i

lry.rlm.lt.l L.w..nd slmpl. Clrcqlrr

49

r (sigma) is the eleclrical conductivity. Ifa = 5.8 x 107 U/n for copper: (a) wha! L024 mm) has a resistance of I O? lensrh (in feer) of # 18 copper wire (diameler (,) If a circuit board has a copper'fojl conducrin8 ribbon 0.0013 in thick and 0.02 in wide thatcan carry3 A safely a160"C, what powerdoes this current deliver to a conductor 6 in lonsl 4 ln the circuit of Fis. 2-27. 6nd le a.d G if the 5 A sou.ce is supplyins 125 w.

2-271 See Prcb. 4.

5 UseOh 'stawand Kirchhoff's laws

on rhe circuit ofFis.2-28

the power provided by the dependent sourcei

(.) v".

tofind: (a) ui,!

(r)

2.2a: Se Prob. 5

6 (a) Use Ohm's

and Kirchhoff s laws in a step-by,stp procedure to determine all the voltages and currents itr the circuit of Fis. 2,29. (,) Compute the power ab\orbed b) e\eq elemenr and \how rhat rhe,um F rero.

trl

a3 ill

2.29! Se

(r) 2-O resislori (.)

the circuit shown in Fig. 2,10, find the power absorbed by the: (a) 4-A source; 12-O resisror; (d) 6-() resistor; (e) vokase source %.

2A

2-25

S7

tg

En lr..rlng Clrcdt An.lyrlr

Each circuit element is connected between a differeht pair ofnodes. T:::: direcled from.ode I to node lin that branch is irz : 15 A, rvhile i! = ! :, ir, t,r, and L, if ?,r = | (a) 0i (r) l8 Ar (.) lE A. 9 Find the power being absorbed by elemenl X in Fig. 2-31 if i!isa: j -l-l resistori(b) 2'V independent voltage sou.ce, + reference on leili(cri=aE voltage source, - .eference on left,labeled l9iri (d) 52-mA independeE:].: source, arrow direcled ro rishr.

8 A certain circuit contains six elements

and four nodes. numbered 1-

:. l. 6r..

20rl

30f,l

15o>

:50sl

Fie. 2.31: See Prob. 9. l0 (d) Find iin the circuil show. in Fig. 2-32. (bl Lcr rr now extend across 4 {} aod 50 V elemenls. + refere.ce on ihe lefi, and asain find l.

Frg. 2.35: See Prob

:\--

500v
F19.2.32: See Pob.

10.

1l Forthe batlery charsermodeled by Fis.2-31:(a) findR so tha! a charsin8 cL::-of 2.5 A flows: (r) fird rR so thar 25 W is delivered to the 11-V ideal roj:lE source; (.) find R so lhat 25 W is deliveied to the combinarjon of0.04 O and: i

Fiq.2.35: See Prob

f-------l
0.05

0.2

[}

0.04

rl
tt v
30v
0.6

a
12

L_________i
Bntry .harge. Fig. 2.33! See Prob.
11.

L___-____J

Flg.2-34r See Probs.

Fis.2.37!
12 In the circuii show. i. Fig. 2-34. X is a simple circuit etemenr. Assume that -f abso.bio8 100 W and: (a) find R ifx is a resistor Feater rhan 5 O: (r) find 1.. re,erence ar rop. ii X i\ dn lndependent vohdse \ource. r r\.

See Prob.

t0

i)

2.35r See Prob- 14

1's

in Fig Find the power absorbed bv each element in the circuit illustrated
o.2ia

I
20A

S),

4Q

26l

See Prob. 15.

16
17

In Fis. 2-37, find the power supplid bv each of the sources if the souce is labeled: (a) 3ir i (r) 3!,

i;;;p;;;l;;,b";;;

eac"h

circuit erement in the singre'node'pair circuit or '

Flg.

2{ar

Ses Prob. 17'

2.37! See Prob.

