Are There Certain Factors that Determine Our Decisions?

Abstract This experiment was conducted to help justify if there is a difference between males and females. Do men make more money than women do? Or if our gender plays a role in our political views and choices. Also, to see if ethnicity determined what type of person we are and the choices we make. Is one ethnicity more successful than another? The many different questions were tested by using Kruskal Wallace, Chi Square Test of Independence, Odds Ratio, Wilcoxon Rank Sum, and Pearsons Correlation. In the testing we did not find evidence to prove our gender is associated with our success. We did find that there is a relationship with our ethnicity and our life decisions. Introduction Many people believe our choices we make tend to differ depending on our gender, education level, whether we are left handed or right handed, or what our political views are. It can be from decisions made about our favorite color to what our career goals are in life. Also, does our gender say anything about our body features? I analyze genders for living and have studied ethnicities. I have taken a survey about many different subjects in life to see if our gender does play a role in the decisions we make and if it defines our body parts as well as our ethnicity. I believe there is a relationship between our height, weight, ring size and shoe size. I also believe there is a difference in annual income when it comes to what gender we are. Our preference in political parties does affect our view of the President and what he addresses. I do not believe gender plays a role in education level. I do feel there is a relationship between education level and what our ethnicity is. I do not believe the education level did not affect the decision to change political party. The survey taken will help me better understand the male and female gender and if any of the above beliefs are in fact true or false. Methods Procedure I used a simple random sample for this study. The total population was 2628 people surveyed (N=2628). I used TC-Stats, a data analysis program for the iPad, to generate a simple random sample of 60 (n=60). I used Microsoft Excel to clean up the sample and correct any mistakes that were made to get a more accurate report. Measures This study was conducting using a survey with 23 questions. Once the survey was taken, it was all inputted into a database (http://tinyurl.com/2v3tkur). From the main data, the random sample was taken.

Participants I have a sample of 60 participants made up of males and females. There are a total of 26 males and 34 females. The average age is 32.183 years old and the median is 27 years old. The average height is 65.217 inches and the median is 66 inches. I did take out a females height since it was inputted as a date. The average weight is 161.483 pounds and the median is 151 pounds. The average ring size is 7.050 and the median is 6.750. The average shoe size is 8.825 and the median is 9.

Figure 1: Box and Whisker Plot for Height, Weight, Ring Size and Shoe Size. The average hours worked for each person was 31.658 hours per week and the median was 40 hours per week. One female was not included when it came to hours worked per week. The data entered was 100 hours per week but the annual income was only $39,000. So to me the data inputted did not make sense. . The average annual gross income was $38,912.58 and the median was $25,000.00. The males average annual income was $22,423 and the median was $17,500.00.

Table 1: Summary Statistics for Males Annual Income. The females average annual income was $50,198.68 and the mean was $27,500.00.

Table 2: Summary Statistics for Females Annual Income. 13 people are students and 47 people were not. 10 people had an Associates Degree. 14 people had a Bachelors Degree. 3 people had a Masters Degree and 1 person had a PhD. 28 people were High School graduates and 2 people had no type of diploma or degree at all. 3 people have black eyes, 14 have blue eyes, 33 have brown eyes, 7 have hazel, and 2 said to have a color not listed. The natural hair color of

16 people is black, 6 have blond, 29 have brown hair, 3 are naturally brunettes, 2 people with grey hair, and 2 naturally red headed. 23 people do not favor the death penalty, 1 person is undecided and 36 people do favor the death penalty.

Figure 2(left): 19 Democrats are not in favor of the Death Penalty. Figure 3(right): 4 Independents are not in favor of the Death Penalty.

Figure 4(left): 7 Others favor the Death Penalty

Figure 5(right): 19 Republicans favor the Death Penalty

Figure 6(left): 1 Independent is undecided about the Death Penalty. Figure 7(right): 10 Independents favor the Death Penalty. The Democratic Party has 19 people, 15 people say they are Independent, 19 are Republican and 7 say they are other than the listed parties. 18 people do not believe Obama will be re-elected, 24 people are undecided and 18 people do believe he will be re-elected.

Figure 8(left) 1 Democrat is undecided about their opinion on the re-election of Obama. Figure 9(right) 18 Democrats do not believe Obama will be re-elected.

Figure 10(left) 1 Republican is undecided on the Obama re-election. Figure 11(right) 18 Republicans believe Obama will be re-elected.

Figure 12(left) 15 Independents are undecided on the Obama re-election. Figure 13(right) 7 others are undecided on the Obama re-election.

17 people are not registered to vote and 43 are registered voters. 49 people do not know someone personally that is infected with the HIV virus and 11 people do personally know someone with HIV. When it comes to the health care bill, 20 are not in favor, 22 people are undecided and 18 people are in favor.

