string digrms give n elegnt explntion for why tritegory with one ojet nd one IEmorphism is rided monoidl tegoryD tht is for heorem PFV of gheng nd qurski RPF he riding is otined y reting ules9 using the unit oherene isomorE phismsD whih enles the strnds to move round eh otherF rowever we will not del with this generl se hereF
general
10.2 The argument, one level down

rving explined higherEtegoril dimensions of PEtegoriesD we re now return to our tsk of lulting the higherEtegoril dimension of PRep(G)F
PHHCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
sn this setionD whih will e used s lueprint for the lter setionsD we work out the orresponding prolem one level downF e show tht the higherEtegoril dimension of the tegory of representtions of group omputes s the enter of the group lgerF his is not new result @see for instne IPHAD ut our purpose is to ly out the proof in series of lemms in suh wy tht the rest of the hpter is seen to e diret tegori(tion of eh of these lemmsF yf ourse in onventionl terms the proof is ovious9X nturl trnsformtion of the identity on ep(G) is entirely determined y wht it does t the regulr representtion C[G]F fut things whih pper ovious t this level eome it more sutle when tegori(edY this is wht fores us to go out the proof in this strnge wyF rere then is the seneX we re trying to understnd the nture of nturl trnsformtion t @t9 stnds for trnsformtion9A of the identity funtor on ep(G)F pirstlyD let us estlish our nottionF e write g g C[G] = forml sums
gG
for the left regulr representtion of GD nd we equip it with the inner produt
g|h = gh .
e strt with lemm giving us grip on the intertwiners in ep(G) emE nting out of the regulr representtionF
An intertwiner of representations u : C[G] V is the same thing as a vector v V . Proof. et v = u(e)F hen sine u is equivrintD we must hve u(g) = gvF
Lemma 10.1.
gonverselyD given ny v V we my lerly de(ne n intertwiner y setting u(g) = gv F
qiven vetor v V D we will write uv for the intertwiner C[G] V de(ned in the ove lemmD tht is uv (g) = gv F xowD we will use the nottion tht ep(G)|C[G] refers to the tegory of representtions of G restrited9 to C[G]Y tht is it hs one ojet C[G] nd its morphisms re just intertwiners C[G] C[G]F uppose t is trnsformtion of the identity on ep(G)|C[G] F fy the ove lemmD its solitry omponent tC[G] : C[G] C[G] is entirely determined y its vlue on the unit element e C[G]F e enpsulte this informtion vi its mtrix elementsX
tg := g|tC[G] |e .
sn other wordsD
tC[G] (e) =
g
tg g.
hen we hve the following lemmF
10.2.
THE ARGUMENT, ONE LEVEL DOWN
PHI
Lemma 10.2.
(i) The numbers {t } are invariant under conjugation, that is t = t for all g, h G. (ii) All told, the map
g gG hgh1 g
v : him ep(G)|C[G] Z(C[G]) t

gG
tg1 g
is an isomorphism of commutative algebras. Proof. @iA he mp t : C[G] C[G] must ommute with ll intertwinersD
C[G]
nd these re generted y the mps uh we de(ned in vemm IHFI s h rnges over GF sn terms of mtrix elementsD we must therefore hve
hg|tC[G] uh |e = hg|uh tC[G] |e hg|tC[G] |h = hgh1 |tC[G] |e g|tC[G] |e = hgh1 |tC[G] |e .

ht isD tg = thgh1 F @iiA e sw in @iA tht nturl trnsformtion t him ep(G)|C[G] gives rise to n element g tg g in the enter of the group lgerF he only sutle point is tht to mke this into n homomorphismD we hve to use inverses s in the sttement of the propositionF sndeedD we hve
algebra
v(s)v(t) =
gG
g 1 |s|e
hG
h1 |t|e |h
=
g,hG
g 1 |s|e h1 |t|e |h |gh h1 g 1 |s|h1 h1 |t|e |gh

g,hG
= =
a,bG
a1 |s|b b|t|e |a a1 |s t|e |a

aG
= v(s t).
xow we estlish tht nturl trnsformtion of the identity on ep(G) is entirely determined y its ehviour t the regulr representtionF e do this in two stepsF pirstlyD we strt with trnsformtion t of the identity on C[G]D nd then we de(ne trnsformtion of the identity on C[G]D t
new
PHPCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
whih is de(ned solely in terms of the dt of t t the regulr representtion C[G]F hen we show tht is in ft equl to the originl trnsformtion tF t his is n dmittedly onvoluted wy of looking t thingsD ut it is the wy our onstrution will run in the tegori(ed settingF qiven t him ep(G)D we de(ne the nturl trnsformtion him ep(G) t y de(ning its omponent t representtion V y summing over the group tionD weighted y the numers tg otined y restriting t to the regulr representtionX
tV (v) =
g
tg gv.
@IHFPA
xote tht is de(ned solely in terms of the dt of t t C[G]F e hve the t following lemmF
With this denition, is indeed a transformation of the ident tity on ep(G). Moreover, = t . t Proof. e must show tht for eh intertwiner f : V W D the following
Lemma 10.3.
C[G] C[G]
digrm ommutesX
V
V t
GW GW
W t
V
his follows from the ft tht f is n intertwinerX
W f (v) = t
g
tg (gf (v)) tg f (gv)

g
= f V (v). t
woreoverD it is ler tht equls t t C[G]F o hek thisD we only need to t evlute them t the unit element e C[G]X
C[G] (e) = t
g
tg g =
g
g|tC[G] |e g = tC[G] (e).
pinlly we estlish tht tully reovers k our originl trnsforE t mtion tF
Lemma 10.4.
In fact, t = . t
10.3.
WHY THE INDIRECT METHOD OF EQUIVARIANT GERBES?
PHQ
sndeedD this follows from the following nturlity squreD where V is representtion nd v V X
Proof.
C[G]
tC[G]
uv
GV GV
tV
C[G]
uv
sn summryD we hve shown the followingF
Lemma 10.5.
The restriction map
is an isomorphism of commutative algebras. Proof. his mp is lerly n lger homomorphismF vemm IHFQ estE
lishes tht it is surjetiveD nd vemm IHFR estlishes tht it is injetiveF gomining vemms IHFP nd IHFS then proves our resultF
him (ep(G)) him ep(G)|C[G]
Proposition 10.6. The categorical dimension of the category of unitary representations of a nite group G is isomorphic, as a commutative algebra, to the center of the group algebra. That is, him ep(G) Z(C[G]). =
sn the next setions we tegorify9 eh step in the ove proedureD trnslted into the world of equivrint geresF
10.3 Why the indirect method of equivariant gerbes?