16.

l8

In the chcuii of Fig. 2-39, X is a simple circuit lenrt. Assume that x is absort! 100 W and: (a) find R ifx is a resistor larger than 50 Oi (r) find L, referenc. arrow dircted down, ifx is an independent cunent source, i, > 2 A.

ing

100sl Flg. 2.39! See Probs.

and 19.
18

l9 Let the downward cudent throuSh the l0G0 resistor i6 Fig. 2-39 be 1.2 A. Assum that x represents an unknown circuit element. (a) Find the absorbd power for each element in the circuit. (r) lrx is a resistor, sive ils resistance R (which migh. be nesalive): ifir is an independent cuneni source, give i,, includins reference direction; and if it is an indepndnl voltage source, give u", inciudi.S Dolarity. (c) Repeat parts a and /, if the 1.2-A currnt is direcled upward.
20 (a) Apply the techniques used in sinple rcde-pair analysis to the upper right node

Ftg. 2.42: See Prcb. 2i

o.5i
Fig. 2.4O! See P.ob. 20.

30sl

5Q

30!l

zoQ R",!-

Fig. 2.43! See Prob.

10l)

Fig, 2.zlt! See Prob. 21.

Fla. 2.rlll: See Prob

\-

ErD.rln.nrd L.x. tnd 3lhDl.

:' *] Clrcult 5il

in Fis. 240 and find i,. (b) Now work liilh lhe upPer letl node and find u.. (., How much power is the IGA source Seoeratins? 2l Find R.4 for each of lhe three rsistive networks shown in Fig. 2_41. 22 For rhe network of Fis. 2-42: (a) find A.q ifR = 14 O; (r) find R if R.4 : 14 O.

lsl

l.to

4.5

f,

212r see Ptob. 22-

2A 2A
25
{1,

5Q

2J Find R,a lo, each nerwork shosn in

fi8.

2-4:t

9rl

15

Q i"c*

(b)

i i

R=50O (')
14

By combinins sources and rsistances in the circuit of Fig. 2-44, find u. and i, .

1,.

10rl

t.l

P
Flg. 2.a+ S Prob. 24.

,.44 (
?a
6f}

ir5 o
2.4 4o

A(

5a hlE

.lnl

Elrcult

ln.lyrl.
25 Use source and resislance combinations to simplify the circuit of Fig. 2-45 aD. then find i, and .)1.

7{7

ilt
20v
29 Fig. 2'4at See Prob

2sl?

:6A

Flg. 2.45: See Prob.

25-

O: (a) what is the smallesr (nonzero) equivaleni resistarce that they could be assembled ro produce? (r) What is the largest (finit) equivalem resistance? Show lrow some ofthese resistors misht be combined to produce ad equivalent resislance of: (c) 29 Ot (d) 6 O. 21 Fjnd the equivalent conductance for each ofthe nelworks of Fis. 2-46.
26 Given 10 resistors, each having a resistance of 20

100

mU

50

mu

l0

m?J

Fig. 2.49: See Prob'

10

m?t

8U

k)
Flg. 2.46! Soe Prob. 27

9U
3?t
<b)

28 By combinire resislors afld usins cur.ent and voltage divisioo on the circuii of Fis. 2-47. writ an expression for: (a) a; (,) D,i (c) r,.

Fts, 2.!iO: Se P'c!

x,

l14 R.

Flc. 2.47: See Prob.

28.

Flc. 2.51: Se

-j'

brha..tE

Clrcult

Anrl,.lt
33 (a) Use voltase division, cuBent division,.od resistance combinationb nnd i,

lhecircunolFrB.

2-52.

rr) Iouh"t value\houtdrhe l-O r(,i,r"nc..bechangd

lo
IQ
10sl

69

liy
2A
Fig.2.5&
See prob 34.

lZy
rle. 2.52:
See Prob. 333,1

lr

l5

The circuil shown in Fig. 2 5l shos,s seve.at cxamples of independent curetr and voltase sources in series and parallel. (d) Find the power rbsorbed by ea.n source. (,) To whai value should the 4-V source be changed to.educe rhe powsupplied by ihe 5-A source ro zero:, A cerlain op'amp has a gain,4 ol:0 000 lnd a.esinaoce, R, :50 kO, i.side lb.
op-amp between the invertiDg a.d noninverring inpur!. The op,amp is cooneclsi as a voltase follorver lvith r. = I v. Find: (.r.,,i (r) o,i (.J the power iupplied bl

3-1

lntroduction

36 {a) Find

!, for the volrage lbllowe. shown in Fts. 2-54a if A is larse. (r) The neawork shown in Fig. 2-j4, is connected to the fottower ourput. Find u,.
10

kr,

Fl!. 2.5t[

See Prob. 36.

