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LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the process of gaseous exchange across:h: sl:-,::: of the alveolus and blood capillaries in the lungs Explain the transport of respiratory gases Explain the process of gaseous exchange between the Dio,JC c'.1 body cells Distinguish the conrposrtion of inhaled and exhaleci air
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biooc cacrlla;y has Blood entering the blood capillary has a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and a lower partial pressure of
oxygen.
a higher cartral
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cxyge:r anC a lciver cania pressuie of carbon
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summarises the differences between the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air of the alveoli and in the blood capiilaries.
Effects
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frnm ihe hinn,i n:niiiarroc into tne ai'.,eoli summarises the differences between the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the tissue capillaries and body cells. Partial pressure
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Orygen is then ccnb;nes',v;'th a oigment called haemoqlobin which is contained in the red blood cells
A haemoglobin mclecuie ccnsists of four units, each with a heme group that has a
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b) Transport of carbon
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carbon dioxide released by body cells can be transported in ihi-ee ways: a) as dissolve carbon dioxide in the blood plasma ( 7%)
b) combines
By usino the informalicn below. complete a graphic diagram to make it easier to understand.
Blood plasru Red Blood cells
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Body cells release CO2 and diffuses into blood plasma then combines with the red blood cells. Carbon dioxide reacts wiilr water to form carbonic acid ( HzCO:) Red blood cells contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to catalyse this reaction. The cafuenic aciC then disscciates into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion. Most of the bicarbonate ions diffuse into the blood plasnna and are carried in the bloocjp]me-lg rhe From the blood caoitlaries to the
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Blood capillaries
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The bicarbcnate icns Ci,{use frs.q-. ihe blood plas;-na in'.o ine r.ed blooo cells and form carbcnic acid again Carbonic aid 5:eaks dowr1 i: carbon dioxrde anc water Carbon dioi.ice .:ffuses froi.:r ile blood capillaries intc the aiveoii tnus expelled during exnaiaiion
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The excltancte of respiratory qases betwecn ttre blood and bodv cells.
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1. ln the tissue
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capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is hiqher than the
partial pressure of oxygen in the cells. Oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxvqen, which then diffuses through the capillary walls irito the cells. Cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide thus, the partial pressure of carbon
dioxide is hiqher in the cells than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissue
capillaries.
4.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells into the tissue capillaries
Content
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
.ty'ater vapour
lnhaled air
21.09
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Exhaled air
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4.1 79.0
saturated
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rei"nperature
Room temperature
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7.4 The Regulation Mechanism in Respiration LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the ctiange rn the rate of respiration after con'rpierltg vrgcr.cus exercise Correlate the rate of respiration with the oxygen and carbon droxrde contents in the body Explain the regulatory ntechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide contenls in the body Explain the hunrarr respiratory response and rate of respiration ir.r different situations Correlate the rate of respiration with the rate of heaftbear
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Corelation the rate of respiration with the oxygen and carbon dioxide contents in the body.
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During viqorous exercise, the muscle require more oxvqen and qlucose to release
ln order to supply more oxygen, the rate and depth of breathing increases. This means the breathinq rate increases.
4. At the same time, the heartbeat rate increases to pump more blood into circulation.
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This is to enable more oxygen and glucose to be suppried for ceilurar respiration and
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6. The ventilation rate also increases. 7. Rate of ventilation is the rate of gaseous exchanqe
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The regulatory mechanism
in the body
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The fesfirralory .centre td lccated in the nrecjLti ;_...irii-)ncala The centrS]lllenlq-Lgegple-i is a scecific ce ii
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Increased concenlration of
carbon dioxide ( During vigorous exercise
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carbon dioxide
Breathing rate'and
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RESPIRATORY CENTRE
Central chemoreceptors The regulatory mechanism of oxygen content in the body Decreased concentration of
oxygen ( at very high altitude
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RESPTRATORY
CENTRE
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Tne periphefal chemoreceptors called the aortic bodies and carorid bodics are iocaied in the lvalls of the aofla arch and caiotid a(eries in the neck
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The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body
According to the numbers given in the diagram above state what happened when there are , a change in oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of the body .