Figure 14(left): 19 Democrats are not in favor of the Health Care Bill. Figure 15(right): 1 Independent is not in favor of the Health Care Bill

Figure 16(left): 14 Independents are undecided about the Health Care Bill. Figure 17(right): 7 others are undecided about the Health Care Bill

Figure 18(left): 1 Republican is undecided about the Health Care Bill. Figure 19(right): 18 Republicans are in favor of the Health Care Bill. 2 people are ambidextrous, 4 people are left handed and 44 people are right handed.

Figure 20(left):2 Ambidextrous people are not in favor of the Death Penalty. Figure 21(right): 4 Left Handed people are not in favor of the Death Penalty.

Figure 22: 17 Right Handed people are not in favor of the Death Penalty.

Figure 23(left): 1 Right Handed person is undecided about the Death Penalty. Figure 24(right): 36 Right Handed people are in favor of the Death penalty.

The average ounces of water consumed is 63.750 and the median is 52 ounces. There are 4 left handed people in my sample size of 60. The average amount of water consumed by left handed people in two days was 81.5 ounces. The median is 87 ounces. The minimum amount was 24 ounces and the maximum amount was 128 ounces. In the box and whisker plot below you can see the minimum amount and the 1st quarter are both 24 ounces.

Figure 24: Box and Whisker Plot Amount of water in ounces consumed by left handed people. There are 54 right handed people in my sample size of 60. The average amount of water consumed by right handed people in two days was 63.759 ounces. The median is 52 ounces. The minimum amount was 0 ounces and the maximum amount was 192 ounces.

Figure 25: Box and Whisker Plot of water consumed by right handed people. There are 2 ambidextrous people from my sample size of 60. The average amount of water consumed for two days is 28 ounces. The median is 28 ounces. The minimum amount was 16 ounces and the maximum amount was 40 ounces.

Figure 26: Box and Whisker plot of water consumed by ambidextrous people. There are 6 African Americans, 19 Hispanics, 9 others, and 26 whites. 12 people changed their political party and 48 people did not change their political view. There are 34 people not in favor for Proposition 8 and 26 people who do favor proposition 8.

Results Using Pearsons correlation with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a positive association between height and weight. I am 95% confident that the true correlation coefficient is between 0.4792 and 0.7783. Using Pearsons correlation with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a positive association between shoe size and ring size. I am 95% confident that the true correlation coefficient is between 0.6379 and 0.8852. Using Wilcoxon Rank Sum with an alpha level of 0.05, we did not find statistical evidence (pvalue=0.1509) to suggest a difference in gross income based on gender. I am 95% confident that the true median is between $6000.00 and $33,000.00 for the annual income of females. I am 95% confident that the true median is between $12,000 and $55,000.00 for the annual income of males. Using the Chi Squared Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a relationship between political party affiliation and if the respondent feels President Obama will be re-elected. Using the Chi Squared Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a relationship between political party affiliation and in favor of the health care bill as passed. Using the Chi Squared Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a relationship between political party affiliation and in favor of the death penalty. Using the Chi Squared Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0298) that there is a relationship between handedness and in favor of the death penalty. Using Kruskal Wallace with an alpha level of 0.05, we did not find statistical evidence (p-value=0.3296) that there is a relationship between handedness and the amount of water consumed. I am 90% confident that the true mean is between 26.3631 ounces and 136.6369 ounces for water consumed in two days by left handed people. I am 95% confident that the true median is between 36.0000 ounces and 64.0000 ounces of water consumed in two days by right handed people. I am 95% confident that the true median is between 53.0000 ounces and 67.0000 ounces of water consumed in two days by ambidextrous people. Using the Chi Square Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a relationship between education level and the decision to change political party affiliation. Using the Odds Ratio with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (0.0074) that there is a relationship between gender and feelings about Proposition 8. For every 3.84 men who are in favor of

Prop 8, 1 woman is in favor also. I am 95% confident that the true odds ratio is between 1.3028 and 11.3183. This is statistically significant since 1 is not included in the interval. Using the Chi Square Test of Independence with an alpha level of 0.05, we did find statistical evidence (p-value=0.0000) that there is a relationship between ethnicity and education level. Discussion Based on this study, we have learned that gender could play a role in how much money a person makes and could be associated with our feelings about our political decisions. We also learned ethnicity could be associated with our success. Although there was enough evidence to suggest a relationship between height and weight, the normality of the residuals was violated so regression was not a good idea. There was also enough evidence to suggest a relationship between shoe size and ring size, but the scatter plot of the shoe size and residuals showed a pattern and did not prove independence, so regression was not a good idea. There was enough evidence to suggest political party and Obama re-election feelings are associated, but the assumptions were not satisfied. Due to 41.67% of the expected values being less than 5, the results may not be valid. There was enough evidence to suggest political party and in favor of the health care bill as passed are dependent, but the results may not be valid. 33.33% of the expected values are less than 5. The assumptions for this testing are not satisfied. The results for political party and in favor of death penalty may not be valid due to the assumption of 33% of the expected values are less than 5. The assumptions for this testing were not satisfied. There was enough evidence to suggest handedness and in favor of the death penalty are dependent but the assumptions were not satisfies. The results may not be valid since 4 of the expected values are less than 1. Due to 8 of the expected values being less than 1, the results for education level and the decision to change political party may not be valid. The assumptions for this testing were not satisfied. The results for gender and feelings about Prop 8 were not compromised and clearly suggest men were more in favor of Prop 8 than women were. There was enough evidence to suggest ethnicity level and education level are dependent, but the results may not be valid due to 7 of the expected values are less than 1. The assumptions for this testing were not satisfied. There were some limitations when it came to the hypothesis testing. Even though I had a sample of 60, some of the variables were limited. Not many people are ambidextrous. I had more right handed people than left handed. I believe this played a huge factor when it came to satisfying all the assumptions for the Test of Independence. The study was able to prove some theories such as ethnicity