yur strtegy in this hpter is to lulte him PRep(G) indiretlyY tht is we tully lulte him Geres(G) nd then we ppel to heorem WFQ whih showed tht PRep(G) nd Geres(G) re equivlent PEtegoriesF e knowledge tht it would e more desirle to lulte him PRep(G) diE retlyY in this setion we explin why we hve een oliged to dopt the strtegy we hveF he troule is purely tehnil oneX it is di0ult to write down hoieE free formuls when working diretly with PErepresenttionsD nd this uses prolems in the proofF he di'erene etween PErepresenttions nd equivE rint geres is nlogous to the di'erene etween n ext sequene of groups nd spei( whih relizes tht ext sequeneD s we sw in ghpter UFPF woreoverD the lnguge of tegories nd funtors does not lend itself to writing down nonil hoieEfree formulsF gonsider for instne ttemptE ing to tegorify the formul @IHFPA oveF ht isD suppose one is given
2-cocycle
PHRCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
onjugtion equivrint vetor undle V over G @one regrds V s teE gori(tion of n element in the entre of the group lgerA1 D with whih one wishes to de(ne trnsformtion of the identity T on PRep(G)F he nturl formul to use is to set the omponent of T t PErepresenttion PRep(G) to e the morphism of PErilert spes T : H H whih ts on n ojet v H vi
T (v) =
gG
Vg
g (v) .
@IHFQA
fesides the ovious ft tht we hve used the tensoring with vetor spe9 opertion whih is not tully ville in PErilert speD t lest in the wy we hve de(ned themD the prolem with this formul is tht there is no nonil wy to dd9 two ojets in PErilert speF ht my seem like trivil mtterD nd indeed it merely tehnilityD ut it interferes with the proofF yne my ttempt to remedy this y pssing to PE rilert spesY ut even there one nnot proeed in n entirely hoieEfree fshion euse t ertin point one will need to de(ne liner Efuntors etween suh spesD nd s we sw in vemm QFV the vlue of suh funtor on the homEsets n e spei(ed ritrrilyF enother possile strtegy one ould dopt is to try nd use n expliit desription of PErepresenttionsD similr to the tretment of ilguet SQF he prolem with oyles is they too impliitly represent D nd it proves very wkwrd to rry through with the lultion of him PRep(G) in this mnnerD where one needs to ommodte the strutures in nonil wyF his then is the dvntge of equivrint geresX they onstitute geometri formlism for deling with unitry PErepresenttions in whih one n tully write down F por instneD we will see in etion IHFT tht in the world of equivrint geresD @IHFQA eomes the nonil formul
is
skeletal
cocycle free
twisted
choices
canonical formulas
x
g
choice-
x |TX |x =
x
g (X x )C Tg .
At this point, we do not want to think of a conjugation equivariant vector bundle over G as the categorication of a class function, because as we saw in Lemma 10.2 the relevant algebra structure is that of Z(C[G]) the convolution product and not the product of class functions.
1
ht isD one dds the vetor spes Vg together fter them y the gereF e stress tht this is hoieEfree formulY even the diret sum is not diret sum of vetor spes @whih would require n orderingA ut is relly de(ned s the setions of the vetor undle over the relevnt homEsets in the gere twisted y the vetor spes Tg 9D just s in ghpter QFRF
formal
twisting
10.4.
UNDERSTANDING MORPHISMS EMANATING OUT OF
EG PHS
he prie we must py is tht we re no longer deling diretly with PErepresenttionsF sn ghpter @WFRA we estlished tht there is nonil PEfuntor PRepm (G) Geres(G) from the PEtegory of mrked PErepresenttions to the PEtegory of equivriE nt geresD whih sets up n equivlene etween these PEtegoriesF xotwithE stnding the reltively hrmless prolem tht there is no hoieEfree wy to turn mrked PErepresenttion into mrked oneD the min prolem is tht there is no hoieEfree wy to turn n equivrint gere into PE representtionF o do thtD one would (rst hve to hoose of the gereD whih sets up oyleD whih one then uses to de(ne the oherene isomorphisms for the PErepresenttionF husD ll we n truthfully lim is tht the PEtegory of PErepresenttions nd the PEtegory of equivrint geres re merely9 equivlentF o prove tht this implies tht their higherE tegoril dimensions re equivlentD s we do in eppendix gD involves the ssumption tht this equivlene n e upgrded into oherent djoint equivlene9F xevertheless it is expeted tht this is indeed the se ?F
un
section
10.4 Understanding morphisms emanating out of

EG
rving explined the neessry kground nd motivtionD we n now ommene with the tsk of omputing him Geres(G)F e egin in this setion y (nding the pproprite tegori(ed nlogue of vemm IHFIF he replement for the notion of the regulr PErepresenttion9 in the world of equivrint geres is lled EGD the trivil equivrint gere over the free GEset EGF ht isD the ojets of EG re the elements g GD nd its GEgrded homEsets re opies of U (1)D
h EG g = U (1).
uppose X Geres(G) is n equivrint gereF por eh x XD we wnt to de(ne morphism Ux : EG X whih is the vetor undle nlogue of the liner mp uv : C[G] from vemm IHFIF worlly spekingD Ux is the mp whih sends e G to x X9D ut we need to express this in our vetor undle formlismF e de(ne Ux to e the equivrint vetor undle over X EG whih is supported exlusively on the orit Ox = G (x, e) y X EG where its (ers re given y
g gx|Ux |g = (X x )C ,
PHTCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
@A
@A
pigure IHFIX @A he equivrint vetor undle Ux over X EG ssoited to point x XF @A he equivrint mps for the undle Ux re simply given y omposing rrows in the gereF s in pigure IHFID equipped with the equivrint mps
Ux ( o
h u1
) : gx|Ux |g hgx|Ux |hg
whih re the liner extensions of the mps de(ned y postomposing with u9X
g hg Xx X x
w post(u)(w) = u w.
ee pigure IHFIF hen we hve the following lemmF
Lemma 10.7.
(i) The morphisms U : EG X dened above generate the hom-category rom(EG, X), in the sense that every morphism is isomorphic to a direct sum of such morphisms. (ii) In particular, if V : X Y is a morphism of equivariant gerbes, then there is a canonical isomorphism of equivariant vector bundles
x
V Ux
y Y
y |V |x Uy .
EG)G must e ooundryD nd thus no mtter how twisted the gere X isD n equivrint vetor undle over X EG must e isomorphi to diret sum of trivil line undles over eh oritD whih we n tke to e the undles Ux we de(ned oveF @iiA e should (rst explin preisely wht we men y the vetor undle y y |V |x Uy " it is the equivrint vetor undle over YEG with (ers y y |V |x Uy g
y
Proof. @iA ine G ts freely on X EGD every groupoid PEoyle on (X
:= = g
y 1
y |V |x y|Uy |g
g y|V |x (Yy )C
10.5.
EXTRACTING EQUIV ARIANT VECTOR BUNDLES
PHU
nd with mps
y |V |x Uy
y
( o w ) : 1
h
y y |V |x Uy g
y
hy y |V |x Uy hg
y
de(ned y postomposing with wX

hg g g 1 y|V |x (Yy )C g 1 y|V |x (Yhy )C
v w v.
e de(ne the isomorphism (rewise s followsX
y y |V |x Uy g
y
y,g
G y|V Ux |g
g g 1 y|V |x (Yy )C
W (o
g v u
G y|V |gx (X x )C g
)(vu)
g g whih s usul is independent of the hoies of v Yy nd u X x F st is simple mtter of unrvelling the de(nitions to see tht is n isomorphism of equivrint vetor undlesF
10.5 Extracting equivariant vector bundles

