This is a review of the photosynthesis information we did not get to at the review session today This is not a complete

list of information that could be on the exam about photosynthesis. I would still suggest reading the chapter (pages 108-112) Photosynthesis

There are two photosystems that are involved in energy capture from the sun. They are photosystem I and photosystem II. Photosystem II comes first. During the light dependent reactions the chlorophyll will capture energy from sunlight. Water molecules will be broken down into hydrogen, electrons, and oxygen gas. The oxygen is given off as a waste product and is what we breathe. There are NO sugars made in the light dependent part of photosynthesis. The main function of the light-dependent reactions is to capture energy and then transfer it. The energy will be transferred from sunlight to electrons. The electrons will then be used to make molecules that act as energy carriers. The energy carriers are ATP and NADPH. These ATP and NADPH will be used in alter steps in photosynthesis The light dependent steps occur in the thylakoid membrane Light Dependent steps o Energy is absorbed from sunlight: the light is transferred from sunlight to electrons. The electrons then leave chlorophyll and enter the electron transport chain (ETC). The water molecules will then be split. Enzymes will break down water molecules into oxygen gas, hydrogen, and electrons. The hydrogen ions are transported. Electrons will move from protein to protein in the ETC. The energy from the electrons will be used to pump hydrogen from the outside to the inside of the thylakoid membrane against a concentration gradient. The hydrogen ions will build up inside the thylakoid. The electrons will move to photosystem I. Energy is absorbed from sunlight: Just like in photosystem II, chlorophyll and other light absorbing molecules inside the thylakoid membrane in photosystem I will absorb energy from sunlight. The electrons are energized and leave the molecules. NADPH is produced: The energized electrons are added to NADP+ to make NADPH. NADPH will act just like ATP. The NADPH made will go into the light-independent reactions

Hydrogen ion diffusion: Hydrogen ions will flow through a protein channel in the thylakoid membrane. The concentration of hydrogen ions is higher inside the thylakoid than on the outside. The hydrogen ions will flow through the channel by diffusion. ATP produced: The protein channels are part of ATP synthase. As the ions flow through the channel ATP will be made.

The second part of photosynthesis will use the energy made in the first part The light independent reactions take place inside the chloroplast stroma and do NOT need sunlight. The energy sources for the light independent reactions are the ATP and NADPH made in the first step. The second step of photosynthesis is called the Calvin Cycle. The Calvin cycle will use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the energy in ATP and NADPH to make sugars. Light independent Steps: o Carbon dioxide is added: CO2 molecules are going to be added to a five carbon molecule to form a six carbon molecule. Three carbon molecules are formed. ATP and NADPH is then used from the light dependent reactions is used by enzymes to split the six carbon molecule into three carbon molecules. Three carbon molecules exit: Most of the three carbon molecules stay in the Calvin cycle, but one high-energy three carbon molecule leaves the cycle. After two three carbon molecules are left the cycle they are bonded together to form a sugar molecule, like glucose. Three carbon molecule recycled: Energy from ATP is used to change a three carbon molecule back into a 5 carbon molecule (like what was in the first step) and the process continues.

Table from review packet: Light Dependent Reactions 1st Thylakoid membrane Light, water ATP, NADPH, oxygen Light Independent Reactions 2nd Stroma ATP, NADPH Sugar

Step in photosynthesis (1st or 2nd) Where it takes place in the chloroplast What it needs What is produces

Make sure you can compare photosynthesis to cellular respiration!!! Good Luck Studying and dont forget your study note card!!