\bj
37 (d) Find u. for rhe ci.cuir shown in Fig_ 2,55 if,,{ is large. lr) ff the op-amp is removed from the circuit and poinrs a and , are conrected loserher. what is r,?

tov
Fla. 2.55! See Prob. 37.

l0ko

lkQ

Z------------- ls:.';.r'

t(){ Ell.tr..rlng Cltcdt ln.lY.i.

2 Use nodal analysis to 6nd
up

in the circuit shown in Fig. 3-44.

204
Fig. 3./t4! See P.ob. 2.

13 Ure nodal aEalysis on the circuil siven in Fis

being supplied by the 5-A source.

45 1o find: (a)

uri (r) thc power

too

.6ov ll :

Fig. 3-45: See Prob. 3.

Make use ofnodalanalysis to in the cjrcuit of Fig. 3 46.

fild ,,

and the power delivered to the 50_O resistor

2?t

Fig. 3.tlG

Se

Prob. 4.

Flg. 3.4?: See Prob.

5-

Ser up nodal equations for the circuir illus!.ated in Fig. power tupplied by tbe 5 V source. Usc nodal analysis to fiod u, in the circuil of Fig- 3 48.

47, and then find the

2!7

Ftg. 3.4a: See Probs. 6,

12 and 28.

'

Analyze lhe cinrurr

supplied by the

ol tis.
source.

J-49 u\in8 node \olrdge\ dnd find lhe poqe! being

eA

-----\j;_ 20v 6A
Dno
Fie. 3.49: See Prob. 7.

30s}

:' 3", ( D,o

throud the
15

ll

en

rn(

8 In Fig.

3-50, 6nd u,

use of nodal analysis.

0.06?t

0.03u
l

10v
Flg. 3.5O: Se Prob.
8-

/9 In

the cncuitofFis.3'5,, use meshanalysis to:(a) find the power deliverd to the 4-O resistor. (6) To what voltase should the 10GV battery be changed so ihat no

power is delivered 1o ihe 4:O resistor?

2A

lOoV

Fis.3-51! Se Prob.9.

dn'_. .L

+-----

... .

,l'-

Erdna.rha Cltcult rn.ayrlr

l0
Use nesh analysis on the circuit shown

ir

Fig. 3-52 to find the power aupplied by

41 In Fis.

3-53, every resistance is 6 O and every battery voltaee is 12 V. Find

i,.

2oo

600

{i^
Fi!. 3.52:
See Prob. 10.
12

Flg.

+53:

Sse Prob.

11

In the circuit of Fig. 3-48, change the right-hand element to an 8-A independert

current source, arrow directed upward, and use mesh analysis to find the power ab'orbed by Ihe l-O rcsisror. n4t Use 4esh analysis on the circuii of Fig. 3-54 io 6nd the values.of all the mesh

t4 In the circuit of Fis. 3-4r, use mesh aoalysis to find

downward

h R, if,,

i,,

the cuIrenl flowids

1.234 321 Y-

1f,

to

Flg, +5a! See Prob.

13.

x,

i,
F19.3.55! See Prob.
15.

Rr

!orn. U..ftrt a
15 ln the circuir shown in Fig. l-55: {ar if

t.cn

qu..

ot Ctrcun

ln.tr.I.

iO,
,

16 Use super?osition wilh the circuir of Fis. 3-56 ro find

rr - 20 V and u, = 0. ir - Lj A: 6nd /.r if u. = 50VaDd u, = 0;(r) iful = 20 v and,, :50 V, il= 2 A, while i. = -t A if ,r = 50V and rj = 20V; fiod r.if ur = 30Vand u, = tooV

!.

