Unit 4 Upstream Advanced

A modicum of sth a small amount of sth, especially a good quality A pillar of community someone who is important and respected within a group Absolve to state officially that someone is free of any blame or responsibility in a particular matter Access to sth the right or opportunity to have or use sth that will bring you benefits Alert to warn; to tell someone in authority about a danger or problem so that they can take action to deal with it (inform) Alleged claimed to be true, even though this has not been proved Anticipate to think that sth will probably happen; guess that sth will happen and be ready to deal with it Acquit to state officially that someone is not guilty of the crime they were accused of Articulate able to express your thoughts and arguments clearly and effectively At the rear in a part of a place or thing that is at the back Assassination the murder of a famous or important person especially for political reasons Assault a physical attack on someone or the crime of physically attacking someone Assignment work that you must do as part of a course of study or as part of your job Assimilation the process of becoming part of a community or culture Attempted murder killing that sb tries to do but does not succeed in doing Baffling sth you cannot understand Bail money that is given to a court when someone is allowed to stay out of prison until their trial Barrister a lawyer in England and Wales who is allowed to speak in the higher law courts Beneficial sth that has a good effect or influence on someone or sth Blithely in a way that does not consider the real problems or possible disadvantages of sth; happily, especially because you do not realize that sth is wrong Boom to flourish Brandish to wave a weapon or other object around in your hand so that other people can see it Brawler a person who fights in a noisy way, especially in a public place Bridge the gap to reduce the differences that separate two things or groups Capital punishment death penalty Charge sb with sth accuse someone officially of committing a crime Civil liberties the basic rights that all citizens have to do or say what they want, as long as they do not break the law or affect other peoples rights Claim statement without proof; say sth is true: right to sth Clerical connected with the ordinary work that people do in offices Confer to discuss sth with other people in order to reach a decision Congestion a situation in which a place is crowded with people or vehicles Contempt of court a failure to show appropriate respect for court Community service work that someone does as a punishment instead of going to prison Compatible ideas or systems that can exist together; likely to have good relations because of being similar Creed a set of religious beliefs Crook someone who is dishonest, especially someone who uses their position of power for their personal advantage Cross reference a note in a book that tells you to look tat another page for more information Culprit someone who is responsible for doing sth bad or illegal Delinquent someone, especially a young person, who behaves in a way that is criminal or antisocial Deportation sending someone out of a country, usually because they do not have a legal right to be there Deputy head someone whose job is the second most important in a department or organisation Detain to keep someone in a police station or prison and not allow them to leave Deter to make someone decide not to do sth Digit one of the written numbers from 0 to 9 Discharge a situation in which someone who has been accused of a crime is judged to be not guilty and officially allowed to leave prison or a court of law Dismiss to refuse to accept that sth might be true or important; a judge officially decides that the case should not continue, to officially tell people that they can leave a place Displace to force someone to leave their own country and live someone else

Diversity the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place Domestic violence violence that takes place in the home between family members, especially adults Donation money or goods that you give to an organization especially one that helps people Do sth against ones better judgment do sth even though you are not sure that it is a good idea Eliminate to get rid of sth that is not wanted or needed, to remove someone from a competition Embezzlement stealing money from a company where you work Eminently very or very much Encapsulate to express something in a short clear form that gives the most important facts or ideas Exceed to be greater than a number or amount Faulty not working correctly or made correctly Felony serious crime such as murder or robbery File to take official action, for example to make an official complaint Fiscal year financial year Foot the bill pay for sth that is expensive or that someone else should be paying Foster parents the people who look after a child in their home for a period of time Fraud - gaining money through dishonest means Fringe the outer edge of sth (on the fringes of society); people or activities that are considered strange or extreme Gauge traffic speed to measure speed using a piece of equipment Genocide the murder of large numbers of people belonging to a particular race Heritage the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture Hold in custody keep someone in prison until they go to court for trial Homicide the crime of killing someone Idiosyncratic unusual or strange and not shared by other people Imminent likely or certain to happen very soon Impartial not connected to or influenced by one particular person or group Implement to make sth such as an idea, plan or law start to work and be used (carry out) Inadequacy the failure to be of the quantity or quality needed for a particular purpose Incentive sth that makes you want to do sth or to work harder, because you know that you will benefit by doing this Inmate someone who is kept in a prison, mental hospital or other institution Intelligence information collected about the secret plans and activities of a foreign government, enemy, etc.; a government organization that collects such information In the interim during the time between one thing happening and another, or while waiting for sth permanent of final to become available Indigenous people people who lived in a place for a very long time before other people came to live Integrity - the quality of always behaving according to the moral principles that you believe in so that people respect and trust you; the quality of being complete and whole without any missing parts; the quality of being in a good condition without any damage or mistakes Invariably always or almost always Invasion of privacy an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life, especially illegally Invasive intrusive; annoying because of being too close, too noisy, or too involved in peoples personal life Issue a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics, etc Jaywalking crossing the street in a wrong place Juror one of a jury Juvenile delinquency crimes committed by young people Keep tabs on sb to watch someone carefully to see what they do or watch sth carefully Kidnapping holding sb against their will in order to gain sth Legislation a law or a set of laws Lenient punishment less severe punishment than it could be Liability legal responsibility for causing damage or injury, or for paying sth; someone or sth that causes problems to someone; (usually plural) the amount of money that a company owes Libel publishing lies about someone

