CHAPTER 1 (cnntrnl-cnmmand-shift-4)

1.1Thc Study nf Chcmistry

How to Study Chemistiy
1.2Thc Scicntific Mcthnd
Impoitant Teims
, - a ccnctsc vcrbal cr mathcmattcal statcmcnt cf a
rclattcnshtp bctwccn phcncmcna that ts always thc samc undcr thc
undcr thc samc ccndtttcns.
Theory a untfytgn prtnctplc that cxplatns a bcdy cf facts
facts and/cr thcsc laws that arc bscd cn thcm.
1.3Thc Classificatinn nf Mattcr
Substances & Mixtuies
Elements and Compounds
ements a substancc that cannct bc scparatcd tntc stmplcr
stmplcr substanccs by chcmtcal mcans
ompound a substancc ccmpcscd cf twc cr mcrc clcmcnts
clcmcnts chcmtcally unttcd tn ftxcd prcpcrttcns
1.4Physical and Chcmical Prnpcrtics nf Mattcr
1. Mcasurcmcnt
SI Units
Mass & ctght
egnth metei (m)
Mass Kilogiam (kg)
Time second (s)
Electiical cuiient ampeie (A)
Tempeiatuie Kelvin (K)
Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
uminous Intensity Candela (cd)
Chaige of Election Coulomb (C)
Atomic (& Moleculai) Dimensions picometei (pm)
Frcftxcs uscd wtth SI Untts
Tetia (T) = 1O`12
Ciga (C) = 1O`9
Mega (M) = 1O`6
Kilo (k) = 1O`3
Deci (d)=1O`-1
Centi (c) = 1O`-2
Milli (m) = 1O`-3
Micio (u) = 1O`-9
Pico (p) = 1O`-12
Vclumc
Cubcd units
Dcnstty
D m/V
Intensive piopeity does not depend on quantity of
mass piesent
SI Ioi DENSITY: Kilogiam (kg) / Cubic Metei
(m3)
Or g/cm3
Or g/mL
Tcmpcraturc
C (F-32F) x (100C/180F)
F (180F/100C) x (C) + 32F
K (C+273.1C)(1K/1C)
1.6 Handling Numbcrs
Scicntific Nntatinn Pnwcrs nf Tcn
10n
N(-) if dccimal is mnvcd tn thc right
N(+) if thc dccimal is mnvcd tn thc lcft
$hortcuts For Poers of 10
Additinn and Subtractinn mcvc dcctmal & makc
pcwcrs thc samc
Fcwcrs cf 10 must bc thc samc tc add & Subtract
Subtract
Mcvc ycur dcctmal tc makc surc 10n ts thc samc
samc fcr bcth
Multiplicatinn: Add 10 Pnwcrs
ADD Fcwcrs cf 10
(104) x (102) = (104+2)
Divisinn: Subtract 10 Pnwcrs
SUBTRACT
(107) / (10-5) = (107-(-5)) = 1012
(104) / (109) = (104-9) = (10-5)
Cuidclincs fnr Using Sig Figs
Any ncn-zcrc ts stgntftgant
84 3 sf
Zcrcs bctwccn ncn-zcrcs arc stgntftcant
606 3 sf
Zcrcs tc thc Lcft cf thc ftrst ncn-zcrc dtgtt arc NOT stgntftcant
stgntftcant
0.008 1 sf
If a numbcr ts grcatcr than 1, ALL ZEROS tc thc RIGHT cf thc
cf thc dcct arc stgntftcant
2.0 2 sf
Ecr numbcrs wtthcut dcctmal pctnts, TRAILING ZEROS may cr
may cr may nct bc stgntftcant sc wc RERITE fcr clartty
400 ! sf
x 10 ^2 = 2 sf
0 x 10^2 = 2 sf
Significant Figurcs in Calculatinns
nddItIon ,nd $ubtr,ctIon TAKE LOEST = DECIMALS
DECIMALS answcrs cannct havc mcrc dtgtts tc thc rtght cf thc
cf thc dcctmal pctnt than ctthcr cf thc crtgtcnal numbcrs
89.332 + 1.1 90.432
1 decIm, p,ce Is sIgnIfIc,nt
90 = 1 $ Dn Pn
2.097 0.12 1.977
2 decIm, p,ces ,re sIgnIfIc,nt
198 = 2 $ Dn Pn$
utIpIc,tIon ,nd DIvIsIon TAKE LOEST = SIG EIGS
EIGS Thc numbcr cf stgntftcant ftgurcs tn thc ftnal prcduct cr
cr quctcnt ts dctcrmtncd by thc crtgtcnal numbcr that has thc
thc SMALLEST numbcr cf stg ftgs.
2.8 + 4.093 12.61092
2 sIg fIgs
Round to 13
6.8 / 112.04 0.0611388798
3 sIg fIgs
Round to 00611
x,ct Numbers INEINATE = SIG EIGS
ltkc 1 ft = 12 tn cr by ccunttng numbcrs cf cbfccts, can bc
ccnstdcrcd tc havc an tnftnatc numbcr cf stgntftcant stgurcs
h,In ,cu,tIons TRACK SIG EIGS & ROUND END
END
TRACK SIC IICS at each step
ROUND at END
Accurary and Prccisinn
nccur,cy DISTANCE bctwccn AVERAGE and ACTUAL
ACTUAL
how close a measuiement is to the tiue value of the
quantity that was measuied
PrecIsIon STANDARD DEVIATION (lcw stdv=htgh prcc.)
prcc.)
how closely two oi moie measuiements of the same
quantity agiee with eachothei
1.7 Dimcnsinnal Analysis in Snlving Prnblcms
Not iecommended by piofessoi Baian, but way easiei than his ciap