5!l

to'l

Flg. 3.3'6! Sse Prob.

16_

t7 With refrcdce to the circrit outtined in Fis. 3-57, when u" = t20 V. it is found that i, - I A, u, - 50 V. and the po$er delilered ro R, is 60 w. tfcon Ed reduces u. ro 105 V. frnd new talue\ for i . ur. and rhe power dehlered ro Ar.

Fle. 3.57: See Prob. 17

l8

Use ihe superposition theorem on the circuit shown in Fig. t_jE to find i.

160V

Flg; 3.58r See prob.

19.

ioa

Cnshcilns

Clrcuia

An.lyil.
49
The circuit illust.ated in Fig. 3-59 contains a dependent source. Us the superpo_ sition theorem to lind the current 1.

Fit. 3-59!
and 29.

See Probs. 19

20 In the circuit of Fig. 3'60, use superposilion to help find the powr.absorbed by the: (a) 6-V source; (r) I A source: kJ l2-V sourcei (d) 2-A source.

Fig. 3.AO: See Prob. 20.

Shack type 222 flashliSht bulb is intended for use with two 1.55_V peolight (AA) batteries in series. Thebulb, howver, is marked "2.25 V,0.25 A." Assuming all markinSs a.e corect, what praclical voltage source miSht be used to model one of the batteries? 22 By making repeated soulce iransformations ard resistance combinations for each network in Fig. 3-61, replace the network ao the left of terminals a-, with the series combinarion of a single independent voltage source aod a single resistor2t

A Radio

Fig. 3.6'l: See Prob.

22.

(at

lb)

23 In the circuit of Fis. 3-62, what value of Rz : (a) will absorb a maximum power from tbis netwo.k and what ispr m.x? (,) will have the naximum voltage across it and what is u.,.*1(.) will have a maximumcurrent throush it and what is rr..,*?

20sl

Fig.3.e2: See Prob. 23

Some U.Glul Te.hnique. ol Circult

,nly.

^rdr.l.

'llr9

ls0f
loop preDOt

24 Consider the practical voltage source to the left ofrerminals a,, in Eic. 3-63. (a) What must be the value of rR. to cause the maximum possible pqrd to b drawn ftor.l the pta.ti.al sourc? I (r) Whar is the value ofthis max;mom power?

CF
ints

10v
8St

2sl
40f,} 60f,l

24'1
FiE. 3.63: See Prob. 24. 25 (a)
U se rhree separaie analyses to find u,," , i,. , and i,, with respect to termiDals a-, for the circuit shown in Fis. 3-64. (b) Draw the Thvenin a.d Noron equiva-

rlid
a,n

ber
a8e

lenis as seen a! d-,.

5Sl

15 Q

uit oihe he
0taal

Hg.

3-q!

See Prob. 25.

26

Find the ThEvenin equivaient cAcuit wiih respecl

shown in FiE. l-65.
20 s,

10

terminals a-, for ihe circDit

40r,

bI
Fig. 3.6+ Se Probs. 26
and 30.

')

ro;,
b

50v

27 (z) Delermine rhe Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits as seen ar rerminals d-, for the nerwork of Fig. l-66. (b) Rerlace the 5-A source wiih a dependenl vollage source labeled 5i, (+ reference at rhe righo and again find the Th6ve.ia

a.d Norto! equivalents-

\7 )rza
Fis, 3.66: Se 12f,}

4a

It

tto Ei{hr..rlnt Clrcult An.lr.l.