Littering leaving rubbish in a public place Loitering with intent remaining in a public place without an obvious reason Make a killing to make a lot of money very quickly Mandatory ordered by a law or a rule Manslaughter unintentionally causing someones death Misdemeanour an action that is bad or wrong but not in a serious way; a crime that is not serious (US) Mitigation a reduction in the harmful effects of sth; things that are said in the court of law to explain why someone committed a crime so that it seems less bad Monitor to regularly check sth or watch someone in order to find out what is happening Moot to suggest sth as a subject for discussion Mortality the number of deaths within a particular area; the fact that your life will end Motion a formal proposal that people discuss and then vote on in a meeting or debate Mugging robbing someone in the street Net income the total amount of money after taxes or costs have been removed Nick to steal sth, to pinch Option sth that you can choose in a particular situation Out-of-court settlement an agreement between the people involved in a legal argument that an amount of money will be paid without the case being decided officially in a law court Overwhelmingly used for emphasizing the amount of strength of sth; largely Perjury the crime of lying when you give evidence in a court of law Perpetrate to do sth that is harmful, illegal or dishonest Persistent continuing to do sth in a determined way; continuing to exist Persuasion a set of political or religious beliefs Plead guilty or innocent to say in a court of law whether you are guilty of a crime or not Plight sad, serious or difficult situation Precision accuracy; the quality of being accurate and exact Presumption of innocence the belief that a person is innocent until proved guilty Probation a system by which someone who has committed a crime is not sent to prison but has to agree not to break the law again and let a probation officer check their behaviour for a specific period of time Promote to support or encourage sth; to attract peoples attention to a product or event by advertising Prosecutor a lawyer whose job is to prove in court that someone accused of a crime is guilty Proven track record shown to be true, real or effective Prompt action immediate or quick action Proverbial well known or typical Raise money collect money for a particular purpose Reckless - not thinking about the possible bad effects of your actions Reckless driving in the US, the crime of driving a vehicle in the way that is likely to hurt or kill people Relevant important and directly connected to what is being discussed or considered Remand to tell someone who has committed a crime to return to court for trial on a particular day Retain to keep someone or sth; to remember ideas or information Revocation officially saying that sth is no longer legal, for example a law or a document Riot violent protest by a crowd of people Road hog someone who drives in a dangerous way, often making it difficult for other cars to pass Rule to make and announce a decision, usually about a legal matter Scuffle to have a short fight that is not very violent Sentence a punishment given by a judge, usually involving a period of time in prison Slander publicly lying about sb Solicitor in the UK, a lawyer who gives legal advice, writes legal contracts and represents people in the lower courts of law Spokesperson someone whose job is to officially represent am organisation, e.g. in dealing with journalists Squat building wide and not very tall or high building Staggering extremely surprising Stay put to remain in one place or position Stigmatize to treat a particular type of behaviour as wrong or embarrassing and to try to make people who behave in this way feel ashamed

Stray a pet that is lost or has left its home Submit to formally give sth to someone so that they can make a decision about it Suborn to persuade someone to lie in a court of law, or do sth else that is illegal Substantial large in amount and degree; considerable Sufficient enough; as much as is needed Surveillance the process of carefully watching a person or place that may be involved in a criminal activity Suspended sentence time that someone will have to spend in prison only if they commit another crime within a fixed period Sustain to support or prove an idea, theory, statement, etc; give someone strength, energy or hope The car stalls the car suddenly stops working because not enough power is reaching the engine Tight budget a small amount of money The dock the part of a court of law where the person who is accused of a crime stands or sits To pose objections to express your disagreement with sth To subject sb to sth to make someone experience sth unpleasant Trafficking - the business of buying and selling things such as weapons and drugs illegally Trespassing illegally entering somebodys property Trouble spot a place where there is often trouble, especially a country or region where fighting between opposing groups often happens Truncheon a short thick stick carried by a police officer as a weapon Unprecedented never having happened or existed before; the greatest in size, degree, etc. that has ever been known Urgent very important and needing to be dealt with immediately Usher to lead someone politely somewhere, e.g. into a room or towards a seat Valid reasonable and generally accepted Vandalism destruction of public property Verdict an official statement made in court (whether someone is guilty or not) Violation an action that is in opposition to a law, agreement, principle, etc Voice to express your opinions or feelings about sth, especially negative feelings Wholeheartedly enthusiastically and completely Woman in labour the woman who is in the process of giving birth to a child