Capacitance: The ability of a capacitor to store energy in an electric field.

It is also the measure of the electric potential Stored/separated for potential. . C= Capacitance, q= charge, V= voltage. Measured in Farads A capacitor is any 2 conductors that are separated by an insulator. Like parallel plate capacitors 2 flat conductors that are parallel to one another and separated by a dielectric. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field Capacitance will increase where the separation between the conductors is smaller Work must be done to move the charge establishes the electric field = this is where energy is stored Dielectric: an electric insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field (have increased polarizability). The electric field will cause a slight shift from the average equilibrium dielectric depolarization creates an internal electric field decreases the overall field within the dielectric The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field will increase the capacitors surface charge. The dielectric constant = r= . Permittivity: The extends to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. The ratio of capacitance (using a dielectric) compared to a similar (vacuum = dielectric) Dielectric breakdown: Breakdown voltage: Max electronic field [Emax]= Mastering physics: Energy storing in an air filled capacitor d= plate separation 0= 8.85*10-12 V= Constant Voltage A= area , [Vmax]= Emax * Distance

**A new distance value should be multiplied across the top 3 With a dielectric middle

K= the dielectric constant Different surface areas If the area is doubled then the distance should be doubled 24.4 When there is air between the plates Current: the flow of electric charge through a medium. Carried by moving e -, units are Ampere, and its symbol is I. Resistivity: How strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. Low resistivity allows movement of electric charge. Units = Ohm meter [m]. Electric power = the rate @ which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical circuit. Unit = Watt Energy and Power use in circuits 25.9 = resistivity L= length A= Area I= amps V= volts P= power

25.7

Current in a series circuit Current will travel through each component the same. The voltage across ALL components = the sum of the voltages across each component Current in a parallel circuit The voltage across each component = the same. The total current = the sum of the components currents Resistance in a series circuit Resistance = the sum of individual resistances. Conductance = the reciprocal Capacitors in a series circuit C=q/V Resistance in a parallel circuit The resistance in each is found by Ohms law. Capacitors in a parallel circuit The total capacitance = the sum of individual capacitances. Ctotal = C1 + C2 + + Cn Kirchoffs laws: Conservation of charge & energy in circuits Kirchoffs current law: the junction rule The principle of the conservation of charge. At any node in an electrical circuit the total of the current coming in equals the total of the currents going out the sum of the currents @ a meeting point = 0 Kirchoffs Voltage Law: The loop rule The principle of the conservation of energy. The sum of the electrical potential differences in any 0. The sum of EMFs in a closed loop = the sum of the potential drops in the loop. The sum of the resistance of the conductors and their current in a closed loop = the total EMF available in the loop Charging and Discharging an RC circuit: After the switch is closed the voltage clockwise. The top plate becomes + work is W=2C VD = VA+VC = VA+VB Kirchoffs rule and applying it Junction= the conservation of current. All current should = 0 when traced around the loop Loop = the conservation of energy. It should = 0 when traced around the loop (V) = 0 = (I1R1-I2R2) can include source voltage Last Exam: A conductor @ electrostatic equilibrium has: an inside electric field = 0, The electric field at the surface is perpendicular to the surface, The charges will uniformly distribute on the surface of the conductor, the greatest concentrations of charge on the surface are in regions of high curvature. A proton moving through an electric field will have acceleration in the direction of the parallel field. This is because they move parallel to one another. across the capacitor = 0, the voltage across the resistor = , and the current flows charged. Current in a steady state = 0, capacitor charge is q=C, and steady state closed circuit = products of

When rubbing 2 insulators together, the one that gets the positive charge has had electrons removed. This is because electrons are located in the valence shells of an atom are easier to remove than the protons that are located in the nucleus of the atom. Two equal point charges are separated by a distance d. When the separation is reduced to d/4, what happens to the force between the charges It increases by a factor of 16. Since the distance is squared the factor of the reduction will be squared. 256/16 = 16 4 point charges are located on the corners of a square 1.0 m X 1.0 m. On each of the two diagonally opposite corners are 1.0 C charges. On each of the other corners there are -1.0 C charges. What is the direction of force on each charge Positive and negative charges are both towards the center of the square the forces will cancel each other out In a diagram of electric field lines, what is represented by lines that are drawn closer together a stronger field . The further away you get the weaker the field. If you adjust the distance between two particles that have an electric force of 2.3*1039, can you find a separation at which the electric and gravitational fields are equal No you cannot. The electric field would decrease with the distance needed to equal the force of gravity. Two uniformly charged spheres are fastened to and electrically insulated from frictionless pucks on an air-table. The charge on sphere 2 is 3x greater than the charge on sphere 1 the forces from each sphere will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction A cylindrical piece of insulating material is placed in an external electric field. The net electric flux passing through a surface of the cylinder is 0. This is because there will be an e- shift with the e- in the insulator causing it to polarize thus giving it a 0 flux If the electric potential at a certain point is 0, does that mean that the electric field at that point is zero No, because it depends on the frame of reference. You could have a point with 0 charge within a field. 162 = 256 & 42 = 16

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Current flow along an axon L = 1 cm, r = 5m, d = 8 nm, axoplasm = 2.0 [m], membrane = 2.5*107 [m] Find Raxon

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