plays a role on a persons success. It was not able to prove men make more money than women. In the future, a much larger sample would be needed in order to have more accurate results, especially using the Chi Square Test of Independence. Appendix Survey

Survey Questions asked to complete study (above)

Confidence Interval for Females Annual Income Confidence intervals for the median with a confidence level of 95%. The standard deviation for the population is unknown. By looking at the normal plot below, we can tell the data is not normal at all with clearly visible gross violations.

The confidence intervals are based on the sign test. Using TC-Stats, a data analysis program for the iPad, the confidence intervals at 95% are (6000.0000, 33000.0000). Confidence Interval for Males and their Annual Incomes Confidence intervals for the median at a 95% confidence level The standard deviation for the population is unknown. By looking at the normal plot below, we can clearly see many gross violations, which would make the data not normal

The confidence intervals are based on the sign test. Using TC-Stats, the confidence intervals with a 95% confidence level are (12000.00, 55000.00). Confidence Intervals for Left Handed People and the Amount of Water Consumed The confidence interval for the true mean with a 90% confidence level

The standard deviation for the population is unknown Looking at the normal plot below, the data looks pretty reasonable. There is not a lot of data to look at but they are all close to the reference level and they are pretty evenly spread out.

The confidence intervals are based on the t-test The confidence intervals, using TC-Stats, with a 90% confidence level are (26.3631, 136.6369) Confidence Intervals of Right Handed People and the Amount of Water Consumed The confidence intervals of the true median with a 95% confidence level The standard deviation for the population is unknown By looking at the normal plot below, clearly there are many gross violations and the data is not normal.

The confidence intervals are based on the sign test The confidence intervals, using TC-Stats and with a 95% confidence level, are (36.0000, 64.0000) The Confidence Intervals for Ambidextrous people and the Amount of Water Consumed The confidence intervals for the true median with a 95% confidence level

The standard deviation for the population is unknown By looking at the normal plot below, we can clearly see there is a big gap between the data and there is not much data reported. Considering the big gap and lack of much data, I see the data as being not normal

The confidence intervals are based on the sign test The confidence intervals, using TC-Stats and a 95% confidence level, are (53.0000, 67.0000) Is there relationship between an appropriate combination of a persons height, weight, ring or shoe size?

This scatter plot above represents height to weight. X-axis is the height and Y-axis is the weight. The scatter plot clearly shows a positive linear trend, so I will be using Pearsons correlation. Ho: =0 Ha: >0 =0.05 r=0.5765 p-value=6.903E-07/2 = 0.0000 Decision: reject Ho

Confidence Interval at 95% (0.3779, 0.7244)

Assumptions: ~N(0, ) There are obvious violations in the normal plot.

Since the normal plot of the residuals is not normal the assumptions are not satisfied and regression is not a good idea.

The scatter plot above represents shoe to ring size. X-axis is shoe size and Y-axis is ring size. It clearly shows a positive linear trend, so I will be using Pearsons Correlation. Ho: =0 Ha: >0 r=0.7920 p-value= 4.764E-10/2= 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Confidence Interval at 95% (0.6379, 0.8852) Assumptions: ~N(0,) This normal plot on the residuals is reasonably normal.

The scatter plot below of the shoe size and residuals clearly shows a pattern and is not independent. Due to the pattern the assumptions are not satisfied and regression is not a good idea.