yur im in this setion is to estlish the tegori(ed nlogue of vemm IHFPF e show tht trnsformtion T of the identity on the PEtegory Geres(G)EG is the sme thing s G @nother wy to sy this is tht T is the sme thing s representtion of the loop groupoid BGAF nder this orrespondeneD omposition of trnsformtions gets sent to the of equivrint vetor undles over G @not the tensor prodE utAD nd the sme goes for the ridingF hen we think of the tegory of onjugtion equivrint vetor undles over group s equipped with this rided monoidl strutureD we write it s rilfusion (G)D nd we hve relled G the de(nition in eppendix hF gonsider thtD y de(nitionD trnsformtion of the identity T on Geres(G)EG onsists of morphism TEG : EG EGD together with for eh morphism U : EG EGD n isomorphism of equivrint vetor undles
vector bundle over equipped with isomorphisms lifting the action of conjugation fusion product berwise
EG
TEG
G EG G EG
EG
{ T(U ) TEG .
U
PHVCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
vet us gree to write
Tg := g|TEG |e
for the (ers of the undle TEG whih emnte out of the identity9F xow y vemm IHFUD U is diret sum of the generting line undles Uh s h rnges over GD nd sine these isomorphisms T(U ) re nturl in U it is su0ient to understnd the oherene isomorphisms T(Uh ) on these genertorsF et (hg, e) EG EGD the (ers of TEG Uh ompute s
hg|TEG Uh |e =
aG
hg|T|a a|Uh |e
e = hg|TEG |h (EGh h )C
= hg|TEG |h .
sn this lst stepD we hve pplied the following hrmless onventionD whih we will use for the rest of this hpterX sf ftor in tensor produt of vetor spes identi(es nonilly with CD then it will not expliitly e written downF he orresponding (ers of Uh TEG ompute s
hg|Uh TEG |e =
aG
hg|Uh |a a|TEG |e
= Thgh1 .
e n therefore onveniently pkge the dt of the oherene isomorE phisms T(Uh ) y de(ning the vetor spe isomorphisms
T( g) : Tg Thgh-1
s the omposite
T(o =
h 11
Tg g|TEG |e hg|TEG |h Thgh-1 .

e then hve the following resultF
T(Uh )hg,e
Proposition 10.8.
(i) The vector spaces {T } together with the isomorphisms {T( g) : T T } furnish an equivariant vector bundle over G. (ii) Moreover, a modication : T S of transformations gives rise to a map of equivariant vector bundles
g gG h g hgh-1 g,hG
over G.
{g : Tg Sg }
10.5.
EXTRACTING EQUIV ARIANT VECTOR BUNDLES
PHW
(iii) All told, the functor

V : him (Geres(G)|EG ) rilfusion (G) G V(T)g := Tg-1
is an equivalence of braided monoidal categories. Proof. @iA he reder will gree thtD s long s we keep using our onvention
of ignoring ftors in tensor produts whih identify nonilly with CD the omposite vetor undle Uh1 Uh2 is equl to Uh2 h1 F his llows us to use the ompnying oherene eqution for the isomorphisms T(Uh )X
U h2
EG
TEG
G EG G EG
TEG
U h1
G EG G EG
EG
U h2 h1
G EG
2 h1
EG
{ T(Uh ) 2
U h2
{ T(Uh ) TEG = TEG 1

U h1
EG
{ T(Uh
U h2 h1
G EG
TEG
st is not hrd to see tht y expnding out this oherene eqution (rewise t (h2 h1 g, e) EG EG we otin the equtions
1 2 2 T( h1 gh1 ) T( g) = T( 1 g). 1
h h
woreover sine Ue n e identi(ed with the identify morphism EG EGD we hve e T( g) = id . hus the vetor spes {Tg }gG together with the isomorphisms {T( g)}g,hG furnish n equivrint vetor undle over GF @iiA sf : T S is modi(tion etween trnsformtionsD we n de(ne the (rewise mps g := [EG ]g,e : Tg Sg . he ondition tht is modi(tion is the requirement tht for ll h G the following psting digrm ommutesX
h
EG
TEG
Uh
G EG
TEG
4` qq SEG qqq EG
( EG
T(Uh )
5
rz S(Uh )
t 6b SEG t ttt tttEG
Uh
G EG (
he (rewise omponents of this psting digrm t (hg, e) is preisely the
PIHCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
requirement tht {g : Tg Sg } is mp of equivrint vetor undlesX
Tg
T(g)
h
G Sg G Shgh-1
S(g)
h
Thgh-1
hgh-1
@iiiA ine n equivrint vetor undle over EG EG must e isomorE phi to onstnt vetor undleD we see tht the only rel informtion in trnsformtion T resides in the vetor spes Tg := g|T |e together with the isomorphisms T( g) de(ned oveD nd the sme goes for modi(tions etween themF his estlishes tht the funtor
h
V : him Geres(G)EG rilfusion (G) G

is essentilly surjetive nd fully fithfulD nd hene n equivlene of teE goriesF he sutle point here is tht we must use D just s in vemm IHFPD in order for this to e funtorF por then we n de(ne the (rewise monoidl oherene isomorphisms sX
monoidal
inverses
ab=g
a-1 |S|e b1 |T|e
[V(S) V(T)]g
[V(S T)]g
ab=g
g -1 |S|g -1 a b-1 |T|e
S(g -1 a)id
g -1 |S|a a|T|e
st is trivil to hek tht this dt stis(es the oherene equtions for monoidl funtorF o see tht it is monoidl funtorD rell from etion IHFI tht the riding S T T S in him (Geres(G)|EG ) is given y the oherene isomorphism S(TEG )D
braided
EG
SEG
TEG
G EG G EG
EG
{ S(TEG ) SEG ,
TEG
nd tht the riding V(S) V(T) V(T) V(S) in rilfusion (G) is given G
10.6.
EXTENDING TRANSFORMATIONS
PII
conjugation on the S-factor followed y rerrngement @see eppendix hAX

Sa-1 Tb-1
ab=g S( a-1 )id
b-1
[V(S) V(T)]g

=
ab=g
[V(T) V(S)]g
Sb-1 a-1 b Tb-1

swap
Tb-1
ab=g
Sb-1 a-1 b
xowD TEG n e expressed s diret sum of the generting line undles
TEG =
bg
Tb Ub
just s in vemm IHFUF hus y nturlityD the oherene isomorphism S(TEG ) n e expressed in terms of the si isomorphisms S(Ub )D whose (erwise omponents re enoded y the onjugtion isomorphisms S( a)F sn other wordsD the riding isomorphism
b
is given y onjugtion on the SEftor nd then rerrngmentF sn this wy we see tht our funtor reovers preisely the riding on rilfusion (G)F G
also
S(TEG ) : S T T S
10.6 Extending transformations

yur tsk in the next two setions is to show tht trnsformtion T of the identity on Geres(G) is determined y its ehviour t EGD the sustitute for the regulr PErepresenttion9 in the world of equivrint geresF sn this setionD the nlogue of vemm IHFQD we onstrut trnsformtion of the identity T whih de(ned solely in terms of the dt of T t EGD nd then in the next setion we show tht there is nonil isomorphism
is
T : T T
inside him Geres(G) " whih is the nlogue of vemm IHFRF qiven TD we de(ne T s followsF sts omponent TX : X X t n equivrint gere X is the equivrint vetor undle over X X whose (ers re g x |TX |x = (X x )C Tg .
x
PIPCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
pigure IHFPX he (er x |TX |x of the equivrint vetor undle TX dds up ll the vetor spes Tg where gx = x togetherD fter tensoring them with the orresponding homEsets in the gere XF
sn other wordsD it ollets eh vetor spe Tg hving the property tht gx = x togetherD fter them y the equivrint gere X @see pigE ure IHFPAF feing le to write down this formul so nonilly is gret dvntge of using the lnguge of equivrint geresY hd we opted for oyle desription instedD or some other suh shemeD we would not hve een le to write down suh hoieEfree formulF es n equivrint vetor undleD the mps
twisting
h x |TX |x ( o v ) : x |TX |x hx |TX |hx u
re given y
g (X x )C Tg g