28;in the circuit of Fis. l-48, frnd the Thevenin equivalenr of the network (d) to the lft of the 8'v source: (,) to rhe riSht of the 6V source' 29 (a) Refer to the cncuit shown in Fis 3'59 and find the Thevenin equivalent circuit faced bv the 3-oresistor- (r) Find I. (c) Chanse the 3"oresisrorro 13 o and again

l0 Ifthe''vollage

find

u. acrossorthe current i. = u./R.lhrough a general load reJstance R. is known, then the Thevenin or Nodoo equ;lalenl mav b determined easilv since u,, = limi/-. uz a6d 1,. : limr.-o iz. (a) Find u. (+ sisn , erminal z") for the circuil of Fig. 3_65 if a.esisrance Rr is conrccted btween d and

(r) Use The exPressions above

3l Fild

1() determine uo, and ir. the Thevnin equivalent circuit for thq network shown in

''

Fis

3 67'

200

I}

too

Fla.3.?t:

See f

Flg, 3.67! See Prob.31.

v
12 Delermine the Theverin equivalent circuit of.he network shown in Fis. 3-68.

Flg. 3-72: See

Flt. 3.64r

See Prob- 32.

The voltaee follower shou,n in Fi8. 3-28 is modified by inserting a finite Ai = l0 kO betwen the terminals across which .,, is defined. Find the oew Thvenin equtralenl. 34 (a) Construcl all possible trees for.he linear sraph shown in Fi8. 3-69. (,) Ifthe loptwo branches are voitage sources ard the left branch is a cunnt source, sbow
33

t3
Flt. 3.?3:
See

80v
Flg. 3.69: Se Prob.

20\'

34-

Fl!.

3.7Or See P.ob. 35.

t I t I
1

}G

15 For the circun shown in Fi8. 3'70, coflstruct a lree in which ur and .,: are tiee' b.anch voltases, write nodal equalions. and solve ior ur.

Flg. .3.7/r: See

I
J

I I

&m. U..lu! t chntqu..

36 Construct a suitable tree for the circuit of Fig. write KCL and conirol equations, and find i:.
a.Dd

al C{rcuh

lnrtt.l.

ill

3-71

. assign tree-branch voltages,

again

toiz Flg.3.7!:
Se Prob. 36-

37 Us nodal analysis with tree-bmnch voltaaes on the circuit oI Fig. 3-72 to derermine what value of v: will cause u. = 0.

Ea -:{8.

Fig. 3.72: See Prob. 37. 38 For the circuit shown in Fig. 3-73, construct a iree in which ir and 4 are link cunents, write loop equationst and evaluate ir and ,r.

2A

t.
Flg. 3.73: See Prob. 34.

5sl

10

f,,
50f,l

20

f,

20v

19 (d) Construct a suitable tree for the circuit of Fig. l-74 and w.ite the singl quation oecessary 10 find ir. (6) Find ir.

30v

FIt. 3.7a:

Se Prob. 39.

It2 lliiln cdr! Crrcutr fu.tyrtr

40 Devise a lree for lhe circui. shown in Fig. 3-75 for which aI loop curren.s flow lhrouSh rhe l-O resi\tor. Find i.

0.8 f,l

Fig. 3.75: See Prob. 40. 41 Use seneral loop analysis on the nonplanar circuit of Fis. 3-76 ro find ,,.

Fle. 3.7G: See Prob.41.

42 Figure 3-77 shows one form of rhe equivalenr circuit for a rransistor amplifier. Determine the opeilcircui! value of u? and tle outpua resislarce (R/r) of rhe
amplifier-

2ko

Fig, 3.?7: See prob_ 42.

r
ndix 5 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Chaole':

chaptor

I b\ l34z milht (b\ 196.1kJ; (c) 22.7 days; (d) Lois Lane 3 (a) 6.97 horsesi (b) 0.543liter
515C 7 (a) -35.6 mci (b) -34.0 mA; (c) 13 4l pC 9 (a) 4.38 W; (r) 0.400 J 11 (a) 0; (r) 0 13 -32 W, -16 W,24 W,56 W, -32 W

