Line Coded Modulation

One Binary One Ternary Phase Shift Keying (1B1TPSK)

Bahman R. Alyaei
Department of Electrical Engineering Air University Islamabad, Pakistan bahman@mail.au.edu.pk Tel: +92-51-9262557; Fax: +92-51-9260158
AbstractIn this paper a new digital passband modulation hierarchy has been proposed. It has the advantage of combining line coding and digital passband modulation in one entity, hence reducing the number of stages of the transmitter and the receiver. The new LCM enhances the transmitted signal with some desirable features such as favorable power spectral density, timing information, error detection and correction, hence, reducing bit synchronization complexity at the receiver, and improving the overall system performance. Keywords-data transmissin; line code; H-Ternary; baseband and passband modulation; signal-space; timing information; error detection and correction.

Abdullatif Glass
Academic Advisor Board MHS - GHQ Al-Ain, UAE aglass@ieee.org Tel: +971-3-7836661; Fax: +971-3-7836699 to modulate the amplitude (BASK), phase (BPSK), or frequency (BFSK) of an RF sinusoidal carrier wave. There are also other digital passband modulations techniques such as Mary form of ASK, PSK, and FSK, and M-ary QAM in which the carrier signal is modulated in both amplitude as well as phase [3]. In this paper, a new digital passband modulation hierarchy has been proposed. The new hierarchy, namely Line Coded Modulation (LCM), combines line coding and digital passband modulation techniques in one entity to reduce the transmitter and receiver signal processing stages and to improve the overall system performance such as transmission of a null to null bandwidth, synchronization, error detection and correction coding, but in expense of increased analysis and design complexity. In section II the concept, the classification, and sub classification of the LCM is given. A subclass of the LCM is proposed in section III; this subclass is named 1 Binary 1 Ternary Phase Shift Keying (1B1TPSK). The mathematical analysis of the proposed LCM is also given. Finally, the conclusion is given is section IV. II. THE CONCEPT OF LCM

I.

INTRODUCTION

Recently, digital data transmission has witnessed considerable importance. This is a result of the huge increase in applications where data, voice, video, and multimedia are digitally processed. Digital modulation, baseband or passband or both, is the mean by which information can be transmitted through networks that are either wire connected or wireless. In contrary to passband, where usually sinusoidal carriers are used, baseband modulation is the process of direct transmission of digital signal without spectrum transformation. In baseband modulation, the serial binary bit stream, that is mostly called pulse code modulated (PCM) waveform, is modified using encoding technique called line coding. Todays high speed data communication systems employ a variety of encoding techniques that have become signaling standards. They are widely used in communication links ranging from LANs and modems to telephone trunk circuits and satellite transmission links. The purpose of applying line coding to digital signals before transmission is to a) improve the self clocking capability of the system, b) check the bit error rate through monitoring, and c) to ensure reliable transmission by shaping the power spectral density (PSD) of the transmitted data sequence into a form that suits to the frequency properties of the transmission medium [1, 2]. In digital passband modulation, the concept of frequency translation is used for the purpose of transmission over passband channels such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, satellite channel etc. The incoming binary data stream (PCM) is used

The LCM is defined as the process of combining line coding and digital passband modulation in one entity such that, no less than one of the line coding features is included in the passband modulated signal. As mentioned in section (I), adequate timing information is achieved by introducing many transitions (i.e. changing signal level at the edge or the center of bit duration such as Dicode NRZ and Manchester line codes [2]) within the transmitted data so that these transitions are extracted first at the receiver from the received data to regenerate the clock signal for bit synchronization. If the concept of transition is introduced in a form of phase shift, amplitude shift or frequency shift of the RF carrier for each incoming bit according to a certain line coding scheme, then a more efficient digital passband modulated signal could be generated that provides the receiver with the clocking information. On the other hand, line codes that has PSD with null DC component and bandwidth equal to the transmission rate such

as Alternative Mark Inversion (AMI) and Hybrid Ternary (HTernary) line code [3, 6] as shown in figure (1). When such line codes are modulating in amplitude or phase of a carrier will result in a PSD with a null to null bandwidth equal to twice the bit rate (i.e. similar to double sideband suppressed carrier). Since the two sidebands are mirror image of each other, then, effectively filtering one of the sidebands (i.e. single sideband) will lead to a transmission bandwidth equal to the bit rate for single bit data passband modulation that has half the transmission bandwidth of BASK and BPSK. Hence, a bandwidth efficient passband modulated signal could be generated. In general, the LCM could be divided into three basic classes according to the digital passband modulation technique that is used. These classes could be further divided into subclasses according to the line code used. According there are three classes; 1) line coded amplitude shift keying (LCASK), 2) line coded phase shift keying (LCPSK), and 3) line coded frequency shift keying (LCFSK. III. 1 BINARY 1 TERNARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING The 1B1TPSK modulation is a subclass of the LCPSK, where line coding and phase keying modulation are combined in one entity. This combination achieves some desirable properties. These desirable properties could be self clocking, or error detection, or error correction, or all of them depending on the line code used to derive the modulation process. From the name 1B1TPSK, it is very clear that the modulating signal will modulate the phase of the sinusoidal carrier into three different values. In fact, this modulation technique adopts the concept of the H-Ternary line code whose states table is given in table (1) [4]. The H-Ternary code has the properties of self clocking, one bit error detection, and DC free with bandwidth equal to the transmission rate [6] as shown in figure (1).