(X
x
adv,u T(g)
hgh-1 hx hx
)C Thgh1
where dv,u : Xx
h
g x hgh 1 Xhx -hx
is the djoint9 opertion whih sends w vwu1 @see pigure IHFQAD nd the mps T( g) : Tg Thgh-1 re the onjugtion isomorphisms tht we de(ned in etion IHFSF ine oth these opertions ompose ppropritelyD we see tht TX is indeed n equivrint vetor undleF he importnt point here though is tht TX is onstruted X T EGF o fr we hve only de(ned the omponents TX of the trnsformtion TF qiven morphism V : X Y of equivrint geresD we must lso de(ne the
and the data of at
solely from the equivariant gerbe
10.6.
PIQ
pigure IHFQX he djoint opertion dv,u : Xx vwu1 F oherene isomorphisms
g x
hgh 1 Xhx -hx sends w
X
TX
GY GY
TY
X
{ T(V )
V
hese re de(ned in omponents s followsX

g (Yy )C Tg g 1 y|V |x
gG
y|TY V |x

=
gG
swap
y|V TX |x
T(V )y,x
g g 1 y|V |x (Y y )C Tg
g y|V |gx (X x )C Tg
v u
V (o
)(vu)id
gG
ht is to syD fter initilly rerrnging things one hooses rrows v 1 x Yg g y nd u X g D whih one uses to prllel trnsport the vetor undle V while simultneously sending v u @see pigure IHFRAF his onstrution is nonil nd does not depend on the hoies of v nd uD euse these two opertions trnsform oppositely with respet to resling of v nd uF yserve lso tht the isomorphism T(V ) only uses the gere X nd the vetor undle V Y it does not use ny informtion from the trnsformtion T t llF sn the reminder of this setion we will do two thingsF pirstly we will on(rm tht with this de(nition of the oherene isomorphisms T(V )D T is indeed trnsformtion of the identity on Geres(G)F hen we will use the oherene isomorphisms of T to estlish the isomorphism T : T TF
PIRCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
pigure IHFRX he oherene isomorphisms T(V ) re de(ned omponentEwise 1 y trnsporting V long some hosen rrows rrows v Yg g y nd u x X g while simultneously sending v uF With these denitions, T is indeed a transformation of the identity on Geres(G). Moreover, its restriction T| is isomorphic to T| as transformations in him (Geres(G)| ). Proof. e (rst need to estlish for morphism V : X Y of equivrint
Lemma 10.9.
EG
EG
EG
geresD the isomorphism of vetor undles
T(V ) : TY V V TX
de(ned ove is indeed morphism of tht the following digrm ommutesX
(TY V )(o
equivariant vetor undles " tht isD

h t s
y|TY V |x
T(V )y,x
G hy|T V |hx Y G hy|V T |hx X

T(V )hy,hx
y|V TX |x
(V TX )(o
h t s
sing the de(nitions we gve oveD we n expnd out this digrm to otin the following digrmD
g (Yy )C Tg g -1 y|V |x
hgh ) (Yhy -1 C Thgh-1 hg -1 y|V |hx
gG
gG
g y|V |gx (X x )C Tg
gG
G
gG
hgh 1 hy|V |hgx (X -hx )C Thgh-1
10.6.
PIS
where
g = swp (v u) id V ( o v ) u
= swp (tvt -1 s us-1 ) id V ( = dt,t T( g) V ( o

h
g t s
tvt -1 s us-1
o hgh
-1
= V (o
h ts
) ds ,s T( g).
he digrm ove onsists of three simultneous trks9 @eh step is tensor produt of three opertionsAF he trk involving T lerly ommutesD the trk involving the geres X nd Y is
x Yy
adt,t
hgh G Yhy -1
vu
h Xx
ads ,s
hgh 1 G X -hx
tvt -1 s us-1
while the trk involving the equivrint vetor undle V isX

V (o
h t s
x y|V |x
V (o
x v u
-1
G gx-1 y|V |hx G hy|V |gxx

V ( )
tvt -1 s us-1 hgh-1
y|V |xx
V (o
h ts
rere we hve een using the following rrows in the geresX
hy o y
t
tvt -1
gx-y 1 y
t
gxx o y
s
s us-1
hx y
s
yo
x-1 y
xx o
sn ny eventD oth digrms ove ommuteD whih is wht we needed to showF st remins to estlish tht the isomorphisms T(V ) oey the oherene eqution for trnsformtion " tht isD if W : Y Z is nother morphism of equivrint geres then we must hve the following equlityX
X
TX
GY GY
TY
GZ GZ
W V
GZ GZ
X
{ T(V )
V
{ T(W ) TZ = TX
W
X
{ T(W V ) TZ
W V
PITCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
his eqution indeed holds for the simple reson tht T(W V ) is in terms of the vetor undle W V D whih is in turn de(ned vi the tensor produt of W nd V D whih is the requirement of the eqution oveF sn other wordsD this eqution is routine unrveling of de(nitionsD s the reder will on(rmF his ompletes the proof tht T is indeed trnsformtion of the identity on Geres(G)F pinllyD we need to show tht the restrition of T to EG is isomorphi in him (Geres(G)|EG ) to our originl trnsformtion TF e only need to show tht their orresponding equivrint vetor undles {Tg }gG nd {T}gG re isomorphiF sndeedD unrveling the de(nitions we see tht g Tg = g|TEG |e = (EG e )C g|TEG |e = g|TEG |e = Tg
where in the seond lst step we one more used our onvention of ignoring ftors in tensor produts whih identify nonilly with C @in this seD the ftor C y de(nitionAF oD the (ers of Tg identify with those of h h Tg F woreoverD the equivrint mps T( g) identify with T( g)D euse
dened
is actually
h
if we unrvel the de(nitionsD we hveX

T(o
h 1 1
T( g) = g|TEG |e
T(g) h
h
hg|TEG |h
id
T(Uh )hg,e
hgh1 |TEG |e
= Tg Thgh1 Thgh1 = T( g).

his ompletes the proofF
10.7 A transformation is determined by its data at

EG
sn this setionD the nlogue of vemm IHFRD we show tht trnsformtion T of the identity on Geres(G) is indeed ompletely determined y its ehviour t the regulr equivrint gere9 EGF ht isD we onstrut the omponents of n isomorphism : T TD where T is the trnsformtion of the identity on Geres(G) we de(ned in the lst setion whih ws solely onstruted out of the dt of T t EGF hen we on(rm tht is indeed n isomorphism inside him Geres(G)F o speify the isomorphism D we need to give for eh equivrint gere X n isomorphism of equivrint vetor undles over X X
X : TX TX .
10.7.
A TRANSFORMATION IS DETERMINED BY ITS DATA AT
EGPIU
e de(ne these y oserving tht T is trnsformtion of the identityD so for eh x X we hve the oherene isomorphism
EG
TEG
Ux
GX GX
EG
{ T(Ux ) TX .
Ux
et (x , e) X EGD the (res of the lokwise nd ounterlokwise omE posite vetor undles ove ompute s
x |TX Ux |e =
x X
x |TX |x
x |Ux |e
= x |TX |x
nd
x |Ux TEG |e =
gG
x |Ux |g g|TEG |e
g (X x )C Tg
=
x
g
x = x |TX |x
respetivelyD so we otin (rewise isomorphisms
[X ]x ,x T(Ux )x ,e : x |TX |x
x
g (X x )C Tg .
e then hve the min result of this setionF
Proposition 10.10.
Geres(G)
Suppose that T is a transformation of the identity on . Then: (i) For each equivariant gerbe X, the isomorphism : T T dened brewise above is indeed an isomorphism of equivariant vector bundles. (ii) Taken together, the isomorphisms
X X X
{X : TX TX } satisfy the modication condition and hence : T T is indeed an isomorphism between these two transformations in him Geres(G).
PIVCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
Proof. @iA por this (rst prt of the proof we regrd the equivrint gere X
s (xedD so we tke the nottionl lierty of writing X F e wnt to show tht the following digrm ommutesX
x |TX |x
TX ( o
h v u
,x
G
x
g (X x )C Tg
@IHFRA
h
hx |TX |hx

