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Luis A. Godoy
Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, UPRM
What is buckling? What is a classical problem (or a field, or a concept, or)? What are the present classical theories of Elastic Stability? What is a non-classical problem? What are non-holonomic problems?
What is buckling?
Pc = EI ( ) L
What is buckling?
Lessons learned
Euler did not study what we are told he studied in 1742 Euler needed the input of previous research on elastica by Bernoulli Euler was not the first to find the phenomenon: experimental work of van-Musschenbroek of 1729 showed the inverse relation between critical load and square of the column length. He tested wood columns. This was not an important contribution for Euler, only published one memoir on the topic. What we now call critical load is the value of the control parameter at which the behavior changes. What we call the critical mode is a deflected shape associated with reaching the critical load. There may be several different frames to explain a phenomenon, and frames change with time.
Classical theories 1744, Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) 1890, G. Bryan, Theory of Elastic Stability 1945, Warner T. Koiter, (19141997) General Theory of Elastic Stability
Lessons learned
You can formulate the theory first, then discretize (the path followed by Koiter). There are schools of mechanics that accept this as the only formally smart way to work. This is a dominant school in France, Italy, Brazil, Your can discretize first, then formulate the theory. This is a dominant school in England, Canada, parts of the US,
Discretization
Energy
Discrete Energy
Discrete formulation
FE model
Lessons learned
What really matters is the onset of instability. The initial postcritical behavior is determined by the stability of the critical state. To visualize the initiation of instability you need to perform displacement controlled experiments, not load controlled. Students prefer to do their experiments using Heineken, rather than CocaCola (limited evidence, but conclusive).
Critical loads from 20 tests on axially loaded cylinders (same students, same testing machine, same day)
Lessons learned
Small geometric imperfections are responsible for a drastic reduction in the buckling load with respect to the classical (Timoshenko) critical load. The theory was applied to this problem by Koiter in 1963. Koiter considered a deterministic imperfection, with a fixed shape and variable amplitude, which was included as a new control parameter. The theory was extended to account for small imperfections, of the order of the thickness of the shell. The worst imperfection shape is that provided by the classical critical load. Imperfection-sensitivity may be High (Cylinder/axial load, sphere/uniform pressure) Moderate (cylinder/lateral pressure, cylinder/wind pressure) Low (column/axial load, plate/in-plane load)
Bifurcation buckling
Pc = EI ( ) L
Non-Classical Problems in Stability
Non-Classical Problems in the Theory of Elastic Stability Non-Classical Vibrations of Arches and Beams Non-Classical Shell Problems Non-Classical Elastic Solids Non-Classical Continuum Mechanics Non-Classical Physics
Non-Classical Problems in Stability
Instability of Inelastic solids Dynamic Instability Dynamic Buckling (Budiansky) Non conservative systems (Leipholz) Probabilistic systems (some random features, Bolotin, Elishakoff) Multiple parameter theory (Huseyin, catastrophe theory) Non-Holonomic systems (Burgess, our work)
One-Way Systems
There are constraints on the values of displacements, and the boundary conditions may change
Non-Classical Problems in Stability
Equilibrium paths
Summary