Chapler 2

(a) |.661 {l; (b) 0.144 o; (c) 640 w (a) 156.7 ft; (r) 1.410 W (a) -26v;(b) 320 W; (c) 6 v (a) -96 w; (b) 32 wi (c) 21.3 w; (d) 16.67 wi (e) 10 w (d) 51.1 Inw; (r) 52.2 mw; (c) -51.5 mw; (d) -51.0 mW It (a) 1.110 O; (r) 1.230 O; (c) 1.241 O 13 (o) pn = -@ W, po, = 80 W, p- : 280 W, po6 = 240 W; (r) 0.? O, t4 v (+ at top),20 A (down); (c-a) 600 w, 80 w, -920 $. 240 W; (c-b) -2.3 O, 46 V (+ al lop), 20 A (up) 15 po: = -148.8 W, pm = -1090.9 W, pr = 743.8 W. po: 495.9 W 17 ps= 10.45mw,ri- 45.7 mW,p7 = 4l.8mw,p r: -27.4mW. Pa=209mW 19 (a) pzs = 576 W, p5 = 600 W, p, = - 120 W, pr00 : l44 Wt (b). -120 fi, I A (up), 120 V (+ at top); (c-a) 576 W, 600 W, 144 Wt (c-b) - 10.91 O, l1 A (down), 120 V (+ at bottom) 2l (a\ 25 At (b\ 20.3 Or (c) 22.5 O 23 (a) 22.3 ai @) 21.8 At k) 22.1 A
3 s 7 9
25 5 A.-+',7.5 V (b) 4.32lJ 21 (a) t1.'78 'J'].A: 29 (a\ 2.29 ,ltA, (b) 2.67 A

I
)

3l

33

(a)

(a) 300 V; (r) 120 v; (.) 0.333 A 1.481 A; (D) s.39C}

Anrv.rt to
35 37

Ortd.iaunbarod

P'.obLri.

62

(d) 0.999 950 V; (r) -50.0 &V; (r) 0.999 950 nw (d) 2 v: (r) 0.5 V

I (d) -4.83; (b) 200 3 (a) -60.9 Vi (r) 195.7 w 5 25.6 W

9 (a) 2580 W; (b) -32 v l1 I A Il t.2 A.4.2 A,2 A,3.2 A t5 (a) 3.75 Ai O) 4.43 A

12.

t3 W

l7 2.625 A,43.75 V. 15.9 W 194A 2t 1.55 V. 1.7 r) 23 la) 12 {1,0.7,i W; {r) r. 6 Vt kJ 0, 0.5 A 25 ld) -22.5 V. -2.4 A. 9.375 O; (b) -22.5 V, 27 h) 32 v. 4 A;8 A, 4 {): (b) 48.6 V. 3.24 Oi 29 (.r) 20 V, -8 O: (r) 4 A; (.) -4 A It t38 0
33 4.999 500 V, 0.199 976

9.375
15

O; -2.4 A,9.315 A A, 1.24 O

ll

1v l9 (d) 8ir + 6(,, - 2l :0 4t 1.8t8 A

3'7

35

19.02

4lr + 30 = 0;

(r)

0.2

3 (a) 18 A; (b) 160 J; (c) 320 w 5 (a) -1 + 0.5 cos 500r + 0.4 sin 500/ A; (r) '7 (a) 90 pI, lb) 94.2 tts 9 {a) 10.009e ro * o.ool v (r) loe ,o,v 1L la) 0.0677 Jt (b) 0; (.) -8.83 V 13 (a) 6.43 H; (b) 2.83 H

I (a)

I.618

v: (r)

0.0711 V,0.549 s

0.1613 J

t7 (a) 9.66 r. (b) '7.t21, k\ 11.24 t 19 (d) l0 rur + 2 x l0 6(Di - vr: i",2
2tfil; urdt + 3 =

15 5 in series in parallel with 2 in series

l0-6(ui

ui) +

O (+ur top lefr, +u? top right);

(r)

1000(,,

i") + 5

tosll iLdt +

8+0.005ii=0

21 (d) See sketch below:.O.2(uc

0.05up :0,

2e-tu) + O.lua-

0.M(2e-r0,

uc)

-0.05u,1

(r)

see sketch below;

+ 100_[j (-u* + vc 5i, + I0l&l + 0.2i, + r, +

0.1e-r0,

2e-tot\dt = 0:

o.le lurdt

! I t

= O,O.OliL + 2O(i. + 0.1"-r0r) + l0li/1.2i, + iL + o.|e-totldt - 2e til = 0

2e

tot