hx
adv,u T(g)
G
,hx
hgh 1 (X -hx )C Thgh1
e do this y omining two equtionsD one rising from the ft tht
T(Ux ) : TX Ux Ux TEG
is n isomorphism of vetor undlesD nd the other rising from the oherene eqution on the isomorphisms T(U ) when one omposes U nd V F F o otin the (rst equtionD oserve tht the isomorphism T(Ux ) hs (rewise omponents
equivariant
T(Ux )hx ,h :
hx |TX Ux |h
h hx |TX |hx (X x )C
G hx |Ux TEG |h
hg (X x )C hg|TEG |h
his motivtes us to de(ne the isomorphisms

h h ,x := [id TEG (o 1 )] T(Ux )hx ,h , x 1
-1
in other wordsD
h h ,x : hx |TX |hx (X x )C x hg (X x )C Tg .
xowD the ft tht T(Ux ) is n isomorphism of equivrint vetor undles trnsltes into the following ommuttive digrmX
x |TX Ux |e
(TX Ux )( o
h v 1
,x
G x |Ux TEG |e G hx |Ux TEG |h

(Ux T)( o
h v1
hx |TX Ux |h
T(Ux )hx
,x
10.7.
EGPIW
fy expnding out this digrm we otin our (rst equtionD whih reltes h ,x with hx ,hx X x
x |TX |x
TX ( o
h v u
,x
G
x
g (X x )C Tg
)u

h ,x x
post(v)id
@IHFSA
G
x
hg (X x )C Tg
por the other equtionD onsider the oherene eqution orresponding to the omposite of the IEmorphisms Ux nd Uh X
EG
TEG
Uh
G EG G EG
TEG
Ux
GX GX
TX
EG =
TEG
Ux Uh
GX GX
@IHFTA
EG
{ T(Uh )
Uh
{ T(Ux )
Ux
EG
{ T(Ux Uh ) TX
Ux Uh
et (hx , e) X EGD the left hnd side of this oherene eqution omputes sX
hx |TX Ux Uh |e
hx |Ux TEG Uh |e hx |Ux Uh TEG |e

id T(Uh )
T(Ux )id

(X =
x
h x
,x
hg x
)C Tg .
@IHFUA
h
hg ) T (X x C hgh1
x
id T(g)
o evlute the hnd of the oherene eqution @IHFTAD we need to relte h Ux Uh to Uhx F sndeedD for every u X x there is nonil isomorphism
right
EG
Uhx
pre(u)
GX b
Ux Uh
whih trnsltes the orit emnting out of hx into the orit emnting out of x y y preomposing with u @see pigure mention lso tht g x = x in (gureAX hgh 1 hx |Uhx |hgh-1 X -hx t
_
hx |Ux Uh |hgh-1
pre(u)
hg Xx
tu
PPHCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
fy nturlity of the trnsformtion TD this mens the PEell on the right hnd side of the oherene eqution @IHFTA omputes sX
Ux Uh
EG
TEG
Ux Uh
GX
EG
pre(u-1 )
Uhx
0 GX
TX
{ T(Ux Uh ) TX = TEG
Ux Uh
{ T(Uhx )
Uhx
EG
GX
EG

pre(u)
GX d
Ux Uh
et (hx , e) X EGD this expnds out sX

g hx |TX |hx (X x )C
hx |TX |hx
hx |TX Ux Uh |e
T(Ux Uh )hx
id pre(u1 )
hx |Ux Uh T|e
,e
=
x

-1
hx
,hx
hgh (X hx )C Thgh-1

x
pre(u)id
hg (X x )C Thgh-1
gomining this with @IHFUAD we see tht the oherene properties of T exE pressed in @IHFTA mount to the ommuttive digrm
id pre(u1 )
G hx |TX |hx
UUUU UUU ,hx UhxU U UU UUUU B

hgh 1 (X -hx )C Thgh1
h ,x x
gx (X i )C Tg
j i
x
kk kkk kkk kk ukkkk pre(u)id
G
id T(g)
h
hg (X x )C Thgh-1
x
@IHFVA
10.7.
EGPPI
fy omining the two equtions @IHFSA nd @IHFVA we hve otinedD we n (nlly show tht the digrm @IHFRA indeed ommutesX
(10.5) h h h hx ,hx TX ( o v ) = [pre(u-1 ) id] [id T( g)] h ,x [id pre(u)] TX ( o v ) x u u (10.8)
= [pre(u1 ) id] [id T( g)] [post(v) id] x ,x

h
= [dv,u T( g)] x ,x .
@iiA e need to show tht for every V : X YD the following psting digrm ommutesX
X
TX
GY
TY
4` qq TX qqq X
( X
T(V )
5
rz T(V )
t 6b tt TY ttt ttY
G (Y
sn terms of (rewise omponentsD this is the following digrmX
y|TY V |x
T(V )y,x
Y id
G y|T V |x Y G y|V T |x X
T(V )y,x
y|V TX |x
id X
e n expnd this digrm out to the following requirementX
y|TY |y y |V |x
y T(V )y,x
[Y ]y,y id
g (Yy )C Tg y |V |x
y y

id [X ]x ,x
G
x x
swap(vu)id V (
g v u
y|V |x x |TX |x
x
g y|V |x (X x )C Tg
@IHFWA e lim tht this follows from the following oherene eqution on TX
EG
TEG
Ux
GX GX
TX
GY GY
TY
EG =
TEG
V Ux
GY GY
@IHFIHA
EG
{ T(Ux )
Ux
{ T(V )
V
EG
{ T(V Ux ) TX
V Ux
PPPCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
sndeedD t (y, e) Y EG the (rewise omponent of the isomorphism of vetor undles given y the vr ove omputes sX
y|TY V |x = y|TY V Ux |e
T(V )y,x

id [X ]
y|V |x x |TX |x
x
G
x ,x
g y|V |x (X x )C Tg
o ompute the r of @IHFIHAD we need to expnd out the vetor undle V Ux s diret sum of the vetor undles Uy s y rnges over YD using vemm IHFU @iiAF ht isD if we write
Vx =
y
y |V |x Uy
then vemm IHFU @iiA gives us nonil isomorphism : Vx V Ux F fy = nturlity of TD we therefore ompute the r of @IHFIHA s the following ompositeX
V Ux
1
EG
TEG
V Ux
GY GY
EG
Vx
0 GY
TY
EG
{ T(V Ux ) TX = TEG
V Ux
{ T(Vx )
Vx
EG

