Leo 4: A man formally dressed a nd a deer with its horns folded

T h e w o r d ma n d e sc e n d s f r o m t h e I n d o E u r o p e a n ( I E ) r oo t ma n -1 w h i c h m e a n s man and from which a l so descend

m a n i ki n, ma n ne q u in , m en s c h, an d M an u . 1
T h e w o r d f or mal ly d e s c e n d s f r o m t he G r e e k r o o t [ me rph - w h i c h m e a n s f or m . 2 Other d e r i v a t i ve s include the suffix

m o rp h , t he p r e f i x m o rp h o - , t h e s uf f i x f o rm , a n d t h e w o r d s m o rp h e m e , f o rm a t i o n, f o rm a n t , f o rm at , f orm u l a , c o n f o rm , i nf o rm , p l a t f o rm, re f o rm , tra n s f o rm , a n d u n i fo rm .

T h e w o r d d r ess me a n s m o st c o m m on l y t o p u t o n o r a r r a n g e c l o t h e s. I t c a n a l s o r e f e r t o a r r a n gi n g o r a l i g n i n g o f t r o o p s i n r a n k s. 3 B o t h m e a n i n g s d e s ce n d f r o m t h e L a t i n di re c t u s , i t s e l f t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e o f di ri ge re , t o d i re c t a n d b o t h d e s ce n d s f r o m t h e IE r o o t r e g - , t o m o ve i n a s t r a i g h t li n e . 4 S e v e r a l p a r on y m s o f d r ess m e a n t o d i r e c t i n a s t r a i g h t l i n e , l e a d, r u l e . T h e se i n c l ud e ri gh t , re a l m,

re c t o r, re gi me n, re gi o n, a ddre s s , a le rt , di re ct , e re c t, re c t a n gl e, re c ti f y, s o u rc e , s u rge, re ic h , re ga l, re i gn, ro ya l , vi c e ro y, ra j, m a h a ra j, ru l e r, re gu l a t e, re c ko n, in t e rro ga te , a n d rec kl e s s .

T h e w o r d d e er d e sc e n d s f r o m t h e r o ot d h eu -1 . 5 T h e r o o t i s d e f i n e d a s b e i n g t he b a s e o f a w i d e v a r i e t y o f d e r i v a t i v e s m e a n i n g t o r i se i n a c l o u d , a s d u s t , v a p o r , o r s m o k e , a n d r e l a t e d t o s e ma n t i c n ot i on s o f b r e a t h, various color a d j e c t i ve s , and forms denoting d e f e ct i ve p e r c e p t i o n o r w i t s . A m o n g i t s m a n y d e r i v a t i v e s a re t h e w o r d s f u me,

p e rf u m e, f u n ky ( ha v i n g a m o l d y o r m u s t y s m e l l) , ent h ym e m e , t h ym e,
1 2 3 4 5 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionar y of Indo-European Roots, p. 51 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=form http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/dress Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, pp. 70 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 19 Starling Hunter 2011 1

di zzy, do ze , do w n ( f i n e , s o f t , f l uf f y f e a t h e r s ) , t h uj a ( r e d c e d a r) , o b f u s c a te , du n ( n e u t r a l b r o w n i s h g r a y t o d u l l g r a y i s h b r o w n ) , t he n a m e D u n c a n , dea f , du m b , do ve , dwe l l , do l t , do l dru m s , du l l , do c k ( s o r r e l, a

p l a n t ) a n d du de e n . T h e w o r d h o rn de s c e n d s f r o m t h e r o o t k e r- 1 w h i c h m e a n s h o r n , h e a d . 6 M a n y o f i t s d e r i v a t i v e s r e fe r t o h o r n e d a n i ma l s , h o r n - s ha p e d o b j e c t s, a n d p r oj e c t i n g p a rt s , e . g. h o rn , c o rn, C a p ri c orn , c a ra t, c a rrot,

c a ro t i d, c e reb e l l um , c e rvi x, c h ee r, co rn e a, c ra ni u m , h orn e t, a n d rei n dee r.

T h e w o r d f o ld ed d e s c e n d s f r o m t h e r o o t p e l -3 , t o f o l d . 7 O t h e r d e r i v a t i v e s i n c l u de t h e s u f f i x p le f r o m w h e n c e w e o b t a i n w o r d s l i k e

de c u p l e, m u l t ip l e, t ri p l e a n d t he s u ff i x e s f o l d a n d p lo i d .
TH EMES : O n e t h e me c o n c e rn s F ORM/ SHA PE a n d t h e la c k t h e r e o f. R e c a l l t ha t t he p a ro n y m s o f f or mal ly i n c l u d e f o rm , f o rm at , a n d

f o rm a t i o n . T h e r o ot r e g- h a s a t le a s t o n e d i st i n ct i v e f o rm a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
i t re c ta n gl e ( A f ou r - s i d e d p l a n e f i g ur e w i t h f o u r r i g h t a n g l e s) . As n o t e d a b o v e , p a r o n y m s of h or n i n c l u d e se v e r a l h o r n - s h a p e d o b j e c t s . I n m a r k e d c o n t r a s t , a t l e a s t t w o p a r o n y m s o f d ee r a re s h a p e le s s o r f o r m l e s s , e . g.

f u m e , p e rf u m e . F u rt h e r r e c a l l t h a t t h e r o o t o f d e er i s dheu- 1 w hi c h
means to rise in a cloud as dust, vapor, or smoke . A s e c o n d a n d s o m e w h a t r e l a t e d t h e me c o n c e rn s O PACITY . R e c a l l

o b f u s c a te i s a p a r on y m o f d e e r a n d me a n s t o m a k e s o co n f u s e d o r
o p a q ue a s t o b e d i ff i c u l t t o p e r c e i v e or u n d e r s t a n d a n d t o r e n d e r i n d i s t i n c t o r d i m ; d a r k e n . C o m p a r e t h i s t o di re c t , a p a ro n y m o f d r ess w h i c h c a n me a n t o m a n a g e o r g u i d e b y a d v i c e , h e lp f u l i n f o r m a t i on , i n s t r u c t i o n , t o g i v e a u t h o r i t a t i v e i n s t r u c t i o n s t o a n d t o c ha n n e l o r f o c u s t o w a r d a g i ve n r e s u lt , ob j e c t , or e n d . 8 A t h i r d t h e m e c o n ce r n s RU LE S a n d RUL E RS . R e ca l l t h a t on e o f t he p a r o n y m s o f ma n i s M an u w h o , i n t he H i n d u r e li g i o n , i s t h e p ri m o r d i a l

6 Watkins, c. (2000), The Am erican Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 40 7 Watkins, c. (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo -European Roots, p. 63 8 http://dictionary.reference.com/cite.html?qh=direct&ia=luna Starling Hunter 2011 2

f a t h e r o r p r o g e n i t or o f t h e h u m a n r a ce a n d a n d s o ve r e i g n o f t h e e a r t h w h o f i r s t i n s t i t u t e d r e l i g i o u s c e re m on i e s a n d d e v i se d a c o d e o f l a w s . 9 A s n o t e d p r e v i o u s l y, se v e r a l o f t he p a r o n y m s o f d r ess c o n ce r n r u l e s , r u le r s , a n d a u t h o r i t y f i g u r e s , e . g. rei c h , re ga l, re i gn, ro ya l, vi ce ro y, ra j, m a ha ra j, a n d ru l e r .

9 http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/manu Starling Hunter 2011 3