takes place to the next state as a result of a binary input (1) or (0) and the encoder present state. The encoding procedure is as follows [4, 5] 1) The encoder produces (+) level when the input is a binary (1) whether the encoder output present state is at (0) or (-) level. 2) The encoder produces (-) level when the input is a binary (0) whether the encoder output present state is at (0) or (+) level. 3) The encoder produces (0) level when the input is binary (1) and the encoder present state is (+) level or when the input is binary (0) and the encoder present state is (-) level.
TABLE I. Input Binary 1 1 1 0 0 0 H-TERNARY LINE ENCODER STATE TABLE Output Ternary
Present State Next State

0 + 0 +

+ + 0 0 -

According to the aforementioned encoding concept, the incoming data will conditionally modulate the phase of the carrier into three distinct phases depending on the previous transmitted carrier phase. If Eb and Tb are the bit energy and bit time duration respectively, and fc is the carrier frequency, then, the transmitted 1B1TPSK signal si(t) where i = 1, 2, and 3, will exist in one of three phases depending on the input binary bit and the present phase of the carrier at the modulator output. These three phases could be in any form of one of the following sets 1) 0, , and 3/2 2) /6, 5/6, and 3/2 3) /4, 5/4, and 3/2 When the first set is considered, the modulated carrier at the output of the modulator could be at any of the three phases (0, , and 3/2). With the first set of phases is considered then we shall call this as 1B1TPSK Class (I). The carrier in this case will be modulated according to the following procedure. 1) The carrier will be transmitted with (0) phase when the input to the modulator is binary (1) and the present phase of the carrier (Tb) is equal to (3/2) or () as shown mathematically in equation (1).

Figure 1. Power spectrsl of diffeerent line codes

It has three levels for signal representation; these are positive (+), zero (0), and negative (-). The state of the line code could be in any one of these three states. A transition

s1(t ) =

for binary 1 2 Eb cos(2fct ) , Tb t 2Tb Tb (Tb ) = or 3 / 2

(1)

2) The carrier will be transmitted with () phase when the input to the modulator is binary (0) and the present phase of the carrier (Tb) is equal to (0) or (3/2) as shown mathematically in equation (2).
for binary 0 , Tb t 2Tb (Tb ) = 0 or 3/2 for binary 0 , Tb t 2Tb (Tb) = 0 or 3 / 2

of binary zeros, the phase of the carrier at the output of 1B1TPSK modulator will fluctuate between () and (3/2).
1.5

Binary Data

s 2(t ) =

2 Eb cos(2fct + ) Tb 2 Eb sin( 2fct ) Tb

(2)

Amplitude

0.5

3) The carrier will be transmitted with (3/2) phase when the input to the modulator is binary (1) and the present phase of the carrier (Tb) is equal to (0) as shown in equation (3), or when the input to the modulator is binary(0) and the present phase of the carrier (Tb) is equal to () as shown in equation (4). for binary 1 2 Eb cos(2fct + 3 / 2) , Tb t 2Tb Tb (Tb) = 0 2 Eb sin( 2fct ) Tb for binary 1 , Tb t 2Tb (Tb ) = 0

-0.5

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

time (msec)

Figure 2. Random binary data

H-Ternary Signal

1.5 1

s 3(t ) =

(3)
Amplitude

0.5 0 -0.5

s 3(t ) =

2 Eb cos(2fct + 3 / 2) Tb 2 Eb sin( 2fct ) Tb

for binary 0 , Tb t 2Tb (Tb) = for binary 0 , Tb t 2Tb (Tb) =

-1 -1.5

(4)

100

200

300 400 time (msec)

500

600

700

Figure 3. H-Ternary waveform for the given random binary data

1B1TPSK modulation

According to equations (1 to 4), there are two orthogonal basis functions (carriers) 1(t ) , and 2(t ) , defined as
2 cos(2fct ) , 0 t Tb Tb

1.5 1 0.5 Amplitude 0 -0.5

1(t ) =

(5)