V Ux
GY d
et (y, e) Y EGD this gives usX
y|TY |y y |V Ux |e
y
id
1 =id y ,e
G
y
y|TY |y y |V |x
swap

y y y
g
[Y ]y,y id
g y |V |x (Yy )C Tg

y x
V (o
g v u
)(vu)id
g y|V |x (X x )C Tg
gomining this with our previous expression for the vr gives us the equE tion we need @IHFWAF
10.8.
THE RESTRICTION MAP IS FULLY F AITHFUL
PPQ
10.8 The restriction map is fully faithful

o fr we hve estlished tht the opertion of restriting trnsformtion of the identity T him (Geres(G)) to him (Geres(G)|EG ) is essentilly surE jetive @vemm IHFWA nd lso essentilly injetive9 @roposition IHFIHAF e hve thus ompleted the tegori(ed nlogues of the lemms from etion IHFPF fut there is new tegoril phenomenon whih we must ount forX we must show tht the restrition funtor is F
fully faithful Proposition 10.11. Suppose that T, S him Geres(G). Then for every morphism : T S in him (Geres(G)| ) there exists a unique extension
EG EG EG
of to a morphism in him Geres(G) such that = . Proof. o prove uniquenessD we must show tht morphism of trnsformE
EG
{X : TX SX }
tions
= {X : TX SX }
is determined y its omponent EG t EGF xowD given n equivrint gere X the ondition tht is modi(tion etween the trnsformtions T nd S implies tht for eh x X the following psting digrm must ommuteX
EG
TEG
Ux
GX
TX
4` qq SEG qqq EG
( EG
T(Ux )
5
rz S(Ux )
t 6b SX ttt ttt t X
Ux
G (X
et (x , e) X EGD this expnds out to the ommuttive digrm
x |TX |x
[X ]x
,x
G x |SX |x
[S ]x
,x
g ) T (X x C g
x
[T ]x
,x
id g
G
x
g (X x )C Wg
where
g := [EG ]g,e : Tg Sg
refers to the morphism of equivrint vetor undles {Tg } {Sg } otined y regrding TEG nd SEG s equivrint vetor undles over G @see AF
PPRCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
sn other wordsD the omponents of X n e expressed in terms of these morphisms g s
[X ]x ,x = [S ]1 x ,x
x
id g [T ]x ,x ,
@IHFIIA
whih estlishes uniquenessF o estlish existeneD suppose tht T nd S re trnsformtions of the identity on Geres(G)D nd tht we re given mp
: TEG SEG
in him (Geres(G)EG ) etween their restritions to EGF ell from tht is the sme thing s mp of equivrint vetor undles over GD
{g : Tg Sg }.
e need to show tht we n extend to mp : T S y de(ning eh mp X : TX SX in terms of y the ove presription @IHFIIAF he min thing to hek is tht this de(nition of X is indeed mp of vetor undlesF his is the requirement tht the front fe of the ue elow ommutesX
equivariant
g (X x )C Tg
id g
x |TX |x
oU ooo ooo o ooo

T x x
,x
x
[X ]x
,x
G
oU ooo ooo o ooo S ,x x
x
g (X x )C Sg
G x |SX |x
h
adv,u S(g)

TX ( o
h v u
-1
adv,u T(g)
SX ( o
id hgh-1
h v u
) T ,hx hx x
hgh (X hx )C Thgh-1
hx |TX |hx
ooo ooo oo ooo
xU
G
x
hgh 1 (X -hx )C Shgh-1

x U
g
[X ]hx
,hx
G hx |SX |hx
ooo ooo S oo hx ,hx ooo
xowD the left nd right fes ommute sine we showed in roposition IHFIH @iA tht T nd S re equivrintF he top nd ottom fes re extly our de(nition of X in terms of F pinlly the k fe ommutesD euse it is preisely the ondition tht {g : Tg Sg } is mp of equivrint vetor undles over GF rene the front fe ommutesF pinlly we must hek tht the formul @IHFIIA indeed stis(es the onE dition of modi(tion " tht isD tht for every morphism V : X Y the
10.9.
WRAPPING UP THE PROOF
PPS
following psting digrm ommutesX
X
TX
GY
TY
4` qq SX qqq X
( X
T(V )
5
rz S(V )
t 6b SY t ttt tttY
G (Y
sn omponentsD this digrm is the requirement tht the following digrm ommutesX Y id G y|SY V |x y|TY V |x
T(V )y,x
y|V TX |x
id X
G y|V SX |x
S(V )y,x
o show tht this eqution holdsD we use our formul @IHFWA whih expresses T(V ) nd S(V ) in terms of V D T nd S respetivelyF ustituting these expressions inD together with the our expression @IHFIIA for X nd Y in terms of the mps {g }D nd (nlly preomposing the ove digrm with [T ]1 nd postomposing it with [S ]y,x D we (nd tht the prts nel X Y y,x nd we re left with heking the following ommuttive digrm
g (Yy )C Tg y |V |x
id g id
y y
g (Yy )C Sx y |V |x
y y

x x
swap(vu)id V (
g v u
G
x x
swap(vu)id V (
g v u
g y|V |x (X x )C Tg
g y|V |x (X x )C Sg
id id g
whih lerly ommutesF
10.9 Wrapping up the proof

sn this setion we wrp up the proof of our min result in this hpterF pirstlyD we n now onlude the followingF
Proposition 10.12.
The restriction functor
is an equivalence of braided monoidal categories. Proof. he restrition funtor is lerly rided monoidlF roposition IHFIH
him(Geres(G)) him(Geres(G)|EG )
estlishes tht it is essentilly surjetiveD while roposition IHFII estlishes tht it is fully fithfulF
PPTCHAPTER 10.
REP(G).
The higher-categorical dimension of the 2-category of unitary 2-representations of a nite group G is equivalent, as a braided monoidal category, to the category of conjugation-equivariant hermitian vector bundles over G equipped with the fusion tensor product. In symbols,
Theorem 10.13.
his llows us to estlish the followingF
Proof. his follows from the following sequene of equivlenes of rided

monoidl tegoriesX him PRep(G) him Geres(G) him (Geres(G)|EG ) rilfusion (G). G he (rst equivlene uses heorem WFQ " tht the PEtegory PRep(G) of unitry PErepresenttions is equivlent to the PEtegory Geres(G) of (nite equivrint geres " together with roposition gFP from eppendix g " tht if two PEtegories A nd B re equivlentD then their higherEtegoril dimensions re equivlent s rided monoidl tegoriesF he seond equivE lene is roposition IHFIPD nd the third is roposition IHFVF es we stted in the introdution to this thesisD the signi(ne of this reE sult is tht it veri(esD in the se of the untwisted Qd (nite group modelD the rossing with the irle9 eqution of extended p whih is expeted to hold if the fezEholn ixtended p rypothesis is indeed orretF woreE overD it shows tht the rided monoidl struture on the tegory ssigned to the irle n indeed e omputed solely vi strt nonsense9 from the PEtegory ssigned to the pointX it reovers preisely the fusion tensor prodE ut nd riding whih preed otined using topologil opertions on the pir of pnts oordism SWF
him PRep(G)
rilfusion (G). G
Appendix A
Verifying the `crossing with
S 1'
equation for low codimension
sn this ppendix we reord some omputtions using the groupoid tehnology of illerton IPH whih verify the rossing with the irle9 eqution
Z(M S 1 ) him Z(M ) =

for losed mnifolds M in the nEdimensionl twisted (nite group extended pD s we promised in the sntrodutionF ell tht the initil geometri dt in the (nite group model is (nite group G nd group nEoyle Z n (BG, U (1))D nd the quntum invriE nts Z(M ) re de(ned s the spe of setions of the higher line undles over PM de(ned y trnsgression of the oyle F e will verify the ove formul in those dimensions n where Z(M ) is vetor spe or tegoryY tht is when odim M := n dim M is equl to I or PF pirstlyD rell tht the spe of (elds PM on M is de(ned s the groupoid of GEundles on M Y sine suh undle is determined y its holonomy we my set PM = Fun(1 (M ), BG) where 1 (M ) is the fundmentl groupoid of M F sn wht follows one n sE sume tht (nite numer of points hve een hosen on M s the endpoints of these pthsY this mkes 1 (M ) (nite groupoidF xextD oserve tht the spe of (elds on M S 1 omputes s the loop groupoid of the spe of (elds on M X
PM S 1 = Fun(1 (M S 1 ), BG) Fun 1 (S 1 ), Fun(1 (M ), BG) = = PM .