Is there a difference in gross income based on gender? Ho: males=females Using Wilcoxon Rank Sum Ha: males>females Assumptions: Xfemales~N = 0.05 Xmales~N

Normality is clearly violated in this normal plot for the female income p-value= 0.1509 therefore the decision is FTR. Is there a relationship between political party affiliation and if the respondent feels President Obama will be re-elected? Yes 0 18 0 0 No 0 0 0 18 Undecided 7 1 15 1

Other Republican Independent Democrat

Ho: Political party affiliation and feelings about Obama re-election are Independent. Ha: Political party affiliation and feelings about Obama re-election are dependent. = 0.05 p-value= 3.386E-21 = approximately 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Expected Values 2.1 5.7 4.5 5.7 2.1 5.7 4.5 5.7 2.8 7.6 6.0 7.6

Assumptions: Count Data, survey, all expected values are > 1, 41.67% < 5 The assumptions are not satisfied due to more than 20% of the expected values are less than 5. The results may not be valid.

Is there a relationship between political party affiliation and if the respondent is in favor of the health care bill as passed? Yes 0 18 0 0 No 0 0 1 19 Undecided 7 1 14 0

Other Republican Independent Democrat

Ho: Political party affiliation and in favor of health care bill as passed are independent Ha: Political party affiliation and in favor of health care bill as passed are dependent = 0.05 Expected Values 2.1 5.7 4.5 5.7 2.3333 2.5667 6.3333 6.9667 5 5.5 6.3333 6.9667 p-value= 3.443E-21 = approx. 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Assumptions: count data, all expected values >1, 33.33% of the expected values are <5 The assumptions are not satisfied due to more than 20% of the expected values are less than 5. The results may not be valid.

Is there a relationship between political party affiliation and in favor of the death penalty? Yes 7 19 10 0 No 0 0 4 29 Undecided 0 0 1 0

Other Republican Independent Democrat

Ho: Political party affiliation and in favor of the death penalty are independent Ha: Political party affiliation and in favor of the death penalty are dependent = 0.05 p-value= 3.26E-09 = approx. 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Expected Values 4.2 11.4 9 11.4 2.6833 0.1167 7.2833 0.3167 5.75 0.25 7.2833 0.3167

Assumptions: count data, survey, 4 out of 12 expected values are < 1 The assumptions are not satisfied due to 4 of the expected values are less than 1. The results may not be valid. Is there a relationship between handedness and in favor of the death penalty? Yes 0 36 0 No 4 17 2 Undecided 0 1 0

Left Right Ambidextrous

Ho: Handedness and in favor of the death penalty are independent Ha: Handedness and in favor of the death penalty are dependent = 0.05 p-value= 0.0298 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Expected Values

2.4 32.4 1.2

1.533 20.7

0.0667 0.9000

0.7667 0.0333

Assumptions: count data, 4 out of 9 expected values are <1 The assumptions are not satisfied due to 4 of the expected values are less than 1. The results may not be valid. Is there is a relationship between handedness and the amount of water consumed? Ho: (left)=(right)=(ambidextrous) Ha: At least one =0.05 Xleft~N Xright~N Xambi~N

Assumptions: all reasonably independent

The normal plot for right handedness has major violations and we will have to use Kruskal Wallace for the hypothesis testing. Ho: L=r=a Ha: At least one =0.05 p-value=0.3296 therefore the decision is FTR

Did education level have an effect on the decision to change political party affiliation? PhD 1 0 0 0 Masters 3 0 0 0 Bachelors 13 0 1 1 Associates 0 5 5 0 High School 29 0 0 0 None 2 0 0 0

N/A Democrat to Tea Party Republican to Tea Party Other than to Tea Party

Ho: Education level and change in political party are independent Ha: Education level and change in political party are dependent =0.05 p-value= 6.749E-07 = approx. 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Expected Values .8 .0833 .1 .0167 2.4 .25 .3 .05 12 1.25 1.5 .25

Assumptions: count data, 8 out of 12 of the expected values are <1 The assumptions are not satisfied due to 8 of the expected values are less than 1. The results may not be valid. Is there a relationship between gender and feelings about Prop 8? Yes 16 10 No 10 24

Male Female

Odds(male)= 16/10

Odds(female)= 10/24

= odds ratio of males in favor of Prop 8 to females in favor of Prop 8 Ho: =1 = 0.05 Ha: >1 = 16/10*10/24

p-value= 0.0074 therefore the decision is the reject Ho

Sample odds ratio: 3.84:1 Confidence Interval at 95% (1.3028, 11.3183) Is there a relationship between ethnicity and education level? PhD 1 0 0 0 Masters 3 0 0 0 Bachelors 0 15 0 0 Associates 0 4 6 0 High School 20 0 0 9 None 0 0 0 0

White Hispanic Black Other

Ho: Ethnicity and education level are independent

Ha: Ethnicity and education level are dependent = 0.05 p-value= 3.077E-13= approx. 0.0000 therefore the decision is to reject Ho

Expected Values 0.4333 0.3167 .1 .15 1.3 .95 .3 .45 6.5 4.75 1.5 2.25

Assumptions: count data, 7 out of 12 expected values are <1 The assumptions are not satisfied due to 7 of the expected values are less than 1. The results may not be valid.