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EXPLANATION
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The human respiratory response and rate of respiration irr different situations.
The breathing rate RELAXING The heartbeat rate minute.
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Activities
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exercise, playing badminton , can give the breathing rate increases to about 30 breaths per minute, while the heartbeat increases to 120 beats per minute
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IN FEAR
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The breathing and the heartbeatlaGslncrease The higher respiration rate is needed to generate
more enerqv to the person to cope better in fear. The adrenal glands secrele lhe adrenaline
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AT HIGH ALTITUDES
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LEARNiNG OUTCOMES
Care and maintain efficient functroning of the respirato:.), oigers
The air we inhale contains dirt, dust. soot,various irritanis 3lrii n3imi,.;i pollutants.
A smoker inhales smoke which contains gases like carbon monoxide tar
nicotine.
and
Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 chemicals which include tar. nicotine, carbon
monoxide, acetone, benzene and formaldehyde
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@Dibenzacridine
Naphtala rnine
Arsenic
Ammonia Cadmium
Acetone
Methanol
Carbon monoxide
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Naphtalene
DDT
Vinyl Chloride
Tolvyne Hydrogen cyanide
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Formaldehide
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with haemoqlobin 6::; isr;.r carboxv haemoqlobin lt reduces tte supolT ci oxygen tc i:r3 cells.
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE ' Can dissolve rn mucus tc for'::r an acidic medium rvhich
erodes iung tissue.
cancer cell in trachea and lung. Constrict the blood vessels and
make the heart to pump harder and will increase the blood pressure.
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5.
6.
Two of the most common types of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) are
Emphvsema and Chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is a desease in rvhich the walls between the air sacs in the lungs are
damaqed.
7.
Chronic bronchitis is the lmflammation of the bronchi that can caused overproduction of fluid and lead to frequent couqhinq.
Eat a healthv diet
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Avoid ciqarette
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A'.'o!C smoky and dusty environment
plenty of water
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Respiration in Plants
LEARNING OUTCOMES Describe the energy requirement in plants Explain the intake of oxygen for respiration Explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration in plants Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration Relate light intensify with compensation point Predict the situation when the rate of photosynthesis and respiration remain at compensation point
1
2-
Plant derive their energy from cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, plant cells take in oxvqen and produce carbon dioxide
3.
Photosynthesis only occur in the presence of light. ln darkness, plants carry out respiration. Plants need energy continuously to sustain their living process.
diffusion through
lenticel
2. The stomata of most plants open when there is liqht and they close in the dark. 3 Lenticels are raised pores found on lhe stems and roots.
diffusion of qases
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Labelthe diagram below artd r)ark the pathway of oxygen and carDOn droxroe excnange
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Oxygen from the atmosphere diffuses to the air spaces and then into the mesophvll
cells. During aerobic respira{ion, oxygen concentration in the cells rs lower than the concentration of oxygen in the air spaces, thus allows it to diffuse from :he air spaces
into the cells.
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Aerobrc reslriaiion rs JSti:ilv c3l.i.reJ 3iit:t,piants throughoul fhe day and night Unoe, can:ir cl.ci,lrcr.s s:a,r 3s:_::iJ flcocinq, pian,l can alsc carny out anaerobic respiration for short periods Anaerobrc respiraiion also occu:s c,:,i.1
ire
1 2
Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from respiration and produces oxvqen needed
for respiration
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GLLCOSI:
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IOI'OS\'\THESIS
RESPIRATION
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Releases of CO:
inc rc'a sc- s
Net sugar loss ( rate of sugar used in respiration , rate of sugar produce during photosynthesis)
high
llighl rntensity
'
llight intensity
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Rate of photosvnthesis is higher than the rate of respiration Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere Oxvqen is released into the atmosphere The rate of suqar production is higher than the rate of sugar consumption Excess sugar can be used for qroMh and other living
DTOCCSSES
Compensation point
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RESPIRATION
Takes place
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When it occurs
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Light energy
Exchange of energy
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chemical energy
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