vet M Z codim M (PM , U (1)) e the trnsgression of the nEoyle Z n (BG, U (1)) to the spe of (elds PM F nder the identi(tion of PM S 1 PPU
PPVAPPENDIX A.
VERIFYING THE `CROSSING WITH
S 1 ' EQUATION FOR LOW CODIME
with PM D the trnsgressed oyle
M S 1 Z codim M 1 (PM S 1 , U (1))

identi(es s the ordinry loop trnsgression of the oyle M @see illerton IPHAD M S 1 = (M ). his loop trnsgression n e given onrete formulF sn the se odim M = 1D so tht (M ) Z 0 (PM , U (1))D we hve
(M )( P ) = M (),
where P PM nd t(P )F imilrly when odim M = 2D so tht (M ) Z 1 (PM , U (1))D then
(M ) ( P )
M (, ) . M (, )
e now use the groupoid oyle tehnology of illerton IPH to verify the rossing with the irle9 eqution for these invrintsF
Proposition A.1.
Let Z be the n-dimensional twisted nite group extended TQFT associated to a group G and an n-cocycle Z (BG, U (1)). Then: (i) If dim M = n 1, then we have the equality
n
where ( ) is the line bundle over P associated to the transgressed 1-cocycle Z (P , U (1)). (ii) If dim M = n 2, then we have an isomorphism of vector spaces
M C M M 1 M
PM S 1
(M ) = him PM ((M )C )
where Z (P , U (1)) is the transgressed 2-cocycle and ep (P ) is the category of -twisted vector bundles over P . Proof. pormul @iA is preisely spei( se of the generl integrtion forE
M 2 M M M M M
PM ( (M )C ) him epM (PM ) =
mul IPHD hm TD while formul @iiA is preisely IPHD hm ITF
prom the de(nition of the invrints Z(M )D we reognize this proposition s essentilly verifying the lim tht Z(M S 1 ) him Z(M ) in the se = were odim M = 1 or 2F e use the word essentilly9 euse in item @iiA ove we should relly e reovering the on
full Frobenius algebra structure
Z(M S 1 ) = PM ( (M )C )
nd not just n isomorphism of vetor spes9F here re however some sutleties here regrding the inner produts on these spes nd we leve this for lter workF
Appendix B
Fusion categories have ambidextrous duals
sn this ppendix we reord the proof of lemm whih ws promised in ghpter TFPF
A fusion category has ambidextrous duals. Proof. e re told tht every ojet V hs right dul V Y we must show tht V is lso left dul of V F yserve tht for every pir of ojets V nd
Lemma B.1.
W the presene of right duls gives rise to ijetion of homEsetsX
rom(1, V W ) rom(V, W ) =
his mens in prtiulr @s lernt this rgument from STD rop PFIA tht the right dul X of simple ojet X must e the unique simple ojet up to isomorphism whih hs nonzero mp 1 X X D nd moreover this mp is unique up to slrF sn extly the sme wyD the dul X of simple ojet X must e the unique simple ojet up to isomorphism whih hs nonzero mp X X 1F fut y semisimpliityD there must then lso e nonzero mp in the other diretionD 1 X X D whene we must hve X X F hus the simple ojets hve midextrous dulsF = his mens tht ojets must hve midextrous dulsD y the followE ing rgumentF vet (X)iI e some mximl hoie of nonisomorphi simple
left
all
PPW
PQHAPPENDIX B.
FUSION CATEGORIES HAVE AMBIDEXTROUS DUALS
ojetsF qiven n ojet V D hoose sis
{vi,p : Xi V }p=1
dim Hom(Xi ,V )
for eh homEset rom(Xi , V )F ine C is semisimpleD we hve the orreE sponding dul ses
p {vi : V Xi }
for rom(V, Xi ) whih stisfy

p p vi vi,q = q idXi
nd
i,p
p vi,p vi = idV .
sf V nd V re left nd right duls of V respetivelyD then y mking some hoie of midextrous duls Xi for the simple ojets Xi we n onstrut the following isomorphism V V X
i,p
his is indeed n isomorphismD euse its inverse V V is given y
,
i,p
s the reder will verify y n elementry lultionF rene V V = ll ojets hve midextrous dulsF
nd
Appendix C
Naturality of the higher-categorical dimension
sn this ppendix we show tht if there is etween two PEtegories A nd B " notion we will shortly de(ne " then their higherEtegoril dimensions re equivlent in wellEde(ned wyD tht is there is rided monoidl funtor J : him A him B whih is n equivlene of tegoriesF e needed this result in our proof tht him PRep(G) rilfusion (G) in ghpter IHFWD sine our strtegy ws to G insted prove tht him Geres(G) rilfusion (G)D nd then ppel to the G equivlene of the PEtegories PRep(G) nd Geres(G) whih we estlished in heorem WFQF ht we ll oherent djoint equivlene9 is speil se of wht qurski lls idjoint iequivlene9 in UHD he(nition eFQFQD with the following provisosX e do not dditionlly require the modi(tions b, b , s nd s elow to themselves stisfy the snke equtionsD simply euse we do not need tht property in the proof of heorem IHFIQD though we gree this should form prt of the ultimte de(nitionF e expliitly dd in the extr tringultors 1 nd 2 nd the oherene lwD whih is only impliitly present in UHF his property is ruil in order for us to prove tht the monoidl funtor J ove is indeed monoidl funtorD so we deided to emphE size its importne here y listing it expliitlyF his oherene lw ws explited to us y tF ott grter QVF
coherent adjoint equivalence
zontal cusp
hori-
braided
qurski hs shown tht every equivlene etween PEtegories n e upE grded into idjoint iequvlene @nd hene oherent djoint equivE leneA UIF he de(nition of oherent djoint equivlene is s followsF
Denition C.1.
e nd B onsists of the following dtX
coherent adjoint equivalence etween two PEtegories A

PQI
PQPAPPENDIX C.
NATURALITY OF THE CATEGORICAL DIMENSION
ek PEfuntors F : A B nd G : B AD drwn sX
nd
rnsformtions : idA GF D : GF idA D : F G idB nd : id F GD drwn sX B
, =
snvertile modi(tions
1 =
2 =
1 =
2 =
lled the
triangulatorsD nd
snvertile modi(tions b : ididA @for irth of irle9AD nd s : s : idGF @for sddleAD b : ididB idF G D
PQQ drwn sX
b=
, s=
b =
, s =
his dt must stisfy the following equtions @over nd ove the inverse lws for the modi(tionsAD drwn in movie moves s followsD looking down from ove9X wllowtil rulesX
together with the four other vrints of this equtionD nd
PQRAPPENDIX C.
rorizontl usp rulesX
Suppose that there is a coherent adjoint equivalence between two 2-categories A and B. Then there is a well-dened equivalence of braided monoidal categories K : him B him A. Proof. uppose tht T is trnsformtion of the identity on BF e de(ne
Proposition C.2.
the trnsformtion K(T) him(A) s
together with the four other vrints of this equtionF
K(T) = (idG T idF ) .