2(t ) =

2 sin( 2fct ) , 0 t Tb Tb

(6)
-1 -1.5

It is very obvious from equation (1) that binary (1) is transmitted with (0) phase and binary (0) is transmitted with () phase as shown in equation (2), but for successive binary ones, the phase of the carrier at the output of 1B1TPSK modulator will fluctuate or run between (0) and (3/2), and for successive

100

200

300 400 time (msec)

500

600

700

Figure 4. 1B1TPSK waveform for the given random binary data

As a simulation example, a random 7-bit binary data is shown in Fig. 2, and the corresponding H-Ternary waveform for the given binary data is shown in Fig. 3. It is assumed that, the present state of the H-Ternary encoder was at (+) level. Finally, the waveform shown in Fig. 4 represents the signal output si(t) from 1B1TPSK class (I) modulator. Particularly, in Fig. 4 one can notice that there is always a phase shift of () or (3/2) depending on the present phase of the carrier (Tb), at the end of each bit interval Tb. This feature makes 1B1TPSK digital passband modulation superior over BPSK from bit synchronization point of view. The signal-space diagram or to be more precise, the conditional signal-space diagram of class (I) 1B1TPSK is shown in Fig. 5. The disadvantage of class (I) 1B1TPSK is, for successive of binary ones or zeros, the Euclidean distance will equal to 2 Eb . However, this disadvantage does not play a sensitive role. This is because message point in region 3 could be binary (1) or binary (0) depending on the phase of the received signal and the present detected bit at the output of the receiver to decide for the next binary bit. Hence, this is a one bit error detection passband digital modulation technique because a repeated phase is not allowed. In addition, a phase transition is continuously generated at the output of the modulator, if these phase transitions were properly detected, then timing information could be generated for synchronization purposes at the receiver, and thus is a self clocking digital passband modulation. These properties are the key features of H-Ternary line code [4, 5] and are now appearing in digital passband phase modulation, namely 1B1TPSK which was the aim of the LCM concept.

null to null transmission bandwidth equal to twice the transmission rate with a null at the carrier frequency. If one of the sidebands were properly filtered, then the total transmission bandwidth will be reduced to the original data transmission rate. IV. CONCLUSION

The concept of Line Coded modulation (LCM) is derived from line coding and digital passband modulation to reduce the number of transmitter and receiver stages and to enhance the overall system performance. The LCM is divided into three main classes according to the adopted digital passband modulation technique. These classes are named LCASK, LCPSK, and LCFSK. Each class of LCM could be divided to subclasses according to its equipped line code. A subclass of LCPSK has also been proposed. This subclass is named one binary one ternary phase shift keying (1B1TPSK). 1B1TPSK adopts the concept of H-Ternary line code to modulate the phase of the carrier into three distinct phases. These three phases could be 0, , and 3/2, or /6, 5/6, and 3/2, or /4, 5/4, and 3/2. In this paper, the first set of phases has been discussed and named Class (I). The mathematical equations of the modulated signal together with the carrier signal for class (I) 1B1TPSK have been given. The 1B1TPSK Class (I) has the advantage of self clocking and one bit error detection capability but at the expense of increased circuit complexity. Finally, the performance of the proposed class of the digital passband modulation over noisy and multi-path channels, the mathematical analysis of the PSD, the average probability of bit error, and other classes of the 1B1TPSK need more investigation. REFERENCES
[1] Hisashi Kobayashi, A survey of coding schemes for transmission or recording of digital data, IEEE Transactions on Communication technology, vol. Com-19, No. 6, December. 1971. Hioki, W., Telecommunications, (4th Ed), Printice Hall, 2001, P. 9497. Hykin, S., Communication Systems (3rd Ed) John Willy & Sons, 1994, P. 473-523. A. Glass, B. Ali, and E. Bastaki, Design and modelling of H-ternary line encoder for digital data transmission. International Conference on Info-Tech & Info-Net (ICII2001), Beijing, China, Oct. 29- Nov. 1, 2001, P. 503-507. A. Glass, B. Ali, and N. Abdulaziz, H-Ternary line decoder for digital data transmission: circuit design and modelling. 6th International Symposium on Digital Signal Processing for Communication Systems (DSPCS2002), Sydney, Australia, Jan. 28-31, 2002, pp. 149-153. A. Glass, N. Abdulaziz, and E. Bastaki, , Mathematical Analysis of the the Power Spectral Density of the H-ternary line code. 2nd IEEEGCC2004, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain, Nov. 23-24, 2004.

[2] [3] [4]

[5]

[6]

Figure 5. Signal-space digram of 1B1TPSK

Finally, referring to Fig.1, that represents the baseband PSD of the H-Ternary, it is obvious that the PSD of 1B1TPSK has a