sn string digrmsX
@gFIA
K(T ) =
xowD sine 2Ct relly form QEtegory1 TVD UHD this omposite inE deed mkes sense nd is indeed trnsformtion K(T) : idA idA F he sme formul works t the level of modi(tions s wellY this shows tht K : him A him B is wellEde(ned funtor etween tegoriesF e need to estlish tht K is monoidlF sf T, S him BD we de(ne the oherene ell : K(T) K(S) K(T S)
does
Recall that we are using the weak terminology, so that for us the word `3-category' means `tricategory'.
1
PQS to e the modi(tion id e id where we re using the sddle piee9 e we de(ned oveX
st is ler tht stis(es the oherene equtions for monoidl funtorD euse of the interhnge lw for modi(tions in 2CtF o hek tht K is monoidl funtorD we must verify tht the following digrm of modi(tions ommutesX
braided
cA
K(T) K(S) K(T S)

K(cA )
K(S) K(T) K(S T)
sn string digrmsD we must hek the following equtionX
e trnsform the left hnd side to the right hnd side in movie moves s followsF he uthor thnks tF ott grter for showing him this proof in privte orrespondene QVF he ide is to move the sddle point from the ottom to the top y using the horizontl usp rule @rAD s well s the swllowtil rule @AF ivery other equlity elow simply uses the nturlity of interhnging the order in whih modi(tions re performedF
PQTAPPENDIX C.
(S)
PQU
(H)
PQVAPPENDIX C.
(H)
PQW
(S)
his ompletes the proof tht K : him B him A is wellEde(ned rided monoidl funtorF pinllyD we must hek tht K is n equivlene of tegoriesF sndeedD the sme onstrutions s ove give us wellEde(ned rided moniodl funtor J : him A him B F hus K is essentilly surjetiveD euse for every T him B we hve n isomorphism T KJ(T) given y the following
PRHAPPENDIX C. movieX
he sme onstrution shows tht K is fully fithfulF his ompletes the proof tht him A is rided monoidlly equivlent to him BF
Appendix D
Fusion tensor product for conjugation equivariant vector bundles
sn this hpter we review the rided monoidl struture on the tegory rilfusion (G) of GEequivrint unitry vetor undles over (nite group GD G s in the leture notes of preed THF his tensor produt is often known s the fusion9 produt euse it rises from onsidering how GEundles on irle fuse together vi the pirEofEpnts oordismY it is the tegory ssigned to the irle9 when one thinks of the untwisted (nite group model s threeEtier extended pF he riding rises from the di'eomorphism of the pir of pnts whih swps the two input irlesY see THF
Denition D.1.
he rided monoidl tegory rilfusion (G) is de(ned G s followsF es tegoryD it is simply the tegory rilG (G) of unitry equivrint vetor undles over the loop groupoid BGD s in etion UFSFPF he tensor produt V W of two equivrint vetor undles V nd W is de(ned (rewise y onvolutionF ht isD
(V W )g = ab=g Va Wb .
his vetor undle V W is equipped s n equivrint vetor undle y de(ning the equivrint mps (rewiseX
(V W )(o
he riding
h g
) = ab=g V (o
h a
) W (o
h b
).
cV,W : V W W V
is de(ned (rewise s y onjugting the (rst ftor nd then swpping the PRI
PRPAPPENDIX D. ftorsX
FUSION TENSOR PRODUCT FOR CONJUGATION EQUIV ARIANT VEC
(cV,W )g : ab=g Va Wb ab=g Wa Vb va wb wb V (o

b1 a
)(va ).
e remrk tht our onvention for the riding is opposite to tht of preedD who onjugtes on the ftor nd then swps the ftorsF e hve mde this hoie in order to reover the norml onvention for the riding on him Geres(G)D the tegory of trnsformtions of the identity PE funtor on Geres(G)D in roposition IHFV@iiAF yn the other hndD this norml onvention is itself to the usul onvention for trnsformtionsD s we pointed out in ghpter IHFIF
second
opposite
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Quantum Topology

Bruce Bartlett - On Unitary 2-Representations of Finite Groups and Topological Quantum Fi Eld Theory

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arXiv:0901.3975v1 [math.

QA] 26 Jan 2009

On unitary 2-representations of nite groups and topological quantum eld theory

To mom and dad, granny and gramps, nanny and pa!

Abstract Dedication Acknowledgements 1 Introduction

2 Geometry of ordinary representations

PFQ PFR PFS PFT PFU QFI QFP QFQ

4 String diagrams 5 Even-handed structures

SFT SFU TFI TFP TFQ TFR TFS UFI

6 Even-handed structures on fusion categories

IIP IIR IIW IPQ IPV

7 2-representations and their 2-characters

UFQ UFR UFS

8 Gerbes and their geometric characters

ITH ITP ITQ ITU ITW IUP IUP IUQ IUQ

9 Geometric characters and 2-characters

10 The higher categorical dimension of 2Rep(G).

D Fusion tensor product for conjugation equivariant vector bundles 241

Chern-Simons theory and the birth of TQFT

topological quantum eld theories nite-dimensional

Extended topological quantum eld theory

category assigned to the circle higher categories

The Baez-Dolan hypotheses

Extended TQFT Hypothesis (Baez-Dolan [10]).

2-Hilbert space hom-sets

Cobordism Hypothesis (Baez-Dolan [10].)

The primacy of the point

Verifying the primacy of the point

Calabi-Yau -category Calabi-Yau

The `crossing with the circle' equation

Z(M S 1 ) him Z(M ) =

entire plethora of topological opera-

topological operations translate into higher-categorical

The Freed picture of extended eld theory

space of elds local

higher-line bundle function

hermitian line bundle

which constructs higher line bundles over the spaces of elds

nite group model

The nite group model

nite group model

Z(PT) IN THE FINITE GROUP MODELPI

explntion noF of GEundles P on M D eh weighted y

1.2 Verifying Z(S 1) model

Dim Z(pt) in the nite group

1.3 The 2-character functor is unitarily fully faithful

THE 2-CHARACTER FUNCTOR IS UNITARILY FULLY FAITHFUL

The 2-character functor

unitarily fully faithful

: [PRep(G)]C rilG (G)

ordinary even-handed structure

Geometry of ordinary representations of groups and their characters

hyperplane line bundle

Even-handed structures on 2-categories

even-handed structure depend

CHARACTERIZING PIVOTAL STRUCTURES ON FUSION CATEGORIES

string diagram notation

1.4 Characterizing pivotal structures on fusion categories

every fusion category admits a

twisted monoidal natural transformation of the identity functor on the category

paired dimensions involution operators

`pivotal cohomology' spherical

On unitary 2-representations of nite groups and topological quantum eld theory

topological quantum eld theories nite-dimensional

Extended topological quantum eld theory

The Freed picture of extended eld theory

space of elds local

which constructs higher line bundles over the spaces of elds

nite group model

The nite group model

nite group model

Dim Z(pt) in the nite group

xed points equivariant gerbe